1
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Chandrasekaran A, Graham K, Stachowiak JC, Rangamani P. Kinetic trapping organizes actin filaments within liquid-like protein droplets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3139. [PMID: 38605007 PMCID: PMC11009352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Several actin-binding proteins (ABPs) phase separate to form condensates capable of curating the actin network shapes. Here, we use computational modeling to understand the principles of actin network organization within VASP condensate droplets. Our simulations reveal that the different actin shapes, namely shells, rings, and mixture states are highly dependent on the kinetics of VASP-actin interactions, suggesting that they arise from kinetic trapping. Specifically, we show that reducing the residence time of VASP on actin filaments reduces degree of bundling, thereby promoting assembly of shells rather than rings. We validate the model predictions experimentally using a VASP-mutant with decreased bundling capability. Finally, we investigate the ring opening within deformed droplets and found that the sphere-to-ellipsoid transition is favored under a wide range of filament lengths while the ellipsoid-to-rod transition is only permitted when filaments have a specific range of lengths. Our findings highlight key mechanisms of actin organization within phase-separated ABPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Chandrasekaran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
| | - Kristin Graham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA.
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2
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Arslan FN, Hannezo É, Merrin J, Loose M, Heisenberg CP. Adhesion-induced cortical flows pattern E-cadherin-mediated cell contacts. Curr Biol 2024; 34:171-182.e8. [PMID: 38134934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan development relies on the formation and remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and the actomyosin cell cortex in space and time plays a central role in cell-cell contact formation and maturation. Nevertheless, how this process is mechanistically achieved when new contacts are formed remains unclear. Here, by building a biomimetic assay composed of progenitor cells adhering to supported lipid bilayers functionalized with E-cadherin ectodomains, we show that cortical F-actin flows, driven by the depletion of myosin-2 at the cell contact center, mediate the dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and cell cortex at the contact. E-cadherin-dependent downregulation of the small GTPase RhoA at the forming contact leads to both a depletion of myosin-2 and a decrease of F-actin at the contact center. At the contact rim, in contrast, myosin-2 becomes enriched by the retraction of bleb-like protrusions, resulting in a cortical tension gradient from the contact rim to its center. This tension gradient, in turn, triggers centrifugal F-actin flows, leading to further accumulation of F-actin at the contact rim and the progressive redistribution of E-cadherin from the contact center to the rim. Eventually, this combination of actomyosin downregulation and flows at the contact determines the characteristic molecular organization, with E-cadherin and F-actin accumulating at the contact rim, where they are needed to mechanically link the contractile cortices of the adhering cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria; Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Édouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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3
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Mogilner A, Savinov M. Crawling, waving, inch worming, dilating, and pivoting mechanics of migrating cells: Lessons from Ken Jacobson. Biophys J 2023; 122:3551-3559. [PMID: 36934300 PMCID: PMC10541468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the locomotion of single cells on hard, flat surfaces brought insight into the mechanisms of leading-edge protrusion, spatially graded adhesion, front-rear coordination, and how intracellular and traction forces are harnessed to execute various maneuvers. Here, we highlight how, by studying a variety of cell types, shapes, and movements, Ken Jacobson and his collaborators made several discoveries that triggered the mechanistic understanding of cell motility. We then review the recent advancements and current perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York.
| | - Mariya Savinov
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York
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4
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Sitarska E, Almeida SD, Beckwith MS, Stopp J, Czuchnowski J, Siggel M, Roessner R, Tschanz A, Ejsing C, Schwab Y, Kosinski J, Sixt M, Kreshuk A, Erzberger A, Diz-Muñoz A. Sensing their plasma membrane curvature allows migrating cells to circumvent obstacles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5644. [PMID: 37704612 PMCID: PMC10499897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To navigate through diverse tissues, migrating cells must balance persistent self-propelled motion with adaptive behaviors to circumvent obstacles. We identify a curvature-sensing mechanism underlying obstacle evasion in immune-like cells. Specifically, we propose that actin polymerization at the advancing edge of migrating cells is inhibited by the curvature-sensitive BAR domain protein Snx33 in regions with inward plasma membrane curvature. The genetic perturbation of this machinery reduces the cells' capacity to evade obstructions combined with faster and more persistent cell migration in obstacle-free environments. Our results show how cells can read out their surface topography and utilize actin and plasma membrane biophysics to interpret their environment, allowing them to adaptively decide if they should move ahead or turn away. On the basis of our findings, we propose that the natural diversity of BAR domain proteins may allow cells to tune their curvature sensing machinery to match the shape characteristics in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitarska
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Dias Almeida
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julian Stopp
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jakub Czuchnowski
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Siggel
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Roessner
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aline Tschanz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christer Ejsing
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kosinski
- EMBL Hamburg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Zhang Y, Wei D, Wang X, Wang B, Li M, Fang H, Peng Y, Fan Q, Ye F. Run-and-Tumble Dynamics and Mechanotaxis Discovered in Microglial Migration. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0063. [PMID: 36939442 PMCID: PMC10013966 DOI: 10.34133/research.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophage cells in the central nervous system that search for pathogens or abnormal neural activities and migrate to resolve the issues. The effective search and targeted motion of macrophages mean dearly to maintaining a healthy brain, yet little is known about their migration dynamics. In this work, we study microglial motion with and without the presence of external mechanostimuli. We discover that the cells are promptly attracted by the applied forces (i.e., mechanotaxis), which is a tactic behavior as yet unconfirmed in microglia. Meanwhile, in both the explorative and the targeted migration, microglia display dynamics that is strikingly analogous to bacterial run-and-tumble motion. A closer examination reveals that microglial run-and-tumble is more sophisticated, e.g., they display a short-term memory when tumbling and rely on active steering during runs to achieve mechanotaxis, probably via the responses of mechanosensitive ion channels. These differences reflect the sharp contrast between microglia and bacteria cells (eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes) and their environments (compact tissue vs. fluid). Further analyses suggest that the reported migration dynamics has an optimal search efficiency and is shared among a subset of immune cells (human monocyte and macrophage). This work reveals a fruitful analogy between the locomotion of 2 remote systems and provides a framework for studying immune cells exploring complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Boyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- School of Science,
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Address correspondence to: (F.Y.); (Y.P.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qihui Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Address correspondence to: (F.Y.); (Y.P.); (Q.F.)
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Address correspondence to: (F.Y.); (Y.P.); (Q.F.)
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6
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Schick J, Raz E. Blebs—Formation, Regulation, Positioning, and Role in Amoeboid Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926394. [PMID: 35912094 PMCID: PMC9337749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis and inflammation, migrating amoeboid cells commonly form protrusions called blebs. For these spherical protrusions to inflate, the force for pushing the membrane forward depends on actomyosin contraction rather than active actin assembly. Accordingly, blebs exhibit distinct dynamics and regulation. In this review, we first examine the mechanisms that control the inflation of blebs and bias their formation in the direction of the cell’s leading edge and present current views concerning the role blebs play in promoting cell locomotion. While certain motile amoeboid cells exclusively form blebs, others form blebs as well as other protrusion types. We describe factors in the environment and cell-intrinsic activities that determine the proportion of the different forms of protrusions cells produce.
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7
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Guidance by followers ensures long-range coordination of cell migration through α-catenin mechanoperception. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1529-1544.e5. [PMID: 35613615 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, wound healing, and some cancer metastases depend upon the migration of cell collectives that need to be guided to their destination as well as coordinated with other cell movements. During zebrafish gastrulation, the extension of the embryonic axis is led by the mesendodermal polster that migrates toward the animal pole, followed by the axial mesoderm that undergoes convergence and extension. Here, we investigate how polster cells are guided toward the animal pole. Using a combination of precise laser ablations, advanced transplants, and functional as well as in silico approaches, we establish that each polster cell is oriented by its immediate follower cells. Each cell perceives the migration of followers, through E-cadherin/α-catenin mechanotransduction, and aligns with them. Therefore, directional information propagates from cell to cell over the whole tissue. Such guidance of migrating cells by followers ensures long-range coordination of movements and developmental robustness.
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8
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Holubec V, Geiss D, Loos SAM, Kroy K, Cichos F. Finite-Size Scaling at the Edge of Disorder in a Time-Delay Vicsek Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:258001. [PMID: 35029446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.258001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Living many-body systems often exhibit scale-free collective behavior reminiscent of thermal critical phenomena. But their mutual interactions are inevitably retarded due to information processing and delayed actuation. We numerically investigate the consequences for the finite-size scaling in the Vicsek model of motile active matter. A growing delay time initially facilitates but ultimately impedes collective ordering and turns the dynamical scaling from diffusive to ballistic. It provides an alternative explanation of swarm traits previously attributed to inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Holubec
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ-180 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Geiss
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A M Loos
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
- ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - Klaus Kroy
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Cichos
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Graziani V, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Maiques O, Sanz-Moreno V. The amoeboid state as part of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition programme. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:228-242. [PMID: 34836782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for many biological processes, while abnormal cell migration is characteristic of cancer cells. Epithelial cells become motile by undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and mesenchymal cells increase migration speed by adopting amoeboid features. This review highlights how amoeboid behaviour is not merely a migration mode but rather a cellular state - within the EMT spectra - by which cancer cells survive, invade and colonise challenging microenvironments. Molecular biomarkers and physicochemical triggers associated with amoeboid behaviour are discussed, including an amoeboid associated tumour microenvironment. We reflect on how amoeboid characteristics support metastasis and how their liabilities could turn into therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Graziani
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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10
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Creighton JH, Jessen JR. Core pathway proteins and the molecular basis of planar polarity in the zebrafish gastrula. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:17-25. [PMID: 34635444 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The planar polarization of cells and subcellular structures is critical for embryonic development. Coordination of this polarity can provide cells a sense of direction in relation to the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral body axes. Fly epithelia use a core pathway comprised of transmembrane (Van Gogh/Strabismus, Frizzled, and Flamingo/Starry night) and cytoplasmic (Prickle or Spiny-legs, Dishevelled, and Diego) proteins to communicate directional information between cells and thereby promote the uniform orientation of structures such as hairs. In the zebrafish gastrula, planar polarity underlies complex cellular processes, including directed migration and intercalation, that are required to shape the embryo body. Like other vertebrates, the zebrafish genome encodes homologs of each core protein, and it is well-established that polarized gastrula cell behaviors are regulated by some of them. However, it is unknown whether a conserved six-member core protein pathway regulates planar polarity during zebrafish gastrulation. Here, we review our current understanding of core protein function as it relates to two specific examples of planar polarity, the dorsal convergence of lateral gastrula cells and the mediolateral intercalation of midline cells. We consider the hallmarks of fly planar polarity and discuss data regarding asymmetric protein localization and function, and the intercellular communication of polarity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Creighton
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.
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11
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Blackley DG, Cooper JH, Pokorska P, Ratheesh A. Mechanics of developmental migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:66-74. [PMID: 34275746 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to migrate is a fundamental property of animal cells which is essential for development, homeostasis and disease progression. Migrating cells sense and respond to biochemical and mechanical cues by rapidly modifying their intrinsic repertoire of signalling molecules and by altering their force generating and transducing machinery. We have a wealth of information about the chemical cues and signalling responses that cells use during migration. Our understanding of the role of forces in cell migration is rapidly evolving but is still best understood in the context of cells migrating in 2D and 3D environments in vitro. Advances in live imaging of developing embryos combined with the use of experimental and theoretical tools to quantify and analyse forces in vivo, has begun to shed light on the role of mechanics in driving embryonic cell migration. In this review, we focus on the recent studies uncovering the physical basis of embryonic cell migration in vivo. We look at the physical basis of the classical steps of cell migration such as protrusion formation and cell body translocation and review the recent research on how these processes work in the complex 3D microenvironment of a developing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deannah G Blackley
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jack H Cooper
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paulina Pokorska
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aparna Ratheesh
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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12
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Jain S, Ladoux B, Mège RM. Mechanical plasticity in collective cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:54-62. [PMID: 34134013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is crucial to maintain epithelium integrity during developmental and repair processes. It requires a tight regulation of mechanical coordination between neighboring cells. This coordination embraces different features including mechanical self-propulsion of individual cells within cellular colonies and large-scale force transmission through cell-cell junctions. This review discusses how the plasticity of biomechanical interactions at cell-cell contacts could help cellular systems to perform coordinated motions and adapt to the properties of the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyansh Jain
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
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13
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Robertson TF, Chengappa P, Gomez Atria D, Wu CF, Avery L, Roy NH, Maillard I, Petrie RJ, Burkhardt JK. Lymphocyte egress signal sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes ERM-guided, bleb-based migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211919. [PMID: 33764397 PMCID: PMC8006814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family proteins regulate cytoskeletal responses by tethering the plasma membrane to the underlying actin cortex. Mutations in ERM proteins lead to severe combined immunodeficiency, but the function of these proteins in T cells remains poorly defined. Using mice in which T cells lack all ERM proteins, we demonstrate a selective role for these proteins in facilitating S1P-dependent egress from lymphoid organs. ERM-deficient T cells display defective S1P-induced migration in vitro, despite normal responses to standard protein chemokines. Analysis of these defects revealed that S1P promotes a fundamentally different mode of migration than chemokines, characterized by intracellular pressurization and bleb-based motility. ERM proteins facilitate this process, controlling directional migration by limiting blebbing to the leading edge. We propose that the distinct modes of motility induced by S1P and chemokines are specialized to allow T cell migration across lymphatic barriers and through tissue stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Muiños-Landin S, Fischer A, Holubec V, Cichos F. Reinforcement learning with artificial microswimmers. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/52/eabd9285. [PMID: 34043550 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abd9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial microswimmers that can replicate the complex behavior of active matter are often designed to mimic the self-propulsion of microscopic living organisms. However, compared with their living counterparts, artificial microswimmers have a limited ability to adapt to environmental signals or to retain a physical memory to yield optimized emergent behavior. Different from macroscopic living systems and robots, both microscopic living organisms and artificial microswimmers are subject to Brownian motion, which randomizes their position and propulsion direction. Here, we combine real-world artificial active particles with machine learning algorithms to explore their adaptive behavior in a noisy environment with reinforcement learning. We use a real-time control of self-thermophoretic active particles to demonstrate the solution of a simple standard navigation problem under the inevitable influence of Brownian motion at these length scales. We show that, with external control, collective learning is possible. Concerning the learning under noise, we find that noise decreases the learning speed, modifies the optimal behavior, and also increases the strength of the decisions made. As a consequence of time delay in the feedback loop controlling the particles, an optimum velocity, reminiscent of optimal run-and-tumble times of bacteria, is found for the system, which is conjectured to be a universal property of systems exhibiting delayed response in a noisy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muiños-Landin
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,AIMEN Technology Centre, Smart Systems and Smart Manufacturing-Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Laboratory, PI. Cataboi, 36418 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - A Fischer
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Holubec
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F Cichos
- Molecular Nanophotonics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Bergert M, Lembo S, Sharma S, Russo L, Milovanović D, Gretarsson KH, Börmel M, Neveu PA, Hackett JA, Petsalaki E, Diz-Muñoz A. Cell Surface Mechanics Gate Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:209-216.e4. [PMID: 33207217 PMCID: PMC7875094 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation typically occurs with concomitant shape transitions to enable specialized functions. To adopt a different shape, cells need to change the mechanical properties of their surface. However, whether cell surface mechanics control the process of differentiation has been relatively unexplored. Here we show that membrane mechanics gate exit from naive pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. By measuring membrane tension during early differentiation, we find that naive stem cells release their plasma membrane from the underlying actin cortex when transitioning to a primed state. By mechanically tethering the plasma membrane to the cortex by enhancing Ezrin activity or expressing a synthetic signaling-inert linker, we demonstrate that preventing this detachment forces stem cells to retain their naive pluripotent identity. We thus identify a decrease in membrane-to-cortex attachment as a new cell-intrinsic mechanism that is essential for stem cells to exit pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bergert
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sumana Sharma
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Luigi Russo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danica Milovanović
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristjan H Gretarsson
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Mandy Börmel
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre A Neveu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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17
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Rho GTPases Signaling in Zebrafish Development and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122634. [PMID: 33302361 PMCID: PMC7762611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells encounter countless external cues and the specificity of their responses is translated through a myriad of tightly regulated intracellular signals. For this, Rho GTPases play a central role and transduce signals that contribute to fundamental cell dynamic and survival events. Here, we review our knowledge on how zebrafish helped us understand the role of some of these proteins in a multitude of in vivo cellular behaviors. Zebrafish studies offer a unique opportunity to explore the role and more specifically the spatial and temporal dynamic of Rho GTPases activities within a complex environment at a level of details unachievable in any other vertebrate organism.
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18
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Shatkin G, Yeoman B, Birmingham K, Katira P, Engler AJ. Computational models of migration modes improve our understanding of metastasis. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041505. [PMID: 33195959 PMCID: PMC7647620 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells migrate through changing microenvironments of diseased and healthy tissue, making their migration particularly challenging to describe. To better understand this process, computational models have been developed for both the ameboid and mesenchymal modes of cell migration. Here, we review various approaches that have been used to account for the physical environment's effect on cell migration in computational models, with a focus on their application to understanding cancer metastasis and the related phenomenon of durotaxis. We then discuss how mesenchymal migration models typically simulate complex cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, while ameboid migration models use a cell-focused approach that largely ignores ECM when not acting as a physical barrier. This approach greatly simplifies or ignores the mechanosensing ability of ameboid migrating cells and should be reevaluated in future models. We conclude by describing future model elements that have not been included to date but would enhance model accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Shatkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Katherine Birmingham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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19
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Bisaria A, Hayer A, Garbett D, Cohen D, Meyer T. Membrane-proximal F-actin restricts local membrane protrusions and directs cell migration. Science 2020; 368:1205-1210. [PMID: 32527825 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay7794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is driven by local membrane protrusion through directed polymerization of F-actin at the front. However, F-actin next to the plasma membrane also tethers the membrane and thus resists outgoing protrusions. Here, we developed a fluorescent reporter to monitor changes in the density of membrane-proximal F-actin (MPA) during membrane protrusion and cell migration. Unlike the total F-actin concentration, which was high in the front of migrating cells, MPA density was low in the front and high in the back. Back-to-front MPA density gradients were controlled by higher cofilin-mediated turnover of F-actin in the front. Furthermore, nascent membrane protrusions selectively extended outward from areas where MPA density was reduced. Thus, locally low MPA density directs local membrane protrusions and stabilizes cell polarization during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bisaria
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Arnold Hayer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Damien Garbett
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Mogilner A, Barnhart EL, Keren K. Experiment, theory, and the keratocyte: An ode to a simple model for cell motility. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Stein JV, Ruef N. Regulation of global CD8 + T-cell positioning by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:232-249. [PMID: 30977193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have evolved as one of the most motile mammalian cell types, designed to continuously scan peptide-major histocompatibility complexes class I on the surfaces of other cells. Chemoattractants and adhesion molecules direct CD8+ T-cell homing to and migration within secondary lymphoid organs, where these cells colocalize with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in confined tissue volumes. CD8+ T-cell activation induces a switch to infiltration of non-lymphoid tissue (NLT), which differ in their topology and biophysical properties from lymphoid tissue. Here, we provide a short overview on regulation of organism-wide trafficking patterns during naive T-cell recirculation and their switch to non-lymphoid tissue homing during activation. The migratory lifestyle of CD8+ T cells is regulated by their actomyosin cytoskeleton, which translates chemical signals from surface receptors into mechanical work. We explore how properties of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and its regulators affect CD8+ T cell function in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue, combining recent findings in the field of cell migration and actin network regulation with tissue anatomy. Finally, we hypothesize that under certain conditions, intrinsic regulation of actomyosin dynamics may render NLT CD8+ T-cell populations less dependent on input from extrinsic signals during tissue scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Ruef
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Williams ML, Solnica-Krezel L. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of convergence and extension in zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 136:377-407. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Prince DJ, Jessen JR. Dorsal convergence of gastrula cells requires Vangl2 and an adhesion protein-dependent change in protrusive activity. Development 2019; 146:dev.182188. [PMID: 31719041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lateral zebrafish hypoblast cells initiate dorsal convergence near mid-gastrulation and exhibit non-polarized morphologies, limited cell-cell contact and indirect migration trajectories. By late gastrulation, mesodermal cells become packed as they engage in planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent movement. Here, we aimed to understand this transition in cell behavior by examining the relationship between protrusion dynamics and establishment of PCP and directed migration. We found that wild-type cells undergo a reduction in bleb protrusions near late gastrulation accompanied by a VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2 (Vangl2)-regulated increase in filopodia number and polarization. Manipulation of blebs is sufficient to interfere with PCP and directed migration. We show that Vangl2, fibronectin and cadherin 2 function to suppress blebbing. Vangl2 maintains ezrin b (Ezrb) protein levels and higher Ezrb activation rescues defective mediolateral cell alignment and migration paths in vangl2 mutant embryos. Transplantation experiments show that loss of vangl2 disrupts protrusion formation cell-autonomously while fibronectin acts non-autonomously. We propose that dorsal convergence requires the coordinated action of Vangl2, Ezrb and cell-adhesion proteins to inhibit blebs and promote polarized actin-rich protrusive activity and PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna J Prince
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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24
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Mongera A, Michaut A, Guillot C, Xiong F, Pourquié O. Mechanics of Anteroposterior Axis Formation in Vertebrates. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:259-283. [PMID: 31412208 PMCID: PMC7394480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue mechanical coupling whose failure leads to severe developmental anomalies such as body truncation and spina bifida. Similar to other morphogenetic modules, anteroposterior body extension requires both the rearrangement of existing materials-such as cells and extracellular matrix-and the local addition of new materials, i.e., anisotropic growth, through cell proliferation, cell growth, and matrix deposition. Numerous signaling pathways coordinate body axis formation via regulation of cell behavior during tissue rearrangements and/or volumetric growth. From a physical perspective, morphogenesis depends on both cell-generated forces and tissue material properties. As the spatiotemporal variation of these mechanical parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process is likely to shed light on the cross talk between signaling and mechanics during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mongera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Fengzhu Xiong
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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25
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Alama-Bermejo G, Holzer AS, Bartholomew JL. Myxozoan Adhesion and Virulence: Ceratonova shasta on the Move. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E397. [PMID: 31561529 PMCID: PMC6843538 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility factors are fundamental for parasite invasion, migration, proliferation and immune evasion and thus can influence parasitic disease pathogenesis and virulence. Salmonid enteronecrosis is caused by a myxozoan (Phylum Cnidarian) parasite, Ceratonova shasta. Three parasite genotypes (0, I, II) occur, with varying degrees of virulence in its host, making it a good model for examining the role of motility in virulence. We compare C. shasta cell motility between genotypes and describe how the cellular protrusions interact with the host. We support these observations with motility gene expression analyses. C. shasta stages can move by single or combined used of filopodia, lamellipodia and blebs, with different behaviors such as static adhesion, crawling or blebbing, some previously unobserved in myxozoans. C. shasta stages showed high flexibility of switching between different morphotypes, suggesting a high capacity to adapt to their microenvironment. Exposure to fibronectin showed that C. shasta stages have extraordinary adhesive affinities to glycoprotein components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). When comparing C. shasta genotypes 0 (low virulence, no mortality) and IIR (high virulence, high mortality) infections in rainbow trout, major differences were observed with regard to their migration to the target organ, gene expression patterns and proliferation rate in the host. IIR is characterized by rapid multiplication and fast amoeboid bleb-based migration to the gut, where adhesion (mediated by integrin-β and talin), ECM disruption and virulent systemic dispersion of the parasite causes massive pathology. Genotype 0 is characterized by low proliferation rates, slow directional and early adhesive migration and localized, non-destructive development in the gut. We conclude that parasite adhesion drives virulence in C. shasta and that effectors, such as integrins, reveal themselves as attractive therapeutic targets in a group of parasites for which no effective treatments are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS-CCT CONICET-CENPAT), 8520 San Antonio Oeste, Argentina.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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26
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Saykali B, Mathiah N, Nahaboo W, Racu ML, Hammou L, Defrance M, Migeotte I. Distinct mesoderm migration phenotypes in extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the early mouse embryo. eLife 2019; 8:42434. [PMID: 30950395 PMCID: PMC6450669 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse embryo gastrulation, epiblast cells delaminate at the primitive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mosaic expression of a membrane reporter in nascent mesoderm enabled recording cell shape and trajectory through live imaging. Upon leaving the streak, cells changed shape and extended protrusions of distinct size and abundance depending on the neighboring germ layer, as well as the region of the embryo. Embryonic trajectories were meandrous but directional, while extra-embryonic mesoderm cells showed little net displacement. Embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm transcriptomes highlighted distinct guidance, cytoskeleton, adhesion, and extracellular matrix signatures. Specifically, intermediate filaments were highly expressed in extra-embryonic mesoderm, while live imaging for F-actin showed abundance of actin filaments in embryonic mesoderm only. Accordingly, Rhoa or Rac1 conditional deletion in mesoderm inhibited embryonic, but not extra-embryonic mesoderm migration. Overall, this indicates separate cytoskeleton regulation coordinating the morphology and migration of mesoderm subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wallis Nahaboo
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Hammou
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
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27
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Manhart A, Icheva TA, Guerin C, Klar T, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Thery M, Blanchoin L, Mogilner A. Quantitative regulation of the dynamic steady state of actin networks. eLife 2019; 8:42413. [PMID: 30869077 PMCID: PMC6417862 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Principles of regulation of actin network dimensions are fundamentally important for cell functions, yet remain unclear. Using both in vitro and in silico approaches, we studied the effect of key parameters, such as actin density, ADF/Cofilin concentration and network width on the network length. In the presence of ADF/Cofilin, networks reached equilibrium and became treadmilling. At the trailing edge, the network disintegrated into large fragments. A mathematical model predicts the network length as a function of width, actin and ADF/Cofilin concentrations. Local depletion of ADF/Cofilin by binding to actin is significant, leading to wider networks growing longer. A single rate of breaking network nodes, proportional to ADF/Cofilin density and inversely proportional to the square of the actin density, can account for the disassembly dynamics. Selective disassembly of heterogeneous networks by ADF/Cofilin controls steering during motility. Our results establish general principles on how the dynamic steady state of actin network emerges from biochemical and structural feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Manhart
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, United States.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Téa Aleksandra Icheva
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Guerin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Tobbias Klar
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Rajaa Boujemaa-Paterski
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Thery
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, United States.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
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28
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Goudarzi M, Boquet-Pujadas A, Olivo-Marin JC, Raz E. Fluid dynamics during bleb formation in migrating cells in vivo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212699. [PMID: 30807602 PMCID: PMC6391022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blebs are cellular protrusions observed in migrating cells and in cells undergoing spreading, cytokinesis, and apoptosis. Here we investigate the flow of cytoplasm during bleb formation and the concurrent changes in cell volume using zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) as an in vivo model. We show that bleb inflation occurs concomitantly with cytoplasmic inflow into it and that during this process the total cell volume does not change. We thus show that bleb formation in primordial germ cells results primarily from redistribution of material within the cell rather than being driven by flow of water from an external source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Santiago Z, Loustau J, Meretzky D, Rawal D, Brazill D. Advances in geometric techniques for analyzing blebbing in chemotaxing Dictyostelium cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211975. [PMID: 30763409 PMCID: PMC6375592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a technical platform that allows us to monitor and measure cortex and membrane dynamics during bleb-based chemotaxis. Using D. discoideum cells expressing LifeAct-GFP and crawling under agarose containing RITC-dextran, we were able to simultaneously visualize the actin cortex and the cell membrane throughout bleb formation. Using these images, we then applied edge detect to generate points on the cell boundary with coordinates in a coordinate plane. Then we fitted these points to a curve with known x and y coordinate functions. The result was to parameterize the cell outline. With the parameterization, we demonstrate how to compute data for geometric features such as cell area, bleb area and edge curvature. This allows us to collect vital data for the analysis of blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zully Santiago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and the PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY United States of America
| | - John Loustau
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (DB)
| | - David Meretzky
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Devarshi Rawal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Derrick Brazill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and the PhD Programs in Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (DB)
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30
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Li J, Yin W, Jing Y, Kang D, Yang L, Cheng J, Yu Z, Peng Z, Li X, Wen Y, Sun X, Ren B, Liu C. The Coordination Between B Cell Receptor Signaling and the Actin Cytoskeleton During B Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3096. [PMID: 30687315 PMCID: PMC6333714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation plays a crucial part in the immune system and is initiated via interaction between the B cell receptor (BCR) and specific antigens. In recent years with the help of modern imaging techniques, it was found that the cortical actin cytoskeleton changes dramatically during B-cell activation. In this review, we discuss how actin-cytoskeleton reorganization regulates BCR signaling in different stages of B-cell activation, specifically when stimulated by antigens, and also how this reorganization is mediated by BCR signaling molecules. Abnormal BCR signaling is associated with the progression of lymphoma and immunological diseases including autoimmune disorders, and recent studies have proved that impaired actin cytoskeleton can devastate the normal activation of B cells. Therefore, to figure out the coordination between the actin cytoskeleton and BCR signaling may reveal an underlying mechanism of B-cell activation, which has potential for new treatments for B-cell associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zican Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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31
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Love AM, Prince DJ, Jessen JR. Vangl2-dependent regulation of membrane protrusions and directed migration requires a fibronectin extracellular matrix. Development 2018; 145:dev.165472. [PMID: 30327324 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During zebrafish gastrulation the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vang-like 2 (Vangl2) regulates the polarization of cells that are engaged in directed migration. However, it is unclear whether Vangl2 influences membrane-protrusive activities in migrating gastrula cells and whether these processes require the fibronectin extracellular matrix. Here, we report that Vangl2 modulates the formation and polarization of actin-rich filopodia-like and large lamellipodia-like protrusions in ectodermal cells. By contrast, disrupted Glypican4/PCP signaling affects protrusion polarity but not protrusion number or directed migration. Analysis of fluorescent fusion protein expression suggests that there is widespread Vangl2 symmetry in migrating cells, but there is enrichment at membrane domains that are developing large protrusions compared with non-protrusive domains. We show that the fibronectin extracellular matrix is essential for cell-surface Vangl2 expression, membrane-protrusive activity and directed migration. Manipulation of fibronectin protein levels rescues protrusion and directed migration phenotypes in vangl2 mutant embryos, but it is not sufficient to restore either PCP, or convergence and extension movements. Together, our findings identify distinct roles for Vangl2 and Glypican4/PCP signaling during membrane protrusion formation and demonstrate that cell-matrix interactions underlie Vangl2-dependent regulation of protrusive activities in migrating gastrula cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Love
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Dianna J Prince
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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32
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Podgórska M, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Nowak D. Apelin Effects Migration and Invasion Abilities of Colon Cancer Cells. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080113. [PMID: 30127323 PMCID: PMC6115746 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancer types. Its positive correlation with general obesity has led to increasing amounts of research focusing on the role of adipokines in colon cancer development. Apelin is a peptide released by adipose tissue that could affect many cellular processes connected with carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the role of apelin in the motility regulation of colon cancer cells. We showed that the effect of four different apelin peptides increased the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade examined cells trough influencing migratory protrusions formation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Additionally, using confocal microscopy, we noticed that apelin stimulated the proteolytic activity of cancer cells, especially increasing the level of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease. Taken together, apelin increased the movement of colon cancer cells through several possible mechanisms. Moreover, better understanding the process through which apelin regulates cancer development is still necessary to the creation of novel anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Podgórska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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33
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Abstract
Precisely controlled cell deformations are key to cell migration, division and tissue morphogenesis, and have been implicated in cell differentiation during development, as well as cancer progression. In animal cells, shape changes are primarily driven by the cellular cortex, a thin actomyosin network that lies directly underneath the plasma membrane. Myosin-generated forces create tension in the cortical network, and gradients in tension lead to cellular deformations. Recent studies have provided important insight into the molecular control of cortical tension by progressively unveiling cortex composition and organization. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review our current understanding of cortex composition and architecture. We then discuss how the microscopic properties of the cortex control cortical tension. While many open questions remain, it is now clear that cortical tension can be modulated through both cortex composition and organization, providing multiple levels of regulation for this key cellular property during cell and tissue morphogenesis. Summary: A summary of the composition, architecture, mechanics and function of the cellular actin cortex, which determines the shape of animal cells, and, thus, provides the foundation for cell and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Chugh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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34
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Stuelten CH, Parent CA, Montell DJ. Cell motility in cancer invasion and metastasis: insights from simple model organisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:296-312. [PMID: 29546880 PMCID: PMC6790333 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the greatest challenge in the clinical management of cancer. Cell motility is a fundamental and ancient cellular behaviour that contributes to metastasis and is conserved in simple organisms. In this Review, we evaluate insights relevant to human cancer that are derived from the study of cell motility in non-mammalian model organisms. Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio permit direct observation of cells moving in complex native environments and lend themselves to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screening. We highlight insights derived from each of these organisms, including the detailed signalling network that governs chemotaxis towards chemokines; a novel mechanism of basement membrane invasion; the positive role of E-cadherin in collective direction-sensing; the identification and optimization of kinase inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer on the basis of work in flies; and the value of zebrafish for live imaging, especially of vascular remodelling and interactions between tumour cells and host tissues. While the motility of tumour cells and certain host cells promotes metastatic spread, the motility of tumour-reactive T cells likely increases their antitumour effects. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying all types of cell motility, with the ultimate goal of identifying combination therapies that will increase the motility of beneficial cells and block the spread of harmful cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- ;
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- ;
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35
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Goudarzi M, Tarbashevich K, Mildner K, Begemann I, Garcia J, Paksa A, Reichman-Fried M, Mahabaleshwar H, Blaser H, Hartwig J, Zeuschner D, Galic M, Bagnat M, Betz T, Raz E. Bleb Expansion in Migrating Cells Depends on Supply of Membrane from Cell Surface Invaginations. Dev Cell 2017; 43:577-587.e5. [PMID: 29173819 PMCID: PMC5939956 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, organ formation, and homeostasis, with relevance for clinical conditions. The migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a useful model for studying this process in the context of the developing embryo. Zebrafish PGC migration depends on the formation of cellular protrusions in form of blebs, a type of protrusion found in various cell types. Here we report on the mechanisms allowing the inflation of the membrane during bleb formation. We show that the rapid expansion of the protrusion depends on membrane invaginations that are localized preferentially at the cell front. The formation of these invaginations requires the function of Cdc42, and their unfolding allows bleb inflation and dynamic cell-shape changes performed by migrating cells. Inhibiting the formation and release of the invaginations strongly interfered with bleb formation, cell motility, and the ability of the cells to reach their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Goudarzi
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Karina Mildner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabell Begemann
- Workgroup Nanoforces in Cells, Institute of Medical Physics und Biophysics, DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion' (EXC 1003), Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jamie Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, 333B Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Blaser
- Germ Cell Development, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartwig
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Milos Galic
- Workgroup Nanoforces in Cells, Institute of Medical Physics und Biophysics, DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion' (EXC 1003), Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, 333B Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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36
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Fritz-Laylin LK, Riel-Mehan M, Chen BC, Lord SJ, Goddard TD, Ferrin TE, Nicholson-Dykstra SM, Higgs H, Johnson GT, Betzig E, Mullins RD. Actin-based protrusions of migrating neutrophils are intrinsically lamellar and facilitate direction changes. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28948912 PMCID: PMC5614560 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes and other amoeboid cells change shape as they move, forming highly dynamic, actin-filled pseudopods. Although we understand much about the architecture and dynamics of thin lamellipodia made by slow-moving cells on flat surfaces, conventional light microscopy lacks the spatial and temporal resolution required to track complex pseudopods of cells moving in three dimensions. We therefore employed lattice light sheet microscopy to perform three-dimensional, time-lapse imaging of neutrophil-like HL-60 cells crawling through collagen matrices. To analyze three-dimensional pseudopods we: (i) developed fluorescent probe combinations that distinguish cortical actin from dynamic, pseudopod-forming actin networks, and (ii) adapted molecular visualization tools from structural biology to render and analyze complex cell surfaces. Surprisingly, three-dimensional pseudopods turn out to be composed of thin (<0.75 µm), flat sheets that sometimes interleave to form rosettes. Their laminar nature is not templated by an external surface, but likely reflects a linear arrangement of regulatory molecules. Although we find that Arp2/3-dependent pseudopods are dispensable for three-dimensional locomotion, their elimination dramatically decreases the frequency of cell turning, and pseudopod dynamics increase when cells change direction, highlighting the important role pseudopods play in pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian K Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Megan Riel-Mehan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas D Goddard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas E Ferrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susan M Nicholson-Dykstra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, United States
| | - Henry Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, United States
| | - Graham T Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Animated Cell, Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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