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Rubio R, Macià D, Barrios D, Vidal M, Jiménez A, Molinos-Albert LM, Díaz N, Canyelles M, Lara-Escandell M, Planchais C, Santamaria P, Carolis C, Izquierdo L, Aguilar R, Moncunill G, Dobaño C. High-resolution kinetics and cellular determinants of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response over two years after COVID-19 vaccination. Microbes Infect 2024:105423. [PMID: 39299570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) studies usually rely on cross-sectional data of large cohorts but limited repeated samples, overlooking significant inter-individual antibody kinetic differences. By combining Luminex, activation-induced marker (AIM) and IFN-γ/IL-2 Fluorospot assays, we characterized the IgM, IgA, and IgG antibody kinetics using 610 samples from 31 healthy adults over two years after COVID-19 vaccination, and the T-cell responses six months post-booster. Antibody trajectories varied among isotypes: IgG decayed slowly, IgA exhibited an initial sharp decline, which gradually slowed down and stabilized above the seropositivity threshold. Contrarily, IgM rapidly dropped to undetectable levels after primary vaccination. Importantly, three vaccine doses induced higher and more durable anti-spike IgG and IgA levels compared to two doses, whereas infection led to the highest antibody peak and slowest antibody decay rate compared to vaccination. Comparing with ancestral virus, antibody levels recognizing Omicron subvariants had a faster antibody decay. Finally, polyfunctional T cells were positively associated with subsequent IgA responses. These results revealed distinctive antibody patterns by isotype and highlight the benefits of booster doses in enhancing and sustaining antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dídac Macià
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis M Molinos-Albert
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Canyelles
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lara-Escandell
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmunity group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Wang LT, Idris AH, Kisalu NK, Crompton PD, Seder RA. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins as an emerging tool for malaria prevention. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1530-1545. [PMID: 39198635 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite various public health strategies, malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites remains a major global health challenge that requires development of new interventions. Extended half-life human monoclonal antibodies targeting the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites, the infective form of malaria parasites, prevent malaria in rodents and humans and have been advanced into clinical development. The protective epitopes on the circumsporozoite protein targeted by monoclonal antibodies have been defined. Cryogenic electron and multiphoton microscopy have enabled mechanistic structural and functional investigations of how antibodies bind to the circumsporozoite protein and neutralize sporozoites. Moreover, innovations in bioinformatics and antibody engineering have facilitated enhancement of antibody potency and durability. Here, we summarize the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight existing clinical data and future plans for how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Yanik S, Venkatesh V, Gordy JT, Gabriel-Alameh M, Meza J, Li Y, Glass E, Flores-Garcia Y, Tam Y, Chaiyawong N, Sarkar D, Weissman D, Markham R, Srinivasan P. Immature dendritic cell-targeting mRNA vaccine expressing PfCSP enhances protective immune responses against Plasmodium liver infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4656309. [PMID: 39041038 PMCID: PMC11261966 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4656309/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Resurgence in malaria has been noted in 2022 with 249 million clinical cases resulting in 608,000 deaths, mostly in children under five. Two vaccines, RTS, S, and more recently R21, targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) are recommended by the WHO but are not yet widely available. Strong humoral responses to neutralize sporozoites before they can infect the hepatocytes are important for vaccine-mediated protection. Suboptimal protection conferred by these first-generation vaccines highlight the need for approaches to improve vaccine-induced immune responses. With the recent success of mRNA-LNP vaccines against COVID-19, there is growing interest in leveraging this approach to enhance malaria vaccines. Here, we present the development of a novel chemokine fusion mRNA vaccine aimed at boosting immune responses to PfCSP by targeting the immunogen to immature dendritic cells (iDC). Vaccination of mice with mRNA encoding full-length CSP fused to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP3α) encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles (LNP) elicited robust CD4+ T cell responses and enhanced antibody titers against NANP repeat epitopes compared to a conventional CSP mRNA-LNP vaccine. Importantly, the CSP-MIP3α fusion vaccine provided significantly greater protection against liver infection upon challenge with P. berghei PfCSP transgenic sporozoites. This enhanced protection was associated with multifunctional CD4+ T cells levels and anti-NANP repeat titers. This study highlights the potential to augment immune responses to PfCSP through iDC targeting and bolster protection against malaria liver infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Yanik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Varsha Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James T Gordy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Jacob Meza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yangchen Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Glass
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ying Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nattawat Chaiyawong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deepti Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richard Markham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Prakash Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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4
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Dobbs KR, Atieli HE, Valim C, Beeson JG. Previous Malaria Exposures and Immune Dysregulation: Developing Strategies To Improve Malaria Vaccine Efficacy in Young Children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:627-630. [PMID: 38442424 PMCID: PMC10993830 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
After several decades in development, two malaria vaccines based on the same antigen and with very similar constructs and adjuvants, RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) and R21/Matrix-M (R21), were recommended by the WHO for widespread vaccination of children. These vaccines are much-needed additions to malaria control programs that, when used in conjunction with other control measures, will help to accelerate reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality. Although R21 is not yet available, RTS,S is currently being integrated into routine vaccine schedules in some areas. However, the efficacy of RTS,S is partial, short-lived, and varies widely according to age and geographic location. It is not clear why RTS,S induces protection in some individuals and not others, what the immune mechanisms are that favor protective immunity with RTS,S, and how immune mechanisms are influenced by host and environmental factors. Several studies suggest that higher levels of previous malaria exposure negatively impact RTS,S clinical efficacy. In this article, we summarize data suggesting that previous malaria exposures negatively impact the efficacy of RTS,S and other malaria vaccine candidates. We highlight recent evidence suggesting that increasing malaria exposure impairs the generation of functional antibody responses to RTS,S. Finally, we discuss how investigation of clinical and immune factors associated with suboptimal responses to RTS,S can be used to develop strategies to optimize RTS,S, which will remain relevant to R21 and next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clarissa Valim
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Mutemi DD, Tuju J, Ogwang R, Nyamako L, Wambui KM, Cruz IR, Villner P, Yman V, Kinyanjui SM, Rooth I, Ngasala B, Färnert A, Osier FHA. Antibody-Dependent Respiratory Burst against Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites in Individuals Living in an Area with Declining Malaria Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:203. [PMID: 38400186 PMCID: PMC10892224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission intensity affects the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria. An absolute correlate measure of protection against malaria is lacking. However, antibody-mediated functions against Plasmodium falciparum correlate with protection against malaria. In children, antibody-mediated functions against P. falciparum decline with reduced exposure. It is unclear whether adults maintain antibody-mediated functions as malaria transmission declines. This study assessed antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) in individuals from an area with declining malaria transmission. In an age-matched analysis, we compare ADRB activity during high versus low malaria transmission periods. Age significantly predicted higher ADRB activity in the high (p < 0.001) and low (p < 0.001) malaria transmission periods. ADRB activity was higher during the high compared to the low malaria transmission period in older children and adults. Only older adults during the high malaria transmission period had their median ADRB activity above the ADRB cut-off. Ongoing P. falciparum infection influenced ADRB activity during the low (p = 0.01) but not the high (p = 0.29) malaria transmission period. These findings propose that naturally acquired immunity to P. falciparum is affected in children and adults as malaria transmission declines, implying that vaccines will be necessary to induce and maintain protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen D. Mutemi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - James Tuju
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Lydia Nyamako
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Kennedy M. Wambui
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ivette R. Cruz
- Division of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Villner
- Division of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Södersjukhuset, 118 61 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samson M. Kinyanjui
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- School of Business Studies, Strathmore University, Nairobi 0200, Kenya
| | - Ingegerd Rooth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Nyamisati Malaria Research Group, Pwani 61621, Tanzania
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11102, Tanzania
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faith H. A. Osier
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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6
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Hamaluba M, Sang S, Orindi B, Njau I, Karanja H, Kamau N, Gitonga JN, Mugo D, Wright D, Nyagwange J, Kutima B, Omuoyo D, Mwatasa M, Ngetsa C, Agoti C, Cheruiyot S, Nyaguara A, Munene M, Mturi N, Oloo E, Ochola-Oyier L, Mumba N, Mauncho C, Namayi R, Davies A, Tsofa B, Nduati EW, Aliyan N, Kasera K, Etyang A, Boyd A, Hill A, Gilbert S, Douglas A, Pollard A, Bejon P, Lambe T, Warimwe G. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in adults in Kenya: a phase 1/2 single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:182. [PMID: 38707489 PMCID: PMC11066537 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19150.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in African populations. Here we report the immunogenicity and safety of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine from a phase 1/2 single-blind, randomised, controlled trial among adults in Kenya conducted as part of the early studies assessing vaccine performance in different geographical settings to inform Emergency Use Authorisation. Methods We recruited and randomly assigned (1:1) 400 healthy adults aged ≥18 years in Kenya to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or control rabies vaccine, each as a two-dose schedule with a 3-month interval. The co-primary outcomes were safety, and immunogenicity assessed using total IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 28 days after the second vaccination. Results Between 28 th October 2020 and 19 th August 2021, 400 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n=200) or rabies vaccine (n=200). Local and systemic adverse events were self-limiting and mild or moderate in nature. Three serious adverse events were reported but these were deemed unrelated to vaccination. The geometric mean anti-spike IgG titres 28 days after second dose vaccination were higher in the ChAdOx1 group (2773 ELISA units [EU], 95% CI 2447, 3142) than in the rabies vaccine group (61 EU, 95% CI 45, 81) and persisted over the 12 months follow-up. We did not identify any symptomatic infections or hospital admissions with respiratory illness and so vaccine efficacy against clinically apparent infection could not be measured. Vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was 38.4% (95% CI -26.8%, 70.1%; p=0.188). Conclusions The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy against asymptomatic infection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 among Kenyan adults was similar to that observed elsewhere in the world, but efficacy against symptomatic infection or severe disease could not be measured in this cohort. Pan-African Clinical Trials Registration PACTR202005681895696 (11/05/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Sang
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Irene Njau
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Henry Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Kamau
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Wright
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Agoti
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Neema Mturi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Noni Mumba
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Alun Davies
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Boyd
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Adrian Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - George Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - COV004 Vaccine Trial Group
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
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7
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Genito CJ, Brooks K, Smith A, Ryan E, Soto K, Li Y, Warter L, Dutta S. Protective antibody threshold of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine correlates antigen and adjuvant dose in mouse model. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:114. [PMID: 37563255 PMCID: PMC10415390 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are useful for the early down-selection of malaria vaccine candidates. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has optimized a transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge model to compare the efficacy of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) vaccines. GSK's RTS,S vaccine formulated in the adjuvant AS01 can protect malaria-naïve individuals against malaria. We report that the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine induces high level sterile protection in our mouse model. Down titration of the antigen at a constant AS01 dose revealed a potent antigen dose-sparing effect and the superiority of RTS,S/AS01 over a soluble CSP antigen. RTS,S-mediated protective immunity was associated with a threshold of major repeat antibody titer. Combined titration of the antigen and adjuvant showed that reducing the adjuvant could improve antibody boosting post-3rd vaccination and reduce the threshold antibody concentration required for protection. Mouse models can provide a pathway for preclinical assessment of strategies to improve CSP vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Genito
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Katherine Brooks
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Alexis Smith
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Emma Ryan
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Kim Soto
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Yuanzhang Li
- Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | | | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
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8
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Aguirre-Botero MC, Wang LT, Formaglio P, Aliprandini E, Thiberge JM, Schön A, Flores-Garcia Y, Mathis-Torres S, Flynn BJ, da Silva Pereira L, Le Duff Y, Hurley M, Nacer A, Bowyer PW, Zavala F, Idris AH, Francica JR, Seder RA, Amino R. Cytotoxicity of human antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite protein is amplified by 3D substrate and correlates with protection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112681. [PMID: 37389992 PMCID: PMC10468621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on the sporozoite surface are a promising tool for preventing malaria infection. However, their mechanisms of protection remain unclear. Here, using 13 distinctive PfCSP hmAbs, we provide a comprehensive view of how PfCSP hmAbs neutralize sporozoites in host tissues. Sporozoites are most vulnerable to hmAb-mediated neutralization in the skin. However, rare but potent hmAbs additionally neutralize sporozoites in the blood and liver. Efficient protection in tissues mainly associates with high-affinity and high-cytotoxicity hmAbs inducing rapid parasite loss-of-fitness in the absence of complement and host cells in vitro. A 3D-substrate assay greatly enhances hmAb cytotoxicity and mimics the skin-dependent protection, indicating that the physical stress imposed on motile sporozoites by the skin is crucial for unfolding the protective potential of hmAbs. This functional 3D cytotoxicity assay can thus be useful for downselecting potent anti-PfCSP hmAbs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela C Aguirre-Botero
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Aliprandini
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Thiberge
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shamika Mathis-Torres
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lais da Silva Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yann Le Duff
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mathew Hurley
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Adéla Nacer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul W Bowyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France.
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9
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Datoo MS, Natama HM, Somé A, Bellamy D, Traoré O, Rouamba T, Tahita MC, Ido NFA, Yameogo P, Valia D, Millogo A, Ouedraogo F, Soma R, Sawadogo S, Sorgho F, Derra K, Rouamba E, Ramos-Lopez F, Cairns M, Provstgaard-Morys S, Aboagye J, Lawrie A, Roberts R, Valéa I, Sorgho H, Williams N, Glenn G, Fries L, Reimer J, Ewer KJ, Shaligram U, Hill AVS, Tinto H. Efficacy and immunogenicity of R21/Matrix-M vaccine against clinical malaria after 2 years' follow-up in children in Burkina Faso: a phase 1/2b randomised controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1728-1736. [PMID: 36087586 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We previously reported the efficacy of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, which reached the WHO-specified goal of 75% or greater efficacy over 12 months in the target population of African children. Here, we report the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy results at 12 months following administration of a booster vaccination. METHODS This double-blind phase 1/2b randomised controlled trial was done in children aged 5-17 months in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. Eligible children were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive three vaccinations of either 5 μg R21/25 μg Matrix-M, 5 μg R21/50 μg Matrix-M, or a control vaccine (the Rabivax-S rabies vaccine) before the malaria season, with a booster dose 12 months later. Children were eligible for inclusion if written informed consent could be provided by a parent or guardian. Exclusion criteria included any existing clinically significant comorbidity or receipt of other investigational products. A random allocation list was generated by an independent statistician by use of block randomisation with variable block sizes. A research assistant from the University of Oxford, independent of the trial team, prepared sealed envelopes using this list, which was then provided to the study pharmacists to assign participants. All vaccines were prepared by the study pharmacists by use of the same type of syringe, and the contents were covered with an opaque label. Vaccine safety, efficacy, and a potential correlate of efficacy with immunogenicity, measured as anti-NANP antibody titres, were evaluated over 1 year following the first booster vaccination. The population in which the efficacy analyses were done comprised all participants who received the primary series of vaccinations and a booster vaccination. Participants were excluded from the efficacy analysis if they withdrew from the trial within the first 2 weeks of receiving the booster vaccine. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03896724), and is continuing for a further 2 years to assess both the potential value of additional booster vaccine doses and longer-term safety. FINDINGS Between June 2, and July 2, 2020, 409 children returned to receive a booster vaccine. Each child received the same vaccination for the booster as they received in the primary series of vaccinations; 132 participants received 5 μg R21 adjuvanted with 25 μg Matrix-M, 137 received 5 μg R21 adjuvanted with 50 μg Matrix-M, and 140 received the control vaccine. R21/Matrix-M had a favourable safety profile and was well tolerated. Vaccine efficacy remained high in the high adjuvant dose (50 μg) group, similar to previous findings at 1 year after the primary series of vaccinations. Following the booster vaccination, 67 (51%) of 132 children who received R21/Matrix-M with low-dose adjuvant, 54 (39%) of 137 children who received R21/Matrix-M with high-dose adjuvant, and 121 (86%) of 140 children who received the rabies vaccine developed clinical malaria by 12 months. Vaccine efficacy was 71% (95% CI 60 to 78) in the low-dose adjuvant group and 80% (72 to 85) in the high-dose adjuvant group. In the high-dose adjuvant group, vaccine efficacy against multiple episodes of malaria was 78% (95% CI 71 to 83), and 2285 (95% CI 1911 to 2568) cases of malaria were averted per 1000 child-years at risk among vaccinated children in the second year of follow-up. Among these participants, at 28 days following their last R21/Matrix-M vaccination, titres of malaria-specific anti-NANP antibodies correlated positively with protection against malaria in both the first year of follow-up (Spearman's ρ -0·32 [95% CI -0·45 to -0·19]; p=0·0001) and second year of follow-up (-0·20 [-0·34 to -0·06]; p=0·02). INTERPRETATION A booster dose of R21/Matrix-M at 1 year following the primary three-dose regimen maintained high efficacy against first and multiple episodes of clinical malaria. Furthermore, the booster vaccine induced antibody concentrations that correlated with vaccine efficacy. The trial is ongoing to assess long-term follow-up of these participants and the value of further booster vaccinations. FUNDING European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2 (EDCTP2), Wellcome Trust, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen S Datoo
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Hamtandi Magloire Natama
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Athanase Somé
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ousmane Traoré
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Toussaint Rouamba
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Marc Christian Tahita
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - N Félix André Ido
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Prisca Yameogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Daniel Valia
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Aida Millogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Florence Ouedraogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachidatou Soma
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Sawadogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Faizatou Sorgho
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Karim Derra
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Eli Rouamba
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Fernando Ramos-Lopez
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Cairns
- International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Aboagye
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Innocent Valéa
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicola Williams
- Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso.
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10
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Sagara I, Zongo I, Cairns M, Yerbanga RS, Mahamar A, Nikièma F, Tapily A, Sompougdou F, Diarra M, Zoungrana C, Issiaka D, Haro A, Sanogo K, Aziz Sienou A, Kaya M, Traore S, Thera I, Diarra K, Dolo A, Kuepfer I, Snell P, Milligan P, Ockenhouse C, Ofori-Anyinam O, Tinto H, Djimde A, Ouedraogo JB, Dicko A, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B. The Anti-Circumsporozoite Antibody Response of Children to Seasonal Vaccination With the RTS,S/AS01E Malaria Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:613-622. [PMID: 34894221 PMCID: PMC9464075 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A trial in African children showed that combining seasonal vaccination with the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine with seasonal malaria chemoprevention reduced the incidence of uncomplicated and severe malaria compared with either intervention given alone. Here, we report on the anti-circumsporozoite antibody response to seasonal RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in children in this trial. METHODS Sera from a randomly selected subset of children collected before and 1 month after 3 priming doses of RTS,S/AS01E and before and 1 month after 2 seasonal booster doses were tested for anti-circumsporozoite antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between post-vaccination antibody titer and incidence of malaria was explored. RESULTS A strong anti-circumsporozoite antibody response to 3 priming doses of RTS,S/AS01E was seen (geometric mean titer, 368.9 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units/mL), but titers fell prior to the first booster dose. A strong antibody response to an annual, pre-malaria transmission season booster dose was observed, but this was lower than after the primary vaccination series and lower after the second than after the first booster dose (ratio of geometric mean rise, 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], .57-.77). Children whose antibody response was in the upper tercile post-vaccination had a lower incidence of malaria during the following year than children in the lowest tercile (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, .28-.66). CONCLUSIONS Seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E induced a strong booster antibody response that was lower after the second than after the first booster dose. The diminished antibody response to the second booster dose was not associated with diminished efficacy. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03143218.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Cairns
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Almahamoudou Mahamar
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Frédéric Nikièma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Tapily
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Modibo Diarra
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Charles Zoungrana
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Djibrilla Issiaka
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alassane Haro
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Koualy Sanogo
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul Aziz Sienou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahamadou Kaya
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Traore
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ismaila Thera
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kalifa Diarra
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amagana Dolo
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Irene Kuepfer
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Snell
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Milligan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Djimde
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Alassane Dicko
- The Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Brian Greenwood
- Correspondence: B. Greenwood, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK ()
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11
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Kanoi BN, Maina M, Likhovole C, Kobia FM, Gitaka J. Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.988665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa bears the greatest burden of malaria with more than 200 million clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2020 alone. While malaria-associated deaths dropped steadily until 2015, the decline started to falter after 2016, highlighting the need for novel potent tools in the fight against malaria. Currently available tools, such as antimalarial drugs and insecticides are threatened by development of resistance by the parasite and the mosquito. The WHO has recently approved RTS,S as the first malaria vaccine for public health use. However, because the RTS,S vaccine has an efficacy of only 36% in young children, there is need for more efficacious vaccines. Indeed, based on the global goal of licensing a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy by 2030, RTS,S is unlikely to be sufficient alone. However, recent years have seen tremendous progress in vaccine development. Although the COVID-19 pandemic impacted malaria control, the rapid progress in research towards the development of COVID-19 vaccines indicate that harnessing funds and technological advances can remarkably expedite vaccine development. In this review, we highlight and discuss current and prospective trends in global efforts to discover and develop malaria vaccines through leveraging mRNA vaccine platforms and other systems optimized during COVID-19 vaccine studies.
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12
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Macià D, Campo JJ, Moncunill G, Jairoce C, Nhabomba AJ, Mpina M, Sorgho H, Dosoo D, Traore O, Kusi KA, Williams NA, Oberai A, Randall A, Sanz H, Valim C, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Tinto H, Agnandji ST, Kariuki S, Gyan B, Daubenberger C, Mordmüller B, Petrone P, Dobaño C. Strong off-target antibody reactivity to malarial antigens induced by RTS,S/AS01E vaccination is associated with protection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158030. [PMID: 35446785 PMCID: PMC9220828 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S/AS01E vaccine targets the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of the Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) parasite. Protein microarrays were used to measure levels of IgG against 1000 P. falciparum antigens in 2138 infants (age 6–12 weeks) and children (age 5–17 months) from 6 African sites of the phase III trial, sampled before and at 4 longitudinal visits after vaccination. One month postvaccination, IgG responses to 17% of all probed antigens showed differences between RTS,S/AS01E and comparator vaccination groups, whereas no prevaccination differences were found. A small subset of antigens presented IgG levels reaching 4- to 8-fold increases in the RTS,S/AS01E group, comparable in magnitude to anti-CSP IgG levels (~11-fold increase). They were strongly cross-correlated and correlated with anti-CSP levels, waning similarly over time and reincreasing with the booster dose. Such an intriguing phenomenon may be due to cross-reactivity of anti-CSP antibodies with these antigens. RTS,S/AS01E vaccinees with strong off-target IgG responses had an estimated lower clinical malaria incidence after adjusting for age group, site, and postvaccination anti-CSP levels. RTS,S/AS01E-induced IgG may bind strongly not only to CSP, but also to unrelated malaria antigens, and this seems to either confer, or at least be a marker of, increased protection from clinical malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dídac Macià
- Department of Data Science, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph J Campo
- Department of Malaria, Antigen Discovery Inc., Irving, United States of America
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- Department of Malaria, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- Department of Malaria, Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Augusto J Nhabomba
- Department of Malaria, Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Maximilian Mpina
- Department of Malaria, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Dosoo
- Laboratory, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Ousmane Traore
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- Department of Electron Microscopy & Histopathology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nana Aba Williams
- Department of Malaria, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amit Oberai
- Department of Research, Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, United States of America
| | - Arlo Randall
- Department of Bioinformatics, Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, United States of America
| | - Hector Sanz
- Department of Malaria, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clarissa Valim
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chen School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kwaku P Asante
- Department of Malaria, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Selidji T Agnandji
- Department of Clinical Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Spain
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ben Gyan
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paula Petrone
- Department of Data Science, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- Department of Malaria, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Gallinaro A, Pirillo MF, Aldon Y, Cecchetti S, Michelini Z, Tinari A, Borghi M, Canitano A, McKay PF, Bona R, Vescio MF, Grasso F, Blasi M, Baroncelli S, Scarlatti G, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Klotman ME, Sanders RW, Shattock RJ, Negri D, Cara A. Persistent immunogenicity of integrase defective lentiviral vectors delivering membrane-tethered native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 35449174 PMCID: PMC9023570 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase Defective Lentiviral Vectors (IDLVs) represent an attractive vaccine platform for delivering HIV-1 antigens, given their ability to induce specific and persistent immune responses in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Recent advances in HIV-1 immunogen design demonstrated that native-like HIV-1 Envelope (Env) trimers that mimic the structure of virion-associated Env induce neutralization breadth in rabbits and macaques. Here, we describe the development of an IDLV-based HIV-1 vaccine expressing either soluble ConSOSL.UFO.664 or membrane-tethered ConSOSL.UFO.750 native-like Env immunogens with enhanced bNAb epitopes exposure. We show that IDLV can be pseudotyped with properly folded membrane-tethered native-like UFO.750 trimers. After a single IDLV injection in BALB/c mice, IDLV-UFO.750 induced a faster humoral kinetic as well as higher levels of anti-Env IgG compared to IDLV-UFO.664. IDLV-UFO.750 vaccinated cynomolgus macaques developed unusually long-lasting anti-Env IgG antibodies, as underlined by their remarkable half-life both after priming and boost with IDLV. After boosting with recombinant ConM SOSIP.v7 protein, two animals developed neutralization activity against the autologous tier 1B ConS virus mediated by V1/V2 and V3 glycan sites responses. By combining the possibility to display stabilized trimeric Env on the vector particles with the ability to induce sustained humoral responses, IDLVs represent an appropriate strategy for delivering rationally designed antigens to progress towards an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Confocal Microscopy Unit NMR, Confocal Microscopy Area Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Roberta Bona
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Felicia Grasso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Silvia Baroncelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue,, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Immunoprofiling Identifies Functional B and T Cell Subsets Induced by an Attenuated Whole Parasite Malaria Vaccine as Correlates of Sterile Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010124. [PMID: 35062785 PMCID: PMC8780163 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune correlates of protection remain elusive for most vaccines. An identified immune correlate would accelerate the down-selection of vaccine formulations by reducing the need for human pathogen challenge studies that are currently required to determine vaccine efficacy. Immunization via mosquito-delivered, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (IMRAS) is a well-established model for efficacious malaria vaccines, inducing greater than 90% sterile immunity. The current immunoprofiling study utilized samples from a clinical trial in which vaccine dosing was adjusted to achieve only 50% protection, thus enabling a comparison between protective and non-protective immune signatures. In-depth immunoprofiling was conducted by assessing a wide range of antigen-specific serological and cellular parameters and applying our newly developed computational tools, including machine learning. The computational component of the study pinpointed previously un-identified cellular T cell subsets (namely, TNFα-secreting CD8+CXCR3−CCR6− T cells, IFNγ-secreting CD8+CCR6+ T cells and TNFα/FNγ-secreting CD4+CXCR3−CCR6− T cells) and B cell subsets (i.e., CD19+CD24hiCD38hiCD69+ transitional B cells) as important factors predictive of protection (92% accuracy). Our study emphasizes the need for in-depth immunoprofiling and subsequent data integration with computational tools to identify immune correlates of protection. The described process of computational data analysis is applicable to other disease and vaccine models.
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15
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Walker IS, Chung AW, Damelang T, Rogerson SJ. Analysis of Antibody Reactivity to Malaria Antigens by Microsphere-Based Multiplex Immunoassay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:309-325. [PMID: 35881355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein multiplex assays enable serological analysis of multiple target proteins simultaneously, using relatively small volumes of patient sample per assay. Here we present a detailed protocol to analyze antibody reactivity to malaria antigens by microsphere-based multiplex assay (xMAP technology). This method involves coupling of recombinant proteins to fluorescently labeled microspheres; simultaneous exposure of all microspheres to plasma or sera, and detection of antigen-specific antibodies with a fluorescent labeled anti-human Fc region antibody. In addition to total IgG, this assay can be adapted to measure multiple properties of the antibody Fc region, including subclass, isotype, and Fc receptor or complement C1q binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Walker
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Vaccination in a humanized mouse model elicits highly protective PfCSP-targeting anti-malarial antibodies. Immunity 2021; 54:2859-2876.e7. [PMID: 34788599 PMCID: PMC9087378 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Repeat antigens, such as the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), use both sequence degeneracy and structural diversity to evade the immune response. A few PfCSP-directed antibodies have been identified that are effective at preventing malaria infection, including CIS43, but how these repeat-targeting antibodies might be improved has been unclear. Here, we engineered a humanized mouse model in which B cells expressed inferred human germline CIS43 (iGL-CIS43) B cell receptors and used both vaccination and bioinformatic analysis to obtain variant CIS43 antibodies with improved protective capacity. One such antibody, iGL-CIS43.D3, was significantly more potent than the current best-in-class PfCSP-directed antibody. We found that vaccination with a junctional epitope peptide was more effective than full-length PfCSP at recruiting iGL-CIS43 B cells to germinal centers. Structure-function analysis revealed multiple somatic hypermutations that combinatorically improved protection. This mouse model can thus be used to understand vaccine immunogens and to develop highly potent anti-malarial antibodies.
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17
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Mugo RM, Mwai K, Mwacharo J, Shee FM, Musyoki JN, Wambua J, Otieno E, Bejon P, Ndungu FM. Seven-year kinetics of RTS, S/AS01-induced anti-CSP antibodies in young Kenyan children. Malar J 2021; 20:452. [PMID: 34856981 PMCID: PMC8641151 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTS,S/AS01, the leading malaria vaccine has been recommended by the WHO for widespread immunization of children at risk. RTS,S/AS01-induced anti-CSP IgG antibodies are associated with the vaccine efficacy. Here, the long-term kinetics of RTS,S/AS01-induced antibodies was investigated. METHODS 150 participants were randomly selected from the 447 children who participated in the RTS,S/AS01 phase IIb clinical trial in 2007 from Kilifi-Kenya. Cumulatively, the retrospective follow-up period was 93 months with annual plasma samples collection. The levels of anti-CSP IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 antibodies were then determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS RTS,S/AS01 induced high levels of anti-CSP IgG antibodies which exhibited a rapid waning over 6.5 months post-vaccination, followed by a slower decay over the subsequent years. RTS,S/AS01-induced anti-CSP IgG antibodies remained elevated above the control group levels throughout the 7 years follow-up period. The anti-CSP IgG antibodies were mostly IgG1, IgG3, IgG2, and to a lesser extent IgG4. IgG2 predominated in later timepoints. RTS,S/AS01 also induced high levels of anti-CSP IgM antibodies which increased above the control group levels by month 3. The controls exhibited increasing levels of the anti-CSP IgM antibodies which caught up with the RTS,S/AS01 vaccinees levels by month 21. In contrast, there were no measurable anti-CSP IgG antibodies among the controls. CONCLUSION RTS,S/AS01-induced anti-CSP IgG antibodies kinetics are consistent with long-lived but waning vaccine efficacy. Natural exposure induces anti-CSP IgM antibodies in children, which increases with age, but does not induce substantial levels of anti-CSP IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine, Freie Universtät Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Kennedy Mwai
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Faiz M Shee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer N Musyoki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Juliana Wambua
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine, Freie Universtät Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Roßmann L, Bagola K, Stephen T, Gerards AL, Walber B, Ullrich A, Schülke S, Kamp C, Spreitzer I, Hasan M, David-Watine B, Shorte SL, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103651118. [PMID: 34561306 PMCID: PMC8488681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to the corresponding pathogen. To allow for an educated selection, we assessed the effect of different adjuvants on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to polarize innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to commonly used adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induced robust phenotypic and functional DC maturation. In a DC-lymphocyte coculture system, we investigated the ensuing immune reactions. While monophosphoryl lipid A synthetic, a TLR4 ligand, induced checkpoint inhibitors indicative for immune exhaustion, the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induced prominent type-1 interferon and interleukin 6 responses and robust CTL, B-cell, and NK-cell proliferation, which is particularly suited for antiviral immune responses. The recently licensed COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b and mRNA-1273, are both based on single-stranded RNA. Indeed, we could confirm that the cytokine profile induced by lipid-complexed RNA was almost identical to the pattern induced by R848. Although this awaits further investigation, our results suggest that their efficacy involves the highly efficient antiviral response pattern stimulated by the RNAs' TLR7/8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roßmann
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lisa Gerards
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Anja Ullrich
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Suscovich TJ, Fallon JK, Das J, Demas AR, Crain J, Linde CH, Michell A, Natarajan H, Arevalo C, Broge T, Linnekin T, Kulkarni V, Lu R, Slein MD, Luedemann C, Marquette M, March S, Weiner J, Gregory S, Coccia M, Flores-Garcia Y, Zavala F, Ackerman ME, Bergmann-Leitner E, Hendriks J, Sadoff J, Dutta S, Bhatia SN, Lauffenburger DA, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Alter G. Mapping functional humoral correlates of protection against malaria challenge following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eabb4757. [PMID: 32718991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has the potential to be accelerated by coupling tools such as systems immunology analyses and controlled human infection models to define the protective efficacy of prospective immunogens without expensive and slow phase 2b/3 vaccine studies. Among human challenge models, controlled human malaria infection trials have long been used to evaluate candidate vaccines, and RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, reproducibly demonstrating 40 to 80% protection in human challenge studies in malaria-naïve individuals. Although antibodies are critical for protection after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination, antibody concentrations are inconsistently associated with protection across studies, and the precise mechanism(s) by which vaccine-induced antibodies provide protection remains enigmatic. Using a comprehensive systems serological profiling platform, the humoral correlates of protection against malaria were identified and validated across multiple challenge studies. Rather than antibody concentration, qualitative functional humoral features robustly predicted protection from infection across vaccine regimens. Despite the functional diversity of vaccine-induced immune responses across additional RTS,S/AS01 vaccine studies, the same antibody features, antibody-mediated phagocytosis and engagement of Fc gamma receptor 3A (FCGR3A), were able to predict protection across two additional human challenge studies. Functional validation using monoclonal antibodies confirmed the protective role of Fc-mediated antibody functions in restricting parasite infection both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that these correlates may mechanistically contribute to parasite restriction and can be used to guide the rational design of an improved vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allison R Demas
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caitlyn H Linde
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashlin Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Claudia Arevalo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Broge
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Linnekin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Meghan Marquette
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sandra March
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott Gregory
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | | | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Francica JR, Shi W, Chuang GY, Chen SJ, Da Silva Pereira L, Farney SK, Flynn BJ, Ou L, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Wang LT, Anderson A, Beck Z, Dillon M, Idris AH, Hurlburt N, Liu T, Zhang B, Alving CR, Matyas GR, Pancera M, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Seder RA. Design of Alphavirus Virus-Like Particles Presenting Circumsporozoite Junctional Epitopes That Elicit Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030272. [PMID: 33803622 PMCID: PMC8003078 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most advanced malaria vaccine, RTS,S, includes the central repeat and C-terminal domains of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). We have recently isolated human antibodies that target the junctional region between the N-terminal and repeat domains that are not included in RTS,S. Due to the fact that these antibodies protect against malaria challenge in mice, their epitopes could be effective vaccine targets. Here, we developed immunogens displaying PfCSP junctional epitopes by genetic fusion to either the N-terminus or B domain loop of the E2 protein from chikungunya (CHIK) alphavirus and produced CHIK virus-like particles (CHIK-VLPs). The structural integrity of these junctional-epitope-CHIK-VLP immunogens was confirmed by negative-stain electron microscopy. Immunization of these CHIK-VLP immunogens reduced parasite liver load by up to 95% in a mouse model of malaria infection and elicited better protection than when displayed on keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a commonly used immunogenic carrier. Protection correlated with PfCSP serum titer. Of note, different junctional sequences elicited qualitatively different reactivities to overlapping PfCSP peptides. Overall, these results show that the junctional epitopes of PfCSP can induce protective responses when displayed on CHIK-VLP immunogens and provide a basis for the development of a next generation malaria vaccine to expand the breadth of anti-PfCSP immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Steven J. Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Lais Da Silva Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - S. Katie Farney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Barbara J. Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (T.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (T.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Lawrence T. Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Alexander Anderson
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Azza H. Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Nicholas Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.K.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.K.); (R.A.S.)
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21
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Ssewanyana I, Rek J, Rodriguez I, Wu L, Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa JI, Beeson JG, Mayanja-Kizza H, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Drakeley C, Greenhouse B, Tetteh KKA. Impact of a Rapid Decline in Malaria Transmission on Antimalarial IgG Subclasses and Avidity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:576663. [PMID: 33584643 PMCID: PMC7873448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how immunity to malaria is affected by declining transmission is important to aid vaccine design and understand disease resurgence. Both IgG subclasses and avidity of antigen-specific responses are important components of an effective immune response. Using a multiplex bead array assay, we measured the total IgG, IgG subclasses, and avidity profiles of responses to 18 P. falciparum blood stage antigens in samples from 160 Ugandans collected at two time points during high malaria transmission and two time points following a dramatic reduction in transmission. Results demonstrated that, for the antigens tested, (i) the rate of decay of total IgG following infection declined with age and was driven consistently by the decrease in IgG3 and occasionally the decrease in IgG1; (ii) the proportion of IgG3 relative to IgG1 in the absence of infection increased with age; (iii) the increase in avidity index (the strength of association between the antibody and antigen) following infection was largely due to a rapid loss of non-avid compared to avid total IgG; and (iv) both avid and non-avid total IgG in the absence of infection increased with age. Further studies are required to understand the functional differences between IgG1 and IgG3 in order to determine their contribution to the longevity of protective immunity to malaria. Measuring changes in antibody avidity may be a better approach of detecting affinity maturation compared to avidity index due to the differential expansion and contraction of high and low avidity total IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lindsey Wu
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Kurtovic L, Boyle MJ, Beeson JG. Epitope masking may limit antibody boosting to malaria vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:126-129. [PMID: 33152796 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the study by McNamara et al., who report that low levels of antigen-specific antibodies in serum can limit the boosting of antibody and B-cell responses following immunization with live attenuated malaria sporozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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23
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Kanoi BN, Nagaoka H, Morita M, Tsuboi T, Takashima E. Leveraging the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system to accelerate malaria vaccine development. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102224. [PMID: 33137499 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines against infectious diseases have had great successes in the history of public health. Major breakthroughs have occurred in the development of vaccine-based interventions against viral and bacterial pathogens through the application of classical vaccine design strategies. In contrast the development of a malaria vaccine has been slow. Plasmodium falciparum malaria affects millions of people with nearly half of the world population at risk of infection. Decades of dedicated research has taught us that developing an effective vaccine will be time consuming, challenging, and expensive. Nevertheless, recent advancements such as the optimization of robust protein synthesis platforms, high-throughput immunoscreening approaches, reverse vaccinology, structural design of immunogens, lymphocyte repertoire sequencing, and the utilization of artificial intelligence, have renewed the prospects of an accelerated discovery of the key antigens in malaria. A deeper understanding of the major factors underlying the immunological and molecular mechanisms of malaria might provide a comprehensive approach to identifying novel and highly efficacious vaccines. In this review we discuss progress in novel antigen discoveries that leverage on the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system (WGCFS) to accelerate malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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24
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Wang LT, Pereira LS, Flores-Garcia Y, O'Connor J, Flynn BJ, Schön A, Hurlburt NK, Dillon M, Yang ASP, Fabra-García A, Idris AH, Mayer BT, Gerber MW, Gottardo R, Mason RD, Cavett N, Ballard RB, Kisalu NK, Molina-Cruz A, Nelson J, Vistein R, Barillas-Mury C, Amino R, Baker D, King NP, Sauerwein RW, Pancera M, Cockburn IA, Zavala F, Francica JR, Seder RA. A Potent Anti-Malarial Human Monoclonal Antibody Targets Circumsporozoite Protein Minor Repeats and Neutralizes Sporozoites in the Liver. Immunity 2020; 53:733-744.e8. [PMID: 32946741 PMCID: PMC7572793 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Discovering potent human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on sporozoites (SPZ) and elucidating their mechanisms of neutralization will facilitate translation for passive prophylaxis and aid next-generation vaccine development. Here, we isolated a neutralizing human mAb, L9 that preferentially bound NVDP minor repeats of PfCSP with high affinity while cross-reacting with NANP major repeats. L9 was more potent than six published neutralizing human PfCSP mAbs at mediating protection against mosquito bite challenge in mice. Isothermal titration calorimetry and multiphoton microscopy showed that L9 and the other most protective mAbs bound PfCSP with two binding events and mediated protection by killing SPZ in the liver and by preventing their egress from sinusoids and traversal of hepatocytes. This study defines the subdominant PfCSP minor repeats as neutralizing epitopes, identifies an in vitro biophysical correlate of SPZ neutralization, and demonstrates that the liver is an important site for antibodies to prevent malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lais S Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Fabra-García
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Monica W Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Cavett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reid B Ballard
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jorgen Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Thompson HA, Hogan AB, Walker PGT, White MT, Cunnington AJ, Ockenhouse CF, Ghani AC. Modelling the roles of antibody titre and avidity in protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:7498-7507. [PMID: 33041104 PMCID: PMC7607256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Models capturing key malaria life-cycle stages can help us evaluate vaccine candidates. Model fitting revealed antibody avidity to be an important determinant of RTS,S vaccine efficacy. High avidity and titre were associated with increased levels of vaccine efficacy. Did not identify any thresholds of protection for either immune marker.
Anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres have been established as an essential indicator for evaluating the immunogenicity and protective capacity of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine. However, a new delayed-fractional dose regime of the vaccine was recently shown to increase vaccine efficacy, from 62.5% (95% CI 29.4–80.1%) under the original dosing schedule to 86.7% (95% CI, 66.8–94.6%) without a corresponding increase in antibody titres. Here we reanalyse the antibody data from this challenge trial to determine whether IgG avidity may help to explain efficacy better than IgG titre alone by adapting a within-host mathematical model of sporozoite inoculation. We demonstrate that a model incorporating titre and avidity provides a substantially better fit to the data than titre alone. These results also suggest that in individuals with a high antibody titre response that also show high avidity (both metrics in the top tercile of observed values) delayed-fractional vaccination provided near perfect protection upon first challenge (98.2% [95% Credible Interval 91.6–99.7%]). This finding suggests that the quality of the vaccine induced antibody response is likely to be an important determinant in the development of highly efficacious pre-erythrocytic vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Thompson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexandra B Hogan
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G T Walker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Abuga KM, Jones-Warner W, Hafalla JCR. Immune responses to malaria pre-erythrocytic stages: Implications for vaccine development. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12795. [PMID: 32981095 PMCID: PMC7612353 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-attenuated sporozoites induce sterilizing immunity and remain the 'gold standard' for malaria vaccine development. Despite practical challenges in translating these whole sporozoite vaccines to large-scale intervention programmes, they have provided an excellent platform to dissect the immune responses to malaria pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages, comprising both sporozoites and exoerythrocytic forms. Investigations in rodent models have provided insights that led to the clinical translation of various vaccine candidates-including RTS,S/AS01, the most advanced candidate currently in a trial implementation programme in three African countries. With advances in immunology, transcriptomics and proteomics, and application of lessons from past failures, an effective, long-lasting and wide-scale malaria PE vaccine remains feasible. This review underscores the progress in PE vaccine development, focusing on our understanding of host-parasite immunological crosstalk in the tissue environments of the skin and the liver. We highlight possible gaps in the current knowledge of PE immunity that can impact future malaria vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Mokaya Abuga
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - William Jones-Warner
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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27
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Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, Nam VS, Abubakar S, Boyer S, Boonnak K, Whitehead SS, Huy R, Rithea L, Sochantha T, Wellems TE, Valenzuela JG, Manning JE. Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008302. [PMID: 32730249 PMCID: PMC7392215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregor Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Leang Rithea
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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28
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Kurtovic L, Boyle MJ, Opi DH, Kennedy AT, Tham WH, Reiling L, Chan JA, Beeson JG. Complement in malaria immunity and vaccines. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:38-56. [PMID: 31556468 PMCID: PMC6972673 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing efficacious vaccines for human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a major global health priority, although this has proven to be immensely challenging over the decades. One major hindrance is the incomplete understanding of specific immune responses that confer protection against disease and/or infection. While antibodies to play a crucial role in malaria immunity, the functional mechanisms of these antibodies remain unclear as most research has primarily focused on the direct inhibitory or neutralizing activity of antibodies. Recently, there is a growing body of evidence that antibodies can also mediate effector functions through activating the complement system against multiple developmental stages of the parasite life cycle. These antibody‐complement interactions can have detrimental consequences to parasite function and viability, and have been significantly associated with protection against clinical malaria in naturally acquired immunity, and emerging findings suggest these mechanisms could contribute to vaccine‐induced immunity. In order to develop highly efficacious vaccines, strategies are needed that prioritize the induction of antibodies with enhanced functional activity, including the ability to activate complement. Here we review the role of complement in acquired immunity to malaria, and provide insights into how this knowledge could be used to harness complement in malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander T Kennedy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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29
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Antibody-Dependent, Gamma Interferon-Independent Sterilizing Immunity Induced by a Subunit Malaria Vaccine. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00236-19. [PMID: 31308085 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00236-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective malaria vaccines is hampered by incomplete understanding of the immunological correlates of protective immunity. Recently, the moderate clinical efficacy of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based RTS,S/AS01E vaccine in phase 3 studies highlighted the urgency to design and test more efficacious next-generation malaria vaccines. In this study, we report that immunization with recombinant CSP from Plasmodium yoelii (rPyCSP), when delivered in Montanide ISA 51, induced sterilizing immunity against sporozoite challenge in C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains of mice. This immunity was antibody dependent, as evidenced by the complete loss of immunity in B-cell-knockout (KO) mice and by the ability of immune sera to neutralize sporozoite infectivity in mice. Th2-type isotype IgG1 antibody levels were associated with protective immunity. The fact that immunized gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-KO mice and wild-type (WT) mice have similar levels of protective immunity and the absence of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in protected mice, as shown by flow cytometry, indicate that the immunity is IFN-γ independent. Protection against sporozoite challenge correlated with higher frequencies of CD4+ T cells that express interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In the RTS,S study, clinical immunity was associated with higher IgG levels and frequencies of IL-2- and TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells. The other hallmarks of immunity in our study included an increased number of follicular B cells but a loss in follicular T helper cells. These results provide an excellent model system to evaluate the efficacy of novel adjuvants and vaccine dosage and determine the correlates of immunity in the search for superior malaria vaccine candidates.
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30
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Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2174. [PMID: 31092823 PMCID: PMC6520358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01E has been tested in a phase 3 malaria vaccine study with partial efficacy in African children and infants. In a cohort of 1028 subjects from one low (Bagomoyo) and two high (Nanoro, Kintampo) malaria transmission sites, we analysed IgG plasma/serum concentration and avidity to CSP (NANP-repeat and C-terminal domains) after a 3-dose vaccination against time to clinical malaria events during 12-months. Here we report that RTS,S/AS01E induces substantial increases in IgG levels from pre- to post-vaccination (p < 0.001), higher in NANP than C-terminus (2855 vs 1297 proportional change between means), and higher concentrations and avidities in children than infants (p < 0.001). Baseline CSP IgG levels are elevated in malaria cases than controls (p < 0.001). Both, IgG magnitude to NANP (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.61 [0.48-0.76]) and avidity to C-terminus (0.07 [0.05-0.90]) post-vaccination are significantly associated with vaccine efficacy. IgG avidity to the C-terminus emerges as a significant contributor to RTS,S/AS01E-mediated protection.
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31
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Kurtovic L, Agius PA, Feng G, Drew DR, Ubillos I, Sacarlal J, Aponte JJ, Fowkes FJI, Dobaño C, Beeson JG. Induction and decay of functional complement-fixing antibodies by the RTS,S malaria vaccine in children, and a negative impact of malaria exposure. BMC Med 2019; 17:45. [PMID: 30798787 PMCID: PMC6388494 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leading malaria vaccine, RTS,S, is based on the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of sporozoites. RTS,S confers partial protection against malaria in children, but efficacy wanes relatively quickly after primary immunization. Vaccine efficacy has some association with anti-CSP IgG; however, it is unclear how these antibodies function, and how functional antibodies are induced and maintained over time. Recent studies identified antibody-complement interactions as a potentially important immune mechanism against sporozoites. Here, we investigated whether RTS,S vaccine-induced antibodies could function by interacting with complement. METHODS Serum samples were selected from children in a phase IIb trial of RTS,S/AS02A conducted at two study sites of high and low malaria transmission intensity in Manhiça, Mozambique. Samples following primary immunization and 5-year post-immunization follow-up time points were included. Vaccine-induced antibodies were characterized by isotype, subclass, and epitope specificity, and tested for the ability to fix and activate complement. We additionally developed statistical methods to model the decay and determinants of functional antibodies after vaccination. RESULTS RTS,S vaccination induced anti-CSP antibodies that were mostly IgG1, with some IgG3, IgG2, and IgM. Complement-fixing antibodies were effectively induced by vaccination, and targeted the central repeat and C-terminal regions of CSP. Higher levels of complement-fixing antibodies were associated with IgG that equally recognized both the central repeat and C-terminal regions of CSP. Older age and higher malaria exposure were significantly associated with a poorer induction of functional antibodies. There was a marked decay in functional complement-fixing antibodies within months after vaccination, as well as decays in IgG subclasses and IgM. Statistical modeling suggested the decay in complement-fixing antibodies was mostly attributed to the waning of anti-CSP IgG1, and to a lesser extent IgG3. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that RTS,S can induce complement-fixing antibodies in young malaria-exposed children. The short-lived nature of functional responses mirrors the declining vaccine efficacy of RTS,S over time. The negative influence of age and malaria exposure on functional antibodies has implications for understanding vaccine efficacy in different settings. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms and longevity of vaccine-induced immunity that will help inform the future development of highly efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Agius
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Itziar Ubillos
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - John J Aponte
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Kingston NJ, Kurtovic L, Walsh R, Joe C, Lovrecz G, Locarnini S, Beeson JG, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B virus-like particles expressing Plasmodium falciparum epitopes induce complement-fixing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein. Vaccine 2019; 37:1674-1684. [PMID: 30773400 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The repetitive structure of compact virus-like particles (VLPs) provides high density displays of antigenic sequences, which trigger key parts of the immune system. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines exploit the assembly competence of structural proteins, which are the effective immunogenic components of the prophylactic HBV and HPV vaccines, respectively. To optimize vaccine designs and to promote immune responses against protective epitopes, the "Asp-Ala-Asp-Pro" (NANP)-repeat from the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was expressed within the exposed, main antigenic site of the small HBV envelope protein (HBsAgS); this differs from the RTS,S vaccine, in which CSP epitopes are fused to the N-terminus of HBsAgS. The chimeric HBsAgS proteins are assembly competent, produce VLPs, and provide a high antigenic density of the NANP repeat sequence. Chimeric VLPs with four or nine NANP-repeats (NANP4 and NANP9, respectively) were expressed in mammalian cells, the HBsAgS- and CSP-specific antigenicity of the VLPs was determined, and the immunogenicity of the VLPs assessed in relation to the induction of anti-HBsAgS and anti-CSP antibody responses. The chimeric VLPs induced high anti-CSP titres in BALB/c mice independent of the number of the NANP repeats. However, the number of NANP repeats influenced the activity of vaccine-induced antibodies measured by complement fixation to CSP, one of the proposed effector mechanisms for Plasmodium neutralization in vivo. Sera from mice immunized with VLPs containing nine NANP repeats performed better in the complement fixation assay than the group with four NANP repeats. The effect of the epitope-specific density on the antibody quality may instruct VLP platform designs to optimize immunological outcomes and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Kingston
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 2004, Australia
| | - Renae Walsh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Carina Joe
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - George Lovrecz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 2004, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Douglas RG, Reinig M, Neale M, Frischknecht F. Screening for potential prophylactics targeting sporozoite motility through the skin. Malar J 2018; 17:319. [PMID: 30170589 PMCID: PMC6119338 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-malarial compounds have not yet been identified that target the first obligatory step of infection in humans: the migration of Plasmodium sporozoites in the host dermis. This movement is essential to find and invade a blood vessel in order to be passively transported to the liver. Here, an imaging screening pipeline was established to screen for compounds capable of inhibiting extracellular sporozoites. METHODS Sporozoites expressing the green fluorescent protein were isolated from infected Anopheles mosquitoes, incubated with compounds from two libraries (MMV Malaria Box and a FDA-approved library) and imaged. Effects on in vitro motility or morphology were scored. In vivo efficacy of a candidate drug was investigated by treating mice ears with a gel prior to infectious mosquito bites. Motility was analysed by in vivo imaging and the progress of infection was monitored by daily blood smears. RESULTS Several compounds had a pronounced effect on in vitro sporozoite gliding or morphology. Notably, monensin sodium potently affected sporozoite movement while gramicidin S resulted in rounding up of sporozoites. However, pre-treatment of mice with a topical gel containing gramicidin did not reduce sporozoite motility and infection. CONCLUSIONS This approach shows that it is possible to screen libraries for inhibitors of sporozoite motility and highlighted the paucity of compounds in currently available libraries that inhibit this initial step of a malaria infection. Screening of diverse libraries is suggested to identify more compounds that could serve as leads in developing 'skin-based' malaria prophylactics. Further, strategies need to be developed that will allow compounds to effectively penetrate the dermis and thereby prevent exit of sporozoites from the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross G Douglas
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Miriam Reinig
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthew Neale
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Challenges and opportunities in controlling mosquito-borne infections. Nature 2018; 559:490-497. [PMID: 30046071 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the tropical regions. Despite much progress in the control of malaria, malaria-associated morbidity remains high, whereas arboviruses-most notably dengue-are responsible for a rising burden of disease, even in middle-income countries that have almost completely eliminated malaria. Here I discuss how new interventions offer the promise of considerable future reductions in disease burden. However, I emphasize that intervention programmes need to be underpinned by rigorous trials and quantitative epidemiological analyses. Such analyses suggest that the long-term goal of elimination is more feasible for dengue than for malaria, even if malaria elimination would offer greater overall health benefit to the public.
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Salje H, Cummings DAT, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Katzelnick LC, Lessler J, Klungthong C, Thaisomboonsuk B, Nisalak A, Weg A, Ellison D, Macareo L, Yoon IK, Jarman R, Thomas S, Rothman AL, Endy T, Cauchemez S. Reconstruction of antibody dynamics and infection histories to evaluate dengue risk. Nature 2018; 557:719-723. [PMID: 29795354 PMCID: PMC6064976 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As with many pathogens, most dengue infections are subclinical and therefore unobserved1. Coupled with limited understanding of the dynamical behavior of potential serological markers of infection, this observational problem has wide-ranging implications, including hampering our understanding of individual- and population-level correlates of infection and disease risk and how they change over time, assay interpretation and cohort design. We develop a framework that simultaneously characterizes antibody dynamics and identifies subclinical infections via Bayesian augmentation from detailed cohort data (3,451 individuals with blood draws every 91 days, 143,548 hemagglutination inhibition assay titer measurements)2,3. We identify 1,149 infections (95% CI: 1,135–1,163) that were not detected by active surveillance and estimate that 65% of infections are subclinical. Post infection, individuals develop a stable setpoint antibody load after 1y that places them within or outside a risk window. Individuals with pre-existing titers of ≤1:40 develop hemorrhagic fever 7.4 (95% CI: 2.5–8.2) times as often as naïve individuals compared to 0.0 times for individuals with titers >1:40 (95% CI: 0.0–1.3). PRNT titers ≤1:100 were similarly associated with severe disease. Across the population, variability in the force of infection results in large-scale temporal changes in infection and disease risk that correlate poorly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR2000, Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananda Nisalak
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alden Weg
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Damon Ellison
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Louis Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Richard Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Timothy Endy
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR2000, Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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36
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Wendel BS, He C, Qu M, Wu D, Hernandez SM, Ma KY, Liu EW, Xiao J, Crompton PD, Pierce SK, Ren P, Chen K, Jiang N. Accurate immune repertoire sequencing reveals malaria infection driven antibody lineage diversification in young children. Nat Commun 2017; 8:531. [PMID: 28912592 PMCID: PMC5599618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring antibody repertoire sequence composition in a small amount of blood is challenging yet important for understanding repertoire responses to infection and vaccination. We develop molecular identifier clustering-based immune repertoire sequencing (MIDCIRS) and use it to study age-related antibody repertoire development and diversification before and during acute malaria in infants (< 12 months old) and toddlers (12-47 months old) with 4-8 ml of blood. Here, we show this accurate and high-coverage repertoire-sequencing method can use as few as 1000 naive B cells. Unexpectedly, we discover high levels of somatic hypermutation in infants as young as 3 months old. Antibody clonal lineage analysis reveals that somatic hypermutation levels are increased in both infants and toddlers upon infection, and memory B cells isolated from individuals who previously experienced malaria continue to induce somatic hypermutations upon malaria rechallenge. These results highlight the potential of antibody repertoire diversification in infants and toddlers.Somatic hypermutation of antibodies can occur in infants but are difficult to track. Here the authors present a new method called MIDCIRS for deep quantitative repertoire sequencing with few cells, and show infants as young as 3 months can expand antibody lineage complexity in response to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Wendel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mingjuan Qu
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stefany M Hernandez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ke-Yue Ma
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eugene W Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, 30329, GA, USA
| | - Jun Xiao
- ImmuDX, LLC, Austin, TX, 78750, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Keke Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Fisher CR, Sutton HJ, Kaczmarski JA, McNamara HA, Clifton B, Mitchell J, Cai Y, Dups JN, D'Arcy NJ, Singh M, Chuah A, Peat TS, Jackson CJ, Cockburn IA. T-dependent B cell responses to Plasmodium induce antibodies that form a high-avidity multivalent complex with the circumsporozoite protein. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006469. [PMID: 28759640 PMCID: PMC5552345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a major vaccine antigen because it can be targeted by parasite neutralizing antibodies; however, little is known about this interaction. We used isothermal titration calorimetry, X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis-validated modeling to analyze the binding of a murine neutralizing antibody to Plasmodium falciparum CSP. Strikingly, we found that the repeat region of CSP is bound by multiple antibodies. This repeating pattern allows multiple weak interactions of single FAB domains to accumulate and yield a complex with a dissociation constant in the low nM range. Because the CSP protein can potentially cross-link multiple B cell receptors (BCRs) we hypothesized that the B cell response might be T cell independent. However, while there was a modest response in mice deficient in T cell help, the bulk of the response was T cell dependent. By sequencing the BCRs of CSP-repeat specific B cells in inbred mice we found that these cells underwent somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation indicative of a T-dependent response. Last, we found that the BCR repertoire of responding B cells was limited suggesting that the structural simplicity of the repeat may limit the breadth of the immune response. Vaccines aim to protect by inducing the immune system to make molecules called antibodies that can recognize molecules on the surface of invading pathogens. In the case of malaria, our most advanced vaccine candidates aim to promote the production of antibodies that recognize the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) molecule on the surface of the invasive parasite stage called the sporozoite. In this report we use X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of CSP-binding antibodies at the atomic level. We use other techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry and structural modeling to examine how this antibody interacts with the CSP molecule. Strikingly, we found that each CSP molecule could bind 6 antibodies. This finding has implications for the immune response and may explain why high titers of antibody are needed for protection. Moreover, because the structure of the CSP repeat is quite simple we determined that the number of different kinds of antibodies that could bind this molecule are quite small. However a high avidity interaction between those antibodies and CSP can result from a process called affinity maturation that allows the body to learn how to make improved antibodies specific for pathogen molecules. These data show that while it is challenging for the immune system to recognize and neutralize CSP, it should be possible to generate viable vaccines targeting this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla R. Fisher
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Henry J. Sutton
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joe A. Kaczmarski
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hayley A. McNamara
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Clifton
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua Mitchell
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yeping Cai
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johanna N. Dups
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. D'Arcy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail: (CJJ); (IAC)
| | - Ian A. Cockburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail: (CJJ); (IAC)
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Theisen M, Adu B, Mordmüller B, Singh S. The GMZ2 malaria vaccine: from concept to efficacy in humans. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:907-917. [PMID: 28699823 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1355246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GMZ2 is a recombinant protein consisting of conserved domains of GLURP and MSP3, two asexual blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, and is designed with the aim of mimicking naturally acquired anti-malarial immunity. The rationale for combining these two antigens is based on a series of immune epidemiological studies from geographically diverse malaria endemic regions; functional in vitro studies; and pre-clinical studies in rodents and New World monkeys. GMZ2 adjuvanted with alhydrogel® (alum) was well tolerated and immunogenic in three phase 1 studies. The recently concluded phase 2 trial of GMZ2/alum, involving 1849 participants 12 to 60 month of age in four countries in West, Central and Eastern Africa, showed that GMZ2 is well tolerated and has some, albeit modest, efficacy in the target population. Areas covered: PubMed ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ) was searched to review the progress and future prospects for clinical development of GMZ2 sub-unit vaccine. We will focus on discovery, naturally acquired immunity, functional activity of specific antibodies, sequence diversity, production, pre-clinical and clinical studies. Expert commentary: GMZ2 is well tolerated and has some, albeit modest, efficacy in the target population. More immunogenic formulations should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Theisen
- a Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,c Department of Infectious Diseases , Copenhagen University Hospital , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
| | - Bright Adu
- d Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research , University of Ghana , Legon , Ghana
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- e Institute of Tropical Medicine and Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Subhash Singh
- f Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India
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39
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Diemen PMV, Leneghan DB, Brian IJ, Miura K, Long CA, Milicic A, Biswas S, Rollier CS, Wyllie DH. The S. aureus 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase SAR1376 enhances immune responses when fused to several antigens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1745. [PMID: 28496136 PMCID: PMC5431793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A persistent goal of vaccine development is the enhancement of the immunogenicity of antigens while maintaining safety. One strategy involves alteration of the presentation of the antigen by combining antigens with a multimeric scaffold. Multi-antigen vaccines are under development, and there are presently far more candidate antigens than antigen scaffolding strategies. This is potentially problematic, since prior immunity to a scaffold may inhibit immune responses to the antigen-scaffold combination. In this study, a series of domains from S. aureus which have been shown to crystallise into multimeric structures have been examined for their scaffolding potential. Of these domains, SAR1376, a 62 amino acid member of the 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) family, was pro-immunogenic in mice when fused to a range of pathogen antigens from both S. aureus and P. falciparum, and delivered by either DNA vaccination, viral vector vaccines or as protein-in-adjuvant formulations. The adjuvant effect did not depend on enzymatic activity, but was abrogated by mutations disrupting the hexameric structure of the protein. We therefore propose that SAR1376, and perhaps other members of the 4-OT protein family, represent very small domains which can be fused to a wide range of antigens, enhancing immune responses against them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iona J Brian
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anita Milicic
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, OX37LE, Oxford, UK
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, CCMP, OX3 7BN, UK.
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Reducing uncertainty about flavivirus infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:13-15. [PMID: 27998552 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Teo A, Feng G, Brown GV, Beeson JG, Rogerson SJ. Functional Antibodies and Protection against Blood-stage Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:887-898. [PMID: 27546781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous efforts to understand the functional roles of antibodies demonstrated that they can protect against malaria. However, it is unclear which antibody responses are the best correlates of immunity, and which antibody functions are most important in protection from disease. Understanding the role of antibodies in protection against malaria is crucial for antimalarial vaccine design. In this review, the specific functional properties of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced antibodies that correlate to protection from the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are re-examined and the gaps in knowledge related to antibody function in malarial immunity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Teo
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Parkville, Australia; Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Australia
| | - Graham V Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Parkville, Australia; Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Parkville, Australia; Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Parkville, Australia; Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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Hickey BW, Lumsden JM, Reyes S, Sedegah M, Hollingdale MR, Freilich DA, Luke TC, Charoenvit Y, Goh LM, Berzins MP, Bebris L, Sacci JB, De La Vega P, Wang R, Ganeshan H, Abot EN, Carucci DJ, Doolan DL, Brice GT, Kumar A, Aguiar J, Nutman TB, Leitman SF, Hoffman SL, Epstein JE, Richie TL. Mosquito bite immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites: safety, tolerability, protective efficacy and humoral immunogenicity. Malar J 2016; 15:377. [PMID: 27448805 PMCID: PMC4957371 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this phase 1 clinical trial, healthy adult, malaria-naïve subjects were immunized with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfRAS) by mosquito bite and then underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). The PfRAS model for immunization against malaria had previously induced >90 % sterile protection against homologous CHMI. This study was to further explore the safety, tolerability and protective efficacy of the PfRAS model and to provide biological specimens to characterize protective immune responses and identify protective antigens in support of malaria vaccine development. METHODS Fifty-seven subjects were screened, 41 enrolled and 30 received at least one immunization. The true-immunized subjects received PfRAS via mosquito bite and the mock-immunized subjects received mosquito bites from irradiated uninfected mosquitoes. Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected before and after PfRAS immunizations. RESULTS Immunization with PfRAS was generally safe and well tolerated, and repeated immunization via mosquito bite did not appear to increase the risk or severity of AEs. Local adverse events (AEs) of true-immunized and mock-immunized groups consisted of erythaema, papules, swelling, and induration and were consistent with reactions from mosquito bites seen in nature. Two subjects, one true- and one mock-immunized, developed large local reactions that completely resolved, were likely a result of mosquito salivary antigens, and were withdrawn from further participation as a safety precaution. Systemic AEs were generally rare and mild, consisting of headache, myalgia, nausea, and low-grade fevers. Two true-immunized subjects experienced fever, malaise, myalgia, nausea, and rigours approximately 16 h after immunization. These symptoms likely resulted from pre-formed antibodies interacting with mosquito salivary antigens. Ten subjects immunized with PfRAS underwent CHMI and five subjects (50 %) were sterilely protected and there was a significant delay to parasitaemia in the other five subjects. All ten subjects developed humoral immune responses to whole sporozoites and to the circumsporozoite protein prior to CHMI, although the differences between protected and non-protected subjects were not statistically significant for this small sample size. CONCLUSIONS The protective efficacy of this clinical trial (50 %) was notably less than previously reported (>90 %). This may be related to differences in host genetics or the inherent variability in mosquito biting behavior and numbers of sporozoites injected. Differences in trial procedures, such as the use of leukapheresis prior to CHMI and of a longer interval between the final immunization and CHMI in these subjects compared to earlier trials, may also have reduced protective efficacy. This trial has been retrospectively registered at ISRCTN ID 17372582, May 31, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Hickey
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Joanne M. Lumsden
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Sharina Reyes
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Martha Sedegah
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Michael R. Hollingdale
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Daniel A. Freilich
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Thomas C. Luke
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Yupin Charoenvit
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Lucy M. Goh
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Mara P. Berzins
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Lolita Bebris
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - John B. Sacci
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Patricia De La Vega
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Ruobing Wang
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Esteban N. Abot
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Daniel J. Carucci
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Gary T. Brice
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Anita Kumar
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Joao Aguiar
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- />Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Susan F. Leitman
- />Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephen L. Hoffman
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD USA
| | - Judith E. Epstein
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- />US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
- />Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD USA
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Chemically Attenuated Blood-Stage Plasmodium yoelii Parasites Induce Long-Lived and Strain-Transcending Protection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2274-2288. [PMID: 27245410 PMCID: PMC4962623 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00157-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine is essential for the elimination of malaria. However, despite many years of effort, a successful vaccine has not been achieved. Most subunit vaccine candidates tested in clinical trials have provided limited efficacy, and thus attenuated whole-parasite vaccines are now receiving close scrutiny. Here, we test chemically attenuated Plasmodium yoelii 17X and demonstrate significant protection following homologous and heterologous blood-stage challenge. Protection against blood-stage infection persisted for at least 9 months. Activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was shown after vaccination; however, in vivo studies demonstrated a pivotal role for both CD4+ T cells and B cells since the absence of either cell type led to loss of vaccine-induced protection. In spite of significant activation of circulating CD8+ T cells, liver-stage immunity was not evident. Neither did vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells contribute to blood-stage protection; rather, these cells contributed to pathogenesis, since all vaccinated mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells survived a challenge infection. This study provides critical insight into whole-parasite vaccine-induced immunity and strong support for testing whole-parasite vaccines in humans.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent advances, malaria remains a major health threat both to populations in endemic areas as well travelers, including military personnel, to these areas. Subunit vaccines have not yet achieved sufficient efficacy needed for use in any of these at risk populations. Areas covered: This review discusses the current status of various whole sporozoite vaccine approaches and is mainly focused on current clinical trials. Expert commentary: Nearly 100% efficacy was achieved by administering multiple bites of radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes; this is impractical for widespread use. Now, this high level efficacy has been reproduced using purified, metabolically active RAS (PfSPZ Sanaria® Vaccine), which is undergoing extensive clinical testing. Alternative whole sporozoite vaccines include immunization with fully infectious sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis (CPS) or as genetically-attenuated parasites (GAP). By also manufacturing purified infectious sporozoites, it is now possible to combine these with CPS and GAP, as well as perform challenge studies using controlled doses of sporozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha Sedegah
- a Malaria Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Rampling T, Ewer KJ, Bowyer G, Bliss CM, Edwards NJ, Wright D, Payne RO, Venkatraman N, de Barra E, Snudden CM, Poulton ID, de Graaf H, Sukhtankar P, Roberts R, Ivinson K, Weltzin R, Rajkumar BY, Wille-Reece U, Lee CK, Ockenhouse CF, Sinden RE, Gerry S, Lawrie AM, Vekemans J, Morelle D, Lievens M, Ballou RW, Cooke GS, Faust SN, Gilbert S, Hill AVS. Safety and High Level Efficacy of the Combination Malaria Vaccine Regimen of RTS,S/AS01B With Chimpanzee Adenovirus 63 and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vectored Vaccines Expressing ME-TRAP. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:772-81. [PMID: 27307573 PMCID: PMC4978377 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for a highly efficacious vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum remains pressing. In this controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study, we assessed the safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of a schedule combining 2 distinct vaccine types in a staggered immunization regimen: one inducing high-titer antibodies to circumsporozoite protein (RTS,S/AS01B) and the other inducing potent T-cell responses to thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) by using a viral vector. METHOD Thirty-seven healthy malaria-naive adults were vaccinated with either a chimpanzee adenovirus 63 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing a multiepitope string fused to TRAP and 3 doses of RTS,S/AS01B (group 1; n = 20) or 3 doses of RTS,S/AS01B alone (group 2; n = 17). CHMI was delivered by mosquito bites to 33 vaccinated subjects at week 12 after the first vaccination and to 6 unvaccinated controls. RESULTS No suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions or severe adverse events related to vaccination were reported. Protective vaccine efficacy was observed in 14 of 17 subjects (82.4%) in group 1 and 12 of 16 subjects (75%) in group 2. All control subjects received a diagnosis of blood-stage malaria parasite infection. Both vaccination regimens were immunogenic. Fourteen protected subjects underwent repeat CHMI 6 months after initial CHMI; 7 of 8 (87.5%) in group 1 and 5 of 6 (83.3%) in group 2 remained protected. CONCLUSIONS The high level of sterile efficacy observed in this trial is encouraging for further evaluation of combination approaches using these vaccine types. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01883609.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Sukhtankar
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Ivinson
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rich Weltzin
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Cynthia K Lee
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Stephen Gerry
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham S Cooke
- Infectious Diseases Section, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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Du F, Wang S, Zhao C, Cao YM, Luo EJ. Immunogenicity and immunizing protection effect of GAMA gene DNA vaccine on Plasmodium berghei. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:158-63. [PMID: 26919947 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of immunogenicity and immunizing protection of GAMA gene DNA vaccine, which was related with merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite invasion. METHODS Gene fragments were obtained using PCR technique and eukaryotic expression vector (containing immunostimulatory sequence) was built. BALB/c mice were divided into PBS control group, empty vector control group and study group and were immunized at week 0, 3 and 6 respectively. Blood was collected 2 weeks after each immunization and serum was separated to detect the IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels. Spleen of mice was obtained for preparation of splenic mononuclear cell and the cytokine IL-4 and IFN-γ levels were detected. Indirect immunofluorescence and western blot were employed to verify the specificity of antiserum. Sporozoite and merozoite invasion were used respectively to detect the immune protective effect 2 weeks after the third immunization. Ookinete conversion rate in vitro and oocyst numbers of mosquito stomach were observed to evaluate the transmission-blocking levels. RESULTS In GAMA DNA vaccine group: antiserum could be combined with recombinant protein specifically and green fluorescence signals of merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite were observable, while specific fragments and fluorescence signals were not observable in empty vector group. Compared with control group, specific IgG in DNA vaccine immunity group significantly increased (P < 0.01), and IgG1 and IgG2a all increased (P < 0.01). IL-4, IFN-γ content in study group significantly increased, compared with control group (P < 0.01). GAMA DNA vaccine immunity could not obviously block the erythrocyte-stage infection (caused by sporozoite invasion); compared with control group, liver worm load was slightly reduced (P < 0.05), and antiserum ookinete numbers (cultured in vitro) had no significant difference with oocyst numbers of mosquito stomach in DNA vaccine group. CONCLUSIONS GAMA has good antigenicity, which could stimulate the body to produce specific immune responses; while DNA vaccine immunity could not play a good protective effect, the effect of which is only limited to the slight reduction of liver worm load, and has no obvious erythrocyte-stage protective effect and transmission-blocking effect. Therefore, trying other immunization strategies for further research on the value of GAMA (as multi-stage antigen vaccine and multi-stage combined vaccine components of the life-cycle of plasmodium) is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Inspection Institute of Jilin Medical College, China
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - En-Jie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China.
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Bennett JW, Yadava A, Tosh D, Sattabongkot J, Komisar J, Ware LA, McCarthy WF, Cowden JJ, Regules J, Spring MD, Paolino K, Hartzell JD, Cummings JF, Richie TL, Lumsden J, Kamau E, Murphy J, Lee C, Parekh F, Birkett A, Cohen J, Ballou WR, Polhemus ME, Vanloubbeeck YF, Vekemans J, Ockenhouse CF. Phase 1/2a Trial of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidate VMP001/AS01B in Malaria-Naive Adults: Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004423. [PMID: 26919472 PMCID: PMC4769081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vaccine to prevent infection and disease caused by Plasmodium vivax is needed both to reduce the morbidity caused by this parasite and as a key component in efforts to eradicate malaria worldwide. Vivax malaria protein 1 (VMP001), a novel chimeric protein that incorporates the amino- and carboxy- terminal regions of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and a truncated repeat region that contains repeat sequences from both the VK210 (type 1) and the VK247 (type 2) parasites, was developed as a vaccine candidate for global use. METHODS We conducted a first-in-human Phase 1 dose escalation vaccine study with controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) of VMP001 formulated in the GSK Adjuvant System AS01B. A total of 30 volunteers divided into 3 groups (10 per group) were given 3 intramuscular injections of 15 μg, 30 μg, or 60 μg respectively of VMP001, all formulated in 500 μL of AS01B at each immunization. All vaccinated volunteers participated in a P. vivax CHMI 14 days following the third immunization. Six non-vaccinated subjects served as infectivity controls. RESULTS The vaccine was shown to be well tolerated and immunogenic. All volunteers generated robust humoral and cellular immune responses to the vaccine antigen. Vaccination did not induce sterile protection; however, a small but significant delay in time to parasitemia was seen in 59% of vaccinated subjects compared to the control group. An association was identified between levels of anti-type 1 repeat antibodies and prepatent period. SIGNIFICANCE This trial was the first to assess the efficacy of a P. vivax CSP vaccine candidate by CHMI. The association of type 1 repeat-specific antibody responses with delay in the prepatency period suggests that augmenting the immune responses to this domain may improve strain-specific vaccine efficacy. The availability of a P. vivax CHMI model will accelerate the process of P. vivax vaccine development, allowing better selection of candidate vaccines for advancement to field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Bennett
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna Tosh
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jack Komisar
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Ware
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William F. McCarthy
- U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica J. Cowden
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Regules
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele D. Spring
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Paolino
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Hartzell
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James F. Cummings
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanne Lumsden
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jittawadee Murphy
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Lee
- PATH-MVI, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark E. Polhemus
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Christian F. Ockenhouse
- Malaria Vaccine Brach, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Ganeshan H, Kusi KA, Anum D, Hollingdale MR, Peters B, Kim Y, Tetteh JKA, Ofori MF, Gyan BA, Koram KA, Huang J, Belmonte M, Banania JG, Dodoo D, Villasante E, Sedegah M. Measurement of ex vivo ELISpot interferon-gamma recall responses to Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 and CSP in Ghanaian adults with natural exposure to malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:55. [PMID: 26830334 PMCID: PMC4736649 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria eradication requires a concerted approach involving all available control tools, and an effective vaccine would complement these efforts. An effective malaria vaccine should be able to induce protective immune responses in a genetically diverse population. Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes will assist in determining if candidate vaccines will be immunogenic in malaria-endemic areas. This study therefore investigated whether class I-restricted T cell epitopes of two leading malaria vaccine antigens, Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1), could recall T cell interferon-γ responses from naturally exposed subjects using ex vivo ELISpot assays. Methods Thirty-five subjects aged between 24 and 43 years were recruited from a malaria-endemic urban community of Ghana in 2011, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were tested in ELISpot IFN-γ assays against overlapping 15mer peptide pools spanning the entire CSP and AMA1 antigens, and 9–10mer peptide epitope mixtures that included previously identified and/or predicted human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1-restricted epitopes from same two antigens. Results For CSP, 26 % of subjects responded to at least one of the nine 15mer peptide pools whilst 17 % responded to at least one of the five 9–10mer HLA-restricted epitope mixtures. For AMA1, 63 % of subjects responded to at least one of the 12 AMA1 15mer peptide pools and 51 % responded to at least one of the six 9–10mer HLA-restricted epitope mixtures. Following analysis of data from the two sets of peptide pools, along with bioinformatics predictions of class I-restricted epitopes and the HLA supertypes expressed by a subset of study subjects, peptide pools that may contain epitopes recognized by multiple HLA supertypes were identified. Collectively, these results suggest that natural transmission elicits ELISpot IFN-γ activities to class 1-restricted epitopes that are largely HLA-promiscuous. Conclusions These results generally demonstrate that CSP and AMA1 peptides recalled ELISpot IFN-γ responses from naturally exposed individuals and that both CSP and AMA1 contain diverse class 1-restricted epitopes that are HLA-promiscuous and are widely recognized in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1098-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Dorothy Anum
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Yohan Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - John K A Tetteh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Michael F Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Kwadwo A Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Jo Glenna Banania
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Abstract
With increasing malaria control and goals of malaria elimination, many endemic areas are transitioning from high-to-low-to-no malaria transmission. Reductions in transmission will impact on the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria, which develops after repeated exposure to Plasmodium spp. However, it is currently unclear how declining transmission and malaria exposure will affect the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Here we review the key processes which underpin this knowledge; the amount of Plasmodium spp. exposure required to generate effective immune responses, the longevity of antibody responses and the ability to mount an effective response upon re-exposure through memory responses. Lastly we identify research priorities which will increase our understanding of how changing transmission will impact on malarial immunity.
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