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Barbosa JCR, Nicolino RR, Gabardo MP, Gonçalves JPM, Suarez-Duarte ME, Laub RP, Daniel AGS, Mariano GHS, Costa CM, Correia PA, Araújo MD, Guedes RMC. Subsistence swine farming: seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil in 2016. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:314. [PMID: 37736780 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Although it is considered an economically relevant and prevalent disease, little information is available on the epidemiology and risk factors of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) in commercial pigs, and no publication is available on subsistence pig farming. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis and identify associated risk factors in backyard pigs in the 12 mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood from pigs between 2 months and 6 years of age were sampled; an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to 288 properties investigated in 2016. Serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-L. intracellularis antibodies using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. The seroprevalence of L. intracellularis was 97.7% (CI 95%: 96.7-98.4), and there was no statistical difference among the prevalence of the sampled mesoregions. Only 3 of the 12 risk factors were significant when samples were analyzed from strongly seropositive animals (≥ 1:120) in a Poisson multivariate regression model. There was an interaction between properties in peri-urban areas and extensive production systems. This interaction demonstrated an increase in prevalence rates by 3.7 times (95%CI: 2.4-5.8). Properties close to dumps demonstrated an increase in prevalence rates by 2.2 times (95%CI: 0.99-4.8). In conclusion, anti-L. intracellularis antibodies were widely dispersed in subsistence pig farming's in Minas Gerais, indicating a wide circulation of the agent in this type of production system. The interactions of animals raised close to peri-urban areas, extensively, and close to landfills are risk factors for spread of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C R Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - R R Nicolino
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - M P Gabardo
- Department of Agrarian Sciences, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Bambuí Campi, Fazenda Varginha Km 05 - Estrada Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, 38.900-000, Brazil
| | - J P M Gonçalves
- Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Cidade Administrativa Tancredo Neves, Edificio Gerais, 10º Andar. Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - M E Suarez-Duarte
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - R P Laub
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - A G S Daniel
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - G H S Mariano
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - C M Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - P A Correia
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - M D Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - R M C Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil.
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2
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Yeh JY. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: A serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1058113. [PMID: 36846246 PMCID: PMC9948251 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1058113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy, which is globally considered an important enteric disease in pigs and horses. Experimental studies suggest that the organism spreads by subclinical infection of many animals, including rabbits. Despite the importance of rabbits in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis, the extent of exposure to L. intracellularis in the rabbit population is poorly defined and remains unclear. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the seroprevalence and shedding of L. intracellularis in farmed rabbits. Furthermore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Sera from the rabbits were used to measure L. intracellularis-specific antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, and rectal swabs were used to detect L. intracellularis DNA using a real-time PCR assay. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected in 12.3% of farms (20/163) and 6.3% of rabbits (49/774). Lawsonia intracellularis DNA in rectal swabs was detected in 3.8% of farms (6/156) and 1.2% of rabbits (8/667). The risk factor analysis showed that the presence of pigs or horses on the farm or the neighboring farm was associated with an increase in the risk of seropositivity (p < 0.05). We observed significantly increased odds of positivity for L. intracellularis in rabbits with a history of digestive trouble (diarrhea) on the farm during the 3 months before the samples were obtained (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that L. intracellularis infection was evident among farmed rabbits and that rabbits might serve as an important reservoir for L. intracellularis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Research Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Jung-Yong Yeh ✉
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Baldasso DZ, Guizzo JA, Dazzi CC, Paraboni Frandoloso GC, Feronato C, von Berg S, Carvalho Guedes RM, Wilson HL, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Development and validation of a flow cytometry antibody test for Lawsonia intracellularis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145072. [PMID: 37033985 PMCID: PMC10073966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), an inflammatory bowel disease with a major economic impact on the pig industry. The serological diagnosis of PPE can be performed using Blocking or Indirect ELISA, Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) and Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT). Here, we designed a most sophisticated immunological method for the detection of porcine anti-L. intracellularis IgGs, named Flow Cytometry Antibody Test - FCAT. This assay uses whole, live-attenuated L. intracellularis bacteria derived from a commercial vaccine. For the assay, we set up the optimal antigen concentration (106 bacterium/assay), primary antibody dilution (1:100), time of incubation (20 min), antigen stability (15 days), precision (coefficient of variation - CV < 10%), reproducibility (CV ≤ 13%) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). When using a cut-off of >15.15% for FCAT, we determined that it showed a sensitivity of 98.8% and specificity of 100%. The rate of agreement with IPMA was 84.09% with a kappa index of 0.66. FCAT was used to screen 1,000 sera from non-vaccinated pigs housed in 22 different farms and we found that 730 pigs (73%) from 16 farms (72.7%) had L. intracellularis IgG. This high prevalence confirms that L. intracellularis is endemic on Brazilian pig farms. Finally, we determined that FCAT is an easy to perform diagnostic assay and we would highly recommend it for: i) seroepidemiological studies; ii) evaluation of infection dynamics; and iii) characterization of the humoral response profile induced by vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Zini Baldasso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Cerutti Dazzi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - César Feronato
- Swine Technical Department, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephan von Berg
- Global Marketing Swine, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Animal Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heather Lynne Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Section of Immunology, AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Frandoloso,
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Hankel J, Sander S, Muthukumarasamy U, Strowig T, Kamphues J, Jung K, Visscher C. Microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets under natural Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004506. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis is a widespread, economically important bacterium causing the porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). In this study, we evaluated intestinal microbiota of naturally exposed L. intracellularis-positive pigs under standardized conditions. To obtain three independent repetitions, 27 L. intracellularis-infected pigs (19.0 ± 1.50 kg body weight) from one farm were divided into three groups at an age of 7 to 8 weeks (nine pigs/group). Pigs were either vaccinated against L. intracellularis via oral drenching on their 21st day of life (attenuated live vaccine) or non-vaccinated and selected according to clinical findings (pigs without deviating fecal consistency or with moderate to soft fecal consistency). Comparison of the clinically inconspicuous piglets that differed regarding their vaccination status showed fewer significant differences in fecal microbiota composition. The vaccination led to an overall enrichment of bacterial species belonging to the order Clostridiales, while species of the genus Collinsella and Prevotella were decreased. Several bacterial species belonging to the order Bacteroidales, mainly of the family Prevotellacecae, often closely matching Prevotella copri differed significantly between non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets. Whether those bacterial species play a role in mitigating the severity of an L. intracellularis infection remains to be defined.
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Campillo M, Smith SH, Gally DL, Opriessnig T. Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:621-631. [PMID: 33739176 PMCID: PMC8225690 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium
associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss,
diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the
thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell
replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to
L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of
the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge.
We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly
understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection
as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the
pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar
clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and
several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and
surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a
conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L.
intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to
infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical
outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of
antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification
and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease,
given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes
to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campillo
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sionagh H Smith
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David L Gally
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Arnold M, Crienen A, Swam H, Berg SV, Jolie R, Nathues H. Correlation of Lawsonia intracellularis positivity in quantitative PCR and herd factors in European pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33482877 PMCID: PMC7821494 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is causing diarrhea, poor growth and sudden death in pigs. It can be found in most pig populations leading to large economic losses worldwide. Many potential risk factors for the occurrence of disease or seropositivity have been described. The current study therefore focused on herd characteristics in European countries associated with direct detection of the pathogen determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A median number of less than 30 nursery pigs per pen was correlated to less positive nursery pigs (p < 0.01) and generally less samples positive per herd (p < 0.05) as well as a lower median of genome equivalents determined per herd (p < 0.05). Routine use of zinc oxide at/ around weaning, which was mentioned by 41.0% of all farmers, was correlated to higher number of positive nursery pigs (p < 0.01) as well as higher median genome equivalents determined per herd (p < 0.05). Slatted flooring of more than 78.0% of the surface in nursery units was correlated to lower number of positive animals (p < 0.05) and a lower median of genome equivalents per herd (p < 0.05). A weight of more than 7.8 kg at weaning was correlated to a higher number of positive growing pigs (p < 0.05) as well as general higher number of positive samples/ herd (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Weaning and subsequent accommodation of nursery pigs seem to be of particular importance in prevention of infection with Lawsonia intracellularis and the spread of the pathogen within the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Crienen
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Hanny Swam
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rika Jolie
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109 a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Resende TP, Medida RL, Vannucci FA, Saqui-Salces M, Gebhart C. Evaluation of swine enteroids as in vitro models for Lawsonia intracellularis infection1,2. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5707101. [PMID: 31943029 PMCID: PMC7007770 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the main causes of diarrhea and compromised weight gain in pigs worldwide. Traditional cell-line cultures have been used to study L. intracellularis pathogenesis. However, these systems fail to reproduce the epithelial changes observed in the intestines of L. intracellularis-infected pigs, specifically, the changes in intestinal cell constitution and gene expression. A more physiologically accurate and state-of-the-art model is provided by swine enteroids derived from stem cell-containing crypts from healthy pigs. The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of two-dimensional swine enteroids as in vitro models for L. intracellularis infection. We established both three- and two-dimensional swine enteroid cultures derived from intestinal crypts. The two-dimensional swine enteroids were infected by L. intracellularis in four independent experiments. Enteroid-infected samples were collected 3 and 7 d postinfection for analysis using real-time quantitative PCR and L. intracellularis immunohistochemistry. In this study, we show that L. intracellularis is capable of infecting and replicating intracellularly in two-dimensional swine enteroids derived from ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Pilar Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Ramya Lekha Medida
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Connie Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Brabec JL, Wright J, Ly T, Wong HT, McClimans CJ, Tokarev V, Lamendella R, Sherchand S, Shrestha D, Uprety S, Dangol B, Tandukar S, Sherchand JB, Sherchan SP. Arsenic disturbs the gut microbiome of individuals in a disadvantaged community in Nepal. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03313. [PMID: 32051876 PMCID: PMC7002857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is ubiquitous in nature, highly toxic, and is particularly abundant in Southern Asia. While many studies have focused on areas like Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, disadvantaged regions within Nepal have also suffered from arsenic contamination levels, with wells and other water sources possessing arsenic contamination over the recommended WHO and EPA limit of 10 μg/L, some wells reporting levels as high as 500 μg/L. Despite the region's pronounced arsenic concentrations within community water sources, few investigations have been conducted to understand the impact of arsenic contamination on host gut microbiota health. This study aims to examine differential arsenic exposure on the gut microbiome structure within two disadvantaged communities in southern Nepal. Fecal samples (n = 42) were collected from members of the Mahuawa (n = 20) and Ghanashyampur (n = 22) communities in southern Nepal. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from fecal samples using Illumina-tag PCR and subject to high-throughput sequencing to generate the bacterial community structure of each sample. Bioinformatics analysis and multivariate statistics were conducted to identify if specific fecal bacterial assemblages and predicted functions were correlated with urine arsenic concentration. Our results revealed unique assemblages of arsenic volatilizing and pathogenic bacteria positively correlated with increased arsenic concentration in individuals within the two respective communities. Additionally, we observed that commensal gut bacteria negatively correlated with increased arsenic concentration in the two respective communities. Our study has revealed that arsenic poses a broader human health risk than was previously known. It is influential in shaping the gut microbiome through its enrichment of arsenic volatilizing and pathogenic bacteria and subsequent depletion of gut commensals. This aspect of arsenic has the potential to debilitate healthy humans by contributing to disorders like heart and liver cancers and diabetes, and it has already been shown to contribute to serious diseases and disorders, including skin lesions, gangrene and several types of skin, renal, lung, and liver cancers in disadvantaged areas of the world like Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Brabec
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Truc Ly
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Hoi Tong Wong
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | | | - Vasily Tokarev
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | | | - Shardulendra Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | | | - Sital Uprety
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bipin Dangol
- Environment and Public Health Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, 1524, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, 1524, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
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Arnold M, Crienen A, Swam H, von Berg S, Jolie R, Nathues H. Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in pig herds in different European countries. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:31. [PMID: 31890255 PMCID: PMC6918559 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis causes large economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Pigs suffer from reduced daily weight gain, poor feed conversion ratio and increased mortality. The number of affected animals and herds in Europe remains unknown. This study will provide an overview of the prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in herds with a history of diarrhoea in different European countries and thereby identify country specific differences. Results Out of the 144 herds sampled in Germany, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, 90.3% (79.2-100.0%) contained at least one positive faecal sample on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the 6450 nursery, growing and finishing pigs of the previously mentioned herds, 26.2% (15.9-41.5%) of the animals were tested positive in faecal samples. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results of 60 herds were 91.7% (70-100%) positive. The percentage of positive samples in these 1791 blood samples was 31.6% (20.3-51.0%). Herd prevalence did not differ significantly by qPCR or ELISA. Significant differences between the countries were found regarding: Within-herd prevalence- qPCR: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples of Spain or the United Kingdom. Within-herd prevalence- ELISA: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples from Spain and the Netherlands. Affected age category- qPCR: Nursery pigs in Denmark were more often positive and shed more genome equivalents than nursery pigs in the other countries. Concentration of detected genome equivalents- qPCR: The concentration of genome equivalents from Lawsonia intracellularis in herds in Denmark was higher compared to all other countries. Conclusion A widespread of Lawsonia intracellularis in the six European countries was confirmed, whereby a large part of the positive animals only excreted small amounts of genome equivalents. Country specific differences were found with Denmark in particular diagnosing more Lawsonia intracellularis then the other countries. Herd data collected in this study needs to be analysed to get more information about possible reasons for the differences found between the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Arnold
- 1Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Crienen
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Hanny Swam
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rika Jolie
- 4Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940 USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- 1Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Toward rational selection criteria for selection of probiotics in pigs. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 107:83-112. [PMID: 31128749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of properties of probiotics is a prerequisite for selecting probiotic organisms for use in swine production. This review aims to review selection criteria for probiotic organism in swine. The systematically investigated ecological history rather than the source of isolates should be regarded as the natural origin of probiotic strains, which helps to correct the inconsistencies arising from incorrect identification of the source. Moreover, in vivo studies are suggested as follow-up assessment to validate the characteristics of probiotic predicted by in vitro experiments. In addition, the intended probiotic effect depends on the age of the animal and disease prevention in young animals may require different probiotic strains when compared to growth promotion in older animals. With adequate selection criteria, the inclusion of probiotic in feed supplementation is a promising way to exert positive effects on sows, newborns, weanling animals and grower-finisher pigs. Both host-adapted probiotics and nomadic probiotics can be applied for pathogen inhibition but host adapted organisms appear to have a different mode of action. Host-adapted probiotic strains are likely to be associated with exclusive colonization while the nomadic or environmental strain exert better immune stimulating functions. Strains with potent enzymatic activity are fitter for grower pigs favoring feed digestion and enhancing growth performance.
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11
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Wattanaphansak S, Pereira CER, Kaenson W, Assavacheep P, Tantilertcharoen R, Resende TP, Barrera-Zarate JA, de Oliveira-Lee JSV, Klein U, Gebhart CJ, Guedes RMC. Isolation and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine Lawsonia intracellularis from Brazil and Thailand. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:27. [PMID: 30704407 PMCID: PMC6357443 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium which cannot be cultured by conventional bacteriological methods. Furthermore, L. intracellularis needs enriched medium and a unique atmosphere for isolation, cultivation and propagation. Because of this,there are only a few isolates of L. intracellularis available and few studies in vitro demonstrating the susceptibility of this bacterium to antimicrobial agents. The objectives of this study were to isolate South American and Southeast Asia strains of L.intracellularis and to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity against these isolates. Tested antimicrobials included: chlortetracycline, lincomycin, tiamulin, tylosin and valnemulin(against both Brazilian and Thailand strains) and additionally, amoxicillin, zinc-bacitracin, carbadox, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, spectinomycin and a combination (1:1) of spectinomycin and lincomycin were also tested against the Thai isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the antimicrobial activity that inhibited 99% of L. intracellularis growth in a cell culture as compared to the control (antimicrobial-free). RESULTS Two strains from Brazil and three strains from Thailand were successfully isolated and established in cell culture. Each antimicrobial was evaluated for intracellular and extracellular activity. Pleuromutilin group (valnemulin and tiamulin) and carbadox were the most active against L. intracellularis strains tested. Tylosin showed intermediate activity, chlortetracycline had variable results between low and intermediate activity, as well as spectinomycin, spectinomycin and lincomycin, amoxicillin, sulfamethazine and enrofloxacin. L. intracellularis was resistant to lincomycin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, colistin and bacitracin in in vitro conditions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of isolation of L. intracellularis strains from South America and Southeast Asia and characterization of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphot Wattanaphansak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Wenika Kaenson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchalit Assavacheep
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rachod Tantilertcharoen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Talita Pilar Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Javier Alberto Barrera-Zarate
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Juliana Saes Vilaça de Oliveira-Lee
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Klein
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Mattenstrasse 24A, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Connie Jane Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Fablet C, Rose N, Grasland B, Robert N, Lewandowski E, Gosselin M. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29588859 PMCID: PMC5863451 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing and finishing performances of pigs strongly influence farm efficiency and profitability. The performances of the pigs rely on the herd health status and also on several non-infectious factors. Many recommendations for the improvement of the technical performances of a herd are based on the results of studies assessing the effect of one or a limited number of infections or environmental factors. Few studies investigated jointly the influence of both type of factors on swine herd performances. This work aimed at identifying infectious and non-infectious factors associated with the growing and finishing performances of 41 French swine herds. Results Two groups of herds were identified using a clustering analysis: a cluster of 24 herds with the highest technical performance values (mean average daily gain = 781.1 g/day +/− 26.3; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.5 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 4.1% +/− 0.9; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 121.2 kg +/− 5.2) and a cluster of 17 herds with the lowest performance values (mean average daily gain =715.8 g/day +/− 26.5; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.6 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 6.8% +/− 2.0; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 117.7 kg +/− 3.6). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify factors associated with the level of technical performance. Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and the porcine circovirus type 2 were infectious factors associated with the cluster having the lowest performance values. This cluster also featured farrow-to-finish type herds, a short interval between successive batches of pigs (≤3 weeks) and mixing of pigs from different batches in the growing or/and finishing steps. Inconsistency between nursery and fattening building management was another factor associated with the low-performance cluster. The odds of a herd showing low growing-finishing performance was significantly increased when infected by PRRS virus in the growing-finishing steps (OR = 8.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.8–41.7) and belonging to a farrow-to-finish type herd (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.1–23.8). Conclusions Herd management and viral infections significantly influenced the performance levels of the swine herds included in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Rose
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- 2Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Robert
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - E Lewandowski
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - M Gosselin
- Univet Santé Elevage, rue Monge, 22600 Loudéac, France
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Yeh JY, Ga AR. Systemic cytokine response in pigs infected orally with a Lawsonia intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:13-19. [PMID: 29142159 PMCID: PMC5797853 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the swine industry, Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the main enteric pathogens; it causes acute intestinal hemorrhage (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) in naïve adult pigs and a wasting
disease (proliferative enteropathy) in growing pigs. Among many kinds of cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has previously been reported to play a significant role in limiting intracellular infection and increasing cellular
proliferation associated with L. intracellularis. However, the levels of various circulating inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, in animals infected with L. intracellularis is still
an area of considerable interest for understanding immunity against this bacterium. In addition, there has been no information on cytokine response in animals infected with any L. intracellularis isolate
of South Korean origin or Asian origin. To determine the relationship between the changes in the systemic inflammatory cytokine response in the peripheral blood of the host after L. intracellularis
infection, we measured the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β)), and a chemokine (IL-8) in pigs infected with L. intracellularis isolated from South Korea. This study demonstrated that a L. intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin
induced cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) responses in infected animals within 15 days post-infection although the circulating levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-8 and TGF-β were induced relatively late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Ga
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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