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França ARM, Rocha E, Bastos LSL, Bozza FA, Kurtz P, Maccariello E, Lapa E Silva JR, Salluh JIF. Development and validation of a machine learning model to predict the use of renal replacement therapy in 14,374 patients with COVID-19. J Crit Care 2024; 80:154480. [PMID: 38016226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model to predict the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of multicenter cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions of Brazil involving COVID-19 critically adult patients, requiring ventilatory support, admitted to 126 Brazilian ICUs, from February 2020 to December 2021 (development) and January to May 2022 (validation). No interventions were performed. RESULTS Eight machine learning models' classifications were evaluated. Models were developed using an 80/20 testing/train split ratio and cross-validation. Thirteen candidate predictors were selected using the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) algorithm. Discrimination and calibration were assessed. Temporal validation was performed using data from 2022. Of 14,374 COVID-19 patients with initial respiratory support, 1924 (13%) required RRT. RRT patients were older (65 [53-75] vs. 55 [42-68]), had more comorbidities (Charlson's Comorbidity Index 1.0 [0.00-2.00] vs 0.0 [0.00-1.00]), had higher severity (SAPS-3 median: 61 [51-74] vs 48 [41-58]), and had higher in-hospital mortality (71% vs 22%) compared to non-RRT. Risk factors for RRT, such as Creatinine, Glasgow Coma Scale, Urea, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, Age, Chronic Kidney Disease, Platelets count, Vasopressors, Noninvasive Ventilation, Hypertension, Diabetes, modified frailty index (mFI) and Gender, were identified. The best discrimination and calibration were found in the Random Forest (AUC [95%CI]: 0.78 [0.75-0.81] and Brier's Score: 0.09 [95%CI: 0.08-0.10]). The final model (Random Forest) showed comparable performance in the temporal validation (AUC [95%CI]: 0.79 [0.75-0.84] and Brier's Score, 0.08 [95%CI: 0.08-0.1]). CONCLUSIONS An early ML model using easily available clinical and laboratory data accurately predicted the use of RRT in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Our study demonstrates that using ML techniques is feasible to provide early prediction of use of RRT in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R M França
- Postgraduate Program of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Postgraduate Program of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S L Bastos
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DEI), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Postgraduate Program, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Kurtz
- Postgraduate Program, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Hospital Copa Star, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Maccariello
- Postgraduate Program, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lapa E Silva
- Postgraduate Program of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge I F Salluh
- Postgraduate Program of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Xu J, Lin E, Hong X, Li L, Gu J, Zhao J, Liu Y. Klotho-derived peptide KP1 ameliorates SARS-CoV-2-associated acute kidney injury. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1333389. [PMID: 38239193 PMCID: PMC10795167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The severe cases of COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), often present with acute kidney injury (AKI). Although old age and preexisting medical conditions have been identified as principal risk factors for COVID-19-associated AKI, the molecular basis behind such a connection remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the pathogenic role of Klotho deficiency in COVID-19-associated AKI and explored the therapeutic potential of Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1). Methods: We assessed the susceptibility of Klotho deficient Kl/Kl mice to developing AKI after expression of SARS-CoV-2 N protein. The role of KP1 in ameliorating tubular injury was investigated by using cultured proximal tubular cells (HK-2) in vitro and mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in vivo. Results: Renal Klotho expression was markedly downregulated in various chronic kidney disease (CKD) models and in aged mice. Compared to wild-type counterparts, mutant KL/KL mice were susceptible to overexpression of SARS-CoV-2 N protein and developed kidney lesions resembling AKI. In vitro, expression of N protein alone induced HK-2 cells to express markers of tubular injury, cellular senescence, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas both KP1 and Klotho abolished these lesions. Furthermore, KP1 mitigated kidney dysfunction, alleviated tubular injury and inhibited apoptosis in AKI model induced by IRI and N protein. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Klotho deficiency is a key determinant of developing COVID-19-associated AKI. As such, KP1, a small peptide recapitulating Klotho function, could be an effective therapeutic for alleviating AKI in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
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4
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das Graças José Ventura V, Pereira PD, Pires MC, Asevedo AA, de Oliveira Jorge A, Dos Santos ACP, de Moura Costa AS, Dos Reis Gomes AG, Lima BF, Pessoa BP, Cimini CCR, de Andrade CMV, Ponce D, Rios DRA, Pereira EC, Manenti ERF, de Almeida Cenci EP, Costa FR, Anschau F, Aranha FG, Vigil FMB, Bartolazzi F, Aguiar GG, Grizende GMS, Batista JDL, Neves JVB, Ruschel KB, do Nascimento L, de Oliveira LMC, Kopittke L, de Castro LC, Sacioto MF, Carneiro M, Gonçalves MA, Bicalho MAC, da Paula Sordi MA, da Cunha Severino Sampaio N, Paraíso PG, Menezes RM, Araújo SF, de Assis VCM, de Paula Farah K, Marcolino MS. Temporal validation of the MMCD score to predict kidney replacement therapy and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:292. [PMID: 37794354 PMCID: PMC10552198 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury has been described as a common complication in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, which may lead to the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in its most severe forms. Our group developed and validated the MMCD score in Brazilian COVID-19 patients to predict KRT, which showed excellent performance using data from 2020. This study aimed to validate the MMCD score in a large cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a different pandemic phase and assess its performance to predict in-hospital mortality. METHODS This study is part of the "Brazilian COVID-19 Registry", a retrospective observational cohort of consecutive patients hospitalized for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in 25 Brazilian hospitals between March 2021 and August 2022. The primary outcome was KRT during hospitalization and the secondary was in-hospital mortality. We also searched literature for other prediction models for KRT, to assess the results in our database. Performance was assessed using area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and the Brier score. RESULTS A total of 9422 patients were included, 53.8% were men, with a median age of 59 (IQR 48-70) years old. The incidence of KRT was 8.8% and in-hospital mortality was 18.1%. The MMCD score had excellent discrimination and overall performance to predict KRT (AUROC: 0.916 [95% CI 0.909-0.924]; Brier score = 0.057). Despite the excellent discrimination and overall performance (AUROC: 0.922 [95% CI 0.914-0.929]; Brier score = 0.100), the calibration was not satisfactory concerning in-hospital mortality. A random forest model was applied in the database, with inferior performance to predict KRT requirement (AUROC: 0.71 [95% CI 0.69-0.73]). CONCLUSION The MMCD score is not appropriate for in-hospital mortality but demonstrates an excellent predictive ability to predict KRT in COVID-19 patients. The instrument is low cost, objective, fast and accurate, and can contribute to supporting clinical decisions in the efficient allocation of assistance resources in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa das Graças José Ventura
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Polianna Delfino Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2359, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Magda Carvalho Pires
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alisson Alves Asevedo
- Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), R. Cruzeiro, 01. , Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alzira de Oliveira Jorge
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, R. das Gabirobas, 01, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Figueiredo Lima
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Hospital Metropolitano Odilon Behrens, R. Formiga, 50, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Porto Pessoa
- Hospital Júlia Kubitschek, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Christiane Corrêa Rodrigues Cimini
- Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), R. Cruzeiro, 01. , Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Hospital Santa Rosália, R. Do Cruzeiro, 01, Teófilo Otoni, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Ponce
- Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Anschau
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Av. Francisco Trein, 326, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Frederico Bartolazzi
- Hospital Santo Antônio, Pç. Dr. Márcio Carvalho Lopes Filho, 501, Curvelo, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Genta Aguiar
- Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), R. Boaventura, 50, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Joanna d'Arc Lyra Batista
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2359, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical School, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, SC-484 Km 02, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - João Victor Baroni Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Al. Ezequiel Dias, 275, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia do Nascimento
- Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 22, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Kopittke
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Av. Francisco Trein, 326, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Manuela Furtado Sacioto
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Al. Ezequiel Dias, 275, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Carneiro
- Hospital Santa Cruz, R. Fernando Abott, 174, Santa Cruz Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Gonçalves
- Computer Science Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Hospital João XXIII, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 400, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mônica Aparecida da Paula Sordi
- Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Gibson Paraíso
- Orizonti Instituto de Saúde E Longevidade, Av. José Do Patrocínio Pontes, 1355, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Katia de Paula Farah
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Milena Soriano Marcolino
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2359, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Telehealth Center, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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5
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de Azevedo Figueiredo F, Ramos LEF, Silva RT, Ponce D, de Carvalho RLR, Schwarzbold AV, de Oliveira Maurílio A, Scotton ALBA, Garbini AF, Farace BL, Garcia BM, da Silva CTCA, Cimini CCR, de Carvalho CA, Dos Santos Dias C, Silveira DV, Manenti ERF, de Almeida Cenci EP, Anschau F, Aranha FG, de Aguiar FC, Bartolazzi F, Vietta GG, Nascimento GF, Noal HC, Duani H, Vianna HR, Guimarães HC, de Alvarenga JC, Chatkin JM, de Morais JDP, Machado-Rugolo J, Ruschel KB, Martins KPMP, Menezes LSM, Couto LSF, de Castro LC, Nasi LA, de Souza Cabral MA, Floriani MA, Souza MD, Souza-Silva MVR, Carneiro M, de Godoy MF, Bicalho MAC, Lima MCPB, Aliberti MJR, Nogueira MCA, Martins MFL, Guimarães-Júnior MH, da Cunha Severino Sampaio N, de Oliveira NR, Ziegelmann PK, Andrade PGS, Assaf PL, de Lima Martelli PJ, Delfino-Pereira P, Castro Martins R, Menezes RM, Francisco SC, Araújo SF, Oliveira TF, de Oliveira TC, Souza Sales TL, Avelino-Silva TJ, Ramires YC, Pires MC, Marcolino MS. Correction: Development and validation of the MMCD score to predict kidney replacement therapy in COVID-19 patients. BMC Med 2023; 21:207. [PMID: 37280651 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio de Azevedo Figueiredo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil.
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, R. Tomas Antonio Gonzaga, 277, Lavras, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Emanuel Ferreira Ramos
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, 6627, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tavares Silva
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, 6627, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ponce
- Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, S/N, , Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Andresa Fontoura Garbini
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição and Hospital Cristo Redentor, Av. Francisco Trein, 326, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Christiane Corrêa Rodrigues Cimini
- Hospital Santa Rosália, R. Do Cruzeiro, 01, Teófilo Otoni, Brazil
- Mucuri Medical School, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri, R. Cruzeiro, 01, Teófilo Otoni, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Dos Santos Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Anschau
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição and Hospital Cristo Redentor, Av. Francisco Trein, 326, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Carrilho de Aguiar
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, Brazil
| | - Frederico Bartolazzi
- Hospital Santo Antônio, Praça Dr. Márcio Carvalho Lopes Filho, 501, Curvelo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Carolina Noal
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Helena Duani
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, S/N, , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Karen Brasil Ruschel
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
- Hospital Mãe de Deus, R. José de Alencar, 286, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karina Paula Medeiros Prado Martins
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
| | - Luanna Silva Monteiro Menezes
- Hospital Luxemburgo, R. Gentios, 1350, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Hospital Metropolitano Odilon Behrens, R. Formiga, 50, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Antônio Nasi
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Máderson Alvares de Souza Cabral
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
| | | | - Maíra Dias Souza
- Hospital Metropolitano Odilon Behrens, R. Formiga, 50, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maira Viana Rego Souza-Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Carneiro
- Hospital Santa Cruz, R. Fernando Abott, 174, Santa Cruz Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
- Hospital Júlia Kubitschek, R. Dr. Cristiano Rezende, 2745, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Márlon Juliano Romero Aliberti
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica Em Envelhecimento (LIM-66), Serviço de Geriatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Research Institute, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Klarmann Ziegelmann
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
- Hospital Tacchini, R. Dr. José Mário Mônaco, 358, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Ledic Assaf
- Hospital Metropolitano Doutor Célio de Castro, R. Dona Luiza, 311, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Polianna Delfino-Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Lorenna Souza Sales
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Thiago Junqueira Avelino-Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica Em Envelhecimento (LIM-66), Serviço de Geriatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciencias da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Magda Carvalho Pires
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, 6627, Brazil
| | - Milena Soriano Marcolino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
- Institute for Health Technology Assessment (IATS/ CNPq), R. Ramiro Barcelos, , Porto Alegre, 2359, Brazil
- Medical School and University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, 190, Brazil
- Telehealth Center, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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