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Peng Q, Shi J, Lang Y, Zhu Y, Huang X, Cao S, Yan Q, Zhao S. Phylogenetic Analysis and Serological Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Indicates Frequent Infection with Various Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15850. [PMID: 37958833 PMCID: PMC10649267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are notorious for triggering severe diseases in pigs and causing serious economic losses to the swine industry. In the present study, we undertook a comprehensive approach for the investigation of PCV prevalence, including the phylogenetic analysis of obtained PCV sequences, the determination of major circulating genotypes and serological screening based on different recombinant Cap proteins with specific immunoreactivity. Epidemiological surveillance data indicate that PCV2d and PCV3a are widely distributed in Southwest China, while PCV4 has only sporadic circulation. Meanwhile, serological investigations showed high PCV2 antibody positivity in collected serum samples (>50%), followed by PCV4 (nearly 50%) and PCV3 (30-35%). The analysis supports different circulation patterns of PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4 and illustrates the PCV2/PCV3 genetic evolution characteristics on a nationwide basis. Taken together, our findings add up to the current understanding of PCV epidemiology and provide new tools and insight for PCV antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiqiang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yulan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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2
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Jiao Q, Yang L, Liu X, Wen Y, Tian L, Qian P, Chen H, Li X. Isolation and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice from Guangxi province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:195. [PMID: 37644571 PMCID: PMC10466715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae, is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). PCV2 was first detected in PK-15(ATCC-CCL) cells in 1974, which has caused significant economic loss to the swine industry throughout the world. And the first case of PCV2 was reported in China in 2000. At present, PCV2d is the main genotype circulating widely in China. METHODS Lymph samples were obtained from piglets with emaciation and respiratory disease in Guangxi province, China. The main pathogens were detected via PCR from lymph samples, and then PCV2-single positive samples were used to inoculate with PK-15 cells. After successive generations, the isolate was subsequently identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The full-length genome and genetic characterization of isolates were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The TCID50 of the PCV2-GX-6 was determined by IFA, and the pathogenicity of PCV2 in BALB/c mice was analyzed via the mouse model. RESULTS The isolates were successfully isolated from clinical samples. The complete genome of PCV2-GX-4, PCV2-GX-6, PCV2-GX-7, PCV2-GX-11 and PCV2-GX-16 have been amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (accession no.: OR133747, OQ803314, OR133748, OR133749, OR133750). Homology and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains showed that the isolates belonged to the PCV2d genotype. The PCV2-GX-6 could be stably passaged more than 30 times in PK-15 cells. PCV2-GX-6 was identified by PCR, IFA, WB and TEM. The results of homology showed that PCV2-GX-6 was closely related to the reference strains PCV2-JS17-8 (GenBank accession no.: MH211363). Pathogenicity studies in mice have shown that PCV2-GX-6 can lead to growth inhibition of mice. Meanwhile PCV2-GX-6 caused the typical lesions of spleen, lung and kidney. The results of qPCR showed that PCV2 can effectively proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. CONCLUSION PCV2-GX-6 can successfully infect BLAB/c mice, effectively proliferate in major organs, and possessed high pathogenicity. In conclusion, combined with the genotype and pathogenicity of PCV2d currently prevalent, PCV2-GX-6 can be used as a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Liuyue Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanwen Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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3
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Maity HK, Samanta K, Deb R, Gupta VK. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1308. [PMID: 37631876 PMCID: PMC10457769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a-i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
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4
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Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010029. [PMID: 36669030 PMCID: PMC9860698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus (PCV) is an important swine disease that is characterized by porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome, and reproductive disorders in sows. However, disease caused by PCV2, PCV3, or PCV4 is hard to distinguish, so a rapid and sensitive detection method is urgently needed to differentiate these three types. In this study, four pairs of specific primers and the corresponding probes for PCV 2, -3, and -4, and porcine endogenous gene β-Actin as the positive internal reference index, were designed to establish a TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous differential diagnosis of different types of viruses. The results showed that this assay has good specificity and no cross-reactivity with other important porcine viral pathogens. Furthermore, it has high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 101 copies/μL, and good reproducibility, with intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation below 2%. Subsequently, 535 clinical samples of suspected sow reproductive disorders collected from Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed using the established assay. The results showed that the individual positive rates of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rates of PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PCV4, and PCV3 and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rate of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 was 28.22%. This indicated that this assay provides a convenient tool for the rapid detection and differentiation of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in pig farms in East China. Our findings highlight that there are different types of porcine circovirus infection in pig farms in East China, which makes pig disease prevention and control difficult.
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5
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Li W, Li J, Dai X, Liu M, Khalique A, Wang Z, Zeng Y, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng D, Jing B, Pan K. Surface Display of porcine circovirus type 2 antigen protein cap on the spores of bacillus subtilis 168: An effective mucosal vaccine candidate. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007202. [PMID: 36189301 PMCID: PMC9520567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosal vaccine has great potential in preventing a series of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. This study constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis RB with PCV2 Capsid protein (Cap) on its spore surface and cotB as a fusion partner. The immune properties of the recombinant strain were evaluated in a mouse model. IgA in intestinal contents and IgG in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that recombinant spores could activate strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. In addition, spores showed good mucosal immune adjuvant function, promoting the proliferation of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immune cells. We also found that the relative expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN in the small intestinal mucosa was significantly up-regulated under the stimulation of recombinant bacteriophage. These effects are important for the balance of Th1/Th2-like responses. In summary, our results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis RB as a feed additive provides a new strategy for the development of novel and safe PCV2 mucosal subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Kangcheng Pan,
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6
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Doan HTT, Do RT, Thao PTP, Le XTK, Nguyen KT, Hien NTT, Duc LM, Pham LTK, Le TH. Molecular genotypic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 reveals the predominance of PCV2d in Vietnam (2018-2020) and the association between PCV2h, the recombinant forms, and Vietnamese vaccines. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2011-2026. [PMID: 35794492 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus ORF2 (Cap protein) from 17 PCV2-positive clinical samples from nine different northern Vietnamese provinces (Mar 2018-Nov 2020), four local vaccines, and 77 reference strains. We identified one PCV2a (1/17 = 5.9%), five PCV2b (5/17 = 29.9%), and 11 PCV2d (11/17 = 64.7%) isolates, while only PCV2d was detected in 2020. Timeline analysis indicated an increasing predominance of PCV2d nationwide (2018-2020). With strong nodal support (98% for nucleotides and 74% for amino acids), the phylogenetic tree topology revealed a distinct PCV2h clade including recombinant/intermediate strains and local vaccines. The Cap protein sequences from 11 PCV2d field strains had the 2d-genotype-typical motif 86SNPLSV91 in loop CD, the motif TGID in loop GH-HI, and the motif 230PLNPK234 in loop CT. The PCV2h isolates (and vaccines) had the 86SNPLSV91, SAID, and 230L(N/H)PK234 motifs. Selection pressure analysis indicated positive selection at seven sites: A68N in immunoreactive region (IRR)-A; 119G and 130V in IRR-B; and 167L, T190(A/S), 194D and 202F in IRR-C. We identified PCV2h as the genotype of the recombinant strains, which resulted from intergenotype recombination of PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. The current data provide new information about the diversity, distribution, and dominance of the PCV2 genotype in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Phuong Thao
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hien
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luu Minh Duc
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Khanh Pham
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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7
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CAO MX, WANG XR, HU WY, YIN D, REN CZ, CHEN SY, YU ML, WEI YY, HU TJ. Regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation induced by porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:600-609. [PMID: 35125373 PMCID: PMC9096040 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) exists widely in swine populations worldwide, and healthy PCV2 virus carriers have enhanced the severity of the infection, which is becoming more difficult to control. This study investigated the regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation modification induced by PCV2 in vitro and in mice. In vitro, PNS significantly increased the scavenging capacities of superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced by PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2). In addition, PNS decreased the protein expression level of histone H4 acetylation (Ac-H4) by increasing the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells. In vivo, PNS enhanced the scavenging capacities of •OH and O2•- and reduced the content of H2O2 in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PNS also reduced the protein expression level of histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) by reducing the activity of histone acetylase (HAT) and increasing the activity of HDAC in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PCV2 infection activated oxidative stress and histone acetylation in vitro and in mice, but PNS ameliorated this oxidative stress. The research can provide experimental basis for exploring the antioxidant effect and the regulation of histone acetylation of PNS on PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells and mice in vitro and in vivo, and provide new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Xia CAO
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Rui WANG
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen-Yue HU
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan YIN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Chun-Zhi REN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Yu CHEN
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular
Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University,
Foshan, China
| | - Mei-Ling YU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying-Yi WEI
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting-Jun HU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
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8
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Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of PCV2 Reveals That PCV2e Is an Emerging Genotype in Southern China: A Preliminary Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040724. [PMID: 35458454 PMCID: PMC9026887 DOI: 10.3390/v14040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), has ravaged the pig industry, causing huge economic loss. At present, PCV2b and PCV2d are highly prevalent genotypes worldwide, while in China, in addition to PCV2b and PCV2d, a newly emerged PCV2e genotype detected in the Fujian province has attracted attention, indicating that PCV2 genotypes in China are more abundant. A preliminary study was conducted to better understand the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 genotypes in southern China. We collected 79 random lung samples from pigs with respiratory signs, from 2018 to 2021. We found a PCV2-positivity rate of 29.1%, and frequent co-infections of PCV2 with PCV3, Streptococcus suis (S. suis), and other porcine pathogens. All PCV2-positive samples were sequenced and subjected to whole-genome analysis. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the PCV2 ORF2 gene and complete genomes, found that PCV2 strains identified in this study belonged to genotypes PCV2a (1), PCV2b (6), PCV2d (10), and PCV2e (6). Importantly, PCV2e was identified for the first time in some provinces, including Guangdong and Jiangxi. Additionally, we found two positively selected sites in the ORF2 region, located on the previously reported antigenic epitopes. Moreover, codon 63, one of the positively selected sites, has different types of amino acids in different genotypes. In conclusion, this study shows that PCV2e is an emerging genotype circulating in southern China, which warrants urgent, specific surveillance to aid the development of prevention and control strategies in China.
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9
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Li C, Gong B, Sun Q, Xu H, Zhao J, Xiang L, Tang YD, Leng C, Li W, Guo Z, Fu J, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhou G, Yu Y, Meng F, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhang H. First Detection of NADC34-like PRRSV as a Main Epidemic Strain on a Large Farm in China. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010032. [PMID: 35055980 PMCID: PMC8778757 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged sublineage 1.5 (NADC34-like) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has posed a direct threat to the Chinese pig industry since 2018. However, the prevalence and impact of NADC34-like PRRSV on Chinese pig farms is unclear. In the present study, we continuously monitored pathogens—including PRRSV, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)—on a fattening pig farm with strict biosecurity practices located in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that multiple types of PRRSV coexisted on a single pig farm. NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSVs were the predominant strains on this pig farm. Importantly, NADC34-like PRRSV—detected during the period of peak mortality—was one of the predominant strains on this pig farm. Sequence alignment suggested that these strains shared the same 100 aa deletion in the NSP2 protein as IA/2014/NADC34 isolated from the United States (U.S.) in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on open reading frame 5 (ORF5) showed that the genetic diversity of NADC34-like PRRSV on this farm was relatively singular, but it had a relatively high rate of evolution. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis showed that almost all ORF5 RFLPs were 1-7-4, with one 1-4-4. In addition, two complete genomes of NADC34-like PRRSVs were sequenced. Recombination analysis and sequence alignment demonstrated that both viruses, with 98.9% nucleotide similarity, were non-recombinant viruses. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSVs on a large-scale breeding farm in northern China for the first time. These results will help to reveal the impact of NADC34-like PRRSVs on Chinese pig farms, and provide a reference for the detection and further prevention and control of NADC34-like PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (B.G.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (J.Z.); (L.X.); (Y.-D.T.); (W.L.); (Z.G.); (J.F.); (J.P.); (Q.W.); (G.Z.); (F.M.); (T.A.); (X.C.); (Z.-J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13624503578
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10
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Do DT, Tran KDV, Quach AT, Lee D, Chang FC, Wu CP, Tat TN, Chae C. A comparative efficacy test of 1 versus 2 doses of CIRCOQ PCV2 subunit vaccine against naturally occurring PCV2-type d in piglets with high maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) on a Vietnamese swine farm. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:93-100. [PMID: 33883815 PMCID: PMC7995537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of the CIRCOQ porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine in piglets with high maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) against disease caused by natural infection with PCV2d. A total of 130 weaned, 21-day-old healthy pigs was allocated into 3 trial groups. The signs of respiratory disorder were higher in unvaccinated pigs than in vaccinated pigs at 13 to 17 weeks old (P < 0.05), 18 to 22 weeks old (P < 0.001), and 23 to 27 weeks old (P < 0.01). The unvaccinated pigs had an early rate of dermatitis at 8 to 12 weeks old (10.0%), 13 to 17 weeks old (30.0%), 18 to 22 weeks old (46.7%), and 23 to 27 weeks old (33.3%), while there were no cases of dermatitis in vaccinated pigs. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the mortality of pigs in the unvaccinated group and the 2-dosed vaccinated group. PCV2 viremia was detected in the blood and peaked at 105 days old in both unvaccinated pigs (Ct-adj = 8.40) and pigs vaccinated with 1 dose (Ct-adj = 6.37), while no detectable PCV2 virus was found in the blood of pigs vaccinated with 2 doses. At 77 and 105 days old, the PCV2 viremia load (Ct-adj) of unvaccinated pigs and those vaccinated with 1 dose was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the 2-dosed vaccinated pigs. The body weight (BW), average weight gain (AWG), and average daily gain (ADG) in both groups of vaccinated pigs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated pigs. The study vaccine was significantly efficacious in protecting vaccinated pigs against clinical symptoms, blood viral load, and mortality, as well as improving productivity, compared with unvaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Do
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Khanh Doan Vinh Tran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Anh Tuyet Quach
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - David Lee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Frank Cj Chang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Carol Py Wu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Toan Nguyen Tat
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Duy, Khanh, Anh, Toan); Reber Genetics, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Lee, Chang, Wu); Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Chae)
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11
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Dinh PX, Nguyen MN, Nguyen HT, Tran VH, Tran QD, Dang KH, Vo DT, Le HT, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TT, Do DT. Porcine circovirus genotypes and their copathogens in pigs with respiratory disease in southern provinces of Vietnam. Arch Virol 2021; 166:403-411. [PMID: 33392818 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and its coinfecting pathogens in pigs with respiratory disease in Vietnam. Samples from 127 clinical cases were obtained from different southern provinces of Vietnam from January 2018 to January 2020 for PCR and sequence analysis. The infection rate of PCV2 was 78.8%, and the major pathogens found in coinfections with PCV2 were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Haemophilus parasuis. Forty-three PCV2-positive clinical samples were selected for amplification and sequencing of the ORF2 region. Phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 ORF2 showed that five of the sequences belonged to PCV2b (11.6%) and 38 belonged to PCV2d (88.4%), indicating that PCV2d strains were predominant in southern provinces of Vietnam. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of the PCV2 capsid protein revealed polymorphic sites in the antibody recognition regions. This study demonstrates the prevalence of the PCV2d genotype in southern Vietnam and presents a comprehensive overview of the coinfecting pathogens associated with PCV2 in young pigs with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phat Xuan Dinh
- Biotechnology Department, Nong Lam University HCMC, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Minh Nam Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hien The Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hoang Tran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vietnam, 39 Le Duan Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Quy Dinh Tran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vietnam, 39 Le Duan Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Kim Hoang Dang
- Sanphar Vietnam Co. Ltd., 59, Xuan Thuy Street, Thao Dien Ward, District 2, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Dai Tan Vo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thanh Le
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nam Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Toan Tat Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tien Do
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
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12
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Song S, Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Kim SY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060457. [PMID: 32526932 PMCID: PMC7350290 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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13
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Lv Q, Wang T, Deng J, Chen Y, Yan Q, Wang D, Zhu Y. Genomic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 from southern China. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:875-889. [PMID: 32510830 PMCID: PMC7738708 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as virulent porcine pathogen and has been linked to porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). However, there remain many unknowns regarding the spread and epidemic growth of PCV2. Methods To assess the genetic diversity of PCV2 in the southern China, a total of 92 sequences of PCV2 strains from this region were retrieved from GenBank and were subjected to amino acid variation and phylogenetic analyses together with 28 representative sequences, based on the sequence of the ORF2 gene, from different swine‐producing countries. Results All 92 PCV2 strains shared between 93.7% and 100% sequence similarity and could be divided into four genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2d and PCV2h), of which PCV2d had surpassed PCV2b and became the most prevalent PCV2 genotype in this region. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the capsid protein revealed that the obtained PCV2 strains possess two major heterogenic regions/hypervariable regions (positions 52–68 and 185–191), which were within or close to the epitopic regions in the capsid (Cap) protein. Meanwhile, the 92 PCV2 sequences also show evidence of at least five unique recombination events. Conclusion The data in this study indicate that the PCV2 strains in the southern China are undergoing constant genetic variation and that the predominant strain and its antigenic epitopes in this area have been gradually changing in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Jiahua Deng
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China
| | - Qiu Yan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China
| | - Daobo Wang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin, PR China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, PR China
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14
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Wang HY, Song JK, Shin S, Kim H. Comparison of Multiplex Real-Time PCR and PCR-Reverse Blot Hybridization Assays for the Direct and Rapid Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Genotypes. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:200. [PMID: 32426379 PMCID: PMC7204941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), poses a serious economic threat for the swine industry. Currently, PCV2 is classified into five major genotypes: PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, PCV2d, and PCV2e. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of two commercially available methods, multiplex real-time PCR assay and PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA), for the rapid detection of PCV2 and direct identification of PCV2 genotypes from clinical samples as well as to compare the results with that of sequence analysis. Molecular diagnostic methods were used to evaluate a total of 180 samples, including tissues and blood samples from pigs that were suspected of PCVAD infection. The results of this study showed that the detection rate for positive PCV2 was 48.3% (n = 87) in both multiplex real-time PCR and PCR-REBA methods. Using sequence analysis, which is the gold standard, and multiplex real time PCR assay, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of PCV2 genotyping were found to be 97.1% (n = 67, 95% CI 0.894–0.998, p < 0.001), 100% (n = 93, 95% CI 0.966–1.000, p < 0.001), 100% (95% CI 0.953–1.000, p < 0.001), 97.9% (95% CI 0.921–0.998, p < 0.001), respectively. The results of PCR-REBA were found to be consistent with those of sequence analysis for all the samples and showed good agreement (κ = 1). The most prevalent genotypes detected in this study were PCV2d (n = 53, 60.9%), followed by PCV2a (n = 17, 19.5%), PCV2b (n = 14, 16.1%), and PCV2a/b co-infection (n = 3, 3.5%). Both the methods required ~3 h for completion. Therefore, we conclude that two molecular methods are rapid and reliable for the characterization of the causative pathogen with PCV2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joong Ki Song
- Optipharm Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Cheongju-Si, South Korea
| | - Seongho Shin
- Optipharm Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Cheongju-Si, South Korea
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Optipharm, Inc., Cheongju-Si, South Korea
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15
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Tseng YH, Hsieh CC, Kuo TY, Liu JR, Hsu TY, Hsieh SC. Construction of a Lactobacillus plantarum Strain Expressing the Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2d (PCV2d) as an Oral Vaccine. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:490-499. [PMID: 31762513 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogenic virus that causes high rates of porcine death, resulting in severe economic losses to the swine industry. In recent years, the prevalence of PCV2d genotype infection in pigs has increased, but most commercially available vaccines were developed against the PCV2a strain and do not ensure complete protection from PCV2d. Here, we first constructed an expression vector for the antigenic ORF2-encoded capsid protein of PCV2d (pLp3050-His6-tag-capsid). We then utilized Lactobacillus plantarum to express the protein at mucosal sites in orally vaccinated mice. After transducing L. plantarum with pLp3050-His6-tag-capsid, the expressed protein could be found in cell wall and cell-free supernatant fractions by Western blotting. Using flow cytometry, we found that L. plantarum cells with surface-displayed capsid protein increased with time after SppIP induction. Finally, mice that were orally immunized 18 times with capsid-expressing L. plantarum showed increased levels of capsid-specific sIgA and virus neutralizing activity at mucosal sites, suggesting mucosal immunity had been stimulated by the vaccine. Overall, our findings demonstrate the feasibility and utility of a PCV2d-based vaccine, which may be of great value in porcine agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Tseng
- 1Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1. Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chu Hsieh
- 2Biologics Division, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City, 25158 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- 3Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, 26047 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- 4Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1. Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Yu Hsu
- 5Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Chen Hsieh
- 1Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1. Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Opriessnig T, Castro AMMG, Karuppanan AK, Gauger PC, Halbur PG, Matzinger SR, Meng XJ. A Porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b)-based experimental vaccine is effective in the PCV2b-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae coinfection pig model. Vaccine 2019; 37:6688-6695. [PMID: 31537445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the major swine pathogens causing high economic losses due to PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD). PCV2 infection is not only immunosuppressive by damaging lymphoid tissues but is also exacerbated by co-infections with other pathogens including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. While PCV2 can be divided into several genotypes, currently only PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d are globally prevalent and considered of major importance. Most commercial PCV2 vaccines are based on PCV2a isolates; however, the high prevalence of PCV2b and PCV2d in the global pig population is raising concerns among pig veterinarians. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental PCV2b-based subunit vaccine in a combined PCV2b and M. hyopneumoniae coinfection model. Briefly, a total of 49 PCV2- and M. hyopneumoniae-free 3-week-old pigs were randomly divided into four groups: A non-vaccinated, non-infected NEG-CONTROL group, a non-vaccinated, PCV2b-infected, POS-CONTROL group, and two vaccinated and PCV2b-infected groups (SINGLE-VAC, DUAL-VAC). SINGLE-VAC and DUAL-VAC pigs were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age and DUAL-VAC pigs received a booster dose at 5 weeks of age. All pigs, except NEG-CONTROLs, were experimentally infected with M. hyopneumoniae 28 days after initial vaccination and challenged with PCV2b one week later. The pigs were necropsied 21 days after PCV2b challenge. Prior to PCV2b challenge, both vaccinated groups had detectable humoral and cell-medicated immune responses to PCV2. Vaccination significantly reduced PCV2b viremia and also reduced or eliminated PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions compared to the POS-CONTROL pigs. Under the study conditions, an experimental PCV2b vaccine protected conventional growing pigs against PCV2b viremia and associated lesions in a coinfection model with some advantages of the two-dose regimen versus the one dose regimen. Both protocols induced neutralizing antibodies against PCV2a and PCV2d prior to challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Alessandra M M G Castro
- Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitana Unidas, Veterinária, Real Parque, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anbu K Karuppanan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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17
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Sun W, Wang W, Xin J, Cao L, Zhuang X, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Qin Y, Du Q, Han Z, Lu H, Zheng M, Jin N. An epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus 3 infection in dogs in the Guangxi Province from 2015 to 2017, China. Virus Res 2019; 270:197663. [PMID: 31301332 PMCID: PMC7114628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first seroprevalence and genetic investigation of PCV3 in dogs in the Guangxi province, China. This work is the first in the world to obtain the complete genome of dog PCV3. These PCV3 strains from the Guangxi province help to determine that PCV3 from dog origin and pig origin are from different branches.
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging circovirus species associated with several diseases. The study aimed to investigate the frequency of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and its coinfection with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) in dogs in the Guangxi province from 2015 to 2017, China, and to examine the genome diversity of PCV3. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing, 96 of 406 (23.6%)samples were positive for PCV3, 38 out of 406 (9.4%) samples were coinfected with both PCV3 and CPV-2. The CPV-positive rate was significantly higher in the PCV3-positive samples than in the non-PCV3 samples, and the difference was extremely significant (P < 0.01). The complete genome (n=4) and ten capsid genes (n=10) of PCV3 were sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment results showed that these sequences shared 98.5–100% nucleotide similarity with the reference genome sequence and 97.5–100% nucleotide similarity with the reference capsid gene sequence. PCV3 was classified into two different genotypes, according to phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome. These strains were clustered in PCV3a, showing a close relationship with PCV3-US/SD2016. Surprisingly, we separately analyzed these PCV3 strains from the Guangxi province and found that the dog and pig PCV3 are from different branches. In summary, this was the first seroprevalence and genetic investigation of PCV3 in dogs in the Guangxi province, China, and the first complete genome PCV3 from dogs obtained in the world. The results provide insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this important virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhao Qin
- Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
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