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Wu Y, Xie Q, Wu L, Li Z, Li X, Zhang L, Zhang B. Identification of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Gene 2024; 915:148436. [PMID: 38579904 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is originating from oral mucosal epithelial cells. Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment by promoting cellular self-degradation and eliminating damaged components, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we aim to identify a novel autophagy-related biomarker to improve OSCC therapy. METHODS We firstly utilized Cox and Lasso analyses to identify that ATF6 is associated with OSCC prognosis, and validated the results by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We further identified the downstream pathways and related genes by enrichment analysis and WGCNA analysis. Subsequently, we used short interfering RNA to investigate the effects of ATF6 knockdown on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy in SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells through cell viability assay, transwell assay, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, etc. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses showed that ATF6 overexpression was associated with prognosis and detrimental to survival. In vitro studies verified that ATF6 knockdown reduced OSCC cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, ATF6 knockdown could promote cellular autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION We propose that ATF6 holds potential as a prognostic biomarker linked to autophagy in OSCC. This study provides valuable clues for further exploration of targeted therapy against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- CHN ENERGY Digital Intelligence Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
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2
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Rives D, Peak C, Blenner MA. RNASeq highlights ATF6 pathway regulators for CHO cell engineering with different impacts of ATF6β and WFS1 knockdown on fed-batch production of IgG 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14141. [PMID: 38898154 PMCID: PMC11187196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretion levels required of industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines can challenge endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and ER stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins can be a bottleneck in biomanufacturing. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to restore homeostasis in response to ER stress, and optimization of the UPR can improve CHO cell production of therapeutic proteins. We compared the fed-batch growth, production characteristics, and transcriptomic response of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) producer to its parental, non-producing host cell line. We conducted differential gene expression analysis using high throughput RNA sequencing (RNASeq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to study the ER stress response of each cell line during fed-batch culture. The UPR was activated in the IgG1 producer compared to the host cell line and our analysis of differential expression profiles indicated transient upregulation of ATF6α target mRNAs in the IgG1 producer, suggesting two upstream regulators of the ATF6 arm of the UPR, ATF6β and WFS1, are rational engineering targets. Although both ATF6β and WFS1 have been reported to negatively regulate ATF6α, this study shows knockdown of either target elicits different effects in an IgG1-producing CHO cell line. Stable knockdown of ATF6β decreased cell growth without decreasing titer; however, knockdown of WFS1 decreased titer without affecting growth. Relative expression measured by qPCR indicated no direct relationship between ATF6β and WFS1 expression, but upregulation of WFS1 in one pool was correlated with decreased growth and upregulation of ER chaperone mRNAs. While knockdown of WFS1 had negative impacts on UPR activation and product mRNA expression, knockdown of ATF6β improved the UPR specifically later in fed-batch leading to increased overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyllan Rives
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Caroline Peak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Mark A Blenner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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3
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Hemagirri M, Chen Y, Gopinath SCB, Sahreen S, Adnan M, Sasidharan S. Crosstalk between protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress during ageing and their role in age-related disorders. Biochimie 2024; 221:159-181. [PMID: 37918463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the proteome is crucial to retaining cell functionality and response to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Protein misfolding increased the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore cell homeostasis. Apoptosis occurs when ER stress is prolonged or the adaptive response fails. In healthy young cells, the ratio of protein folding machinery to quantities of misfolded proteins is balanced under normal circumstances. However, the age-related deterioration of the complex systems for handling protein misfolding is accompanied by ageing-related disruption of protein homeostasis, which results in the build-up of misfolded and aggregated proteins. This ultimately results in decreased cell viability and forms the basis of common age-related diseases called protein misfolding diseases. Proteins or protein fragments convert from their ordinarily soluble forms to insoluble fibrils or plaques in many of these disorders, which build up in various organs such as the liver, brain, or spleen. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, type II diabetes, and cancer are diseases in this group commonly manifest in later life. Thus, protein misfolding and its prevention by chaperones and different degradation paths are becoming understood from molecular perspectives. Proteodynamics information will likely affect future interventional techniques to combat cellular stress and support healthy ageing by avoiding and treating protein conformational disorders. This review provides an overview of the diverse proteostasis machinery, protein misfolding, and ER stress involvement, which activates the UPR sensors. Here, we will discuss the crosstalk between protein misfolding and ER stress and their role in developing age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisekaran Hemagirri
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Sumaira Sahreen
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P. O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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4
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Keramidas P, Pitou M, Papachristou E, Choli-Papadopoulou T. Insights into the Activation of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanism during Coronavirus Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4286-4308. [PMID: 38785529 PMCID: PMC11120126 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent a significant class of viruses that affect both animals and humans. Their replication cycle is strongly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which, upon virus invasion, triggers ER stress responses. The activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) within infected cells is performed from three transmembrane receptors, IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, and results in a reduction in protein production, a boost in the ER's ability to fold proteins properly, and the initiation of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) to remove misfolded or unfolded proteins. However, in cases of prolonged and severe ER stress, the UPR can also instigate apoptotic cell death and inflammation. Herein, we discuss the ER-triggered host responses after coronavirus infection, as well as the pharmaceutical targeting of the UPR as a potential antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.K.); (M.P.); (E.P.)
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5
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Aragoneses-Cazorla G, Alvarez-Fernandez Garcia R, Martinez-Lopez A, Gomez Gomez M, Vallet-Regí M, Castillo-Lluva S, González B, Luque-Garcia JL. Mechanistic insights into the antitumoral potential and in vivo antiproliferative efficacy of a silver-based core@shell nanosystem. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124023. [PMID: 38513815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the biomolecular mechanisms underlying the antitumoral efficacy of a hybrid nanosystem, comprised of a silver core@shell (Ag@MSNs) functionalized with transferrin (Tf). Employing a SILAC proteomics strategy, we identified over 150 de-regulated proteins following exposure to the nanosystem. These proteins play pivotal roles in diverse cellular processes, including mitochondrial fission, calcium homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress response, migration, invasion, protein synthesis, RNA maturation, chemoresistance, and cellular proliferation. Rigorous validation of key findings substantiates that the nanosystem elicits its antitumoral effects by activating mitochondrial fission, leading to disruptions in calcium homeostasis, as corroborated by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry analyses. Additionally, induction of ER stress was validated through western blotting of ER stress markers. The cytotoxic action of the nanosystem was further affirmed through the generation of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, in vivo experiments using a chicken embryo model not only confirmed the antitumoral capacity of the nanosystem, but also demonstrated its efficacy in reducing cellular proliferation. These comprehensive findings endorse the potential of the designed Ag@MSNs-Tf nanosystem as a groundbreaking chemotherapeutic agent, shedding light on its multifaceted mechanisms and in vivo applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aragoneses-Cazorla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angelica Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Gomez Gomez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Sonia Castillo-Lluva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca González
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Jose L Luque-Garcia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Wadgaonkar P, Wang Z, Chen F. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and epigenetic alterations in arsenic carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123565. [PMID: 38373625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human carcinogen whose environmental exposure via drinking water, food, and air impacts millions of people across the globe. Various mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis have been identified, ranging from damage caused by excessive production of free radicals and epigenetic alterations to the generation of cancer stem cells. A growing body of evidence supports the critical involvement of the endoplasmic stress-activated unfolded protein response (UPR) in promoting as well as suppressing cancer development/progression. Various in vitro and in vivo models have also demonstrated that arsenic induces the UPR via activation of the PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6 proteins. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of arsenic-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and the role of each UPR pathway in the various cancer types with a focus on the epigenetic regulation and function of the ATF6 protein. The importance of UPR in arsenic carcinogenesis and cancer stem cells is a relatively new area of research that requires additional investigations via various omics-based and computational tools. These approaches will provide interesting insights into the mechanisms of arsenic-induced cancers for prospective target identification and development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Wadgaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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7
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Ma K, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhou L, Li M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: bridging inflammation and obesity-associated adipose tissue. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1381227. [PMID: 38638434 PMCID: PMC11024263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity presents a significant global health challenge, increasing the susceptibility to chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Within the context of obesity, lipid metabolism, adipose tissue formation, and inflammation are intricately linked to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). ERS modulates metabolism, insulin signaling, inflammation, as well as cell proliferation and death through the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Serving as a crucial nexus, ERS bridges the functionality of adipose tissue and the inflammatory response. In this review, we comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms by which ERS impacts adipose tissue function and inflammation in obesity, aiming to offer insights into targeting ERS for ameliorating metabolic dysregulation in obesity-associated chronic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Xu J, Sabatino B, Yan J, Ermakova G, Doering KRS, Taubert S. The unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum protects Caenorhabditis elegans against DNA damage caused by stalled replication forks. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae017. [PMID: 38267027 PMCID: PMC10989892 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
All animals must maintain genome and proteome integrity, especially when experiencing endogenous or exogenous stress. To cope, organisms have evolved sophisticated and conserved response systems: unfolded protein responses (UPRs) ensure proteostasis, while DNA damage responses (DDRs) maintain genome integrity. Emerging evidence suggests that UPRs and DDRs crosstalk, but this remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of the DNA primases pri-1 or pri-2, which synthesize RNA primers at replication forks and whose inactivation causes DNA damage, activates the UPR of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPR-ER) in Caenorhabditis elegans, with especially strong activation in the germline. We observed activation of both the inositol-requiring-enzyme 1 (ire-1) and the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (pek-1) branches of the (UPR-ER). Interestingly, activation of the (UPR-ER) output gene heat shock protein 4 (hsp-4) was partially independent of its canonical activators, ire-1 and X-box binding protein (xbp-1), and instead required the third branch of the (UPR-ER), activating transcription factor 6 (atf-6), suggesting functional redundancy. We further found that primase depletion specifically induces the (UPR-ER), but not the distinct cytosolic or mitochondrial UPRs, suggesting that primase inactivation causes compartment-specific rather than global stress. Functionally, loss of ire-1 or pek-1 sensitizes animals to replication stress caused by hydroxyurea. Finally, transcriptome analysis of pri-1 embryos revealed several deregulated processes that could cause (UPR-ER) activation, including protein glycosylation, calcium signaling, and fatty acid desaturation. Together, our data show that the (UPR-ER), but not other UPRs, responds to replication fork stress and that the (UPR-ER) is required to alleviate this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Brendil Sabatino
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Junran Yan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Glafira Ermakova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kelsie R S Doering
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Lei Y, Yu H, Ding S, Liu H, Liu C, Fu R. Molecular mechanism of ATF6 in unfolded protein response and its role in disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25937. [PMID: 38434326 PMCID: PMC10907738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), an important signaling molecule in unfolded protein response (UPR), plays a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including diseases such as congenital retinal disease, liver fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. After endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), ATF6 is activated after separation from binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/BiP) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi apparatus to be hydrolyzed by site 1 and site 2 proteases into ATF6 fragments, which localize to the nucleus and regulate the transcription and expression of ERS-related genes. In these diseases, ERS leads to the activation of UPR, which ultimately lead to the occurrence and development of diseases by regulating the physiological state of cells through the ATF6 signaling pathway. Here, we discuss the evidence for the pathogenic importance of ATF6 signaling in different diseases and discuss preclinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoxue Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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10
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Singh R, Kaur N, Choubey V, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and its role in various neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1826:148742. [PMID: 38159591 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical cellular organelle, maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating calcium levels and orchestrating essential functions such as protein synthesis, folding, and lipid production. A pivotal aspect of ER function is its role in protein quality control. When misfolded proteins accumulate within the ER due to factors like protein folding chaperone dysfunction, toxicity, oxidative stress, or inflammation, it triggers the Unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR involves the activation of chaperones like calnexin, calreticulin, glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), and Glucose-regulating protein 94 (GRP94), along with oxidoreductases like protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). Cells employ the Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanism to counteract protein misfolding. ERAD disruption causes the detachment of GRP78 from transmembrane proteins, initiating a cascade involving Inositol-requiring kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE1), Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathways. The accumulation and deposition of misfolded proteins within the cell are hallmarks of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. These aberrant proteins disrupt normal neuronal signalling and contribute to impaired cellular homeostasis, including oxidative stress and compromised protein degradation pathways. In essence, ER stress is defined as the cellular response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, encompassing a series of signalling pathways and molecular events that aim to restore cellular homeostasis. This comprehensive review explores ER stress and its profound implications for the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
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11
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Mohanan A, Washimkar KR, Mugale MN. Unraveling the interplay between vital organelle stress and oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119676. [PMID: 38242330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, leading to irreversible fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial stress, and oxidative stress pathways play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. ER stress occurs when the protein folding capacity of the ER is overwhelmed, triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) and contributing to protein misfolding and cellular stress in IPF. Concurrently, mitochondrial dysfunction involving dysregulation of key regulators, including PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis and impairs cellular energy metabolism. This leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, release of pro-fibrotic mediators, and activation of fibrotic pathways, exacerbating IPF progression. The UPR-induced ER stress further disrupts mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in altered mitochondrial mechanisms that increase the generation of ROS, resulting in further ER stress, creating a feedback loop that contributes to the progression of IPF. Oxidative stress also plays a pivotal role in IPF, as ROS-mediated activation of TGF-β, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways promotes inflammation and fibrotic responses. This review mainly focuses on the links between ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and oxidative stress with different signaling pathways involved in IPF. Understanding these mechanisms and targeting key molecules within these pathways may offer promising avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Mohanan
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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He J, Zhou Y, Sun L. Emerging mechanisms of the unfolded protein response in therapeutic resistance: from chemotherapy to Immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38297380 PMCID: PMC10832166 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). As an adaptive cellular response to hostile microenvironments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic drugs, the UPR is activated in diverse cancer types and functions as a dynamic tumour promoter in cancer development; this role of the UPR indicates that regulation of the UPR can be utilized as a target for tumour treatment. T-cell exhaustion mainly refers to effector T cells losing their effector functions and expressing inhibitory receptors, leading to tumour immune evasion and the loss of tumour control. Emerging evidence suggests that the UPR plays a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of UPR activation, the effect of the UPR on immune evasion, the emerging mechanisms of the UPR in chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance, and agents that target the UPR for tumour therapeutics. An understanding of the role of the UPR in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance will be helpful to identify new therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
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13
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Santos LC, dos Anjos Cordeiro JM, Cunha MCDSG, Santos BR, de Oliveira LS, da Silva AL, Barbosa EM, Niella RV, de Freitas GJC, Santos DDA, Serakides R, Ocarino NDM, Borges SC, de Lavor MSL, Silva JF. Kisspeptin-10 Improves Testicular Redox Status but Does Not Alter the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) That Is Downregulated by Hypothyroidism in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1514. [PMID: 38338793 PMCID: PMC10855899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism compromises the testicular redox status and is associated with reduced sperm quality and infertility in men. In this regard, studies have demonstrated the antioxidant potential of kisspeptin in reproductive and metabolic diseases. In this study, we evaluate the effects of kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) on the testicular redox, as well as mediators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in adult rats with hypothyroidism. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly separated into the Control (n = 15), Hypo (n = 13) and Hypo + Kp10 (n = 14) groups, and hypothyroidism was induced with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for three months. In the last month, half of the hypothyroid animals received Kp10. Testis samples were collected for enzymatic, immunohistochemical and/or gene evaluation of mediators of oxidative stress (TBARs, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), ROS, peroxynitrite, SOD, CAT and GPX), endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78, ATF6, PERK, CHOP, HO-1 and sXBP1) and antiapoptocytes (BCL-2). Hypothyroidism increased apoptosis index, TBARS and LOOH concentrations, and reduced testicular gene expression of Sod1, Sod2 and Gpx1, as well as the expression of Grp78, Atf6, Ho1 and Chop. Treatment with Kp10, in turn, reduced testicular apoptosis and the production of peroxynitrite, while increased SOD1 and GPX ½ expression, and enzymatic activity of CAT, but did not affect the lower expression of UPR mediators caused by hypothyroidism. This study demonstrated that hypothyroidism causes oxidative stress and dysregulated the UPR pathway in rat testes and that, although Kp10 does not influence the low expression of UPR mediators, it improves the testicular redox status, configuring it as an important antioxidant factor in situations of thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cardoso Santos
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Jeane Martinha dos Anjos Cordeiro
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Maria Clara da Silva Galrão Cunha
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Bianca Reis Santos
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Luciana Santos de Oliveira
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Adriana Lopes da Silva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Erikles Macêdo Barbosa
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Raquel Vieira Niella
- Veterinary Hospital, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (R.V.N.); (M.S.L.d.L.)
| | - Gustavo José Cota de Freitas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.J.C.d.F.); (D.d.A.S.)
| | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.J.C.d.F.); (D.d.A.S.)
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.S.); (N.d.M.O.)
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.S.); (N.d.M.O.)
| | - Stephanie Carvalho Borges
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Mário Sérgio Lima de Lavor
- Veterinary Hospital, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (R.V.N.); (M.S.L.d.L.)
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
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Rasetto NB, Giacomini D, Berardino AA, Waichman TV, Beckel MS, Di Bella DJ, Brown J, Davies-Sala MG, Gerhardinger C, Lie DC, Arlotta P, Chernomoretz A, Schinder AF. Transcriptional dynamics orchestrating the development and integration of neurons born in the adult hippocampus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.03.565477. [PMID: 38260428 PMCID: PMC10802403 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The adult hippocampus generates new granule cells (aGCs) that exhibit distinct functional capabilities along development, conveying a unique form of plasticity to the preexisting circuits. While early differentiation of adult radial glia-like neural stem cells (RGL) has been studied extensively, the molecular mechanisms guiding the maturation of postmitotic neurons remain unknown. Here, we used a precise birthdating strategy to follow newborn aGCs along differentiation using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). Transcriptional profiling revealed a continuous trajectory from RGLs to mature aGCs, with multiple sequential immature stages bearing increasing levels of effector genes supporting growth, excitability and synaptogenesis. Remarkably, four discrete cellular states were defined by the expression of distinct sets of transcription factors (TFs): quiescent neural stem cells, proliferative progenitors, postmitotic immature aGCs, and mature aGCs. The transition from immature to mature aCGs involved a transcriptional switch that shutdown molecular cascades promoting cell growth, such as the SoxC family of TFs, to activate programs controlling neuronal homeostasis. Indeed, aGCs overexpressing Sox4 or Sox11 remained stalled at the immature state. Our results unveil precise molecular mechanisms driving adult neural stem cells through the pathway of neuronal differentiation.
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Beránková Z, Khanna R, Spěváková M, Langhansová H, Kopecký J, Lieskovská J. Cellular stress is triggered by tick-borne encephalitis virus and limits the virus replication in PMJ2-R mouse macrophage cell line. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102269. [PMID: 37813002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection may represent a stress condition to the host cell. Cells react to it by triggering the defence programme to restore homeostasis and these events may in turn impact the viral replication. The knowledge about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection-associated stress is limited. Here we investigated the interplay between TBEV infection and stress pathways in PMJ2-R mouse macrophage cell line, as macrophages are the target cells in early phases of TBEV infection. First, to determine how stress influences TBEV replication, the effect of stress inducers H2O2 and tunicamycin (TM) was tested. Viral multiplication was decreased in the presence of both stress inducers suggesting that the stress and cellular stress responses restrict the virus replication. Second, we investigated the induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon TBEV infection. The level of oxidative stress was interrogated by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were intermittently increased in infected cells at 12 hpi and at 72 hpi. As mitochondrial dysfunction may result in increased ROS level, we evaluated the mitochondrial homeostasis by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and found that TBEV infection induced the hyperpolarization of MMP. Moreover, a transient increase of gene expression of stress-induced antioxidative enzymes, like p62, Gclm and Hmox1, was detected. Next, we evaluated the ER stress upon TBEV infection by analysing unfolded protein responses (UPR). We found that infection induced gene expression of two general sensors BiP and CHOP and activated the IRE1 pathway of UPR. Finally, since the natural transmission route of TBEV from its tick vector to the host is mediated via tick saliva, the impact of tick saliva from Ixodes ricinus on stress pathways in TBEV-infected cells was tested. We observed only marginal potentiation of UPR pathway. In conclusion, we found that TBEV infection of PMJ2-R cells elicits the changes in redox balance and triggers cellular stress defences, including antioxidant responses and the IRE1 pathway of UPR. Importantly, our results revealed the negative effect of stress-evoked events on TBEV replication and only marginal impact of tick saliva on stress cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Beránková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ritesh Khanna
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Spěváková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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16
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Moir RD, Merheb E, Chitu V, Richard Stanley E, Willis IM. Molecular basis of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Polr3-related disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571310. [PMID: 38168294 PMCID: PMC10760057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in subunits of RNA polymerase (Pol) III cause a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases including 4H leukodystrophy. Disease onset occurs from infancy to early adulthood and is associated with a variable range and severity of neurological and non-neurological features. The molecular basis of disease pathogenesis is unknown. We developed a postnatal whole-body mouse model expressing pathogenic Polr3a mutations to examine the molecular mechanisms by which reduced Pol III transcription results primarily in central nervous system phenotypes. Polr3a mutant mice exhibit behavioral deficits, cerebral pathology and exocrine pancreatic atrophy. Transcriptome and immunohistochemistry analyses of cerebra during disease progression show a reduction in most Pol III transcripts, induction of innate immune and integrated stress responses and cell type-specific gene expression changes reflecting neuron and oligodendrocyte loss and microglial activation. Earlier in the disease when integrated stress and innate immune responses are minimally induced, mature tRNA sequencing revealed a global reduction in tRNA levels and an altered tRNA profile but no changes in other Pol III transcripts. Thus, changes in the size and/or composition of the tRNA pool have a causal role in disease initiation. Our findings reveal different tissue- and brain region-specific sensitivities to a defect in Pol III transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn D. Moir
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
| | - Emilio Merheb
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
| | - Ian M. Willis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx NY 10461, USA
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González-Orozco JC, Escobedo-Avila I, Velasco I. Transcriptome Profiling after Early Spinal Cord Injury in the Axolotl and Its Comparison with Rodent Animal Models through RNA-Seq Data Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2189. [PMID: 38137011 PMCID: PMC10742908 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that affects millions of people around the world. Currently, no clinical treatment can restore spinal cord function. Comparison of molecular responses in regenerating to non-regenerating vertebrates can shed light on neural restoration. The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is an amphibian that regenerates regions of the brain or spinal cord after damage. METHODS In this study, we compared the transcriptomes after SCI at acute (1-2 days after SCI) and sub-acute (6-7 days post-SCI) periods through the analysis of RNA-seq public datasets from axolotl and non-regenerating rodents. RESULTS Genes related to wound healing and immune responses were upregulated in axolotls, rats, and mice after SCI; however, the immune-related processes were more prevalent in rodents. In the acute phase of SCI in the axolotl, the molecular pathways and genes associated with early development were upregulated, while processes related to neuronal function were downregulated. Importantly, the downregulation of processes related to sensorial and motor functions was observed only in rodents. This analysis also revealed that genes related to pluripotency, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and transposable elements (e.g., Sox2, Krt5, and LOC100130764) were among the most upregulated in the axolotl. Finally, gene regulatory networks in axolotls revealed the early activation of genes related to neurogenesis, including Atf3/4 and Foxa2. CONCLUSIONS Immune-related processes are upregulated shortly after SCI in axolotls and rodents; however, a strong immune response is more noticeable in rodents. Genes related to early development and neurogenesis are upregulated beginning in the acute stage of SCI in axolotls, while the loss of motor and sensory functions is detected only in rodents during the sub-acute period of SCI. The approach employed in this study might be useful for designing and establishing regenerative therapies after SCI in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos González-Orozco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.C.G.-O.); (I.E.-A.)
| | - Itzel Escobedo-Avila
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.C.G.-O.); (I.E.-A.)
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.C.G.-O.); (I.E.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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Wang J, Wang X, Zhang M, Lang Y, Chen B, Ye Y, Bai Y, Ding S. The activation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 by isorhynchophylline therapy improves diabetic encephalopathy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2587-2613. [PMID: 36695953 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The primary symptom of diabetic encephalopathy (DE), a kind of central diabetic neuropathy caused by diabetes mellitus (DM), is cognitive impairment. In addition, the tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid isorhynchophylline (IRN) helps lessen cognitive impairment. However, it is still unclear how IRN affects DM and DE and what mechanisms are involved. The effectiveness of IRN on brain insulin resistance was carefully examined in this work, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that IRN accelerates spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) translocation into the nucleus under high glucose conditions in vitro. IRN also facilitates the nuclear association of pCREB with sXBP1 and the binding of regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α or p85β with XBP1 to restore high glucose impairment. Also, IRN treatment improves high glucose-mediated impairment of insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and pyroptosis/apoptosis by depending on sXBP1 in vitro. In vivo studies suggested that IRN attenuates cognitive impairment, ameliorating peripheral insulin resistance, activating insulin signaling, inactivating activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and C/EBP homology protein (CHOP), and mitigating pyroptosis/apoptosis by stimulation of sXBP1 nuclear translocation in the brain. In summary, these data indicate that IRN contributes to maintaining insulin homeostasis by activating sXBP1 in the brain. Thus, IRN is a potent antidiabetic agent as well as an sXBP1 activator that has promising potential for the prevention or treatment of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Huangshi Love & Health Hospital, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Lang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Baihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Saidan Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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19
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Lee SCES, Pyo AHA, Koritzinsky M. Longitudinal dynamics of the tumor hypoxia response: From enzyme activity to biological phenotype. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6409. [PMID: 37992163 PMCID: PMC10664991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Poor oxygenation (hypoxia) is a common spatially heterogeneous feature of human tumors. Biological responses to tumor hypoxia are orchestrated by the decreased activity of oxygen-dependent enzymes. The affinity of these enzymes for oxygen positions them along a continuum of oxygen sensing that defines their roles in launching reactive and adaptive cellular responses. These responses encompass regulation of all steps in the central dogma, with rapid perturbation of the metabolome and proteome followed by more persistent reprogramming of the transcriptome and epigenome. Core hypoxia response genes and pathways are commonly regulated at multiple inflection points, fine-tuning the dependencies on oxygen concentration and hypoxia duration. Ultimately, shifts in the activity of oxygen-sensing enzymes directly or indirectly endow cells with intrinsic hypoxia tolerance and drive processes that are associated with aggressive phenotypes in cancer including angiogenesis, migration, invasion, immune evasion, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Che-Eun S. Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Hye An Pyo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Ao L, Chen Z, Yin J, Leng Y, Luo Y, Fu X, Liu H, Liu X, Gao H, Xie C. Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients for diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular mechanisms regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290023. [PMID: 38027018 PMCID: PMC10661377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. It is often associated with clinical manifestations such as arrhythmias and heart failure, and significantly reduces the quality of life and years of survival of patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is the removal of unfolded and misfolded proteins and is an important mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. ERS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DCM by causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, insulin resistance, calcium imbalance, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Targeting ERS is a new direction in the treatment of DCM. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients can significantly improve the clinical outcome of DCM patients through intervention in ERS and effects on myocardial structure and function, which has become one of the hot research directions. Purpose: The aim of this review is to elucidate and summarize the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients that have the potential to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby contributing to better management of DCM. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were used to search, analyze, and collect literature, in order to review the mechanisms by which phytochemicals inhibit the progression of DCM by targeting the ERS and its key signaling pathways. Keywords used included "diabetic cardiomyopathy" and "endoplasmic reticulum stress." Results: This review found that Chinese herbs and their active ingredients can regulate ERS through IRE1, ATF6, and PERK pathways to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ameliorate myocardial fibrosis, and attenuate myocardial hypertrophy for the treatment of DCM. Conclusion: A comprehensive source of information on potential ERS inhibitors is provided in this review. The analysis of the literature suggests that Chinese herbal medicine and its active ingredients can be used as potential drug candidates for the treatment of DCM. In short, we cannot ignore the role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating ERS and treating DCM, and look forward to more research and new drugs to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Ao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulin Leng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoke Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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Jackson KG, Way GW, Zeng J, Lipp MK, Zhou H. The Dynamic Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chronic Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1389-1399. [PMID: 37028592 PMCID: PMC10548273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major worldwide public health threat, with an estimated prevalence of 1.5 billion individuals with CLD in 2020. Chronic activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related pathways is recognized as substantially contributing to the pathologic progression of CLD. The ER is an intracellular organelle that folds proteins into their correct three-dimensional shapes. ER-associated enzymes and chaperone proteins highly regulate this process. Perturbations in protein folding lead to misfolded or unfolded protein accumulation in the ER lumen, resulting in ER stress and concomitant activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The adaptive UPR is a set of signal transduction pathways evolved in mammalian cells that attempts to reestablish ER protein homeostasis by reducing protein load and increasing ER-associated degradation. However, maladaptive UPR responses in CLD occur due to prolonged UPR activation, leading to concomitant inflammation and cell death. This review assesses the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate ER stress and the UPR in the progression of various liver diseases and the potential pharmacologic and biological interventions that target the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Grayson W Way
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marissa K Lipp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia.
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22
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Hanquier Z, Misra J, Baxter R, Maiers JL. Stress and Liver Fibrogenesis: Understanding the Role and Regulation of Stress Response Pathways in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1363-1376. [PMID: 37422148 PMCID: PMC10548279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress response pathways are crucial for cells to adapt to physiological and pathologic conditions. Increased transcription and translation in response to stimuli place a strain on the cell, necessitating increased amino acid supply, protein production and folding, and disposal of misfolded proteins. Stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), allow cells to adapt to stress and restore homeostasis; however, their role and regulation in pathologic conditions, such as hepatic fibrogenesis, are unclear. Liver injury promotes fibrogenesis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce and secrete fibrogenic proteins to promote tissue repair. This process is exacerbated in chronic liver disease, leading to fibrosis and, if unchecked, cirrhosis. Fibrogenic HSCs exhibit activation of both the UPR and ISR, due in part to increased transcriptional and translational demands, and these stress responses play important roles in fibrogenesis. Targeting these pathways to limit fibrogenesis or promote HSC apoptosis is a potential antifibrotic strategy, but it is limited by our lack of mechanistic understanding of how the UPR and ISR regulate HSC activation and fibrogenesis. This article explores the role of the UPR and ISR in the progression of fibrogenesis, and highlights areas that require further investigation to better understand how the UPR and ISR can be targeted to limit hepatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hanquier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Reese Baxter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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23
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Nagar P, Sharma P, Dhapola R, Kumari S, Medhi B, HariKrishnaReddy D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Life Sci 2023; 330:121983. [PMID: 37524162 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to memory loss and cognitive impairment over time. It is characterized by protein misfolding as well as prolonged cellular stress, such as perturbing calcium homeostasis and redox management. Numerous investigations have proven that endoplasmic reticulum failure may exhibit exacerbation of AD pathogenesis in AD patients, in-vivo and in-vitro models. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) participates in a variety of biological functions including folding of protein, quality control, cholesterol production, and maintenance of calcium balance. A diverse range of physiological, pathological and pharmacological substances can interfere with ER activity and thus lead to exaggeration of ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular signaling network is stimulated due to ER stress. Three stress sensors found in the endoplasmic reticulum, the PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 transducers detect protein misfolding in the ER and trigger UPR, a complex system to maintain homeostasis. ER stress is linked to many of the major pathological processes that are seen in AD, including presenilin1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) gene mutation, tau phosphorylation and β-amyloid formation. The role of ER stress and UPR in the pathophysiology of AD implies that they can be employed as potent therapeutic target. This study shows the relationship between ER and AD and how the pathogenesis of AD is influenced by the impact of ER stress. An effective method for the prevention or treatment of AD may involve therapeutic strategies that modify ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushank Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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24
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Zhu M, Chen D, Ruan C, Yang P, Zhu J, Zhang R, Li Y. CircRNAs: A Promising Star for Treatment and Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14194. [PMID: 37762497 PMCID: PMC10532269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CircRNAs are a class of endogenous long non-coding RNAs with a single-stranded circular structure. Most circRNAs are relatively stable, highly conserved, and specifically expressed in tissue during the cell and developmental stages. Many circRNAs have been discovered in OSCC. OSCC is one of the most severe and frequent forms of head and neck cancer today, with a poor prognosis and low overall survival rate. Due to its prevalence, OSCC is a global health concern, characterized by genetic and epigenomic changes. However, the mechanism remains vague. With the advancement of biotechnology, a large number of circRNAs have been discovered in mammalian cells. CircRNAs are dysregulated in OSCC tissues and thus associated with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of OSCC patients. Research studies have demonstrated that circRNAs can serve as biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis and treatment. Here, we summarized the properties, functions, and biogenesis of circRNAs, focusing on the progress of current research on circRNAs in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.Z.); (D.C.); (C.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.Z.); (D.C.); (C.R.); (J.Z.)
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25
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Luo X, Zhang L, Cui J, An Q, Li H, Zhang Z, Sun G, Huang W, Li Y, Li C, Jia W, Zou L, Zhao G, Xiao F. Small extrachromosomal circular DNAs as biomarkers for multi-cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1393. [PMID: 37649244 PMCID: PMC10468585 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have the potential to be cancer biomarkers. However, the formation mechanisms and functions of small eccDNAs selected in carcinogenesis are not clear, and whether the small eccDNA profile in the plasma of cancer patients represents that in cancer tissues remains to be elucidated. METHODS A novel sequencing workflow based on the nanopore sequencing platform was used to sequence naturally existing full-length small eccDNAs in tissues and plasma collected from 25 cancer patients (including prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer), and from an independent validation cohort (including 7 cancer plasma and 14 healthy plasma). RESULTS Compared with those in non-cancer tissues, small eccDNAs detected in cancer tissues had a significantly larger number and size (P = 0.040 and 2.2e-16, respectively), along with more even distribution and different formation mechanisms. Although small eccDNAs had different general characteristics and genomic annotation between cancer tissues and the paired plasma, they had similar formation mechanisms and cancer-related functions. Small eccDNAs originated from some specific genes had great multi-cancer diagnostic value in tissues (AUC ≥ 0.8) and plasma (AUC > 0.9), especially increasing the accuracy of multi-cancer prediction of CEA/CA19-9 levels. The high multi-cancer diagnostic value of small eccDNAs originated from ALK&ETV6 could be extrapolated from tissues (AUC = 0.804) to plasma and showed high positive predictive value (100%) and negative predictive value (82.35%) in a validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS As independent and stable circular DNA molecules, small eccDNAs in both tissues and plasma can be used as ideal biomarkers for cost-effective multi-cancer diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmei Luo
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical MedicineBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Lili Zhang
- Clinical BiobankBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi An
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hexin Li
- Clinical BiobankBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zaifeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Gaoyuan Sun
- Clinical BiobankBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Huang
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Yifei Li
- Clinical BiobankBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang Li
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical MedicineBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Wenzhuo Jia
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
- National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lihui Zou
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of General SurgeryBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
- National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Xiao
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical MedicineBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- The Key Laboratory of GeriatricsBeijing Institute of GeriatricsInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing HospitalNational Center of Gerontology of National Health CommissionBeijingChina
- Clinical BiobankBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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26
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Fink EE, Nanavaty V, Lee BH, Ting AH. Heat shock induces alternative polyadenylation through dynamic DNA methylation-regulated chromatin looping. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554792. [PMID: 37662379 PMCID: PMC10473739 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) is a gene regulatory mechanism used by cells under stress to upregulate proteostasis-promoting transcripts, but how cells achieve this remains poorly understood. Previously, we elucidated a DNA methylation-regulated APA mechanism, in which gene body DNA methylation enhances distal poly(A) isoform expression by blocking CTCF binding and chromatin loop formation at APA control regions. We hypothesized that DNA methylation-regulated APA is one mechanism cells employ to induce proteostasis-promoting poly(A) isoforms. At the DNAJB6 co-chaperone gene locus, acute heat shock resulted in binding of stress response transcription factors HSF1, ATF6, and YY1 at the APA control region and an increase in the expression of the proximal poly(A) isoform known to prevent protein aggregation. Furthermore, TET1 was recruited to rapidly demethylate DNA, facilitating CTCF binding and chromatin loop formation, thereby reinforcing preferential proximal poly(A) isoform expression. As cells recovered, the transcription factors vacated the APA control region, and DNMT1 was recruited to remethylate the region. This process resolved chromatin looping and reset the poly(A) isoform expression pattern. Our findings unveil an epigenetic mechanism enabling cells to dynamically modulate poly(A) isoforms in response to stress while shedding light on the interplay between DNA methylation, transcription factors, and chromatin looping.
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27
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Miller AL, James RE, Harvey AR, Trifunović D, Carvalho LS. The role of epigenetic changes in the pathology and treatment of inherited retinal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1224078. [PMID: 37601102 PMCID: PMC10436478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1224078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the cellular changes that occur in degenerating photoreceptors of people with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) has been a focus for many research teams, leading to numerous theories on how these changes affect the cell death process. What is clearly emerging from these studies is that there are common denominators across multiple models of IRD, regardless of the underlying genetic mutation. These common markers could open avenues for broad neuroprotective therapeutics to prevent photoreceptor loss and preserve functional vision. In recent years, the role of epigenetic modifications contributing to the pathology of IRDs has been a particular point of interest, due to many studies noting changes in these epigenetic modifications, which coincide with photoreceptor cell death. This review will discuss the two broad categories of epigenetic changes, DNA methylation and histone modifications, that have received particular attention in IRD models. We will review the altered epigenetic regulatory events that are believed to contribute to cell death in IRDs and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Miller
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rebekah E. James
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Dragana Trifunović
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Tubingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Livia S. Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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28
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Wu T, Jiang Y, Shi W, Wang Y, Li T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel targeted approach to repair bone defects by regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:480. [PMID: 37464413 PMCID: PMC10353205 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration therapy is clinically important, and targeted regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is important in regenerative medicine. The processing of proteins in the ER controls cell fate. The accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins occurs in pathological states, triggering ER stress. ER stress restores homeostasis through three main mechanisms, including protein kinase-R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1ɑ (IRE1ɑ) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the UPR has both adaptive and apoptotic effects. Modulation of ER stress has therapeutic potential for numerous diseases. Repair of bone defects involves both angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Here, we review the effects of ER stress on osteogenesis and angiogenesis, with emphasis on ER stress under high glucose (HG) and inflammatory conditions, and the use of ER stress inducers or inhibitors to regulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, we highlight the ability for exosomes to regulate ER stress. Recent advances in the regulation of ER stress mediated osteogenesis and angiogenesis suggest novel therapeutic options for bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weipeng Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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29
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Li X, Wang J, Li Y, He W, Cheng QJ, Liu X, Xu DL, Jiang ZG, Xiao X, He YH. The gp130/STAT3-endoplasmic reticulum stress axis regulates hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. Croat Med J 2023; 64:149-163. [PMID: 37391912 PMCID: PMC10332293 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2023.64.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of the gp130/STAT3-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress axis on hepatocyte necroptosis during acute liver injury. METHODS ER stress and liver injury in LO2 cells were induced with thapsigargin, and in BALB/c mice with tunicamycin and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) expression, the degrees of ER stress, and hepatocyte necroptosis were assessed. RESULTS ER stress significantly upregulated gp130 expression in LO2 cells and mouse livers. The silencing of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), but not of ATF4, increased hepatocyte necroptosis and mitigated gp130 expression in LO2 cells and mice. Gp130 silencing reduced the phosphorylation of CCl4-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and aggravated ER stress, necroptosis, and liver injury in mice. CONCLUSION ATF6/gp130/STAT3 signaling attenuates necroptosis in hepatocytes through the negative regulation of ER stress during liver injury. Hepatocyte ATF6/gp130/STAT3 signaling may be used as a therapeutic target in acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Huai He
- Yi-Huai He, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 201 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China,
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30
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Huang W, Gong Y, Yan L. ER Stress, the Unfolded Protein Response and Osteoclastogenesis: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1050. [PMID: 37509086 PMCID: PMC10377020 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and its adaptive mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), are triggered by the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins. During osteoclastogenesis, a large number of active proteins are synthesized. When an imbalance in the protein folding process occurs, it causes osteoclasts to trigger the UPR. This close association has led to the role of the UPR in osteoclastogenesis being increasingly explored. In recent years, several studies have reported the role of ER stress and UPR in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Here, we reviewed the relevant literature and discussed the UPR signaling cascade response, osteoclastogenesis-related signaling pathways, and the role of UPR in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in detail. It was found that the UPR signal (PERK, CHOP, and IRE1-XBP1) promoted the expression of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and indirectly enhanced osteoclastogenesis. IRE1 promoted osteoclastogenesis via promoting NF-κB, MAPK signaling, or the release of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα). CREBH promoted osteoclast differentiation by promoting NFATc1 expression. The PERK signaling pathway also promoted osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, autophagy, and RANKL secretion from osteoblasts. However, salubrinal (an inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation that upregulated p-eIF2α expression) directly inhibited osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NFATc1 expression and indirectly promoted osteoclastogenesis by promoting RANKL secretion from osteoblasts. Therefore, the specific effects and mechanisms of p-PERK and its downstream signaling on osteoclastogenesis still need further experiments to confirm. In addition, the exact role of ATF6 and BiP in osteoclastogenesis also required further exploration. In conclusion, our detailed and systematic review provides some references for the next step to fully elucidate the relationship between UPR and osteoclastogenesis, intending to provide new insights for the treatment of diseases caused by osteoclast over-differentiation, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yining Gong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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Maragkakis M, Malla S, Hatzoglou M, Trifunovic A, Glick AB, Finkel T, Longo VD, Kaushik S, Muñoz-Cánoves P, Lithgow GJ, Naidoo N, Booth LN, Payea MJ, Herman AB, de Cabo R, Wilson DM, Ferrucci L, Gorospe M. Biology of Stress Responses in Aging. AGING BIOLOGY 2023; 1:20230002. [PMID: 38500537 PMCID: PMC10947073 DOI: 10.59368/agingbio.20230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
On April 28th, 2022, a group of scientific leaders gathered virtually to discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of responses to stress. Conditions of acute, high-intensity stress are well documented to induce a series of adaptive responses that aim to promote survival until the stress has dissipated and then guide recovery. However, high-intensity or persistent stress that goes beyond the cell's compensatory capacity are countered with resilience strategies that are not completely understood. These adaptative strategies, which are an essential component of the study of aging biology, were the theme of the meeting. Specific topics discussed included mechanisms of proteostasis, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), as well as mitochondrial stress and lysosomal stress responses. Attention was also given to regulatory mechanisms and associated biological processes linked to age-related conditions, such as muscle loss and regeneration, cancer, senescence, sleep quality, and degenerative disease, with a general focus on the relevance of stress responses to frailty. We summarize the concepts and potential future directions that emerged from the discussion and highlight their relevance to the study of aging and age-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Maragkakis
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sulochan Malla
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Adam B Glick
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Toren Finkel
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Valter D Longo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gordon J Lithgow
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nirinjini Naidoo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lauren N Booth
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matthew J Payea
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Allison B Herman
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David M Wilson
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Zhang Y, Lou H, Lu J, Tang X, Pang T, Lei S, Cong D, Wang Y, Sun L. Scalp acupuncture alleviates cerebral ischemic stroke-induced motor dysfunction in rats via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and ER-phagy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10119. [PMID: 37344501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a high-risk disease and imposes heavy burdens on patients in china. Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat motor dysfunction, cognitive disorder and language barrier caused by cerebral ischemic stroke. Acupoint lines, vertex middle line and anterior oblique line of vertex temple, are always employed to treat cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the mechanism of the two acupoint lines in relieving cerebral ischemic stroke needs further exploration. In the present study, scalp acupuncture treatment alleviated the motor dysfunction, brain damage, and cell death induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Proteomics analysis and ultrastructure observation indicated that endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes might involve in the mechanism of the scalp acupuncture treatment in suppressing MCAO-triggered neural deficits. Effect of the scalp acupuncture treatment on ER stress was then investigated and found that the activation of ER stress mediators, including PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, was downregulated after the scalp acupuncture treatment. Co-localisation analysis of KDEL and CD63 showed that the engulfment of ER fragments by lysosomes was accelerated by the scalp acupuncture treatment. Moreover, expression of pro-apoptotic protein CHOP, phosphorylated-JNK, cleaved capases-3 and -9 also decreased after the scalp acupuncture. In conclusion, the present study showed that scalp acupuncture of vertex middle line and anterior oblique line of vertex temple may alleviate cerebral ischemic stroke by inhibiting ER stress-accelerated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Lou
- Massage Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Pang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Lei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Cong
- Massage Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Massage Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Martinez-Amaro FJ, Garcia-Padilla C, Franco D, Daimi H. LncRNAs and CircRNAs in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Promising Target for Cardiovascular Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9888. [PMID: 37373035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal subcellular organelle responsible for protein quality control in the secretory pathway, preventing protein misfolding and aggregation. Failure of protein quality control in the ER triggers several molecular mechanisms such as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), the unfolded protein response (UPR) or reticulophagy, which are activated upon ER stress (ERS) to re-establish protein homeostasis by transcriptionally and translationally regulated complex signalling pathways. However, maintenance over time of ERS leads to apoptosis if such stress cannot be alleviated. The presence of abnormal protein aggregates results in loss of cardiomyocyte protein homeostasis, which in turn results in several cardiovascular diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or myocardial infarction (MI). The influence of a non-coding genome in the maintenance of proper cardiomyocyte homeostasis has been widely proven. To date, the impact of microRNAs in molecular mechanisms orchestrating ER stress response has been widely described. However, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) is just beginning to be addressed given the potential role of these RNA classes as therapeutic molecules. Here, we provide a current state-of-the-art review of the roles of distinct lncRNAs and circRNAs in the modulation of ERS and UPR and their impact in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Medina Foundation, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Houria Daimi
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia
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Barabutis N. Activating transcription factor 6 in the endothelial context. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 80:102216. [PMID: 37121466 PMCID: PMC10155510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA.
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Varghese DS, Oommen D, John A, Ali BR. GRP78/BiP alleviates oxLDL-induced hepatotoxicity in familial hypercholesterolemia caused by missense variants of LDLR in a HepG2 cellular model. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:69. [PMID: 37248472 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The accumulation of misfolded proteins, encoded by genetic variants of functional genes leads to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, which is a critical consequence in human disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. In addition to the identification of ER stress as a contributing factor to pathogenicity, extensive studies on the role of oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) and its ill effects in expediting cardiovascular diseases and other metabolic comorbidities are well documented. However, the current understanding of its role in hepatic insults needs to be revised. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of oxLDL and ER stress-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2. METHODS HepG2 cells stably expressing wild-type Low-Density lipoprotein receptor (WT-LDLR) and missense variants of LDLR that are pathogenically associated with familial hypercholesterolemia were used as the in vitro models. The relative mRNA expression and protein profiles of ER stress sensors, inflammatory and apoptotic markers, together with cytotoxic assays and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential, were carried out in HepG2 cells treated with 100 µg per ml oxLDL for 24 to 48 h. 1-way or 2-way ANOVA was used for statistical analyses of datasets. RESULTS ER stress responses are elicited along all three arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR), with adverse cytotoxic and inflammatory responses in oxLDL-treated conditions. Interestingly, oxLDL-treated ER-stressed HepG2 cells manifested intriguingly low expression of BiP- the master regulator of ER stress, as observed earlier by various researchers in liver biopsies of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. This study shows that overexpression of BiP rescues hepatic cells from cytotoxic and inflammatory mechanisms instigated by ER stress in combination with oxLDL, along the ER and mitochondrial membrane and restores cellular homeostasis. CONCLUSION The data provide interesting leads that identify patients with familial hypercholesterolemia conditions and potentially other Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation (ERAD) diseases as highly susceptible to developing hepatic insults with molecular signatures like those manifested in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and NASH. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Although the use of HepG2 cells as the model is a major caveat of the study, the findings of this research may be used as the pilot study to expand further investigations in primary hepatocytes or iPSC- derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Deepu Oommen
- Present Address: Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Pagliara V, Amodio G, Vestuto V, Franceschelli S, Russo NA, Cirillo V, Mottola G, Remondelli P, Moltedo O. Myogenesis in C2C12 Cells Requires Phosphorylation of ATF6α by p38 MAPK. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051457. [PMID: 37239128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) is an endoplasmic reticulum protein known to participate in unfolded protein response (UPR) during ER stress in mammals. Herein, we show that in mouse C2C12 myoblasts induced to differentiate, ATF6α is the only pathway of the UPR activated. ATF6α stimulation is p38 MAPK-dependent, as revealed by the use of the inhibitor SB203580, which halts myotube formation and, at the same time, impairs trafficking of ATF6α, which accumulates at the cis-Golgi without being processed in the p50 transcriptional active form. To further evaluate the role of ATF6α, we knocked out the ATF6α gene, thus inhibiting the C2C12 myoblast from undergoing myogenesis, and this occurred independently from p38 MAPK activity. The expression of exogenous ATF6α in knocked-out ATF6α cells recover myogenesis, whereas the expression of an ATF6α mutant in the p38 MAPK phosphorylation site (T166) was not able to regain myogenesis. Genetic ablation of ATF6α also prevents the exit from the cell cycle, which is essential for muscle differentiation. Furthermore, when we inhibited differentiation by the use of dexamethasone in C2C12 cells, we found inactivation of p38 MAPK and, consequently, loss of ATF6α activity. All these findings suggest that the p-p38 MAPK/ATF6α axis, in pathophysiological conditions, regulates myogenesis by promoting the exit from the cell cycle, an essential step to start myoblasts differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pagliara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franceschelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonino Russo
- Biogem, Istituto di Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN) (AMU-INSERM 1263-INRAE 1260), Aix Marseille Université, Campus Timone, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Biogénopôle (BGP), Laboratoires de Biologie Médicale, Secteur Biochimie, Hôpital de La Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Groenendyk J, Michalak M. Interplay between calcium and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102753. [PMID: 37209448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is crucial for the healthy functioning of the organism. Disruption of cellular homeostasis activates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress coping responses including the unfolded protein response (UPR). There are three ER resident stress sensors responsible for UPR activation - IRE1α, PERK and ATF6. Ca2+ signaling plays an important role in stress responses including the UPR and the ER is the main Ca2+ storage organelle and a source of Ca2+ for cell signaling. The ER contains many proteins involved in Ca2+ import/export/ storage, Ca2+ movement between different cellular organelles and ER Ca2+ stores refilling. Here we focus on selected aspects of ER Ca2+ homeostasis and its role in activation of the ER stress coping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Yu JE, Yeo IJ, Yoo SS, Kim SH, Son DJ, Yun J, Han SB, Hong JT. Induction of ER stress-mediated apoptosis through SOD1 upregulation by deficiency of CHI3L1 inhibits lung metastasis. Theranostics 2023; 13:2693-2709. [PMID: 37215572 PMCID: PMC10196820 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), which is secreted by immune and inflammatory cells, is associated with several inflammatory diseases. However, the basic cellular pathophysiological functions of CHI3L1 are not well characterized. To investigate the novel pathophysiological function of CHI3L1, we performed LC-MS/MS analysis of cells transfected with Myc-vector and Myc-CHI3L1. We analyzed the changes in the protein distribution in Myc-CHI3L1 transfected-cells, and identified 451 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) compared with Myc-vector-transfected-cells. The biological function of the 451 DEPs was analyzed and it was found that the proteins with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated function were much more highly expressed in CHI3L1-overexpressing cells. We then compared and analyzed the effect of CHI3L1 on the ER chaperon levels in normal lung cells and cancer cells. We identified that CHI3L1 is localized in the ER. In normal cells, the depletion of CHI3L1 did not induce ER stress. However, the depletion of CHI3L1 induces ER stress and eventually activates the unfolded protein response, especially the activation of Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which regulates protein synthesis in cancer cells. CHI3L1 may not affect ER stress owing to the lack of misfolded proteins in normal cells, but instead activate ER stress as a defense mechanism only in cancer cells. Under ER stress conditions induced by the application of thapsigargin, the depletion of CHI3L1 induces ER stress through the upregulation of PERK and PERK downstream factors (eIF2α and ATF4) in both normal and cancer cells. However, these signaling activations occur more often in cancer cells than in normal cells. The expression of Grp78 and PERK in the tissues of patients with lung cancer was higher compared with healthy tissues. It is well known that ER stress-mediated PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling activation causes apoptotic cell death. ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by the depletion of CHI3L1 occurs in cancer cells, but rarely occurs in normal cells. Consistent with results from the in vitro model, ER stress-mediated apoptosis was greatly increased during tumor growth and in the lung metastatic tissue of CHI3L1-knockout (KO) mice. The analysis of "big data" identified superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) as a novel target of CHI3L1 and interacted with CHI3L1. The depletion of CHI3L1 increased SOD1 expression, resulting in ER stress. Furthermore, the depletion of SOD1 reduced the expression of ER chaperones and ER-mediated apoptotic marker proteins, as well as apoptotic cell death induced by the depletion of CHI3L1 in in vivo and in vitro models. These results suggest that the depletion of CHI3L1 increases ER stress-mediated apoptotic cell death through SOD1 expression, and subsequently inhibits lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang-Bae Han
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Drs. Jin Tae Hong () and Sang-Bae Han (), College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongiu, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-42-261-2813, Fax: +82-42-268-2732
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Drs. Jin Tae Hong () and Sang-Bae Han (), College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongiu, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-42-261-2813, Fax: +82-42-268-2732
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Desouky MA, George MY, Michel HE, Elsherbiny DA. Roflumilast escalates α-synuclein aggregate degradation in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 379:110491. [PMID: 37105514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of the protein homeostasis circuit is one of the principal attributes associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect of roflumilast (ROF), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. Interestingly, ROF (1 mg/kg, p.o.) attenuated motor impairment, prevented brain lesions, and rescued the dopaminergic neurons in rotenone-treated rats. Furthermore, it reduced misfolded α-synuclein burden. ROF also promoted the midbrain cyclic adenosine monophosphate level, which subsequently enhanced the 26S proteasome activity and the expression of the 20S proteasome. ROF counteracted rotenone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was demonstrated by its impact on activating transcription factor 6, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein levels. Moreover, ROF averted rotenone-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by its effects on the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxides with a significant anti-apoptotic activity. Collectively, this study implies repurposing of ROF as a novel neuroprotective drug owning to its ability to restore normal protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Desouky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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Pang KL, Mai CW, Chin KY. Molecular Mechanism of Tocotrienol-Mediated Anticancer Properties: A Systematic Review of the Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081854. [PMID: 37111076 PMCID: PMC10145773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tocotrienol, a type of vitamin E, is well known for its anti-cancer and other biological activities. This systematic review aims to summarize the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and subsequent unfolded protein response (UPR) as the underlying molecular mechanisms for the anticancer properties of tocotrienol. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was performed in March 2023 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. In vitro, in vivo, and human studies were considered. RESULT A total of 840 articles were retrieved during the initial search, and 11 articles that fit the selection criteria were included for qualitative analysis. The current mechanistic findings are based solely on in vitro studies. Tocotrienol induces cancer cell growth arrest, autophagy, and cell death primarily through apoptosis but also through paraptosis-like cell death. Tocotrienol-rich fractions, including α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols, induce ERS, as evidenced by upregulation of UPR markers and/or ERS-related apoptosis markers. Early endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion release, increased ceramide level, proteasomal inhibition, and upregulation of microRNA-190b were suggested to be essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated ERS/UPR transduction. Nevertheless, the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-induced ERS is largely unknown. CONCLUSION ERS and UPR are essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated anti-cancer effects. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-mediated ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri 79200, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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41
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054914. [PMID: 36902344 PMCID: PMC10003093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle exerting crucial functions in protein production, metabolism homeostasis and cell signaling. Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs when cells are damaged and the capacity of this organelle to perform its normal functions is reduced. Subsequently, specific signaling cascades, together forming the so-called unfolded protein response, are activated and deeply impact cell fate. In normal renal cells, these molecular pathways strive to either resolve cell injury or activate cell death, depending on the extent of cell damage. Therefore, the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway was suggested as an interesting therapeutic strategy for pathologies such as cancer. However, renal cancer cells are known to hijack these stress mechanisms and exploit them to their advantage in order to promote their survival through rewiring of their metabolism, activation of oxidative stress responses, autophagy, inhibition of apoptosis and senescence. Recent data strongly suggest that a certain threshold of endoplasmic reticulum stress activation needs to be attained in cancer cells in order to shift endoplasmic reticulum stress responses from a pro-survival to a pro-apoptotic outcome. Several endoplasmic reticulum stress pharmacological modulators of interest for therapeutic purposes are already available, but only a handful were tested in the case of renal carcinoma, and their effects in an in vivo setting remain poorly known. This review discusses the relevance of endoplasmic reticulum stress activation or suppression in renal cancer cell progression and the therapeutic potential of targeting this cellular process for this cancer.
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Cervia LD, Shibue T, Borah AA, Gaeta B, He L, Leung L, Li N, Moyer SM, Shim BH, Dumont N, Gonzalez A, Bick NR, Kazachkova M, Dempster JM, Krill-Burger JM, Piccioni F, Udeshi ND, Olive ME, Carr SA, Root DE, McFarland JM, Vazquez F, Hahn WC. A Ubiquitination Cascade Regulating the Integrated Stress Response and Survival in Carcinomas. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:766-795. [PMID: 36576405 PMCID: PMC9975667 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Systematic identification of signaling pathways required for the fitness of cancer cells will facilitate the development of new cancer therapies. We used gene essentiality measurements in 1,086 cancer cell lines to identify selective coessentiality modules and found that a ubiquitin ligase complex composed of UBA6, BIRC6, KCMF1, and UBR4 is required for the survival of a subset of epithelial tumors that exhibit a high degree of aneuploidy. Suppressing BIRC6 in cell lines that are dependent on this complex led to a substantial reduction in cell fitness in vitro and potent tumor regression in vivo. Mechanistically, BIRC6 suppression resulted in selective activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) by stabilization of the heme-regulated inhibitor, a direct ubiquitination target of the UBA6/BIRC6/KCMF1/UBR4 complex. These observations uncover a novel ubiquitination cascade that regulates ISR and highlight the potential of ISR activation as a new therapeutic strategy. SIGNIFICANCE We describe the identification of a heretofore unrecognized ubiquitin ligase complex that prevents the aberrant activation of the ISR in a subset of cancer cells. This provides a novel insight on the regulation of ISR and exposes a therapeutic opportunity to selectively eliminate these cancer cells. See related commentary Leli and Koumenis, p. 535. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Cervia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tsukasa Shibue
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ashir A. Borah
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Gaeta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Linh He
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Leung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Naomi Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sydney M. Moyer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian H. Shim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Nolan R. Bick
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meagan E. Olive
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A. Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David E. Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - William C. Hahn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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43
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Hu R, Jiang X, Yang H, Liu G. Selection signature analysis reveals RDH5 performed key function in vision during sheep domestication process. Arch Anim Breed 2023. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-81-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. As one of the most successful domesticated animals in the Neolithic age,
sheep gradually migrated all over the world with human activities. During the
domestication process, remarkable changes have taken place in morphology,
physiology, and behavior, resulting in different breeds with different
characters via artificial and natural selection. However, the genetic
background responsible for these phenotypic variations remains largely
unclear. Here, we used whole genome resequencing technology to compare and
analyze the genome differences between Asiatic mouflon wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) and Hu
sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 755 genes were positively selected in the process of
domestication and selection, and the genes related to sensory perception had
directional evolution in the autosomal region, such as OPRL1, LEF1, TAS1R3, ATF6, VSX2, MYO1A, RDH5, and some novel
genes. A missense mutation of c.T722C/p.M241T in exon 4 of RDH5 existing in sheep
were found, and the T allele was completely fixed in Hu sheep. In addition, the
mutation with the C allele reduced the retinol dehydrogenase activity encoding
by RDH5, which can impair retinoic acid metabolism and further influenced the visual
cycle. Overall, our results showed significant enrichment for positively
selected genes involved in sensory perception development during sheep
domestication; RDH5 and its variants may be related to the retinal degeneration
in sheep. We infer that the wild sheep ancestors with weaker visual sensitivity
were weeded out by humans, and the mutation was selective, swept by the dual
pressures of natural and artificial selection.
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44
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Vx-809, a CFTR Corrector, Acts through a General Mechanism of Protein Folding and on the Inflammatory Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044252. [PMID: 36835664 PMCID: PMC9965627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct protein folding is the basis of cellular well-being; thus, accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to an imbalance of homeostasis that causes stress to the ER. Various studies have shown that protein misfolding is a significant factor in the etiology of many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. Misfolded protein accumulation in the ER triggers a sophisticated signal transduction pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is controlled by three proteins, resident in ER: IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6. Briefly, when ER stress is irreversible, IRE1α induces the activation of pro-inflammatory proteins; PERK phosphorylates eIF2α which induces ATF4 transcription, while ATF6 activates genes encoding ER chaperones. Reticular stress causes an alteration of the calcium homeostasis, which is released from the ER and taken up by the mitochondria, leading to an increase in the oxygen radical species production, and consequently, to oxidative stress. Accumulation of intracellular calcium, in combination with lethal ROS levels, has been associated with an increase of pro-inflammatory protein expression and the initiation of the inflammatory process. Lumacaftor (Vx-809) is a common corrector used in cystic fibrosis treatment which enhances the folding of mutated F508del-CFTR, one of the most prevalent impaired proteins underlying the disease, promoting a higher localization of the mutant protein on the cell membrane. Here, we demonstrate that this drug reduces the ER stress and, consequently, the inflammation that is caused by such events. Thus, this molecule is a promising drug to treat several pathologies that present an etiopathogenesis due to the accumulation of protein aggregates that lead to chronic reticular stress.
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45
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Wu KY, Kulbay M, Toameh D, Xu AQ, Kalevar A, Tran SD. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:685. [PMID: 36840007 PMCID: PMC9963330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It is the most common type of inherited retinal dystrophy and has a high burden on both patients and society. This condition causes gradual loss of vision, with its typical manifestations including nyctalopia, concentric visual field loss, and ultimately bilateral central vision loss. It is one of the leading causes of visual disability and blindness in people under 60 years old and affects over 1.5 million people worldwide. There is currently no curative treatment for people with RP, and only a small group of patients with confirmed RPE65 mutations are eligible to receive the only gene therapy on the market: voretigene neparvovec. The current therapeutic armamentarium is limited to retinoids, vitamin A supplements, protection from sunlight, visual aids, and medical and surgical interventions to treat ophthalmic comorbidities, which only aim to slow down the progression of the disease. Considering such a limited therapeutic landscape, there is an urgent need for developing new and individualized therapeutic modalities targeting retinal degeneration. Although the heterogeneity of gene mutations involved in RP makes its target treatment development difficult, recent fundamental studies showed promising progress in elucidation of the photoreceptor degeneration mechanism. The discovery of novel molecule therapeutics that can selectively target specific receptors or specific pathways will serve as a solid foundation for advanced drug development. This article is a review of recent progress in novel treatment of RP focusing on preclinical stage fundamental research on molecular targets, which will serve as a starting point for advanced drug development. We will review the alterations in the molecular pathways involved in the development of RP, mainly those regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic pathways, maintenance of the redox balance, and genomic stability. We will then discuss the therapeutic approaches under development, such as gene and cell therapy, as well as the recent literature identifying novel potential drug targets for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Merve Kulbay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dana Toameh
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - An Qi Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ananda Kalevar
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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46
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Li A, Zhao Q, Chen L, Li Z. Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1639-1653. [PMID: 36378421 PMCID: PMC9665010 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, is extensively expressed in various systems, especially the nervous system. This article reviews the role of apelin/APJ system in neurological diseases. In detail, apelin/APJ system can relieve acute brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and ischemic stroke. Also, apelin/APJ system has therapeutic effects on chronic neurodegenerative disease models, involving the regulation of neurotrophic factors, neuroendocrine, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, through different routes of administration, apelin/APJ system has a biphasic effect on depression, epilepsy, and pain. However, apelin/APJ system exacerbates the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma. Thus, apelin/APJ system is expected to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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47
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Li BB, Fan JQ, Hong QM, Yang XJ, Yan ZY, Huang W, Chen YH. Preliminary study of the intranuclear function of Sma and Mad related protein 5 gene in Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104564. [PMID: 36216082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei Smad5 (LvSmad5) in cytoplasm has been proved to be involved in environmental stress response. As LvSmad5 could also locate in nucleus under specific stress, it was conjectured that LvSmad5 might participate in environmental stress response. While, the experimental evidence is still lacking. In this study, cytosolic LvSmad5 mutant or nuclear LvSmad5 mutant was expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, and then transcriptomic analysis of mentioned cells was performed using Illumina HiSeq based RNA-Seq, to reveal the function of LvSmad5 in nucleus. By comparing the two groups of cDNA libraries from S2 cells with cytosolic or nucleus LvSmad5 mutant, 86 differentially expressed genes as well as 765 differentially expressed transcripts were found. It was revealed that genes in the ER-stress response pathway, such as unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) were enriched. Additionally, some kinds of metabolic reprogramming occurred in S2 cells with over-expressing nuclear LvSmad5, for significant changes in the expression of some metabolism-related genes. To test our infer that nuclear LvSmad5 was engaged in environmental stress response, homologous gene of Drosophila translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 in L.vannamei (LvTRC8) was chosen for further investigation. And studies about LvTRC8, a member of ERAD showed that it was induced by ER-stress or heat shock treatment. Suppressed the expression of LvTRC8 increased the cumulative mortality of shrimp upon stress. In some degree, these results support our speculation that nuclear LvSmad5 are involved in the environmental stress response of L. vannamei in fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jin-Quan Fan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Qian-Ming Hong
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xin-Jun Yang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Ze-Yu Yan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Wen Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE) / Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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48
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Obakan Yerlikaya P, Adacan K, Karatug Kacar A, Coker Gurkan A, Arisan ED. Epibrassinolide impaired colon tumor progression and induced autophagy in SCID mouse xenograft model via acting on cell cycle progression without affecting endoplasmic reticulum stress observed in vitro. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 155:106360. [PMID: 36587800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epibrassinolide is a member of brassinosteroids with a polyhydroxysteroid structure similar to steroid hormones of vertebrates. It was shown that EBR decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in different colon cancer cell lines without exerting a cytotoxic effect in epithelial fetal human colon cells. This finding highlighted the potential of epibrassinolide in clinical therapeutic setup. In our previous studies, we showed that epibrassinolide was able to induce apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recently, we also showed that endoplasmic reticulum and apoptotic stresses can be prevented via autophagic induction in non-cancerous epithelial or aggressive forms of cancer cells. Therefore, here in this study, we evaluated the anti-tumoral effect of epibrassinolide as well as the autophagy involvement in the aggressive forms of colon cancer cell lines as well as in vivo SCID mouse xenograft colon cancer model for the first time. For this purpose, SCID mouse model was used for subcutaneous injection of colon cancer cells in matrigel formulation. We found that autophagy is induced in both in vitro and in vivo models. Following tumor formation, SCID mice were treated daily with increasing concentrations of epibrassinolide for two weeks. Our findings showed that EBR inhibited the volume and diameter of the tumor in a dose-dependent manner by causing cell cycle arrest. Therefore our data suggest that epibrassinolide exerts a cytostatic effect on the agrressive form of colon cancer model in vivo, without affecting endoplasmic reticulum stress and the induction of autophagy might have role in this effect of epibrassinolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Obakan Yerlikaya
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Uskudar, 34700 Istanbul, Türkiye; Istanbul Medeniyet University, Science and Advanced Technology Research Center (BILTAM), Uskudar, 34700 Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Kaan Adacan
- İstinye University, Molecular Cancer Research Center (ISUMKAM), Zeytinburnu, 34010 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Karatug Kacar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Vezneciler, 34134 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ajda Coker Gurkan
- Marmara University, Faculty of Arts And Sciences, Department Of Biology, Kadikoy, 34722, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Gebze Technical University, Institute of Biotechnology, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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49
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Chaperone-Dependent Mechanisms as a Pharmacological Target for Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010823. [PMID: 36614266 PMCID: PMC9820882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern pharmacotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases is predominantly symptomatic and does not allow vicious circles causing disease development to break. Protein misfolding is considered the most important pathogenetic factor of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological mechanisms related to the function of chaperones, which contribute to the restoration of native conformation of functionally important proteins, evolved evolutionarily. These mechanisms can be considered promising for pharmacological regulation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Data on BiP and Sigma1R chaperones in clinical and experimental studies of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease are presented. The possibility of neuroprotective effect dependent on Sigma1R ligand activation in these diseases is also demonstrated. The interaction between Sigma1R and BiP-associated signaling in the neuroprotection is discussed. The performed analysis suggests the feasibility of pharmacological regulation of chaperone function, possibility of ligand activation of Sigma1R in order to achieve a neuroprotective effect, and the need for further studies of the conjugation of cellular mechanisms controlled by Sigma1R and BiP chaperones.
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50
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Gutiérrez-Ballesteros F, Morales-Reyes J, Fernández D, Geisse A, Arcaya A, Flores-Santibañez F, Bono MR, Osorio F. Normal tissue homeostasis and impairment of selective inflammatory responses in dendritic cells deficient for ATF6α. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089728. [PMID: 37025177 PMCID: PMC10070697 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immunity relies on the performance of dendritic cells (DCs), which are specialized leukocytes with professional antigen presenting capabilities. As such, the molecular mechanisms safeguarding DC homeostasis are matter of intense research. Sensors of the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum, a three-pronged signaling pathway that maintains the fidelity of the cellular proteome, have emerged as regulators of DC biology. The archetypical example is the IRE1/XBP1s axis, which supports DC development and survival of the conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) subtype. However, the role of additional UPR sensors in DC biology, such as the ATF6α branch, has not been clearly elucidated. Even though Xbp1 is transcriptionally induced by ATF6α under ER stress, it is unclear if cDCs also co-opt the ATF6α branch in tissues. Here, we examine the role of ATF6α in cDC homeostasis in vivo and upon innate stimulation in vitro. In steady state, animals lacking ATF6α in CD11c+ cells (Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl mice) display normal cDC frequencies in spleen, intestine, liver, and lung. Also, ATF6α deficient cDCs express normal levels of Xbp1 mRNA and additional UPR components. However, a reduction of lung monocytes is observed in Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl conditional deficient animals suggesting that ATF6α may play a role in the biology of monocyte subsets. Notably, in settings of DC activation, ATF6α contributes to the production of IL-12 and IL-6 to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, although ATF6α may be dispensable for tissue cDC homeostasis in steady state, the transcription factor plays a role in the acquisition of selective immunogenic features by activated DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Gutiérrez-Ballesteros
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Morales-Reyes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dominique Fernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Geisse
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amada Arcaya
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Flores-Santibañez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Fabiola Osorio,
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