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Bryan EE, Bode NM, Chen X, Burris ES, Johnson DC, Dilger RN, Dilger AC. The effect of chronic, non-pathogenic maternal immune activation on offspring postnatal muscle and immune outcomes. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad424. [PMID: 38189595 PMCID: PMC10794819 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of maternal inflammation on offspring muscle development and postnatal innate immune response. Sixteen first-parity gilts were randomly allotted to repeated intravenous injections with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 8, treatment code INFLAM) or comparable volume of phosphate buffered saline (CON, n = 8). Injections took place every other day from gestational day (GD) 70 to GD 84 with an initial dose of 10 μg LPS/kg body weight (BW) increasing by 12% each time to prevent endotoxin tolerance. On GD 70, 76, and 84, blood was collected at 0 and 4 h postinjection via jugular or ear venipuncture to determine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β concentrations. After farrowing, litter mortality was recorded, and the pig closest to litter BW average was used for dissection and muscle fiber characterization. On weaning (postnatal day [PND] 21), pigs were weighed individually and 2 barrows closest to litter BW average were selected for another study. The third barrow closest to litter BW average was selected for the postnatal LPS challenge. On PND 52, pigs were given 5 μg LPS/kg BW via intraperitoneal injection, and blood was collected at 0, 4, and 8 h postinjection to determine TNF-α concentration. INFLAM gilt TNF-α concentration increased (P < 0.01) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection, while CON gilt TNF-α concentration did not differ between time points. INFLAM gilt IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations increased (P = 0.03) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection on GD 70, but did not differ between time points on GD 76 and 84. There were no differences between INFLAM and CON gilts litter mortality outcomes (P ≥ 0.13), but INFLAM pigs were smaller (P = 0.04) at birth and tended (P = 0.09) to be smaller at weaning. Muscle and organ weights did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments, with the exception of semitendinosus, which was smaller (P < 0.01) in INFLAM pigs. INFLAM pigs tended (P = 0.06) to have larger type I fibers. INFLAM pig TNF-α concentration did not differ across time, while CON pig TNF-α concentration peaked (P = 0.01) 4 h postinjection. TNF-α concentration did not differ between treatments at 0 and 8 h postinjection, but CON pigs had increased (P = 0.01) TNF-α compared to INFLAM pigs 4 h postinjection. Overall, maternal immune activation did not alter pig muscle development, but resulted in suppressed innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bryan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Nick M Bode
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elli S Burris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Danielle C Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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Neila-Ibáñez C, Napp S, Pailler-García L, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Aragon V, Casal J. Risk factors associated with Streptococcus suis cases on pig farms in Spain. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3056. [PMID: 37269537 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis can cause meningitis, polyarthritis and acute death in piglets. However, the risk factors associated with S. suis infection remain incompletely understood. Therefore, a longitudinal study was carried out, in which six batches from two Spanish pig farms with S. suis problems were repeatedly examined to determine possible risk factors. METHODS A prospective case-control study was conducted, and potential risk factors were evaluated using mixed-effects logistic regression models. The explanatory variables included: (a) concomitant pathogens; (b) biomarkers associated with stress, inflammation and oxidative status; (c) farm environmental factors; and (d) parity and S. suis presence in sows. Three models were built to study the effect of these variables, including two to assess the risk factors involved in the subsequent development of disease. RESULTS Risk factors for S. suis-associated disease included porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection at weaning (odds ratio [OR] = 6.69), sow parity (OR = 0.71), haptoglobin level before weaning (OR = 1.01), relative humidity (OR = 1.11) and temperature (OR = 0.13). LIMITATIONS Laboratory diagnosis was done at the batch level, with individual diagnosis based on clinical signs only. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the multifactorial nature of S. suis-associated disease, with both environmental factors and factors related to the host involved in disease development. Controlling these factors may, therefore, help prevent the appearance of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastián Napp
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Schoos A, Muro BBD, Carnevale RF, Chantziaras I, Biebaut E, Janssens GPJ, Maes D. Relationship between piglets' survivability and farrowing kinetics in hyper-prolific sows. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:37. [PMID: 37641115 PMCID: PMC10464185 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged farrowing and more piglets born with low birth weight are undesirable consequences of genetic selection for increased litter size. The objective of the present observational study was to evaluate the relationship between piglets' survivability and farrowing kinetics in hyperprolific sows. A total of 58 sows of different parities and 1190 piglets were included. The entire farrowing process was monitored and the following parameters were recorded: inter-piglet birth interval, birth order, total born, live born, dead born, and mummified piglets, obstetric intervention, weight at birth and 24h, colostrum yield and intake. RESULTS The sows included in this study had on average 20.6 ± 0.6 total piglets born, of which 16.4 ± 0.6 were live born, 3.3 ± 0.4 were stillborn and 0.9 ± 0.2 were mummified piglets. The average farrowing duration and average birth interval were 411.3 ± 31.6 and 20.6 ± 1.7 min, respectively. Farrowing duration was positively associated (p < 0.05) with parity, number of stillborn and mummified piglets. Piglet mortality 24h after birth was negatively affected (p < 0.01) by birth weight and positively affected (p < 0.01) by cumulative birth interval. The last tercile of piglets born (birth order ≥ 17) had the highest (p < 0.01) inter-piglet birth interval (IPBI) (43.4 ± 4.17 min) compared to piglets born in the first (birth order between 2 and 7) (26.5 ± 3.8 min) and second (birth order between 8 and 16) terciles (21.9 ± 3.8 min). Cumulative birth interval, birth weight, occurrence of stillborn piglets and manual intervention were positively associated (p < 0.05) with IPBI. Piglet birth weight was also positively associated (p < 0.01) to individual colostrum intake. Piglets ingesting more colostrum had lower (p < 0.01) mortality from 24h after birth until weaning. Sow's parity and cumulative birth interval were positively associated with the presence of stillborn piglets (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Reducing farrowing duration may be crucial to decrease stillbirth rate and neonatal mortality in hyperprolific sows. Moreover, special care must be provided to the lighter piglets within a litter to increase their colostrum intake and minimize piglet's mortality throughout lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schoos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Fernandes Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Paul Jules Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Will KJ, Magoga J, De Conti ER, da Rosa Ulguim R, Mellagi APG, Bortolozzo FP. Relationship between dexamethasone treatment around parturition of primiparous sows and farrowing performance and newborn piglet traits. Theriogenology 2023; 198:256-263. [PMID: 36623428 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between the steroidal anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone treatment in primiparous sows and farrowing and piglet performance in the first 5 d of life. For this purpose, 234 gilts were selected on the day of farrowing and distributed among three treatments: CON - control, without dexamethasone treatment; DexaPF - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im) per female at the moment of copious colostrum secretion (pre-farrowing); and DexaFO - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im), per female when the first piglet was born (farrowing onset). All females and their litters were evaluated regarding farrowing duration, obstetric interventions, colostrum yield and intake, newborn piglet traits, and piglet performance until 5 d of age. A subsample of 79 females (∼26 per treatment) had their blood glucose concentration evaluated hourly shortly after the first piglet was born until the end of farrowing. Additionally, blood samples from 11 litters per treatment were collected for immunocrit evaluation. As a result, faster farrowing was observed in the DexaPF treatment (188.14 min; P = 0.002) compared with CON (229.99 min) and DexaFO (221.79 min). Additionally, lower obstetric intervention rates were observed in sows treated with dexamethasone (DexaPF = 7.69%; DexaFO = 5.13%) compared with CON (19.23%; P = 0.02). The sow's blood glucose concentration during farrowing was higher in DexaPF (90.55 mg/dL) than in CON (73.15 mg/dL) and DexaFO (80.06 mg/dL) treatments (P < 0.01). Besides the effect on farrowing duration, no differences among treatments were observed regarding piglets born alive and stillbirths, newborn piglet vitality, colostrum consumption, immunocrit, and colostrum yield (P ≥ 0.17). Regarding piglet traits, higher percentages of piglets born without meconium staining and lower percentages of piglets with meconium scores 2 and 3 were observed in the groups treated with dexamethasone (DexaPF and DexaFO; P < 0.01) compared with CON. However, piglet weight gain and survival rate until 5 d of age were not affected by the treatment (P ≥ 0.61). In summary, dexamethasone treatment before farrowing onset, in primiparous sows, had the potential to reduce the farrowing duration and the necessity of obstetric intervention, but it did not affect the main productive parameters such as the occurrence of stillbirths, piglet weight gain, and survival rates until 5 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Jaqueline Will
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joana Magoga
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Rigo De Conti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Rosengart S, Chuppava B, Trost LS, Henne H, Tetens J, Traulsen I, Deermann A, Wendt M, Visscher C. Characteristics of thermal images of the mammary gland and of performance in sows differing in health status and parity. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920302. [PMID: 36118336 PMCID: PMC9480095 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming can combine sensors and complex data to provide a simple score of meaningful productivity, pig welfare, and farm sustainability, which are the main drivers of modern pig production. Examples include using infrared thermography to monitor the temperature of sows to detect the early stages of the disease. To take account of these drivers, we assigned 697 hybrid (BHZP db. Viktoria) sows to four parity groups. In addition, by pooling clinical findings from every sow and their piglets, sows were classified into three groups for the annotation: healthy, clinically suspicious, and diseased. Besides, the udder was thermographed, and performance data were documented. Results showed that the piglets of diseased sows with eighth or higher parity had the lowest daily weight gain [healthy; 192 g ± 31.2, clinically suspicious; 191 g ± 31.3, diseased; 148 g ± 50.3 (p < 0.05)] and the highest number of stillborn piglets (healthy; 2.2 ± 2.39, clinically suspicious; 2.0 ± 1.62, diseased; 3.91 ± 4.93). Moreover, all diseased sows showed higher maximal skin temperatures by infrared thermography of the udder (p < 0.05). Thus, thermography coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems can help identify and orient the diagnosis of symptomatic animals to prompt adequate reaction at the earliest time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rosengart
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lea-Sophie Trost
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Traulsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Visscher
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Botia M, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Evaluation of the Effect of Sampling Time on Biomarkers of Stress, Immune System, Redox Status and Other Biochemistry Analytes in Saliva of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162127. [PMID: 36009717 PMCID: PMC9404901 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the possible variations due to the sampling time in the day in 26 analytes of pigs’ saliva, related to stress, the immune system, redox status and other biomarkers related to metabolism and selected tissues and organs, in order to know the possible effects of the hour of the day in their interpretation. These analytes were measured in saliva obtained from a population of 40 clinically healthy pigs from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., every 4 h in the same day. In our experimental conditions, daily variations were observed in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, total esterase activity, butyrylcholinesterase, lipase, adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate and triglycerides. These changes appeared in both sexes, except for adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1 and superoxide dismutase which only showed differences in females. In conclusion, this report indicates that, in the experimental conditions of this trial, the time of the day and sex can influence the values obtained in various salivary analytes in pigs. These variations should thus be taken into consideration for an adequate interpretation of these analytes when used for the evaluation of health and welfare in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María D. Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Botia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868887082
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Changes in a Comprehensive Profile of Saliva Analytes in Fattening Pigs during a Complete Productive Cycle: A Longitudinal Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141865. [PMID: 35883410 PMCID: PMC9312009 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a panel of 29 salivary biomarkers of stress, immunity, inflammation, redox homeostasis and other physiological functions can change in healthy fattening pigs when monitoring the different phases of their productive cycle and can be influenced by various sources of variations such as gender and performance parameters. Several analytes showed changes due to the productive cycle, with a majority of the analytes showing higher values at lactation and at the beginning of nursery. Additionally, differences were seen due to sex. These differences can be related in some cases with performance parameters and should be taken into consideration for an appropriate interpretation of the analytes. Abstract A comprehensive panel of 29 salivary analytes was measured in fattening pigs to evaluate its possible changes along their productive cycle. The identification of those changes would allow a better interpretation of the results according to the productive phase of the animal. Saliva samples were obtained from 49 Large-White pigs (24 females, 25 males) in suckling phase, at the beginning and the end of the nursery phase, and at the beginning and the end of the growing phase. Several analytes changed according to the phase of the productive cycle, with most of the analytes showing higher values at lactation and at the beginning of nursery. Additionally, differences were seen due to sex. When possible relations between performance parameters and analytes were evaluated, significant positive but weak relationships were found between weight at birth and salivary γ-glutamyl transferase, and between back-fat thickness and salivary lactate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, differences in the values of salivary analytes can be found in fattening pigs depending on the productive phase and sex of the animals.
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Serum Concentrations of Immunoglobulins and Cortisol Around Parturition in Clinically Healthy Sows and Sows with Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome (PDS). J Vet Res 2022; 66:245-250. [PMID: 35892109 PMCID: PMC9281519 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to determine the profile of immunoglobulins and cortisol concentrations in serum around the periparturient period in sows suffering from postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) and in healthy sows. Material and Methods A total of 45 sows with lactation impairment (Group PDS) and 58 clinically healthy sows with a physiological peripartum period (Group H) were subjected to a serological test (ELISA) for measurement of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and cortisol concentration. Results The serum contents of IgG, IgM and IgA had highly similar profiles in PDS-affected sows and healthy ones. A significantly higher concentration of IgG at 28 and 14 days ante partum compared to days 3 and 7 post partum was only observed in Group H. The mean cortisol content remained at a highly similar level throughout the entire experiment in both groups. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that lactation impairment such as PDS did not influence the immunoglobulin or cortisol concentration in sow serum.
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10
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Kaiser M, Herskin MS, Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Nielsen MBF, Bækbo P, Jacobson M. Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows: effects on behavior of sows and piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:18. [PMID: 35501934 PMCID: PMC9059355 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate if specific sow and piglet behavioral characteristics could be used diagnostically, this case-cohort study of the behavior of sows and piglets during the periparturient period (from 24 h before the birth of first piglet to 24 h after the birth of last piglet) was conducted. Data included 32 sows diagnosed with PDS (PDS+) vs. 37 healthy matched controls (PDS-) and their litters. RESULTS A significant change from active behavior with many postural changes to a more passive behavior was noted in connection with parturition. Sow nesting behavior was less frequent in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows during (p = 0.04) and after parturition (p = 0.0004). No difference was found between PDS+ and PDS- in the number of postural changes, interval from last time standing to the birth of the first piglet, interval from last time eating/drinking to the birth of the first piglet, interval from the birth of the first piglet to the sow standing after farrowing, interval from the birth of the last piglet until eating/drinking, occurrence of bar biting, or frequency or duration of eating/drinking during the observation period. Piglets of PDS+ sows stayed outside the creep areas more often than piglets of PDS- sows (p < 0.0001), but there was no difference in the mean number of piglets observed massaging the udder every 10 min. CONCLUSION These results confirm that sow behavior changes from active before parturition to more passive after parturition. Being diagnosed with PDS affected the periparturient behavior of sows as well as their piglets. The observed reduction in nesting behavior in PDS+ sows may suggest that a highly motivated piglet-oriented behavior was affected. However, classical sickness behaviors like lethargy and passivity seem to be poor markers for PDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Mette S Herskin
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Pia H Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Poul Bækbo
- Danish Pig Research Centre, SEGES, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Zou W, Huang H, Wu H, Cao Y, Lu W, He Y. Preparation, Antibacterial Potential, and Antibacterial Components of Fermented Compound Chinese Medicine Feed Additives. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:808846. [PMID: 35400112 PMCID: PMC8987234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.808846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to compare the antibacterial ability and to identify the antibacterial components of different fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additives in order to develop one fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additive product that can effectively alleviate metritis, vaginitis, and mastitis of sows. The Oxford cup method and double dilution method were used to compare the antibacterial ability of three fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additives (A, B, and C). UHPLC-QE-MS-based untargeted metabolomics was used to identify the antibacterial components of fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additives. Results showed that among fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additives A, B, and C, additive A had the strongest ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella cholerae suis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The MIC and MBC of additive A were the lowest for Staphylococcus aureus compared to that for the other three pathogens. The concentrations of 23 Chinese medicine ingredients (ellagic acid, guanine, camphor, L-valine, sinapine, dipropylphthalate, 3-hydroxy-5-isopropylidene-3,8-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,8a-hexahydro-6(1H)-azulenone, 7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-6-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)chromen-4-one, acetylcholine, farrerol, pyrogallol, ethyl gallate, demethylwedelolactone, methyl gallate, kaempferide, gallic acid, eriodictyol, threonic acid, inositol, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavanone, taxifolin, asiatic acid, and isorhamnetin) in additive A were significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) higher than those in additive B, respectively. It is concluded that the mixture composed of 23 active components in fermented compound Chinese medicine feed additive A plays an important role in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella cholerae suis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Honglan Huang
- Forest Institution, Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuandong Cao
- Department of Technology, Jiangxi Jiabo Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Jiujiang, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Lu
| | - Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Yuyong He
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12
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Yun J, Peltoniemi O. Parental Behaviour in Sows. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 27:119-129. [PMID: 36169814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parental behaviour in sows begins with prepartum nest-building behaviour, which mainly consists of rooting, pawing, and foraging, to achieve a structure for farrowing and to nurse and protect the offspring. A hormonal background is linked to the onset and cessation of nest-building behaviour. The ambient farrowing environment that can adequately address the needs for nest-building behaviour thus plays an important role in good parental behaviour of the sows during and after farrowing. In addition to these environmental factors, here we also discuss other well-known intrinsic factors, such as heredity, parental experience, and litter size, affecting parental behaviour of the sows for successful farrowing and lactating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyeon Yun
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Kaiser M, Dahl J, Jacobsen S, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Changes of adenosine deaminase activity in serum and saliva around parturition in sows with and without postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:352. [PMID: 34794425 PMCID: PMC8600890 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is associated with a significantly higher activation of the inflammatory and stress response at parturition than in the healthy sow. Therefore, reliable and possibly non-invasive biomarkers for substantial increases of inflammation are searched to support the PDS diagnosis. This report studies the possible changes of the inflammatory marker enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and saliva of 38 PDS positive sows (PDS+) and 38 healthy sows (PDS-). Sampling was performed every 24 h from 60 h before to 36 h after parturition. Isoenzyme 1 (ADA1) and isoenzyme 2 (ADA2), as well as total ADA (tADA), were measured and their statistical association with several serum and saliva biomarkers of inflammation and stress was investigated. RESULTS Compared to a baseline (60 to 36h prepartum), salivary activities of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA increased significantly over time in both PDS+ and PDS- sows, reaching their peaks after parturition. In serum from PDS- sows, no changes were observed over time in either ADA1, ADA2 or tADA. In PDS+ sows, serum ADA2 activity decreased temporarily after parturition followed by a significant increase compared to baseline. ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were all significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers and ADA1 in serum was associated with serum cortisol. Although serum activity was higher in PDS+ than in PDS- sows, the differences were not statistically significant. Further, no difference was noted between the groups in the analyses of saliva. CONCLUSIONS Salivary ADA1 and ADA2 increased in all sows after parturition, potentially as a response to the postpartum inflammation. However, no difference in the activity of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were found between PDS+ and PDS- sows indicating inability to diagnose PDS under the conditions described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Patra MK, De UK, Kent Y, Rungsung S, Krishnaswamy N, Deka BC. Influence of seasonal variation on post-farrowing dysgalactia syndrome (PFDS) and serum biochemistry profiles in the periparturient sow. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:346. [PMID: 34091765 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal variation on the frequency of post-farrowing dysgalactia syndrome (PFDS), sow body condition score (BCS), piglet survival, and weaning to estrus interval under intensive management systems. In addition, the effects of PFDS on litter characteristics and serum biochemistry, oxidative stress indices, thyroid, and cortisol profile were examined in order to identify potential biomarkers in the pre-farrowing stage. The study was conducted in summer and winter seasons in Nagaland, India, on 50 sows from 30 days before farrowing until weaning at 45 days. Sows were classified retrospectively into PFDS and non-PFDS. Although statistically, no significant difference was noted in the occurrence of PFDS between the seasons, the proportion of PFDS development was substantially higher in winter than summer (37.5 vs. 26.9%). In winter, the incidence of piglet stillbirth and sow weaning to estrus period was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and the mean litter size at weaning was significantly lower (p < 0.01). At weaning, the mean litter weight and average daily weight gain were decreased (p < 0.05) in both summer and winter, and the total number of piglets died in each litter was increased in sows afflicted with PFDS compared with healthy sows. A significant interaction effect of peripartum days and PFDS was observed in the changes of blood glucose, albumin (p < 0.05), and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.07) concentration. Mean T3 and T4 concentration was influenced by peripartum days in both the season and a consistently lower T3 concentration was detected in PFDS sows before farrowing. It is concluded that PFDS sows exhibited an increased incidence of stillbirth and scouring of neonatal piglets during the winter. A pronounced drop in mean circulating T3 concentration in sows from 30 days before farrowing to 3 days after farrowing reflects endocrine-mediated metabolic dysfunction. Further research is warranted with more number of sows to identify the critical values of serum T3 concentration in the immediate pre-farrowing period for prediction of sows developing PFDS after farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India. .,ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.
| | - U K De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Y Kent
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Govt. of Nagaland, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - S Rungsung
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Jalukie, Peren, Nagaland, 797 110, India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - B C Deka
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
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15
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Changes in saliva analytes during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation in sows: A sialochemistry approach. Vet J 2021; 273:105679. [PMID: 34148602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers were studied in 17 healthy Large White sows from early gestation to the end of lactation. Saliva samples were obtained at 34 ± 3 days from insemination (G30), 24 ± 4 days before farrowing (G90), within the first 24 h after farrowing (L1) and at the end of a lactation period of 21 days (L21). The measurements in saliva included stress-related biomarkers (cortisol, chromogranin A, α-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase [BChE] and lipase [Lip]), inflammatory biomarkers (adenosine deaminase isoenzymes 1 [ADA1] and 2 [ADA2], and haptoglobin [Hp]) and oxidative stress biomarkers (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability, uric acid, advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]), as well as routine biochemistry analytes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], γ-glutamine transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], creatine kinase [CK], urea, creatinine, triglycerides, lactate, calcium and phosphorus). The main changes were observed at farrowing, with increases in biomarkers of stress (cortisol and BChE), inflammation (ADA isoenzymes and Hp) and oxidative stress (AOPP and H2O2), as well as muscle and hepatic enzymes (CK, AST, ALP, GGT and LDH). Lactate and triglycerides increased at the end of gestation and remained at high concentrations until the end of lactation. Lip was higher in gestation than at lactation. Thus, changes in biomarkers of stress, immune function, oxidative stress, hepatic and muscle integrity, and energy mobilization occur in sow saliva during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation. These changes, caused by physiological conditions, should be taken into consideration when these biomarkers are used for the evaluation of sow health and welfare.
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16
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Xu S, Dong Y, Shi J, Li Z, Che L, Lin Y, Li J, Feng B, Fang Z, Yong Z, Wang J, Wu D. Responses of Vaginal Microbiota to Dietary Supplementation with Lysozyme and its Relationship with Rectal Microbiota and Sow Performance from Late Gestation to Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030593. [PMID: 33668266 PMCID: PMC7996156 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The vaginal microbiota has a crucial role for the health of the sow and the newborn piglet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with lysozyme in the vaginal microbiota and evaluate its relationship with the fecal microbiota of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. The results suggest that, lysozyme supplementation changed vaginal microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels, the changed vaginal microbiota was associated with variations in fecal microbiota, and these changes correlated with some reproductive performance of the sow. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysozyme (LZM) supplementation on the vaginal microbiota, as well as the relationship between vaginal microbiota and the fecal microbiota of rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. A total of 60 Yorkshire × Landrace sows (3–6 of parity) were arranged from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation in a completely randomized design with three treatments (control diet, control diet + lysozyme 150 mg/kg, control diet + lysozyme 300 mg/kg). The results showed that sows fed with lysozyme increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10, p < 0.05) on day 7 of lactation. The vaginal microbiota varied at different taxonomic levels with LZM supplementation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The most representative changes included a decrease in Tenericutes, Streptococcus, Bacillus and increase in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). There were 777 OTUs existing in both, vaginal and fecal microbiota. The addition of LZM also decreased the abundance of Tenericutes (p < 0.05) in the vagina and feces. The changes in the microbiota were correlated in some cases positively with the performance of the sow, for example, Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with the neonatal weight (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the addition of lysozyme to the diet of sow during perinatal period promote the change of vaginal bacterial community after farrowing. The variations in vaginal microbiota are also associated with the changes in the fecal microbiology of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation with lysozyme in sows in late gestation stage until early lactation, is beneficial to establish vaginal microbiota that seems to promote maternal health and reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankai Shi
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zimei Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Yong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.D.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (B.F.); (Z.F.); (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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17
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Crenshaw J, Del Río LL, Sanjoaquin L, Tibble S, González-Solé F, Solà-Oriol D, Rodriguez C, Campbell J, Polo J. Effect of spray-dried porcine plasma in peripartum sow feed on subsequent litter size. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33431055 PMCID: PMC7798288 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional strategies for sows designed to reduce peripartum stress are suggested to support postpartum recovery and productivity. Spray-dried plasma (SDP) in sow feed has been reported to benefit sow and litter performance. Stressed animals fed diets with SDP have a more efficient immune response supporting animal recovery and health. The objectives of the present study using 452 sows (147 parity 1 sows, 148 parity 2 sows) were to determine if 0, 0.5 or 2.5% spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in peripartum feed provided from entry in maternity through day 5 of lactation affects sow productivity and serological immune and oxidation status markers around parturition. Post-weaning sow productivity parameters including litter size at the next parturition was evaluated, but peripartum diets were only provided during the first parturition. RESULTS In the first parturition, total born litter size was lower (P < 0.05) especially for sows allotted to the peripartum diet with 2.5% SDPP. Percentage of stillborn pigs decreased quadratically (P < 0.05) for sows fed 0.5% or 2.5% SDPP compared to 0% SDPP in peripartum feed and this result was not affected by total born litter size. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increased dietary SDPP for both prepartum and postpartum sampling periods. In the next parturition, total born pigs from combined data of parity 1 and 2 sows linearly increased (P < 0.05) and live born pigs tended (P = 0.09) to linearly increase as level of SDPP increased and this result was not affected by total born litter size in the first parturition. The change in total and live born pigs from the first to the next parturition linearly (P < 0.01) increased as dietary SDPP increased for parity 1 and 2 sows. CONCLUSIONS The reduced percentage of stillborn pigs and increased litter size of parity 1 and 2 sows in the next parturition was independent of total born litter size in the first parturition suggesting SDPP in peripartum sow feed may have merit for reducing stillborn pigs and benefit litter size in the next parturition for parity 1 and parity 2 sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Crenshaw
- APC LLC, 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA.
| | | | | | - Simon Tibble
- Alternative Swine Nutrition (ASN). PL Fraga C/ Comunidad de Murcia parc. LIE 1-03, 22520, Fraga, Spain
| | - Francesc González-Solé
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- APC EUROPE, S.L. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403, Granollers, Spain
| | - Joy Campbell
- APC LLC, 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA
| | - Javier Polo
- APC LLC, 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA, 50021, USA.,APC EUROPE, S.L. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403, Granollers, Spain
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Tukia E, Wagner B, Vainio K, Mönki J, Kareskoski M. The Effect of Uterine Lavage on Soluble CD14, Chemokine Ligand 2, and Interleukin 10 Levels in Mares With Postpartum Metritis. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 98:103365. [PMID: 33663723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum metritis in mares is a life-threatening condition associated with severe clinical signs due to endotoxemia, and it is often followed by complications such as laminitis. Repeated large-volume uterine lavages are commonly recommended as a part of the treatment protocol to remove endotoxin-laden contents from the uterus. It has, however, also been suggested that lavages may increase the uptake of endotoxin into the circulation, leading to a deterioration of clinical signs. Endotoxemia is associated with the release of a multitude of inflammatory mediators regulating the immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate if uterine lavage influences serum levels of the inflammation markers soluble CD14 (sCD14), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and interleukin (IL)-10 in mares with postpartum metritis. Serum samples were collected from eight mares treated for metritis at a university teaching hospital. Mares with fever, tachycardia, and/or leukopenia and hemosanguineous or purulent intrauterine fluid within 1 week of foaling were included in the study. Serum samples were taken before uterine lavage and 15 and 30 minutes after starting the lavage. The concentrations of sCD14, CCL2, and IL-10 were determined with a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. There were no significant differences between sCD14, CCL2, or IL-10 levels at different sampling times. Heart rate was significantly lower after uterine lavage than before. The differences in body temperature and leukocyte count before and after lavage were not significant. In conclusion, uterine lavage had no immediate effect on the serum concentration of sCD14, CCL2, or IL-10, nor did it affect clinical parameters negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Tukia
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kirsi Vainio
- University Equine Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Mönki
- University Equine Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kareskoski
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.
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19
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Schoos A, Chantziaras I, Vandenabeele J, Biebaut E, Meyer E, Cools A, Devreese M, Maes D. Prophylactic Use of Meloxicam and Paracetamol in Peripartal Sows Suffering From Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:603719. [PMID: 33426024 PMCID: PMC7793981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.603719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS) is a major economic problem in modern sow farms. General treatment of PPDS consists of the use of oxytocin to promote milk ejection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate inflammatory processes. So far, studies investigated the use of a single administration of NSAIDs after parturition in healthy and non-healthy sows. The current study investigated whether administration of meloxicam or paracetamol in sows prior to parturition improves sow and piglet health as well as performance in a farm with PPDS problems in sows. Sixty sows and 978 piglets from a Belgian farrow-to-finish farm were enrolled. Sows were randomly divided into three groups: a non-treated control group, a meloxicam-treated group and a paracetamol-treated group. Treatment was administered orally for 7 days from gestation day 113 onwards. Performance and health parameters investigated in sows were gestation length, farrowing duration, litter characteristics, colostrum yield and quality (Immunoglobulin G), litter weight gain, weaning-to-estrus interval, pregnancy rate, rectal temperature, acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, interferon γ, interleukin 1β and 6 backfat, constipation and feed refusal. Performance and health parameters in piglets were birthweight, average daily weight gain, colostrum intake and mortality. Paracetamol-treated sows showed a significantly (P = 0.04) lower rectal temperature (mean ± SD: 38.09 ± 0.18°C) than the meloxicam-treated sows (38.24 ± 0.18°C), but not than the control group (38.22 ± 0.18°C). Sows of the paracetamol-treated group had a significantly (P = 0.001) longer gestation length (116.3 ± 0.9 days) than sows of the control group (115.3 ± 0.6 days), but not than meloxicam-treated sows (115.9 ± 0.9 days). No significant differences between the three groups were found for all the other parameters. In conclusion, the prophylactic oral administration of either meloxicam or paracetamol for 7 days starting 2 days prior to farrowing did not show beneficial effects on both health and performance parameters of sows and piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schoos
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Unit of Social Sciences, Fisheries and Food, Research Institute for Agriculture, Melle, Belgium
| | - Jordy Vandenabeele
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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20
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Peltoniemi O, Oliviero C, Yun J, Grahofer A, Björkman S. Management practices to optimize the parturition process in the hyperprolific sow. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S96-S106. [PMID: 32810239 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Claudio Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Jinhyeon Yun
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Alexander Grahofer
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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21
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Kemper N. Update on postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S117-S125. [PMID: 32810252 PMCID: PMC7433910 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kemper
- Institute of Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3210. [PMID: 32081946 PMCID: PMC7035255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme (LZM) is a natural anti-bacterial protein that is found in the saliva, tears and milk of all mammals including humans. Its anti-bacterial properties result from the ability to cleave bacterial cell walls, causing bacterial death. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary LZM on fecal microbial composition and variation in metabolites in sow. The addition of LZM decreased the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Zonulin and endotoxin in the serum, and feces, were decreased with lysozyme supplementation. Furthermore, fecal concentrations of lipocalin-2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were also decreased while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by lysozyme supplementation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region suggested that fecal microbial levels changed at different taxonomic levels with the addition of LZM. Representative changes included the reduction of diversity between sows, decreased Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and Spirochaetes during lactation as well as an increase in Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that dietary lysozyme supplementation from late gestation to lactation promote microbial changes, which would potentially be the mechanisms by which maternal metabolites and inflammatory status was altered after LZM supplementation.
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23
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Peltoniemi O, Björkman S, Oropeza-Moe M, Oliviero C. Developments of reproductive management and biotechnology in the pig. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:524-538. [PMID: 32435295 PMCID: PMC7234181 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe changes in production environment, management tools and technology to alleviate problems seen with the present hyperprolific sow model. Successful parturition in the pig includes the possibility to express adequate maternal behaviour, rapid expulsion of piglets, complete expulsion of placenta, elimination of uterine contamination and debris, neonatal activity and colostrum intake. We focus on management of large litters, including maternal behaviour, ease of parturition, colostrum production, piglet quality parameters and intermittent suckling. There are also some interesting developments in technology to assess colostrum and immune state of the piglet. These developments may be utilized to improve the success rate of reproductive management around farrowing, lactation and after weaning. We also discuss new insights in how to examine the health of the mammary gland, uterus and ovaries of hyperprolific sows. Finally, we assess the latest developments on breeding and technology of hyperprolific sows, including artificial insemination (AI), real-time ultrasound of the genital tract and embryo transfer (ET). We conclude that 1) for the sow to produce sufficient colostrum, both the behavioural and physiological needs of the sow need to be met before and after parturition. Furthermore, 2) new ultrasound and biopsy technology can be effectively applied for accurate diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the udder and uterus and timing of AI regarding ovulation to improve insemination efficiency. Finally, 3) developments in cryopreservation of germ cells and embryos appear promising but lack of valid oocyte collection techniques and nonsurgical ET techniques are a bottleneck to commercial ET. These latest developments in management of parturition and reproductive technology are necessary to cope with the increasing challenges associated with very large litter sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Peltoniemi
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Stefan Björkman
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Claudio Oliviero
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Kaiser M, Jacobson M, Bækbo P, Dahl J, Jacobsen S, Guo YZ, Larsen T, Andersen PH. Lack of evidence of mastitis as a causal factor for postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:250-263. [PMID: 32704984 PMCID: PMC6994082 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of mastitis in sows suffering from postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS), we examined milk constituents and concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained from the udder vein (v. epigastrica). As part of a case-cohort study, 109 sows were monitored daily from 60 h antepartum (a.p.) to 36 h postpartum (p.p.). Over time, 38 sows were diagnosed with PDS (PDS+) and were retrospectively matched with 38 healthy sows (PDS-). The study period was divided into 7 smaller time periods (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and E), allowing the studied values, in period B to G, to be compared with period A that served as a baseline, and PDS+ and PDS- sows were compared within the time periods. All sows were subjected to a thorough daily clinical examination and blood was sampled from v. epigastrica for LPS detection. Milk samples were obtained for bacteriological evaluation and detection of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (β-glu; for evaluation of mastitis), isocitrate (isoC), free glucose, uric acid (UA; for evaluation of the mammary energy status), β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA; for evaluation of ketosis), and milk urea (for evaluation of the protein status). The results revealed that PDS+ sows had decreased concentrations of UA in milk (P < 0.0001), increased heart rates (P < 0.01), increased mammary edema (P < 0.05), and prolonged capillary refill time in the vulvar mucosa (P < 0.01) compared with PDS- sows. Compared with baseline, feces became more solid 0 to 36 h p.p. (P < 0.0001) and the respiration rate decreased 12 to 24 h p.p. (P < 0.0001) for both PDS+ and PDS- sows. No differences were found between PDS+ and PDS- sows for severe bacterial infections, concentrations of LPS in blood or LDH, NAGase, BHBA, free glucose, isoC, or urea in milk. Concentrations of LPS in blood were not associated with signs of mastitis or edema in the mammary glands. However, a difference over time was seen for redness (P < 0.0001), warmth (P < 0.0001), and hardness (P < 0.05) of the 6 most anterior glands in both PDS+ and PDS- sows from 60 h a.p to 36 h p.p. The PDS- sows had greater concentrations of β-glu than the PDS+ sows, but no change over time was demonstrated for this marker. In conclusion, signs of mastitis were not consistently linked to PDS in sows. However, the cardiovascular system seemed to be compromised in PDS+ sows and the cause should be investigated to elucidate the pathogenesis of PDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Yong Z Guo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Pia H Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Hasan S, Orro T, Valros A, Junnikkala S, Peltoniemi O, Oliviero C. Factors affecting sow colostrum yield and composition, and their impact on piglet growth and health. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Arjona M, Rubio CP, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Application of a score for evaluation of pain, distress and discomfort in pigs with lameness and prolapses: correlation with saliva biomarkers and severity of the disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:155-163. [PMID: 31494378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A score system was used to evaluate pain, distress and discomfort in healthy pigs and pigs with two different diseases: lameness and rectal prolapse. In addition, correlations between the results of this score and a panel of salivary biomarkers and severity of disease were studied. This panel included biomarkers of stress (cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), total esterase activity (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipase (Lip)), immunity (adenosine deaminase isozymes 1 (ADA1) and 2 (ADA2)) and oxidative status (uric acid (UA), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)). Based on their score, diseased animals were subdivided in those without and with evident pain. Lame pigs and prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher salivary levels of cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA1 and ADA2 compared with the healthy pigs. In addition, the prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher levels of FRAS, AOPP and H2O2 compared with the healthy animals. Salivary cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA isozymes 1 and 2, FRAS and AOPP correlated with the pain score. This five-point pain score system can be easily applied to lame and prolapsed pigs, and salivary biomarkers could be used as an additional tool for pain assessment in those pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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27
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Sajjanar B, Trakooljul N, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. DNA methylation analysis of porcine mammary epithelial cells reveals differentially methylated loci associated with immune response against Escherichia coli challenge. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:623. [PMID: 31366318 PMCID: PMC6670134 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic changes such as cytosine (CpG) DNA methylations regulate gene expression patterns in response to environmental cues including infections. Microbial infections induce DNA methylations that play a potential role in modulating host-immune response. In the present study, we sought to determine DNA methylation changes induced by the mastitis causing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMEC). Two time points (3 h and 24 h) were selected based on specific transcriptomic changes during the early and late immune responses, respectively. Results DNA methylation analysis revealed 561 and 898 significant (P < 0.01) differentially methylated CpG sites at 3 h and 24 h after E. coli challenge in PMEC respectively. These CpG sites mapped to genes that have functional roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Significantly, hypomethylated CpG sites were found in the promoter regions of immune response genes such as SDF4, SRXN1, CSF1 and CXCL14. The quantitative transcript estimation indicated higher expression associated with the DNA CpG methylation observed in these immune response genes. Further, E. coli challenge significantly reduced the expression levels of DNMT3a, a subtype of de novo DNA methylation enzyme, in PMEC indicating the probable reason for the hypomethylation observed in the immune response genes. Conclusions Our study revealed E. coli infection induced DNA methylation loci in the porcine genome. The differentially methylated CpGs were identified in the regulatory regions of genes that play important role in immune response. These results will help to understand epigenetic mechanisms for immune regulation during coliform mastitis in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5976-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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28
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Kaiser M, Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Theil PK, Jacobson M. Hormonal and metabolic indicators before and after farrowing in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:334. [PMID: 30404636 PMCID: PMC6223068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is difficult to diagnose and the pathogenesis is obscure. Hormonal changes related to the disease are often difficult to distinguish from those found in the normal transition period from gestation to lactation. The study aimed to investigate metabolic and hormonal changes related to PDS with the goal of identifying potential biomarkers in sows suffering from PDS (PDS+). Selected biomarkers were examined by comparing 38 PDS+ sows with 38 PDS negative (PDS-) sows. The sows were sampled every 24 h from 60 h ante partum (a.p.) to 36 h post partum (p.p.). RESULTS Compared to the baseline (60 to 36 h a.p.), cortisol in serum and saliva and fasting blood glucose concentrations increased in PDS+ as well as PDS- sows. C-peptide decreased relative to the baseline in PDS+ sows, and prolactin and 8-epi prostaglandin F2 alpha (8-epi-PGF2α) decreased in PDS- sows. Concentrations of cortisol in serum and saliva, salivary chromogranin A (CgA), fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, and 8-epi-PGF2α differed significantly between PDS+ and PDS- sows, with levels of cortisol in serum and saliva, salivary CgA, and 8-epi-PGF2α in serum being different in the two groups already before parturition. Concentrations of salivary CgA were significantly lower in PDS- sows than in PDS+ sows during the entire study period. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that salivary CgA, cortisol and serum 8-epi-PGF2α may potentially serve as early diagnostic indicators for PDS. The consistently higher salivary CgA concentration in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows may indicate that homeostatic disturbances are present between 36 to 60 h before parturition in sows developing PDS. The higher serum and saliva cortisol concentration in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows could reflect an early sign of inflammation or stress. The significantly lower C-peptide in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows may reflect a lower food intake. Our results contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of PDS, and the homeostatic disturbances detected before parturition warrants further investigation. The diagnostic potential of the markers identified in this study should be investigated further in a larger population of sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science - Molecular nutrition and reproduction, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Kaiser M, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Jacobsen S. Correction to: Inflammatory markers before and after farrowing in healthy sows and in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:175. [PMID: 29859077 PMCID: PMC5984813 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - M Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P H Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Center, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - J J Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - D Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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