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Pękacka-Falkowska K, Raj D, Węglorz J. Analysis of the ethical issues in authorship of collaborative research. Observations inspired by the historical case study of Gerard L. Blaes' (Blasius) claim to sole authorship of 'Anatome medullae spinalis'. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 17:944-953. [PMID: 38750636 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper discusses the historical context of collaborative research and authorship disputes, exemplified by the complex relationship between Dutch anatomist and physician Gerard L. Blaes and his East-Central European mentee, Daniel Gödtke, during the study of medulla spinalis. The study employs historical analysis to unravel the dynamics of scholarly collaboration, emphasizing the significance of mentorship in scientific progress and the communal nature of knowledge exchange. This historical analysis is based on primary sources and historical records. It underscores Blaes's strategy to circumvent public confrontations regarding the authorship of the seminal work 'Anatome medullae spinalis, et nervorum inde provenientium' (1666). As a teacher, he facilitated his student's participation in a public disputation to avert public authorship conflicts over the book. This ultimately led to the publication of two distinct versions of 'Anatome medullae spinalis.' The first one was co-authored by the mentor and his mentee, while the latter was solely attributed to the mentor. This historical narrative raises essential questions about attributing individual contributions in medical sciences, echoing concerns still pertinent in contemporary academia. Additionally, it makes visible the power dynamics inherent in faculty-students relationships and the potential repercussions of authorship disputes on scholars' reputations. By drawing parallels between historical and modern authorship dilemmas, this study contributes to ongoing discussions on equitable authorship in scientific research and publishing. It not only highlights a historical precedent for the complex dynamics of mentor-mentee collaborations and authorship disputes but also illuminates how these practices continue to influence contemporary academic and publishing customs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of History and Philosophy of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Danuta Raj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Węglorz
- Faculty of History and Pedagogical Sciences, Historical Institute, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
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Blanco D, Donadio MVF, Cadellans-Arróniz A. Enhancing reporting through structure: a before and after study on the effectiveness of SPIRIT-based templates to improve the completeness of reporting of randomized controlled trial protocols. Res Integr Peer Rev 2024; 9:6. [PMID: 38816752 PMCID: PMC11140857 DOI: 10.1186/s41073-024-00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the improvements in the completeness of reporting of randomized trial protocols after the publication of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trial (SPIRIT) guidelines, many items remain poorly reported. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of using SPIRIT-tailored templates for trial protocols to improve the completeness of reporting of the protocols that master's students write as part of their master's theses. METHODS Before and after experimental study performed at the University Master's Degree in Orthopaedic Manual Physiotherapy of the Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (Barcelona, Spain). While students in the post-intervention period were instructed to use a trial protocol template that was tailored to SPIRIT, students in the pre-intervention period did not use the template. PRIMARY OUTCOME Difference between the pre- and post-intervention periods in the mean number of adequately reported items (0-10 scale). The outcomes were evaluated independently and in duplicate by two blinded assessors. Students and their supervisors were not aware that they were part of a research project. For the statistical analysis, we used a generalized linear regression model (dependent variable: number of adequately reported items in the protocol; independent variables: intervention period, call, language). RESULTS Thirty-four trial protocols were included (17, pre-intervention; 17, post-intervention). Protocols produced during the post-intervention period (mean: 8.24; SD: 1.52) were more completely reported than those produced during the pre-intervention period (mean: 6.35; SD: 1.80); adjusted difference: 1.79 (95% CI: 0.58 to 3.00). CONCLUSIONS SPIRIT-based templates could be used to improve the completeness of reporting of randomized trial protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blanco
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C/Josep Trueta S/N., Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Márcio Vinícius Fagundes Donadio
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C/Josep Trueta S/N., Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aïda Cadellans-Arróniz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C/Josep Trueta S/N., Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain
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Eek F, Stigmar K. Scientific approach, attitudes, and perspectives on research among Swedish physiotherapy students-a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:505. [PMID: 38714937 PMCID: PMC11077752 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific evidence is important to evidence-based practice. Hence, the application of evidence-based practice requires relevant skills and an understanding of science, which therefore need to be learned and trained during the undergraduate program in physiotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes, perceived competence, and conditions for a scientific approach among physiotherapy students in Sweden, and to compare attitudes and perceived competence between students in different program years. METHODS Physiotherapy students from six universities (n = 1499) were invited to respond to a digital survey. The survey contained questions regarding attitudes toward science, perceived competence in research interpretations and open comments regarding requirements for a strengthened scientific approach during education. Comparisons between education years were performed with ANOVA/Kruskal‒Wallis test (scale outcomes) and logistic regression (binary outcomes). RESULTS A total of 466 students responded to the survey. In total, 57% (n = 266) of the students had a high interest in science. No significant difference in interest in science was found between students in the three program years, but 75% (n = 347) reported increased interest during the program. A perceived high ability to understand the structure and performance of scientific studies was reported by 31% (n = 144), to evaluate the methodology by 16% (n = 72) and to interpret statistical results from scientific studies by 12% (n = 55). The lowest perceived competence was reported among students in their second year (p < 0.05). A majority of the students (88%; n = 410) reported a perceived personal need for strengthened conditions for a scientific approach, with suggested prerequisites during education via increased theoretical and applied understanding of the research. CONCLUSION Even though this study does not fully cover physiotherapy students at all undergraduate programmes in Sweden, the results support that a scientific approach and training should be strengthened during education to enable physiotherapists to understand and interpret science and to fully apply an evidence-based approach in upcoming clinical practice. Both theoretical and applied knowledge and understanding are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Eek
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Box 117, Lund, 22100, Sweden.
| | - Kjerstin Stigmar
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Box 117, Lund, 22100, Sweden
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Wang Y, Du Y, Shi H, Ma X. Editorial: Public health, public health education, and their future prospects. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1403535. [PMID: 38638479 PMCID: PMC11024418 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1403535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihui Du
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hubing Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Merletti R. Metrology in sEMG and movement analysis: the need for training new figures in clinical rehabilitation. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2024; 5:1353374. [PMID: 38348456 PMCID: PMC10859507 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1353374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A new educational curriculum for the next generation of physical and occupational therapists is urgent in order to manage the recent fast advances in sensors, measurement technologies and related instrumentation. This is required by the growing role of STEM in rehabilitation, kinesiology, and sport sciences. Surface EMG technology is used in this work as a representative example of similar problems present in movement analysis, exoskeletons, and many other fields. A review of the most relevant articles and international projects in the field of interfacing physical therapy with measurement technology for quantitative assessment of outcome is presented. It is concluded that a new generation of educators is needed as well as a Ph.D. and/or a clinical doctorate degree in physical therapy, still lacking in many countries. It is urgent to consider knowledge translation since it will take many years before any recommended change in teaching will be accepted and show some effect. A call for a "white paper" on rehabilitation metrology is highly auspicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Merletti
- LISiN, Department of Electronicsand Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
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Helgøy KV, Bonsaksen T, Mørk G. Occupational therapy students' experiences and perceptions of journal club participation. Scand J Occup Ther 2024; 31:2328712. [PMID: 38652886 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2024.2328712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Journal clubs can be used as a learning activity for developing students' skills in critical appraisal and are perceived as suitable for increasing students' exposure to research methods. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To explore how undergraduate occupational therapy students experienced journal club and how they perceived their learning outcomes from participating in this learning activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mixed methods study comprised of a survey followed by two focus groups was conducted. Seventeen occupational therapy students completed the survey, four of whom also participated in a total of two focus groups. RESULTS The participants perceived journal clubs as suitable and they suggested that emphasis on this learning activity be increased. Across the two focus groups, four integrated themes were identified: 'organisational prerequisites'; 'potential for learning'; 'learning barriers'; and 'journal club as an integrated learning activity'. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Journal clubs were described as having the potential for increasing students' learning regarding research methods, promoting skills in reading and critically reviewing research articles and having relevance for professional practice. Some barriers were identified, and changes are suggested for future educational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, VID Specialized University, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, Elverum, Norway
| | - Gry Mørk
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, VID Specialized University, Stavanger, Norway
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Sancho I, Araolaza-Arrieta M, Villanueva-Ruiz I, Arbillaga-Etxarri A. Undergraduate research implementation in physiotherapy: a hands-on and real experience of a randomised controlled trial. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:736. [PMID: 37803379 PMCID: PMC10559614 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the gold standard approach in physiotherapy, and it is essential that students are aware that it is the appropriate way to provide the patient with the best possible treatment. Undergraduate research (UR) can positively influence learning outcomes and research competencies related to EBP compared to traditional methods of higher education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing a research-based activity (i.e., active participation in a randomised controlled trial [RCT]) in the UR programme on the learning and acquisition of research methodology-related competencies by first-year physiotherapy students. METHODS Students in the first academic year of the Bachelor´s Degree in Physiotherapy of University of Deusto (Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain) who were enrolled in the subject 'Introduction to Research Methodology' were invited to take part in a real RCT which consisted of three groups: intervention, placebo, and control group. While the RCT was carried out, researchers and/or participants roles were combined among students during the semester. At the end, a questionnaire that included open and closed questions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the UR strategies used in students´ acquisition of theoretical knowledge, research competencies, self-efficacy of RCT skills and procedures. Lecturers also completed the questionnaire to evaluate their experience. RESULTS From the 114 students enrolled in the subject, 102 participated in the RCT and 110 answered the final questionnaire. Regarding the development of research competencies, UR had a positive or very positive impact on critical thinking (67% and 18%, respectively) and in the assessment of methodological quality (66% and 23%, respectively). Furthermore, most students reported that the implementation of the RCT facilitated their knowledge of placebo, detection of bias, development of critical thinking and a better understanding of methodological issues in research. Lecturers reported an additional burden that was difficult to reconcile with daily duties. CONCLUSION The novel UR program provided students with a new opportunity to improve their knowledge of RCT procedures, thus making the learning process more meaningful. Therefore, ways of teaching and learning focused on improving research and inquiry attitudes should be considered and integrated into the health care curriculum, especially in physiotherapy programs, to ensure the transfer of EBP for the provision of the best care. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Registry: ACTRN12622000263796p (14/02/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sancho
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maialen Araolaza-Arrieta
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iker Villanueva-Ruiz
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ane Arbillaga-Etxarri
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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Riiser K, Kalleson R, Holmen H, Torbjørnsen A. Integrating research in health professions education: a scoping review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:653. [PMID: 37684582 PMCID: PMC10492286 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrating teaching and research may boost students' learning and improve future clinical practice when incorporated into education. Explorations of health professions students' involvement in the research processes and their learning outcomes are sparse. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review is to explore the existing scientific literature on courses involving students from health professions education in research activities. The research questions are: Which parts of the research process are the health professions students involved in, and what are the students' main learning outcomes related to the research process reported to be? METHODS A scoping review following the six-step approach of Arksey and O'Malley was undertaken. We searched four electronic databases to identify studies focusing on research-based teaching in health professions education. Inspired by content analysis, we identified key concepts relating to the research process and learning outcomes. RESULTS We screened 1084 abstracts, reviewed 95 full-text reports, and included 24 for analysis. Overall, the students were more involved in conducting and disseminating research than in the planning phases. Learning outcomes were most frequently reported as specific research skills, such as conducting literature reviews, writing academically, and presenting results, but also as improved understanding of research in general as well as improved motivation and confidence in conducting research. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of educational programs, study designs, and measures makes it difficult to draw conclusions across the studies included in the review. More research is needed to conclude whether health professions students who actively engage in research gain a better understanding of the research process, become more likely to pursue research in their practice, or are more motivated to choose an academic career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Riiser
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, N-0130, Norway.
| | - Runa Kalleson
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavsplass, Oslo, N-0130, Norway
| | - Heidi Holmen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Technology and Innovation, Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Torbjørnsen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Merletti R, Temporiti F, Gatti R, Gupta S, Sandrini G, Serrao M. Translation of surface electromyography to clinical and motor rehabilitation applications: The need for new clinical figures. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220279. [PMID: 36941919 PMCID: PMC10024349 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced sensors/electrodes and signal processing techniques provide powerful tools to analyze surface electromyographic signals (sEMG) and their features, to decompose sEMG into the constituent motor unit action potential trains, and to identify synergies, neural muscle drive, and EEG-sEMG coherence. However, despite thousands of articles, dozens of textbooks, tutorials, consensus papers, and European and International efforts, the translation of this knowledge into clinical activities and assessment procedures has been very slow, likely because of lack of clinical studies and competent operators in the field. Understanding and using sEMG-based hardware and software tools requires a level of knowledge of signal processing and interpretation concepts that is multidisciplinary and is not provided by most academic curricula in physiotherapy, movement sciences, neurophysiology, rehabilitation, sport, and occupational medicine. The chasm existing between the available knowledge and its clinical applications in this field is discussed as well as the need for new clinical figures. The need for updating the training of physiotherapists, neurophysiology technicians, and clinical technologists is discussed as well as the required competences of trainers and trainees. Indications and examples are suggested and provide a basis for addressing the problem. Two teaching examples are provided in the Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Merletti
- LISiN, Department of Electronics andTelecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10138, Italy
| | - Federico Temporiti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, 20089, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, 20090, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, 20089, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, 20090, Italy
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Giorgio Sandrini
- Department of Brain and Behavior Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, 04100, Italy
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Zhu Y, Wang C, Li J, Zeng L, Zhang P. Effect of different modalities of artificial intelligence rehabilitation techniques on patients with upper limb dysfunction after stroke-A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1125172. [PMID: 37139055 PMCID: PMC10150552 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1125172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to observe the effects of six different types of AI rehabilitation techniques (RR, IR, RT, RT + VR, VR and BCI) on upper limb shoulder-elbow and wrist motor function, overall upper limb function (grip, grasp, pinch and gross motor) and daily living ability in subjects with stroke. Direct and indirect comparisons were drawn to conclude which AI rehabilitation techniques were most effective in improving the above functions. Methods From establishment to 5 September 2022, we systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria were included. The risk of bias in studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaborative Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. A cumulative ranking analysis by SUCRA was performed to compare the effectiveness of different AI rehabilitation techniques for patients with stroke and upper limb dysfunction. Results We included 101 publications involving 4,702 subjects. According to the results of the SUCRA curves, RT + VR (SUCRA = 84.8%, 74.1%, 99.6%) was most effective in improving FMA-UE-Distal, FMA-UE-Proximal and ARAT function for subjects with upper limb dysfunction and stroke, respectively. IR (SUCRA = 70.5%) ranked highest in improving FMA-UE-Total with upper limb motor function amongst subjects with stroke. The BCI (SUCRA = 73.6%) also had the most significant advantage in improving their MBI daily living ability. Conclusions The network meta-analysis (NMA) results and SUCRA rankings suggest RT + VR appears to have a greater advantage compared with other interventions in improving upper limb motor function amongst subjects with stroke in FMA-UE-Proximal and FMA-UE-Distal and ARAT. Similarly, IR had shown the most significant advantage over other interventions in improving the FMA-UE-Total upper limb motor function score of subjects with stroke. The BCI also had the most significant advantage in improving their MBI daily living ability. Future studies should consider and report on key patient characteristics, such as stroke severity, degree of upper limb impairment, and treatment intensity/frequency and duration. Systematic review registration www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetail, identifier: CRD42022337776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhen Zhang
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