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Li B, Qian Q, Niu L, Wang X. Multi-omics reveals protective effects of Ling Gui Zhu Gan Decoction on hyperlipidaemia in hamster. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35426. [PMID: 39253150 PMCID: PMC11382051 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Ling Gui Zhu Gan decoction (LGZGD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that is widely used in cardiovascular disease clinical prevention and treatment with high efficacy. Recent studies have shown that LGZGD can also be used in hyperlipidemia (HL) intervention, but its pharmacodynamic material basis and its mechanisms remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the protective effects of LGZGD on HL, elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis. The hamster HL model was established by high-fat diet. Thereafter, non-targeted metabolomics and quantitative lipidomics were established for screening differential metabolites and pathways. Finally, the mechanisms were elucidated based on network pharmacology to screen for shared targets, which were computational selected by molecular docking. After four weeks of LGZGD administration, the TC, TG, and liver index levels decreased notably and hepatocyte injury was obviously reduced. The Multi-omics identified 62 differential metabolites and 144 differential lipids, respectively. The network pharmacology study predicted 343, 85, and 974 relevant targets from LGZGD components, HL, differential metabolites and lipids, respectively. Eventually, seven core targets were selected by molecular docking. Six key components in LGZGD, including genistein and naringenin, could play a therapeutic role in HL by regulating seven pathways, including HMGCR and PPARA. This comprehensive strategy provides a promising example and approach for further research on TCM for the treatment of lipid metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Li
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Innovate Center, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Quality Evaluation & Standardization Hebei Province Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Innovate Center, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Quality Evaluation & Standardization Hebei Province Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Liying Niu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Innovate Center, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Quality Evaluation & Standardization Hebei Province Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Xinguo Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule Engineering & Technology Innovate Center, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
- Quality Evaluation & Standardization Hebei Province Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
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Xu R, Wu J, Pan J, Zhang S, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhou W, Wu N, Hu D, Ji G, Dang Y. Gan-jiang-ling-zhu decoction improves steatohepatitis by regulating gut microbiota-mediated 12-tridecenoic acid inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1444561. [PMID: 39246653 PMCID: PMC11377346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1444561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gan-jiang-ling-zhu (GJLZ) decoction is a classical traditional Chinese medicine prescription. Through invigorating yang, activating qi and dissipating dampness, GJLZ decoction is widely applied for the treatment of chronic digestive disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, efficacy and mechanism of GJLZ decoction behind nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment remains unelucidated. Methods: NASH was induced in mice, followed by treatment with GJLZ decoction. Various methods including hematoxylin-eosin, oil red O staining, and triglyceride analysis were employed to evaluate the treatment effects of GJLZ decoction on NASH. Gut microbiota, metabolomics, cell viability assays, immunofluorescence and Western blotting were performed to unveil the mechanism behind GJLZ decoction. Results: GJLZ decoction treatment significantly improved hepatic steatosis in mice with NASH. It led to remodeling of gut flora and metabolite structures, including the 12-tridecenoic acid level. 12-Tridecenoic acid aggravated hepatic steatosis by promoting acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACC) expression and inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) expression. GJLZ decoction treatment reduced the 12-tridecenoic acid level, inhibited ACC activity and promoted CPT1A expression. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that 12-tridecenoic acid aggravated hepatic steatosis by affecting the ACC-CPT1A axis and GJLZ decoction treatment effectively reduced the 12-tridecenoic acid level and improved steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohui Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiashu Pan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Yunuo Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
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Shi J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhong X, Cao Y, Ni H, He Q, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chen Q, Wei J, Wang H, Gong L, Xie C, Hou J, Wu W. Zexie-Baizhu Decoction ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through gut-adipose tissue crosstalk. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 337:118700. [PMID: 39182702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zexie-Baizhu Decoction (AA), a Chinese Classical Formula composed of Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. and Aractylodes Macrocephala Koidz in the specific ratio of 5:2, has a long history of use in treating metabolic disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated AA's ameliorative effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the mechanism underlying its action on the gut and adipose tissue, key regulators of metabolism, have not been fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which AA regulates the homeostasis of gut and adipose tissue in NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS AA (1500 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was administrated to the high-fat diet-induced and normal chow-fed mice (C57BL/6J). Plasma, the liver, gut microbiota, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids in the gut, were systematically investigated. RNA sequencing analysis, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, and Western Blotting were performed on the epididymal white adipose tissues (eWAT) to explore AA's influence on NAFLD. Lipidomics of the liver and eWAT were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that AA administration effectively alleviated liver injury induced by NAFLD, as evidenced by reduced hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation. Mechanistically, AA modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila and restoring the balance between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, AA regulated the levels of bile acids and short-chain fatty acids in the intestine, plasma, and liver. Correspondingly in the eWAT, AA administration activated bile acid receptor (Gpbar1) and short-chain fatty acid receptor (Ffar2), facilitating lipid breakdown and attenuating triglyceride accumulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AA influenced gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism, thermogenesis, insulin resistance, AMPK signaling, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, thereby improving NAFLD at the transcriptional level. Additionally, AA treatment significantly altered the lipid composition in the liver, reducing levels of diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylserines, and cholesterol esters, while increasing levels of phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins. CONCLUSION Our study builds a connection between the gut and adipose tissue to understand the mechanism of AA on alleviating NAFLD, providing new insights into the development of targeted therapies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianchun Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qingqing He
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Jianming Wei
- Shanghai GuoChuang Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Shanghai GuoChuang Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Likun Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinjun Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wanying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Liu J, Zheng Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Liu B, Zhang J, Yu X, Wei X, Li S, Wang J, Lv H. Targeting antioxidant factor Nrf2 by raffinose ameliorates lipid dysmetabolism-induced pyroptosis, inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155756. [PMID: 38833791 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a persistent liver condition that affects both human health and animal productive efficiency on a global scale. A number of naturally occurring compounds activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a transcription factor with important protective effects against many liver diseases, including NAFLD. Raffinose (Ra), an oligosaccharide extracted from several plants, exhibits diverse biological functions. However, the uncertainty lies in determining whether the activation of Nrf2 by Ra can provide a preventive effect on liver lipotoxicity. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to shed light on the molecular pathways by which Ra possesses its protective benefits against NAFLD. METHODS Experimental protocols were established using WT and Nrf2-null (Nrf2-/-) mice. Liver samples from each group were collected for Western blot, RT-qPCR, H & E, Sirius red and Oil red O staining. Additionally, serums were processed for ELISA. ALM12 cells were gathered for Western blot and immunofluorescence. Moreover, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ra, molecular docking was performed. RESULTS Our results indicated that Ra remarkably alleviated liver lipotoxic in vivo and in vitro. Ra treatment effectively corrected hepatic steatosis, the release of AST, ALT, TG, and TC, as well as the depletion of HDL and LDL. Meanwhile, Ra efficiently prevented inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and pyroptosis. Additionally, these findings implied that Ra reduced the production of fibrosis-related proteins, which enhanced collagen deposition. Molecular docking revealed that Ra possessed the ability to bind specific regions of Nrf2, resulting in the enhancement of Nrf2 activation and nuclear translocation. Ra treatment restored serum redox factors and antioxidant enzymes to normal levels; however, these alterations were clearly reversed in Nrf2-/- mice. CONCLUSION This study reveals novel information on Ra's protective benefits against liver injury caused by abnormal lipid metabolism; these effects are mostly mediated by Nrf2 activation, suggesting a potential new medicine or treatment strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Songya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jiexing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Shize Li
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| | - Hongming Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
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Zamanian MY, Sadeghi Ivraghi M, Khachatryan LG, Vadiyan DE, Bali HY, Golmohammadi M. A review of experimental and clinical studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate ( Punica granatum) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7485-7503. [PMID: 38107091 PMCID: PMC10724645 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently linked to metabolic disorders and is prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. The pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple factors, including insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and genetic predisposition. Recently, there has been an emphasis on the use of herbal remedies with many people around the world resorting to phytonutrients or nutraceuticals for treatment of numerous health challenges in various national healthcare settings. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) parts, such as juice, peel, seed and flower, have high polyphenol content and is well known for its antioxidant capabilities. Pomegranate polyphenols, such as hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, have high antioxidant capabilities that can help lower the OS and inflammation associated with NAFLD. The study aimed to investigate whether pomegranate parts could attenuate OS, inflammation, and other risk factors associated with NAFLD, and ultimately prevent the development of the disease. The findings of this study revealed that: 1. pomegranate juice contains hypoglycemic qualities that can assist manage blood sugar levels, which is vital for avoiding and treating NAFLD. 2. Polyphenols from pomegranate flowers increase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) mRNA and protein levels in the liver, which can help protect liver enzymes and prevent NAFLD. 3. Punicalagin (PU) is one of the major ellagitannins found in pomegranate, and PU-enriched pomegranate extract (PE) has been shown to inhibit HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition in rats. 4. Pomegranate fruit consumption, which is high in antioxidants, can decrease the activity of AST and ALT (markers of liver damage), lower TNF-α (a marker of inflammation), and improve overall antioxidant capacity in NAFLD patients. Overall, the polyphenols in pomegranate extracts have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and protective effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yassin Zamanian
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of PharmacyHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | | | - Lusine G. Khachatryan
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, N.F. Filatov Clinical Institute of Children's HealthI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)MoscowRussia
| | - Diana E. Vadiyan
- Institute of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and OrthodonticsI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)MoscowRussia
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Yang L, Tian S, Zheng X, Zhang M, Zhou X, Shang Y, Han Y. N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in liver diseases: from mechanism to treatment. J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:718-733. [PMID: 37380929 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification occurring in RNA has become the hotspot of the field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most abundant RNA internal modification mainly occurring at the consensus motif DR (m6A) CH (D = A/G/U, R = A/G, H = A/C/U) in the 3'-UTR particularly the region near stop codons. The life cycle of m6A methylation includes "writers," "erasers," and "readers", which are responsible for the addition, removal, and recognition of m6A, respectively. m6A modification has been reported changing RNA secondary structure or modulating the stability, localization, transport, and translation of mRNAs to play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. Liver, as the largest metabolic and digestive organ, modulates vital physiological functions, and its dysfunction gives rise to the occurrence of various diseases. Despite the advanced intervening measures, mortality due to liver diseases is continuously high. Recent studies have explored the roles of m6A RNA methylation in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, providing new insights for studying the molecular mechanism of liver diseases. In the review, we extensively summarize the life cycle of m6A methylation, as well as its function and relevant mechanisms in liver fibrosis (LF), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatitis virus infection, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and eventually we explore the potential of m6A as a treatment option for these liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Siyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Liu H, Li X, Dong Y, Zhou C, Rezeng C. Lipid metabolic reprogramming by traditional Chinese medicine and its role in effective cancer therapy. J Cancer 2023; 14:2066-2074. [PMID: 37497413 PMCID: PMC10367916 DOI: 10.7150/jca.86683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have shown a positive correlation between lipid levels and tumor occurrence, such as the correlation between tumor frequency and aggressiveness, and cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, reducing fat accumulation or weakening lipid metabolism may affect the carcinogenic processes of cells. Many studies have shown that traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has obvious advantages over traditional therapies in terms of fewer side effects, lower toxicity, and lower economic burden. This paper reviews the mechanism by which TCM regulates lipid metabolism and its antitumor effect through this regulation, with the aim of elucidating the bioactive compounds in TCM with good efficacy and few side effects that can provide promising therapeutic drugs for targeting lipid metabolism reprogramming in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China, Hebei 067000, China
| | - Xiuming Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Hebei 067000, China
| | - Yajie Dong
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China, Hebei 067000, China
| | - Changhua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengde County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei 067000, China
| | - Caidan Rezeng
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Qinghai, 810000, China
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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Chin YL, Seng KB, Ye HY, En PR, Aslam MS, Kim YJ, Linchao Q, Peryen T, Qi KY, Jun LY, Cheah OY, Chi TN. Treating Narcolepsy With Traditional Chinese Medicine. MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL SCIENCE FOR DRUG DISCOVERY AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023:185-241. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-9463-9.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is an uncommon brain condition characterized by falling asleep suddenly without any proper reason or time. In this chapter, the authors include a brief history of narcolepsy, clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, and current treatments for the disease. The review explains narcolepsy according to the theory of TCM. The authors review the curative effect, pharmacological properties, and clinical results of herbs and prescriptions against narcolepsy. The study searched keywords such as ‘narcolepsy,' ‘Traditional Chinese medicine,' ‘sleep disorder,' ‘excessive sleepiness,' and ‘medicinal treatment' using databases such as CNKI, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Based on the analysis of data obtained from 110 articles, the authors have classified the herbs and prescriptions by their curative effects, following the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Some herbs can be used alone, while others can use in conjunction with other prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yap Lay Chin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Kho Boon Seng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - How Yng Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Poo Rou En
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Qian Linchao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Teoh Peryen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Koh Yong Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Lim Ye Jun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ooi Yin Cheah
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Tee Niam Chi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia
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Chen X, Shi J, Lai Y, Xue Y, Ung COL, Hu H. Systematic analysis of randomised controlled trials of Chinese herb medicine for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): implications for future drug development and trial design. Chin Med 2023; 18:58. [PMID: 37208742 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease currently lacking an approved therapy, resulting in significant clinical demand. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been commonly used to manage NASH. This study aimed to systematically analyse the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using TCMs for NASH management. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed by following PRISMA guidelines 2020 in six electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from inception until August 2022. RCTs using TCMs for NASH were included in the analysis, irrespective of language or blinding. RESULTS 112 RCTs were included in this review, with 10,573 NASH participants. 108 RCTs were conducted in China, and 4 RCTs were in other countries. Herbal medicine decoction was the major dosage form used for treating NASH (82/112). 11 TCMs products have been approved for NASH treatment (8 in China, 2 in Iran, and 1 in Japan). Classic prescriptions, such as "Huang Lian Jie Du decoction", "Yin Chen Hao decoction", and "Yi Guan Jian" were used in some studies. The TCMs treatment of NASH involved the use of 199 different plants, with the top 5 herbs being Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, Alismatis Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Poria, and Curcumae Radix. "Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma + Bupleuri Radix/Alismatis Rhizoma" were the mostly common drug-pair in the herbs network analysis. Nowadays, "Bupleuri Radix/Alismatis Rhizoma + Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma" are increasingly applied in herbal formulas for NASH. Based on the PICOS principles, the included studies varied in terms of the population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design. However, some studies reported unstandardised results and failed to report diagnostic standards, inclusion or exclusion criteria, or sufficient patient information. CONCLUSION Adopting Chinese classic prescriptions or drug-pair may provide a basis for developing new drugs of NASH management. Further research is needed to refine the clinical trial design and obtain more convincing evidence for using TCMs to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Junnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yunfeng Lai
- School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
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Appraisal of treatment outcomes in integrative medicine using metabonomics: Taking non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with spleen deficiency syndrome as an example. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:524-533. [PMID: 36031542 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Appraisal of treatment outcomes in integrative medicine is a challenge due to a gap between the concepts of Western medicine (WM) disease and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome. This study presents an approach for the appraisal of integrative medicine that is based on targeted metabolomics. We use non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with spleen deficiency syndrome as a test case. METHODS A patient-reported outcome (PRO) scale was developed based on literature review, Delphi consensus survey, and reliability and validity test, to quantitatively evaluate spleen deficiency syndrome. Then, a metabonomic foundation for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with spleen deficiency syndrome was identified via a longitudinal interventional trial and targeted metabolomics. Finally, an integrated appraisal model was established by identifying metabolites that responded in the treatment of WM disease and TCM syndrome as positive outcomes and using other aspects of the metabonomic foundation as independent variables. RESULTS Ten symptoms and signs were included in the spleen deficiency PRO scale. The internal reliability, content validity, discriminative validity and structural validity of the scale were all qualified. Based on treatment responses to treatments for WM disease (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) or TCM syndrome (spleen deficiency PRO scale score) from a previous randomized controlled trial, two cohorts comprised of 30 participants each were established for targeted metabolomics detection. Twenty-five metabolites were found to be involved in successful treatment outcomes to both WM and TCM, following quantitative comparison and multivariate analysis. Finally, the model of the integrated appraisal system was exploratively established using binary logistic regression; it included 9 core metabolites and had the prediction probability of 83.3%. CONCLUSION This study presented a new and comprehensive research route for integrative appraisal of treatment outcomes for WM disease and TCM syndrome. Critical research techniques used in this research included the development of a TCM syndrome assessment tool, a longitudinal interventional trial with verified TCM treatment, identification of homogeneous metabolites, and statistical modeling.
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11
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The methyltransferase METTL3-mediated fatty acid metabolism revealed the mechanism of cinnamaldehyde on alleviating steatosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113367. [PMID: 35780619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a primarily N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase, methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) plays a crucial role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, its regulatory mechanism in steatosis remains unknown. METHODS Alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells were induced by free fatty acids (FFA). Triglycerides, lipid droplet assay, and Oil Red O staining were performed to evaluate steatosis. The expression of METTL3 and cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily f polypeptide 40 (CYP4F40) was measured using Western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, almandine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were assayed after cinnamaldehyde treatment. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed to determine how METTL3 and cinnamaldehyde regulate steatosis. RESULTS METTL3 protein level was reduced in FFA-induced steatosis in AML12 cells, and METTL3 knockdown aggravated the steatosis. Cinnamaldehyde alleviated steatosis by increasing METTL3 expression. A combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that METTL3 knockdown reduced CYP4F40 expression and reduced the level of capric acid, gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid. Cinnamaldehyde promoted CYP4F40 expression by increasing METTL3 and increased the levels of capric acid, gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid. Finally, the beneficial effects of cinnamaldehyde on steatosis were reversed after METTL3 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS METTL3 knockdown aggravated steatosis in AML12 cells through CYP4F40-mediated fatty acid metabolism, and cinnamaldehyde alleviated steatosis via the METTL3-CYP4F40 pathway.
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12
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Clinical Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Complementary Treatment of Ling Gui Zhu Gan Formula for the Management of Serum Lipids and Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7714034. [PMID: 35586687 PMCID: PMC9110158 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7714034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study aims to evaluate the clinical effects of Ling Gui Zhu Gan formula (LGZG), a famous TCM formula, for the management of serum lipids and obesity and preliminarily elucidates the bioactive components and the potential mechanism. Methods. Cluster analysis was adopted to investigate the TCM herbs and their frequency of occurrence for treating hyperlipidemia and obesity in an academic experience database of Chinese famous TCM doctors (http://www.gjmlzy.com:83). Then, relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about LGZG supplementation in improving lipid levels and obesity were retrieved and analyzed. Lastly, the integration of network pharmacology, as well as greedy algorithms, which are theoretically well founded for the set cover in computer science, was exploited to identify the bioactive components of LGZG and to reveal potential mechanisms for attenuation or reversal of hyperlipidemia and obesity. Results. Based on the cluster analysis of 104 cases in TCM academic experience database, four TCM herbs in LGZG showed high-use frequency for treating hyperlipidemia and obesity. Meta-analysis on 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1716 participants indicated that LGZG supplementation significantly decreased the serum levels of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BMI, and body weight and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with clinical control groups. No serious adverse effect was detected in all studies. Twenty-one bioactive components of LGZG, mainly flavonoids (i.e., naringenin, kaempferol, and kumatakenin), saponins (i.e., hederagenin), and fatty acids (i.e., eicosenoic acid), had the potential benefits possibly by regulating multiple targets such as PTPN1, CYP19A1, and ESR2, as well as a few complex pathways including the TNF signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, fat digestion, and absorption. Conclusion. The present study has proved the clinical value of LGZG as a complementary treatment for attenuation or reversal of hyperlipidemia and obesity. More high-quality clinical and experimental studies in the future are demanded to verify its effects and the precise mechanism of action.
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13
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Ji L, Li Q, He Y, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Gao Y, Fang M, Yu Z, Rodrigues RM, Gao Y, Li M. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of NAFLD: a promising drug Potentilla discolor Bunge. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3529-3547. [PMID: 36176915 PMCID: PMC9513494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatic lipids and metabolic stress-induced liver injury. There are currently no approved effective pharmacological treatments for NAFLD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat patients with chronic liver diseases without clear disease types and mechanisms. More recently, TCM has been shown to have unique advantages in the treatment of NAFLD. We performed a systematic review of the medical literature published over the last two decades and found that many TCM formulas have been reported to be beneficial for the treatment of metabolic dysfunctions, including Potentilla discolor Bunge (PDB). PDB has a variety of active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids, steroids and tannins. Many compounds have been shown to exhibit a series of beneficial effects for the treatment of NAFLD, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, improvement of lipid metabolism and reversal of insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize potential therapeutic effects of TCM formulas for the treatment of NAFLD, focusing on the medicinal properties of natural active compounds from PDB and their underlying mechanisms. We point out that PDB can be classified as a novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longshan Ji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miao Fang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Robim M. Rodrigues
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1000, Belgium
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Man Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors.
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14
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Jiao TY, Ma YD, Guo XZ, Ye YF, Xie C. Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1103-1119. [PMID: 35217817 PMCID: PMC9061718 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a series of liver metabolic disorders manifested by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, has become the primary cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. About 20%-30% of NAFLD patients advance to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), along with cell death, inflammation response and fibrogenesis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and its development is strongly related to multiple metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). The clinical outcomes include liver failure and hepatocellular cancer. There is no FDA-approved NASH drug so far, and thus effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes, transported into the intestine, metabolized by gut bacteria and recirculated back to the liver by the enterohepatic system. They exert pleiotropic roles in the absorption of fats and regulation of metabolism. Studies on the relevance of bile acid disturbance with NASH render it as an etiological factor in NASH pathogenesis. Recent findings on the functional identification of bile acid receptors have led to a further understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH such as metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, and bile acid receptors are recognized as attractive targets for NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of bile acids and the receptors in the development of NAFLD and NASH, especially the functions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in different tissues including liver and intestine. The progress in the development of bile acid and its receptors-based drugs for the treatment of NASH including bile acid analogs and non-bile acid modulators on bile acid metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan-di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Dai L, Xu J, Liu B, Dang Y, Wang R, Zhuang L, Li D, Jiao L, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhong LLD, Zhou W, Ji G. Lingguizhugan Decoction, a Chinese herbal formula, improves insulin resistance in overweight/obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a translational approach. Front Med 2022; 16:745-759. [PMID: 35471471 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lingguizhugan Decoction (LGZG) has been investigated in basic studies, with satisfactory effects on insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This translational approach aimed to explore the effect and underlying mechanism of LGZG in clinical setting. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was performed. A total of 243 eligible participants with NAFLD were equally allocated to receive LGZG (two groups: standard dose and low dose) or placebo for 12 weeks on the basis of lifestyle modifications. The primary efficacy variable was homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Analyses were performed in two populations in accordance with body mass index (BMI; overweight/obese, BMI ⩾ 24 kg/m2; lean, BMI < 24 kg/m2). For overweight/obese participants, low-dose LGZG significantly decreased their HOMA-IR level compared with placebo (-0.19 (1.47) versus 0.08 (1.99), P = 0.038). For lean subjects, neither dose of LGZG showed a superior effect compared with placebo. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and real-time qPCR found that the DNA N6-methyladenine modification levels of protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A (PPP1R3A) and autophagy related 3 (ATG3) significantly increased after LGZG intervention in overweight/obese population. Low-dose LGZG effectively improved insulin resistance in overweight/obese subjects with NAFLD. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of DNA N6-methyladenine modification of PPP1R3A and ATG3. Lean subjects may not be a targeted population for LGZG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dai
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518032, China
| | - Jingjuan Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Baocheng Liu
- Shanghai Innovation Centre of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Centre of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lijie Zhuang
- Sanlin Health Centre of Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Dong Li
- Zhangjiang Health Centre of Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lulu Jiao
- Beicai Health Centre of Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Centre of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Centre of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Study Centre, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Ning Y, Gong Y, Zheng T, Xie Y, Yuan S, Ding W. Lingguizhugan Decoction Targets Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites to Reduce Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet Rats. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2427-2442. [PMID: 35971521 PMCID: PMC9375570 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s370492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of obesity and its complications has become a global public health problem. Lingguizhugan decoction (LGZGD) is a representative compound of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but its role in insulin resistance (IR) treatment is still less known. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic properties of LGZGD on obesity-induced IR and explore the potential mechanism of LGZGD on gut microbiota and its metabolites in the treatment of IR. METHODS In this study, we induced an IR model in the form of high-fat diet (HFD) rats gavaged with LGZGD (1.64 g/kg BW) for three weeks. The IR status was measured by biochemical assays and oral glucose tolerance tests. The degrees of damage to liver function and the intestinal barrier were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. Alterations in intestinal microbiota and metabolites were assessed by 16S rRNA and an untargeted metabolomics platform. RESULTS Our results showed that after LGZGD treatment, the body weight, plasma insulin concentration and blood lipids were significantly decreased, and glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis were ameliorated. In addition, small intestinal villi were restored, and the expression of Occludin was upregulated. The relative abundance of Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium in the HFD-LGZG group was upregulated. Obesity-related metabolic pathways, such as bile secretion, biosynthesis of amino acids, phenylalanine metabolism, serotonergic synapse, protein digestion and absorption, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis, were changed. After LGZGD intervention, metabolites developed toward the healthy control group. In addition, the expression of bile acid metabolism related genes was also regulated in IR rats. CONCLUSION We showed that LGZGD relieved IR, possibly by regulating the composition of the fecal microbiota and its metabolites. The above studies provide a basis for further study of LGZGD in the treatment of IR and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ning
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanju Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijun Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Weijun Ding; Shiqing Yuan, Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 86-28-61800219, Fax + 86-28-61800225, Email ;
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Tang R, Li R, Li H, Ma XL, Du P, Yu XY, Ren L, Wang LL, Zheng WS. Design of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Products: Insights into Nomenclature Revision of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17016-17046. [PMID: 34705426 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects a quarter of the worldwide population. Natural products have been extensively utilized in treating NAFLD because of their distinctive advantages over chemotherapeutic drugs, despite the fact that there are no approved drugs for therapy. Notably, the limitations of many natural products, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability in vivo, low hepatic distribution, and lack of targeted effects, have severely restricted their clinical application. These issues could be resolved via hepatic targeted drug delivery systems (HTDDS) that boost clinical efficacy in treating NAFLD and decrease the adverse effects on other organs. Herein an overview of natural products comprising formulas, single medicinal plants, and their crude extracts has been presented to treat NAFLD. Also, the clinical efficacy and molecular mechanism of active monomer compounds against NAFLD are systematically discussed. The targeted delivery of natural products via HTDDS has been explored to provide a different nanotechnology-based NAFLD treatment strategy and to make suggestions for natural-product-based targeted nanocarrier design. Finally, the challenges and opportunities put forth by the nomenclature update of NAFLD are outlined along with insights into how to improve the NAFLD therapy and how to design more rigorous nanocarriers for the HTDDS. In brief, we summarize the up-to-date developments of the NAFLD-HTDDS based on natural products and provide viewpoints for the establishment of more stringent anti-NAFLD natural-product-targeted nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Tang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-You Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Ma Y, Li J, Ju Z, Huang W, Wang Z, Yang L, Ding L. Danning tablets alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and fatty liver in mice via modulating SREBP pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114320. [PMID: 34116189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese formula Danning tablets exhibit wide clinical applications in liver and gallbladder diseases, and currently it is reported to be effective on fatty liver disease in clinical trials. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects and potential pharmacological mechanisms of Danning tablet against high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, fatty liver, and related metabolic disorders in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 J male mice were treated with HFD for 12 weeks to trigger obesity and fatty liver condition. Then those mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely HFD, Danning tablet (0.75, 1.5 or 3 g/kg bodyweight) or lovastatin (30 mg/kg bodyweight) for extra 6 weeks' treatment of HFD. Food intake and bodyweight were recorded each week. In the last week, before the mice were sacrificed, fasting blood glucose levels and insulin levels were measured. Furthermore, insulin and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Blood and hepatic lipid levels were examined, the lipid metabolism-associated gene expressions and protein levels in the liver or adipose tissues were assayed after sacrificing all mice. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that a high dose of Danning tablet (3 g/kg) treatment mitigated body weight gain, reduced blood and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The morphology analysis showed that Danning tablets could reduce lipid accumulation in both liver and brown adipose tissue. Moreover, Danning tablets could improve fasting blood glucose levels and ameliorate glucose and insulin tolerance in HFD-induced obese mice. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expressions of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 as well as their target genes were remarkedly down-regulated in the liver and adipose tissue of diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice after treating those mice with Danning tablets. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that Danning tablets could improve the obesity-induced metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and related metabolic disorders. The potential mechanism may probably involve the regulation of the SREBP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinmei Li
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ding
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Gegen Qinlian Decoction Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats via Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and the NLRP3 Signal Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6659445. [PMID: 33643422 PMCID: PMC7902151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6659445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), a classic Chinese herbal formula, has been widely used in Chinese clinic for centuries and is well defined in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanism action of GQD on NAFLD is still rarely evaluated. The present study aims to investigate the effect of GQD on treatment of NAFLD in rats and to further explore the underlying mechanism. The rat NAFLD model established by high-fat-diet feeding was used in the research. Our results exhibited the liver lesions and steatosis was significantly alleviated in NAFLD rats treated with GQD via Oil Red O and H&E staining. Body weight and liver index in GQD groups were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, the biochemical analyzer test results showed that GQD significantly decreased blood lipid levels total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and liver injury indicators alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), while it increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05). The levels of interferon-β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) after the GQD treatment were significantly lower, and then interleukin-2 (IL-2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were lifted significantly (P < 0.05). Further, GQD blocked the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 mRNA, and proteins in the liver tissues significantly (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that GQD can ameliorate the hepatic steatosis and injury of NAFLD. Its possible mechanism involves the modulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidative stress and the inhibition of NLRP3 signal axis activation. The results support that GQD may be a promising candidate in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Liu J, Li S, Zhou S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Wu Q. RNA-Seq analysis of the protection by Dendrobium nobile alkaloids against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111307. [PMID: 33561648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dendrobium nobile is a genuine Chinese medicine. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids (DNLA) protects against CCl4-induced acute liver injury. This study used RNA-Seq to explore the mechanisms. METHODS Mice were pretreated with DNLA (10 and 20 mg/kg, po) for 7 days, and subsequently intoxicated with CCl4 (20 μL/kg, ip for 24 h). Liver RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA-Seq. The bioinformatics, including PCA, GO, KEGG, two-dimensional clustering, Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), and Illumina BaseSpace Correlation Engine (BSCE) were used to analyze the data. qPCR was performed on selected genes to verify RNA-Seq results. RESULTS DNLA protection against CCl4 hepatotoxicity was confirmed by histopathology. PCA revealed the distinct gene expression patterns between the different treatment groups. GO showed that CCl4 induced the activation, adhesion and proliferation of immune cells. KEGG showed CCl4 induced oxidative stress, diseases and compromised adaptive responses. CCl4 induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by DESeq2 with Padj < 0.05 and 2D-clustered with other groups. DNLA reverted CCl4-induced DEGs in a dose-dependent manner. qPCR analysis of S100 g, Sprr1, CCL3/7, Saa2/3, IL1rn, Cox7a2 and Rad15 confirmed RNA-Seq results. IPA showed that CCl4 treatment altered some signaling and metabolic pathways, which were ameliorated or returned to normal following DNLA treatment. The CCl4-activated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was illustrated as an example. IPA Upstream Regulator Analysis further revealed the activated or inhibited molecules and chemicals that are responsible for CCl4-induced DEGs, and DNLA attenuated these changes. BSCE analysis verified that CCl4-induced DEGs were highly correlated with the GEO database of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rodents, and DNLA dose-dependently attenuated such correlation. CONCLUSION RNA-Seq revealed CCl4-induced DEGs, disruption of canonical pathways, activation or inhibition of upstream regulators, which are highly correlated with database for CCl4 hepatotoxicity. All these changes were attenuated or returned to normal by DNLA, demonstrating the mechanisms for DNLA to protect against CCl4 hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Jinxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Shaoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Kangtaizhi Granule Alleviated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats and HepG2 Cells via AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3413186. [PMID: 32884949 PMCID: PMC7455821 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kangtaizhi granule (KTZG) is a Chinese medicine compound prescription and has been proven to be effective in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment clinically. However, the underlying mechanisms under this efficacy are rather elusive. In the present study, network pharmacology and HPLC analysis were performed to identify the chemicals of KTZG and related target pathways for NAFLD treatment. Network pharmacology screened 42 compounds and 79 related targets related to NAFLD; HPLC analysis also confirmed six compounds in KTZG. Further experiments were also performed. In an in vivo study, SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (rats fed with normal diet), NAFLD (rats fed with high-fat diet), and KTZG 0.75, 1.5, and 3 groups (NAFLD rats treated with KTZG 0.75, 1.5, and 3 g/kg, respectively). Serum lipids were biochemically determined; hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation were evaluated with HE and oil red O staining. In an in vitro study, HepG2 cells were incubated with 1 mM FFA to induce lipid accumulation with or without KTZG treatment. MTT assay, intracellular TG level, oil red O staining, and glucose uptake in cells were detected. Western blotting and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining were also performed to determine the expression of lipid-related genes PPAR-γ, SREBP-1, p-AKT, FAS, and SIRT1 and genes in the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. In high-fat diet-fed rats, KTZG treatment significantly improved liver organ index and serum lipid contents of TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, ALT, and AST significantly; HE and oil red O staining also showed that KTZG alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver lipid accumulation. In FFA-treated HepG2 cells, KTZG treatment decreased the intracellular TG levels, lipid accumulation, and attenuated glucose uptake significantly. More importantly, lipid-related genes PPAR-γ, SREBP-1, p-AKT, FAS, and SIRT1 expressions were ameliorated with KTZG treatment in high-fat diet-fed rats and FFA-induced HepG2 cells. The p-AMPK and p-mTOR expressions in the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway were also modified with KTZG treatment in high-fat diet-fed rats and HepG2 cells. These results indicated that KTZG effectively ameliorated lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis to prevent NAFLD in high-fat diet-fed rats and FFA-induced HepG2 cells, and this effect was associated with the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Our results suggested that KTZG might be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of NAFLD.
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Li Q, Li M, Li F, Zhou W, Dang Y, Zhang L, Ji G. Qiang-Gan formula extract improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112896. [PMID: 32325178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qiang-Gan formula is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, which has been widely used in treating liver diseases in China. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of Qiang-Gan formula extract (QGE) on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its underlying possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The high-performance liquid chromatography finger-print method was used for the quality control of chemical components in QGE. Methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced NASH mice were administrated with QGE via gavage for four weeks. Phenotypic parameters including liver histological change as well as serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) were detected. Bile acid profile in the serum, liver and fecal samples was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer technique, and fecal microbiota was detected by 16S rDNA sequencing. Expression of liver G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5), farnesiod X receptor (FXR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) as well as molecules in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was assayed by immunohistochemistry staining, RT-qPCR, or Western blot, respectively. RESULTS QGE alleviated liver inflammation, reduced serum ALT and AST levels and liver TNF-α and IL-1β expression in NASH mice. It also decreased liver and serum BA concentration and increased fecal lithocholicacid (LCA) production in this animal model. QGE altered the structure of gut microbiota, predominantly increased LCA-producing bacteria Bacteroides and Clostridium in NASH mice. In addition, the expression of liver TGR5 but not FXR was increased, and the molecules in NF-κB pathway were decreased in QGE-treated NASH mice. CONCLUSIONS QGE was effective in preventing NASH, possibly by regulation of gut microbiota-mediated LCA production, promotion of TGR5 expression and suppression of the NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fenghua Li
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Ling-gui-zhu-gan decoction alleviates hepatic steatosis through SOCS2 modification by N6-methyladenosine. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:109976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Dang Y, Xu J, Zhu M, Zhou W, Zhang L, Ji G. Gan-Jiang-Ling-Zhu decoction alleviates hepatic steatosis in rats by the miR-138-5p/CPT1B axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110127. [PMID: 32325349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a commonly-encountered chronic liver disease which lacks verified pharmacological interventions. Gan-Jiang-Ling-Zhu decoction (GJLZ) is a classic formula utilized in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GJLZ in NAFLD and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, fed with chow diet for 8 weeks; model group, fed with high fat diet for 8 weeks; and GJLZ group, initially fed HFD for 4 weeks, and then administered the GJLZ decoction for 4 weeks by oral gavage while continuously feeding HFD. Rats were sacrificed after the intervention, and liver tissues and blood samples were harvested. Liver steatosis was detected by HE and Oil Red O staining. Body weight and liver index were analyzed. Liver triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum almandine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were assayed using commercial kits. Differentially expressed genes were identified by RNA-sequencing and verified using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Whole miRNAs were detected by RNA-sequence analysis, and mRNA-targeted miRNAs were verified by RT-PCR. The miRNA-mRNA regulation pattern was confirmed using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Treatment with GJLZ significantly improved hepatic steatosis and inflammation, reduced liver index and liver TG content, and also significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels. Based on the results of RNA-sequence analysis, five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway were recognized. RT-PCR confirmed that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1B) expression was significantly regulated by GJLZ treatment. GJLZ decoction intervention also increased significantly hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA) expression. Next, miRNA profiling and screening were performed based on CPT1B alteration. Rno-miR-138-5p likely responded to GJLZ intervention, and rno-miR-138-5p inhibitor increased CPT1B expression while rno-miR-138-5p mimic reduced CPT1B expression. When CPT1B mutated, miR-138-5p mimic and inhibitor could not regulate the luciferase activity of CPT1B. CONCLUSIONS GJLZ is an effective formula for NAFLD management, and its possible mechanism of action involves the regulation of CPT1B expression via rno-miR-138-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingjuan Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Li S, Xu Y, Guo W, Chen F, Zhang C, Tan HY, Wang N, Feng Y. The Impacts of Herbal Medicines and Natural Products on Regulating the Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:351. [PMID: 32265720 PMCID: PMC7105674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism is one of the hallmarks in many liver diseases including alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). Hepatic inflammation, lipoperoxidative stress as well as the imbalance between lipid availability and lipid disposal, are direct causes of liver steatosis. The application of herbal medicines with anti-oxidative stress and lipid-balancing properties has been extensively attempted as pharmaceutical intervention for liver disorders in experimental and clinical studies. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying their hepatoprotective effects warrant further exploration, increasing evidence demonstrated that many herbal medicines are involved in regulating lipid accumulation processes including hepatic lipolytic and lipogenic pathways, such as mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation, the secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) uptake, and some vital hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Therefore, in this review, the pathways or crucial mediators participated in the dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism are systematically summarized, followed by the current evidences and advances in the positive impacts of herbal medicines and natural products on the lipid metabolism pathways are detailed. Furthermore, several herbal formulas, herbs or herbal derivatives, such as Erchen Dection, Danshen, resveratrol, and berberine, which have been extensively studied for their promising potential in mediating lipid metabolism, are particularly highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Li X, Xu G, Wei S, Zhang B, Yao H, Chen Y, Liu W, Wang B, Zhao J, Gao Y. Lingguizhugan decoction attenuates doxorubicin-induced heart failure in rats by improving TT-SR microstructural remodeling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:360. [PMID: 31829159 PMCID: PMC6907350 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lingguizhugan decoction (LGZG), an ancient Chinese herbal formula, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in eastern Asia. We investigated whether LGZG has protective activity and the mechanism underlying its effect in an animal model of heart failure (HF). METHODS A rat model of HF was established by administering eight intraperitoneal injections of doxorubicin (DOX) (cumulative dose of 16 mg/kg) over a 4-week period. Subsequently, LGZG at 5, 10, and 15 mL/kg/d was administered to the rats intragastrically once daily for 4 weeks. The body weight, heart weight index (HWI), heart weight/tibia length ratio (HW/TL), and serum BNP level were investigated to assess the effect of LGZG on HF. Echocardiography was performed to investigate cardiac function, and H&E staining to visualize myocardial morphology. Myocardial ultrastructure and T-tubule-sarcoplasmic reticulum (TT-SR) junctions were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The JP-2 protein level was determined by Western blotting. The mRNA level of CACNA1S and RyR2 and the microRNA-24 (miR-24) level were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Four weeks after DOX treatment, rats developed cardiac damage and exhibited a significantly increased BNP level compared with the control rats (169.6 ± 29.6 pg/mL versus 80.1 ± 9.8 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Conversely, LGZG, especially at the highest dose, markedly reduced the BNP level (93.8 ± 17.9 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Rats treated with DOX developed cardiac dysfunction, characterized by a strong decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction compared with the control (58.5 ± 8.7% versus 88.7 ± 4.0%; P < 0.001). Digoxin and LGZG improved cardiac dysfunction (79.6 ± 6.1%, 69.2 ± 2.5%, respectively) and preserved the left ventricular ejection fraction (77.9 ± 5.1, and 80.5 ± 4.9, respectively, P < 0.01). LGZG also improved the LVEDD, LVESD, and FS and eliminated ventricular hypertrophy, as indicated by decreased HWI and HW/TL ratio. LGZG attenuated morphological abnormalities and mitochondrial damage in the myocardium. In addition, a high dose of LGZG significantly downregulated the expression of miR-24 compared with that in DOX-treated rats (fold change 1.4 versus 3.4, P < 0.001), but upregulated the expression of JP-2 and antagonized DOX-induced T-tubule TT-SR microstructural remodeling. These activities improved periodic Ca2+ transients and cell contraction, which may underly the beneficial effect of LGZG on HF. CONCLUSIONS LGZG exerted beneficial effects on DOX-induced HF in rats, which were mediated in part by improved TT-SR microstructural remodeling.
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Qian Y, Yang Y, Wang K, Zhou W, Dang Y, Zhu M, Li F, Ji G. 2'-Hydroxychalcone Induced Cytotoxicity via Oxidative Stress in the Lipid-Loaded Hepg2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1390. [PMID: 31824319 PMCID: PMC6880759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice is a common herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, and has been widely used clinically. Physiologically, although it is relatively safe, licorice-induced hepatotoxicity in the presence of other diseases needs to be evaluated. The present study was conducted to investigate the toxicological effects of the bioactive components of licorice in HepG2 cells cultured with or without free fatty acid (FFA). The compounds, isoliquiritigenin, licorice chalcone A, bavachalcone, and 2′-hydroxy chalcone (2′-HC) inhibited cell proliferation at certain concentrations in lipid loaded cells with limited effects on the normal cells. The representative compound 2′-HC (at a concentration of ≥ 20µM) increased the oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) and Caspase-9 protein; and reduced the expression of SOD1. In addition, we found exaggerated lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells treated with FFA. Our results suggest that 2′-HC at a concentration of ≥ 20µM might cause damage to the hepatocytes. The toxicity may be related to excess ROS production and inadequate SOD1 expression, leading to apoptosis, inflammation, and cellular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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