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Hu S, Li S, Xu Y, Huang X, Mai Z, Chen Y, Xiao H, Ning W, Gaus S, Savkovic V, Lethaus B, Zimmerer R, Acharya A, Ziebolz D, Schmalz G, Huang S, Zhao J, Hu X. The antitumor effects of herbal medicine Triphala on oral cancer by inactivating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway: based on the network pharmacology, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo experimental validation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155488. [PMID: 38493718 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effects and underlying genetic mechanisms of herbal medicine Triphala (TRP) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The target genes of Triphala (TRP) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were identified, and subsequent functional enrichment analysis was conducted to determine the enriched signaling pathways. Based on these genes, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify the top 10 genes with the highest degree. Genes deregulated in OSCC tumor samples were identified to be hub genes among the top 10 genes. In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the influence of TRP extracts on the cell metabolic activity, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and proliferation of two OSCC cell lines (CAL-27 and SCC-9). The functional rescue assay was conducted to investigate the effect of applying the inhibitor and activator of an enriched pathway on the phenotypes of cancer cells. In addition, the zebrafish xenograft tumor model was established to investigate the influence of TRP extracts on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. RESULTS The target genes of TRP in OSCC were prominently enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, with the identification of five hub genes (JUN, EGFR, ESR1, RELA, and AKT1). TRP extracts significantly inhibited cell metabolic activity, migration, invasion, and proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in OSCC cells. Notably, the application of TRP extracts exhibited the capacity to downregulate mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels of AKT1 and ESR1, while concomitantly inducing upregulation of mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels in the remaining three hub genes (EGFR, JUN, and RELA). The functional rescue assay demonstrated that the co-administration of TRP and the PI3K activator 740Y-P effectively reversed the impact of TRP on the phenotypes of OSCC cells. Conversely, the combination of TRP and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 further enhanced the effect of TRP on the phenotypes of OSCC cells. Remarkably, treatment with TRP in zebrafish xenograft models demonstrated a significant reduction in both tumor growth and metastatic spread. CONCLUSIONS Triphala exerted significant inhibitory effects on cell metabolic activity, migration, invasion, and proliferation in OSCC cell lines, accompanied by the induction of apoptosis, which was mediated through the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Hu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiuhong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zhaoyi Mai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wanchen Ning
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Sebastian Gaus
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Vuk Savkovic
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Zimmerer
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Aneesha Acharya
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Pune 411018, India
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jianjiang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Xianda Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for the History of Chinese Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Jayakumar R, Dash MK, Gulati S, Pandey A, Trigun SK, Joshi N. Preliminary data on cytotoxicity and functional group assessment of a herb-mineral combination against colorectal carcinoma cell line. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 21:61-70. [PMID: 38016708 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The invasive screening methods and the late stage diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are contributing for the devastative prognosis. The gradual shift of the disease pattern among younger generations requires the implementation of phytochemicals and traditional medicines. Arkeshwara rasa (AR) is a herb-mineral combination of Tamra bhasma/incinerated copper ashes and Dwigun Kajjali/mercury sulphide levigated with Calotropis procera leaf juice, Plumbago zeylanica root decoction and the decoction of three myrobalans (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Emblica Officinalis decoction)/Triphala decoction. METHODS The SW-480 cell line was checked for the cytotoxicity and the cell viability criteria with MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assay revealed the depth of apoptosis affected cells in the fluorescent images. The FTIR analysis exhibited the graphical spectrum of functional groups within the compound AR. RESULTS The IC50 from the 10-7 to 10-3 concentrations against SW-480 cells was 40.4 μg/mL. The staining of AO/EtBr was performed to visualize live and dead cells and it is evident from the result that number of apoptotic cells increases at increasing concentration of AR. The single bond with stretch vibrations of O-H and N-H are more concentrated in the 2,500-3,200 cm-1 and 3,700-4,000 cm-1 of the spectra whereas, the finger print region carries the O-H and S=O type peaks. CONCLUSIONS The AR shows strong cyto-toxicity against the SW-480 cells by inducing apoptosis. It also modulates cellular metabolism with the involvement of functional groups which antagonizes the strong acids. Moreover, these effects need to be analyzed further based in the in vivo and various in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Jayakumar
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Dash
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Government Ayurveda College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Babu Yugraj Singh Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akanksha Pandey
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Namrata Joshi
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Madhukar G, Subbarao N. Potential inhibitors of RPS6KB2 and NRF2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1875-1900. [PMID: 37160694 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2205946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the major altered pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, AKT/mTORC1/S6K and NRF2/KEAP1 pathway are quite significant. The overexpression and overstimulation of proteins from both these pathways makes them the promising candidates in cancer therapeutics. Inhibiting mTOR has been in research from past several decades but the tumour heterogeneity, and upregulation of several compensatory feed-back mechanisms, encourages to explore other downstream targets for inhibiting the pathway. One such downstream effectors of mTOR is S6K2. It is reported to be overexpressed in cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In case of NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) is overexpressed in ∼90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. It associates with poor survival rate and therapeutic resistance in HNSCC treatment. NRF2 pathway is the primary antioxidant pathway in the cell which also serves pro-tumorigenic functions, such as repression of apoptosis, cell proliferation support and chemoresistance. The aim of this work was to explore S6K2 and NRF2 and identify novel and potential inhibitors against them for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Since the crystal structure of S6K2 was not available at the time of this study, we modelled its structure using homology modelling and performed high throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and protein-ligand interaction studies to identify the inhibitors. We identified natural compounds Crocin and Gypenoside XVII against S6K2 and Chebulinic acid and Sennoside A against NRF2. This study provides a significant in-depth understanding of the two studied pathways and therefore can be used in the development of potential therapeutics against HNSCC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geet Madhukar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Aashima, Rathi M, Shilpi, Akash, Kaur K, Kriplani P, Guarve K. Chebulinic Acid: An Incipient Anticancer Agent. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:298-307. [PMID: 37605424 DOI: 10.2174/1574892819666230821110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) comprising chebulinic acid as its principle active constituent is used to cure various diseases. T. chebula and chebulinic acid are used as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimutagenic, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiproliferative, antiarthritic, anticaries, and so on. OBJECTIVE The objective of this current study is to give an overview of the recent literature and patents of T. chebula and chebulinic acid including methods of its isolation/extraction and their application in the prevention of various cancers and other diseases. METHODS Present research and patents highlighting the anti-cancer potential of T. chebula and chebulinic acid have been studied and discussed keeping in view the scientific novelty and impact. RESULTS Both T. chebula and chebulinic acid are currently being explored for their anticancer potential in vitro and in vivo. They are either incorporated alone or in combination with other plants or drugs to show their activity and many clinical trials are also going on various potentials of the plant and chebulinic acid. Novel extraction techniques are also explored and patented. Efforts are being made to improve the bioavailability by developing Novel herbal drug delivery systems of the plant extract or chebulinic acid itself. CONCLUSION Anti-cancer potential of T. chebula and chebulinic acid may be well established by promising clinical trials and may open new interventions in various tumors. Clinical trials in conjunction with standard therapies are required to explore and validate the actual potential of T. chebula and chebulinic acid respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Mehak Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Shilpi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Akash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Kriplani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Kumar Guarve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
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Waseem M, Das S, Mondal D, Jain M, Thakur JK, Subbarao N. Identification of novel inhibitors against Med15a KIX domain of Candida glabrata. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126720. [PMID: 37678676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata, the second most common cause of invasive fungal infections, exhibits multi-drug resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. To counter this resistance, there is a critical need for novel antifungals. This study identifies small molecule inhibitors that target a three-helix bundle KIX domain in the Med15a Mediator subunit of Candida glabrata (CgMed15a KIX). This domain plays a crucial role by interacting with the Pleiotropic Drug Resistance transcription factor Pdr1, a key regulator of the multidrug resistance pathway in Candida glabrata. We performed high throughput computational screening of large chemical datasets against the binding sites of the CgMed15a KIX domain to identify novel inhibitors. We selected six potential candidates with high affinity and confirmed their binding with the CgMed15a KIX domain. A phytochemical compound, Chebulinic acid binds to the CgMed15a KIX domain with a KD value of 0.339 μM and shows significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Candida glabrata. Molecular dynamics simulation studies further revealed the structural stability of the CgMed15a KIX-Chebulinic acid complex. Thus, in conclusion, this study highlights Chebulinic acid as a novel potential antifungal compound against Candida glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waseem
- School of computational and integrative sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debarati Mondal
- Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Jain
- Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jitendra K Thakur
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India; Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of computational and integrative sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Huang H, Duan B, Zheng S, Ye Y, Zhang D, Huang Z, Wang S, Zhang F, Huang P, Huang F, Han L. Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics analyses of the mechanism underlying the efficacy of Ma-Mu-Ran Antidiarrheal Capsules against dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5732. [PMID: 37732359 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The current study utilizes a comprehensive network pharmacology and metabolomics analysis to investigate the mechanism of action of Ma-Mu-Ran Antidiarrheal Capsules (MMRAC) for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we established a mouse model of UC using dextran sulfate sodium. Colonic tissues were collected from mice and then subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as histopathological analysis, to assess the therapeutic effect of MMRAC. Furthermore, we assessed the mechanisms through which MMRAC combats UC by employing integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology strategies. Lastly, we validated the key targets identified through western blot and molecular docking. An integrated network of metabolomics and network pharmacology was constructed using Cytoscape to identify eight endogenous metabolites involved in the therapeutic action of MMRAC on UC. Further comprehensive analyses were focused on four key targets and their associated core metabolites and pathways. The results of western blot and molecular docking demonstrated that MMRAC could modulate key targets and their expression levels. The cumulative results indicated that MMRAC restored intestinal function in UC, reduced inflammatory responses, and alleviated oxidative stress by influencing the methionine and cysteine metabolic pathways, as well as the urea cycle. In addition, it had an impact on arginine, proline, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine metabolic pathways and their associated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bailu Duan
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Sili Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongning Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuang Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lintao Han
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Compound Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Ranjani S, Hemalatha S. Nanoformulation target virulence genes to break antibiotic resistance in MDR E. coli. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-023-02782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Effects of the Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz. on Proliferation, Migration, and HIF-1α and CXCR-4 Expression in MCF-7 Cells: an In Vitro Study. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3327-3344. [PMID: 36585552 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, much attention has been devoted to the field of screening natural products and/or their novel structures because of reversing cancer progression. The current research work was intended to explore the cytotoxic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of dried fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. chebula) in MCF-7 cell line. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric techniques were performed. Anti-proliferative activities of T. chebula fruit extracts on the MCF-7 cell line were evaluated using MTT assay. Effects of both extracts on the migration of MCF-7 cells and the size of MCF-7-derived spheroids were also evaluated. Moreover, antioxidant properties were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. Western blotting was used to measure the HIF-1α and CXCR-4 protein levels. Chebulagic acid, gallic acid, chebulinic acid, and ellagic acid were found as major compounds in both extracts. The total phenolic contents based on gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of T. chebula were found to be 453.68 ± 0.31 and 495.12 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g dry weight of the extract, respectively. Both extracts exerted a significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cells. They also had a marked negative effect on the average size of MCF-7-derived spheroids and their migration rate. None of the extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than vitamin C. Furthermore, both extracts at a concentration of 125 µg/ml could meaningfully decrease the expression levels of HIF-1α and CXCR-4 in MCF-7 cells. These data represent that T. chebula may be a valuable medicinal resource in the regulation of breast cancer proliferation, growth, and metastasis.
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Chekdaengphanao P, Jaiseri D, Sriraj P, Aukkanimart R, Prathumtet J, Udonsan P, Boonmars T. Anticancer activity of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Phyllanthus emblica extracts on cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zeng Q, Xiong Q, Lin K, Liang Z, Zhou M, Tian X, Xu C, Ru Q. Terminalia chebula extracts ameliorate methamphetamine-induced memory deficits via activating the ERK and Nrf2 pathway. Brain Res Bull 2022; 184:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Upregulation of p53 by tannic acid treatment suppresses the proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:587-602. [PMID: 36651555 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study's objective is to clarify the molecular mechanisms of tannic acid effects on the viability of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Tannic acid is stable for up to 48 h and is localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus. It dose-dependently inhibited the viability of CRC cell lines; SW-620 and HT-29 with IC 50 values of 7.2 ± 0.8 and 37.6 ± 1.4 µmol L-1. Besides, metastatic, invasive, and colony formation properties of CRC cells were significantly inhibited following the tannic acid treatment (p < 0.001). Tannic acid has been found to modulate enzyme, protein, and gene expressions of NQO1 in different levels and the upregulation of protein/gene expressions of p53 (p < 0.001), which leads the cells to trigger apoptosis. In conclusion, the present in vitro study may supply a significant background for in vivo studies in which the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant and chemopreventive activities of tannic acid will completely clarify.
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Vasu G, Sundaram R, Muthu K. Chebulagic acid attenuates HFD/streptozotocin induced impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance via up regulations of PPAR γ and GLUT 4 in type 2 diabetic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:159-170. [PMID: 34470562 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1976333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chebulagic acid on enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in albino male Wistar rats by feeding them with a high-fat diet comprising of 84.3% standard laboratory rat chow, 5% lard, 10% yolk powder, 0.2% cholesterol, and 5% bile salt for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the animals were kept in an overnight fast and injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5). At the end of the experimental periods, the blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin levels, homeostatic model of insulin resistance, glycogen content, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase were measured in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats whereas the glucose metabolic enzymes such as hexokinase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6 phosphatase, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were analyzed. Administration of chebulagic acid to HFD/STZ -induced diabetic rats for 30 days significantly decreased the levels of plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, glycogen phosphorylase and glycosylated hemoglobin and increased the levels of insulin, glycogen content and glycogen synthase. On the other hand, the altered activity of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, PPAR-γ and GLUT4 were brought back to near-normal levels on treatment with chebulagic acid. The effect produced by chebulagic acid on various parameters was comparable to that of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Vasu
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University, Dental Campus) Central Research Laboratory, Chennai, India
| | - Ramalingam Sundaram
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University, Dental Campus) Central Research Laboratory, Chennai, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, (Saveetha University), Chennai, India
| | - Karuppiah Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
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Wang M, Zhou Z, Li S, Zhu W, Hu X. Identification and Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides From Butterflies: An Integrated Bioinformatics and Experimental Study. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:720381. [PMID: 34512599 PMCID: PMC8427292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.720381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies represent one of the largest animal groups on Earth, yet antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of this group are less studied in comparison with their moth counterparts. This study employed an integrated bioinformatics approach to survey natural AMPs from publicly available genomic datasets. Numerous AMPs, including cecropins, defensins, and moricins, were identified and subsequently used as templates for the design of a series of synthetic AMPs that mimicked the naturally occurring sequences. Despite differing biological effects among the various sequences, the synthetic AMPs exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro and in vivo, without inducing hemolysis, which implied their therapeutic potential in infectious diseases. Electron and confocal fluorescence microscopies revealed that the AMPs induced distinct morphological and biophysical changes on microbial cell membranes and nuclei, suggesting that the antimicrobial effects were related to a mechanism of membrane penetration and nucleic acid binding by the peptides. In conclusion, this study not only offers insights into butterfly AMPs but also provides a practical strategy for high-throughput natural AMP discoveries that will have implications for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyue Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
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Kowalczyk M, Golonko A, Świsłocka R, Kalinowska M, Parcheta M, Swiergiel A, Lewandowski W. Drug Design Strategies for the Treatment of Viral Disease. Plant Phenolic Compounds and Their Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709104. [PMID: 34393787 PMCID: PMC8363300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (SARS CoV-2) that has existed for over a year, constantly forces scientists to search for drugs against this virus. In silico research and selected experimental data have shown that compounds of natural origin such as phenolic acids and flavonoids have promising antiviral potential. Phenolic compounds inhibit multiplication of viruses at various stages of the viral life cycle, e.g., attachment (disturbance of the interaction between cellular and viral receptors), penetration (inhibition of viral pseudo-particle fusion to the host membrane), replication (inhibition of integrase and 3C-like protease), assembly and maturation (inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity hydrolysis) and release (inhibition of secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) from infected cells). Phenolic compounds also indirectly influence on the viral life cycle by affecting the host cell's biochemical processes that viruses use for their own benefit. Phenolic compounds may inhibit the proteasomes and cellular deubiquitinating activity that causes an increase in the ubiquitinated proteins level in host cells. This, in turn, contributes to the lowering the available ubiquitin molecules that viruses could use for their own replication. One of the drug design strategy for the treatment of viral diseases may be an enhancement of the antiviral properties of phenolic compounds by metal complexation. Many studies have shown that the presence of a metal ion in the structure can significantly affect the affinity of the compound to key structural elements of the SARS CoV-2, such as Mpro protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike protein. We believe that in the era of coronavirus pandemic, it is necessary to reconsider the search for therapeutics among well-known compounds of plant origin and their metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Parcheta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Artur Swiergiel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Wei X, Luo C, He Y, Huang H, Ran F, Liao W, Tan P, Fan S, Cheng Y, Zhang D, Lin J, Han L. Hepatoprotective Effects of Different Extracts From Triphala Against CCl 4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:664607. [PMID: 34290606 PMCID: PMC8287969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Triphala is a traditional polyherbal formula used in Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese Tibetan medicine. A wide range of biological activities have been attributed to Triphala, but the impact of various extraction methods on efficacy has not been determined. Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate Triphala extracts obtained by various methods for their hepatoprotective effects and molecular mechanisms in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Methods: HPLC fingerprinting was used to characterize the chemical characteristics of Triphala extracts obtained by (a) 0.5 h ultrasonication, (b) 2 h reflux, and (c) 4 h reflux. Hepatoprotective efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of CCl4-induced liver damage. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured, as well as the liver antioxidant and inflammatory markers malondialdehyde superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), TNF-α, and IL-6. Gene and protein expression of Nrf-2 signaling components Nrf-2, heme oxygenase (HO-1), and NADPH Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) in liver tissue were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blotting. Results: Chemical analysis showed a clear difference in content between extracts produced by ultrasonic and reflux methods. The pharmacological analysis showed that all three Triphala extracts reduced ALT, AST, MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and increased SOD and GSH-Px. Triphala extracts also induced transcript and protein expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, and NQO-1. Conclusion: Triphala extract prevents CCl4-induced acute liver injury. The ultrasonic extract of Triphala was most effective, suggesting that hepatoprotection may be related to the larger tannins via activation of Nrf-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haozhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanhu Fan
- Sanajon Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Vora J, Athar M, Sinha S, Jha PC, Shrivastava N. Binding Insight of Anti-HIV Phytocompounds with Prime Targets of HIV: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:132-141. [PMID: 31995010 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200129112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intense efforts, AIDS is difficult to tackle by current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) due to its side effects; therefore, there is an urgent need to discover potential, multitarget and low-cost anti-HIV compounds. OBJECTIVE We have shown that few phytocompounds can potentially inhibit the prime targets of HIV namely GP120 envelope protein, reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase and ribonulcease. In this study, top ranked prioritized compounds were subjected to Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation in order to study the conformational dynamics and integrity of crucial interaction in the receptor sites. METHODS The system was built for selected protein-ligand complex using TIP3P water model and OPLS_2005 force field. Trajectories were recorded up to 20 ns simulation time in Desmond module of Schrödinger software. RESULTS As a result of a comprehensive analysis of molecular properties and dynamics of the complexes, it has been concluded that Chebulic acid, Curcumin and Mulberroside C could be developed as envelope glycoprotein GP120 inhibitor, reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor respectively. However, the fluctuation of Chebulic acid with respect to integrase and ribonuclease protein was higher during the simulation. CONCLUSION These findings can aid in the designing of the structural properties for more effective anti-HIV compounds against the given targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykant Vora
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; India
| | - Mohd Athar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sonam Sinha
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; India
| | - Prakash C Jha
- Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Aamir K, Sugumar V, Khan HU, Looi CY, Juneja R, Waqas M, Arya A. Non-toxic nature of chebulinic acid on biochemical, hematological and histopathological analysis in normal Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:159-174. [PMID: 35419271 PMCID: PMC8960548 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chebulinic acid (CA) is an ellagitannins isolated from the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula with diverse pharmacological activities. The present study focused on the acute toxicity of CA in normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. CA was administered via oral gavage to different groups in 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight and vehicle respectively. All the animals were monitored carefully for any physiological or behavioral changes for 14 days. On day 15th animals were euthanized and blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Different tissues were collected for histopathological study using four different staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, periodic acid Schiff and picro sirius red) to observe any pathological alterations. The results highlighted no morbidity and mortality after oral ingestion of CA (300 and 2000 mg/kg). Food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters were normal without any gross pathological lesions in harvested tissues. The outcome of the current study supported safety of CA even at high dose. However, further detailed study is required on experimentally disease model to unfold its therapeutic potential in laboratory animals.
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Protective Effect of Triphala against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6674988. [PMID: 33898626 PMCID: PMC8052154 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6674988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is implicated in the progression of many neurological diseases, which could be induced by various chemicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acrylamide. Triphala is a well-recognized Ayurvedic medicine that possesses different therapeutic properties (e.g., antihistamine, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticariogenic effects). However, little information is available regarding the neuroprotective effect of Triphala on oxidative stress. Materials and Methods An in vitro H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell model and an in vivo acrylamide-induced zebrafish model were established. Cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation were examined by MTT assay, ELISA, and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. The molecular mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of Triphala against H2O2 was investigated dose dependently by Western blotting. The in vivo neuroprotective effect of Triphala on acrylamide-induced oxidative injury in Danio rerio was determined using immunofluorescence staining. Results The results indicated that Triphala plays a neuroprotective role against H2O2 toxicity in inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation. Furthermore, Triphala pretreatment suppressed the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MARK) signal pathway (p-Erk1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38), whereas it restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and catalase) in the H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Consistently, similar protective effects of Triphala were observed in declining neuroapoptosis and scavenging free radicals in the zebrafish central neural system, possessing a critical neuroprotective property against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion In summary, Triphala is a promising neuroprotective agent against oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells and zebrafishes with significant antiapoptosis and antioxidant activities.
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Prasad S, Srivastava SK. Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Role of Triphala. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010072. [PMID: 31941067 PMCID: PMC7022920 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the overproduction of free radicals, leads to the development of many chronic diseases including cancer. Free radicals are known to damage cellular biomolecules like lipids, proteins, and DNA that results in activation of multiple signaling pathways, growth factors, transcription factors, kinases, inflammatory and cell cycle regulatory molecules. Antioxidants, which are classified as exogenous and endogenous, are responsible for the removal of free radicals and consequently the reduction in oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Diet and medicinal herbs are the major source of antioxidants. Triphala, which is a traditional Ayurvedic formulation that has been used for centuries, has been shown to have immense potential to boost antioxidant activity. It scavenges free radicals, restores antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme levels, and decreases lipid peroxidation. In addition, Triphala is revered as a chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, immunomodulatory, and radioprotective agent. Accumulated evidence has revealed that Triphala modulates multiple cell signaling pathways including, ERK, MAPK, NF-κB, Akt, c-Myc, VEGFR, mTOR, tubulin, p53, cyclin D1, anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins. The present review focuses on the comprehensive appraisal of Triphala in oxidative stress and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Correspondence: or (S.P.); (S.K.S.); Tel.: +1-325-696-0464 (S.K.S.); Fax: +1-325-696-3875 (S.K.S.)
| | - Sanjay K. Srivastava
- Correspondence: or (S.P.); (S.K.S.); Tel.: +1-325-696-0464 (S.K.S.); Fax: +1-325-696-3875 (S.K.S.)
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