1
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Zhao J, Jing C, Fan R, Zhang W. Prognostic model of fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by combined bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34519. [PMID: 39113997 PMCID: PMC11305307 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts play an important role in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods We employed single-cell RNA-sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to perform cell clustering and annotation analyses. We then performed secondary clustering of fibroblasts and conducted functional enrichment and cell trajectory analyses of the two newly defined fibroblast subtypes. Bulk RNA-sequencing data were used to perform consensus clustering and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We constructed a fibroblast-related prognostic model using least absolute shrinkage, selection operator regression, and Cox regression analysis. The prognostic model was validated using a validation dataset. Immune infiltration and functional enrichment analyses were conducted for patients in the high- and low-risk IPF groups. Results We characterized two fibroblast subtypes that are active in IPF (F3+ and ROBO2+). Using fibroblast-related genes, we identified five genes (CXCL14, TM4SF1, CYTL1, SOD3, and MMP10) for the prognostic model. The area under the curve values of our prognostic model were 0.852, 0.859, and 0.844 at one, two, and three years in the training set, and 0.837, 0.758, and 0.821 at one, two, and three years in the validation set, respectively. Conclusion This study annotates and characterizes different subtypes of fibroblasts in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhao
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanqing Jing
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Fan
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Mota INR, Satari S, Marques IS, Santos JMO, Medeiros R. Adipose tissue rearrangement in cancer cachexia: The involvement of β3-adrenergic receptor associated pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189103. [PMID: 38679401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex multiple organ syndrome that significantly contributes to reduced quality of life and increased mortality among many cancer patients. Its multifactorial nature makes its early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions challenging. Adipose tissue is particularly impacted by cachexia, typically through increased lipolysis, browning and thermogenesis, mainly at the onset of the disease. These processes lead to depletion of fat mass and contribute to the dysfunction of other organs. The β-adrenergic signalling pathways are classical players in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. They are activated upon sympathetic stimulation inducing lipolysis, browning and thermogenesis, therefore contributing to energy expenditure. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation may be crucial to the adipose tissue remodelling during cachexia, the literature remains controversial. Moreover, there is limited knowledge regarding sexual dimorphism of adipose tissue in the context of cachexia. This review paper aims to present the current knowledge regarding adipose tissue wasting during CAC, with a specific focus on the role of the β3-adrenergic receptor, placing it as a potential therapeutic target against cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês N R Mota
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Setareh Satari
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês Soares Marques
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.
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Fijardo M, Kwan JYY, Bissey PA, Citrin DE, Yip KW, Liu FF. The clinical manifestations and molecular pathogenesis of radiation fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105089. [PMID: 38579363 PMCID: PMC11002813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in radiation techniques have enabled the precise delivery of higher doses of radiotherapy to tumours, while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. Consequently, the incidence of radiation toxicities has declined, and will likely continue to improve as radiotherapy further evolves. Nonetheless, ionizing radiation elicits tissue-specific toxicities that gradually develop into radiation-induced fibrosis, a common long-term side-effect of radiotherapy. Radiation fibrosis is characterized by an aberrant wound repair process, which promotes the deposition of extensive scar tissue, clinically manifesting as a loss of elasticity, tissue thickening, and organ-specific functional consequences. In addition to improving the existing technologies and guidelines directing the administration of radiotherapy, understanding the pathogenesis underlying radiation fibrosis is essential for the success of cancer treatments. This review integrates the principles for radiotherapy dosimetry to minimize off-target effects, the tissue-specific clinical manifestations, the key cellular and molecular drivers of radiation fibrosis, and emerging therapeutic opportunities for both prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Fijardo
- Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yin Yee Kwan
- Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Adel RM, Helal H, Ahmed Fouad M, Sobhy Abd-Elhalem S. Regulation of miRNA-155-5p ameliorates NETosis in pulmonary fibrosis rat model via inhibiting its target cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β1. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111456. [PMID: 38159555 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an age-related inflammatory disease with no cure up till now.It is accompanied by neutrophils infiltration as the main responders to inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) through NETosis process. The function of microRNAs during inflammation became of great biological attention. Owing to microRNAs' central role in immune system, microRNA-155-5p (miR-155-5p) is intensely involved in the inflammatory response. Capsaicin (Cap) is a bioactive compound that exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Recent studies have shown its role in regulation of certain microRNAs' expressions. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effect of miR-155-5p regulation in suppressing NETs production via ameliorating its target inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß, TNF-α and TGF-ß1, in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model treated by Cap. The obtained results demonstrated that miR-155-5p downregulation was associated with significant decrease in IL-1ß, TNF-α, TGF-β1, which consequently, reduced hydroxyproline (HYP), NETs activity markers as NE and PAD-4, and alleviated CTGF levels in lung tissues of animals treated by Cap. Furthermore, NETosis ultrastructure examination by transmission electron microscope (TEM), MPO immunohistochemical staining and histopathological studies confirmed an abolishment in NETs formation and an improvement in lung tissue architecture in Cap-treated rats. This study concluded that Cap quenched the inflammatory response through interrupting IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β1 pathway via modulating miR-155-5p expression. In addition, Cap was able to alleviate pulmonary NETosis markers by restraining NETs activity markers. These findings provide novel insight into the application of Cap-based treatment in ameliorating pulmonary damage in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mostafa Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, 11757, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hamed Helal
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Ahmed Fouad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, 11757, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar Sobhy Abd-Elhalem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, 11757, Cairo, Egypt.
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Basalova N, Alexandrushkina N, Grigorieva O, Kulebyakina M, Efimenko A. Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha (FAPα) in Fibrosis: Beyond a Perspective Marker for Activated Stromal Cells? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1718. [PMID: 38136590 PMCID: PMC10742035 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tissue fibrosis is a complex process involving the interaction of multiple cell types, which makes the search for antifibrotic agents rather challenging. So far, myofibroblasts have been considered the key cell type that mediated the development of fibrosis and thus was the main target for therapy. However, current strategies aimed at inhibiting myofibroblast function or eliminating them fail to demonstrate sufficient effectiveness in clinical practice. Therefore, today, there is an unmet need to search for more reliable cellular targets to contribute to fibrosis resolution or the inhibition of its progression. Activated stromal cells, capable of active proliferation and invasive growth into healthy tissue, appear to be such a target population due to their more accessible localization in the tissue and their high susceptibility to various regulatory signals. This subpopulation is marked by fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα). For a long time, FAPα was considered exclusively a marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, accumulating data are emerging on the diverse functions of FAPα, which suggests that this protein is not only a marker but also plays an important role in fibrosis development and progression. This review aims to summarize the current data on the expression, regulation, and function of FAPα regarding fibrosis development and identify promising advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Basalova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya Alexandrushkina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Olga Grigorieva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Kulebyakina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Efimenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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Moshkovitz N, Epstein Shochet G, Shitrit D. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Roflumilast Involvement in IPF Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12393. [PMID: 37569768 PMCID: PMC10418473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ECM propagates processes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), leading to progressive lung scarring. We established an IPF-conditioned matrix (IPF-CM) system as a platform for testing drug candidates. Here, we tested the involvement of a PGE2 and PDE4 inhibitor, Roflumilast, in the IPF-CM system. Primary normal/IPF tissue-derived human lung fibroblasts (N/IPF-HLFs) were cultured on Matrigel and then removed to create the IPF-CM. N-HLFs were exposed to the IPF-CM/N-CM with/without PGE2 (1 nM) and Roflumilast (1 µM) for 24 h. The effect of the IPF-CM on cell phenotype and pro-fibrotic gene expression was tested. In addition, electronic records of 107 patients with up to 15-year follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were defined as slow/rapid progressors using forced vital capacity (FVC) annual decline. Medication exposure was examined. N-HLFs cultured on IPF-CM were arranged in large aggregates as a result of increased proliferation, migration and differentiation. A PGE2 and Roflumilast combination blocked the large aggregate formation induced by the IPF-CM (p < 0.001) as well as cell migration, proliferation, and pro-fibrotic gene expression. A review of patient records showed that significantly more slow-progressing patients were exposed to NSAIDs (p = 0.003). PGE2/PDE4 signaling may be involved in IPF progression. These findings should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Moshkovitz
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Brierly G, Celentano A, Breik O, Moslemivayeghan E, Patini R, McCullough M, Yap T. Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061841. [PMID: 36980727 PMCID: PMC10046488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the inflammatory mechanisms underpinning initiation, progression, and promotion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development is fundamental to the rational pursuit of targeted therapeutics. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of TNF-α in the aetiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapies with regards to OSCC. TNF-α is worthy of particular attention in OSCC, with its presence demonstrated to enhance cell proliferation and its downregulation demonstrated to inhibit proliferation and migration in other carcinomas in both in vitro and in vivo models and oral cancer patients. Increased TNF-α in the OSCC tumour microenvironment has been demonstrated to favour invasion through promotion of firstly the pro-inflammatory, pro-invasive phenotypes of OSCC cells and secondly its paracrine mechanism mediating recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Polymorphisms affecting the gene expression of TNF-α have been strongly associated with an increased risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. A number of studies have considered TNF-α within biofluids, including saliva and serum, as a potential biomarker for the early detection of OSCC, as well as its staging, differentiation, and prognosis. The broad and multifaceted role that TNF-α plays in many inflammatory states presents an obvious confounder, particularly with demonstrated increased TNF-α levels in common oral disease states. Lastly, biologic agents targeting TNF-α are currently in clinical use for immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatological and gastrointestinal diseases. There is the potential that these biological agents might have an adjunctive role in OSCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Brierly
- Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Omar Breik
- Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elham Moslemivayeghan
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Romeo Patini
- Department of Head, Neck and Sense Organs, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Tami Yap
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
- Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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8
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Xia Q, Jiang W, Zhang H, Amiri-Ardekani E, Hua H, Cheng Y. Machine learning-based prediction of candidate gene biomarkers correlated with immune infiltration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1001813. [PMID: 36860337 PMCID: PMC9968813 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify candidate gene biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) based on machine learning algorithms. Methods Microarray datasets of IPF were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were subjected to enrichment analysis, and two machine learning algorithms were used to identify candidate genes associated with IPF. These genes were verified in a validation cohort from the GEO database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to assess the predictive value of the IPF-associated genes. The cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm was used to evaluate the proportion of immune cells in IPF and normal tissues. Additionally, the correlation between the expression of IPF-associated genes and the infiltration levels of immune cells was examined. Results A total of 302 upregulated and 192 downregulated genes were identified. Functional annotation, pathway enrichment, Disease Ontology and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were related to the extracellular matrix and immune responses. COL3A1, CDH3, CEBPD, and GPIHBP1 were identified as candidate biomarkers using machine learning algorithms, and their predictive value was verified in a validation cohort. Additionally, ROC analysis revealed that the four genes had high predictive accuracy. The infiltration levels of plasma cells, M0 macrophages and resting dendritic cells were higher and those of resting natural killer (NK) cells, M1 macrophages and eosinophils were lower in the lung tissues of patients with IPF than in those of healthy individuals. The expression of the abovementioned genes was correlated with the infiltration levels of plasma cells, M0 macrophages and eosinophils. Conclusion COL3A1, CDH3, CEBPD, and GPIHBP1 are candidate biomarkers of IPF. Plasma cells, M0 macrophages and eosinophils may be involved in the development of IPF and may serve as immunotherapeutic targets in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weilong Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huizhe Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yancheng Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,*Correspondence: Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani,
| | - Haibing Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China,Haibing Hua,
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yi Cheng,
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Hwang MA, Won M, Im JY, Kang MJ, Kweon DH, Kim BK. TNF-α Secreted from Macrophages Increases the Expression of Prometastatic Integrin αV in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010376. [PMID: 36613819 PMCID: PMC9820470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprising blood vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix surrounding cancer cells, has recently been targeted for research in cancer therapy. We aimed to investigate the effect of macrophages on the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells, and studied their potential mechanism. In transcriptome analysis, integrin αV was identified as a gene increased in AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells. AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells displayed increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix and greater invasiveness compared with AGS cells cultured alone. This increased invasion of AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by integrin αV knockdown. In addition, the increase in integrin αV expression induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or by coculture with RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) knockdown. The increase in integrin αV expression induced by TNF-α was inhibited by both Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor and VGLL1 S84 peptide treatment. Finally, transcription of integrin αV was shown to be regulated through the binding of VGLL1 and TEAD4 to the promoter of integrin αV. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TNFR1-ERK-VGLL1 signaling activated by TNF-α secreted from RAW264.7 cells increased integrin αV expression, thereby increasing the adhesion and invasive ability of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Aie Hwang
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Won
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, oneCureGEN, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Im
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Kang
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, oneCureGEN, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.K.)
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Kletukhina S, Mutallapova G, Titova A, Gomzikova M. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911212. [PMID: 36232511 PMCID: PMC9569825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial fibrotic disease that leads to disability and death within 5 years of diagnosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease with a multifactorial etiology. The concept of aberrant regeneration of the pulmonary epithelium reveals the pathogenesis of IPF, according to which repeated damage and death of alveolar epithelial cells is the main mechanism leading to the development of progressive IPF. Cell death provokes the migration, proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, which overproduce extracellular matrix, resulting in fibrotic deformity of the lung tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapies for pulmonary fibrosis. MSCs, and EVs derived from MSCs, modulate the activity of immune cells, inhibit the expression of profibrotic genes, reduce collagen deposition and promote the repair of damaged lung tissue. This review considers the molecular mechanisms of the development of IPF and the multifaceted role of MSCs in the therapy of IPF. Currently, EVs-MSCs are regarded as a promising cell-free therapy tool, so in this review we discuss the results available to date of the use of EVs-MSCs for lung tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevindzh Kletukhina
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel Mutallapova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Angelina Titova
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-917-8572269
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Tumor necrosis factor-α coordinates with transforming growth factor-β1 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration via the NF-κB/NOX4 pathway in bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9325-9333. [PMID: 35913579 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells, which plays a significant role in lung fibrotic disease. Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) is considered to be the most effective EMT inducer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on TGF-β1-induced EMT and the underlying mechanisms in the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were treated with TGF-β1 and TNF-α separately or in combination for 24 h, and qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and migration assays were used to investigate the EMT process. Moreover, to further explore the effect of the NF-κB pathway on the EMT process, inhibitor assays (BAY-117082, NF-κB inhibitor), wound healing assays, and western blotting were performed. RESULTS The results showed that both cytokines enhanced the transformation of BEAS-2B cells from epithelial to mesenchymal cells. In addition, combined treatment with TNF-α and TGF-β1 further reduced E-cadherin expression, which conversely elevated α-SMA and vimentin mRNA and protein levels. Correspondingly, the migration rate of BEAS-2B cells was also increased. Furthermore, inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway blocked the expression of EMT-related markers and NOX4 induced by TGF-β1 and TNF-α, as well as cell migration. CONCLUSION Taken together, TNF-α and TGF-β1 cooperatively promoted EMT and cell migration in BEAS-2B cells through the NF-κB/NOX4 signaling pathway.
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12
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Hennion N, Desseyn JL, Gottrand F, Wémeau-Stervinou L, Gouyer V. La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:579-584. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI) est une maladie pulmonaire chronique, évolutive et mortelle dont l’origine est inconnue. Elle se caractérise par une cicatrisation aberrante de l’épithélium alvéolaire aboutissant à une accumulation de matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Les foyers fibroblastiques, constitués de fibroblastes et de myofibroblastes, sont responsables de la production excessive de MEC. Les deux seules molécules thérapeutiques disponibles sur le marché permettent seulement de ralentir l’évolution de la maladie. Dans cette revue, nous présentons les mécanismes impliqués dans la progression de la maladie, ses traitements et les modèles d’étude.
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13
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Velázquez-Enríquez JM, Ramírez-Hernández AA, Navarro LMS, Reyes-Avendaño I, González-García K, Jiménez-Martínez C, Castro-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Chino XM, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Differential Expression Profiles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095032. [PMID: 35563422 PMCID: PMC9105114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, irreversible lung disorder of unknown cause. This disease is characterized by profibrotic activation of resident pulmonary fibroblasts resulting in aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. However, although much is known about the pathophysiology of IPF, the cellular and molecular processes that occur and allow aberrant fibroblast activation remain an unmet need. To explore the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with aberrant activation of these fibroblasts, we used the IPF lung fibroblast cell lines LL97A (IPF-1) and LL29 (IPF-2), compared to the normal lung fibroblast cell line CCD19Lu (NL-1). Protein samples were quantified and identified using a label-free quantitative proteomic analysis approach by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). DEPs were identified after pairwise comparison, including all experimental groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) network construction were used to interpret the proteomic data. Eighty proteins expressed exclusively in the IPF-1 and IPF-2 clusters were identified. In addition, 19 proteins were identified up-regulated in IPF-1 and 10 in IPF-2; 10 proteins were down-regulated in IPF-1 and 2 in IPF-2 when compared to the NL-1 proteome. Using the search tool for retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) software, a PPI network was constructed between the DEPs and the 80 proteins expressed exclusively in the IPF-2 and IPF-1 clusters, containing 115 nodes and 136 edges. The 10 hub proteins present in the IPP network were identified using the CytoHubba plugin of the Cytoscape software. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the hub proteins were mainly related to cell adhesion, integrin binding, and hematopoietic cell lineage. Our results provide relevant information on DEPs present in IPF lung fibroblast cell lines when compared to the normal lung fibroblast cell line that could play a key role during IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Velázquez-Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (I.R.-A.); (K.G.-G.)
| | - Alma Aurora Ramírez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (I.R.-A.); (K.G.-G.)
| | | | - Itayetzi Reyes-Avendaño
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (I.R.-A.); (K.G.-G.)
| | - Karina González-García
- Laboratorio de Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (I.R.-A.); (K.G.-G.)
| | - Cristian Jiménez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Conacyt-Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas “CUIB”, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico;
| | - Xariss Miryam Sánchez-Chino
- Catedra-Conacyt, Departamento de Salud El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Tabasco 86280, Mexico;
| | | | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Conacyt-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Bolourani S, Sari E, Brenner M, Wang P. The role of eCIRP in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266163. [PMID: 35377906 PMCID: PMC8979429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN We examined the role of eCIRP in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Publicly available gene expression omnibus datasets were analyzed for the expression of CIRP in lung samples from patients with PF. Wild type (WT) or CIRP-/- mice received daily injections of 10 μg/g bleomycin for 10 days. A subset of bleomycin-injected WT mice was treated with the eCIRP antagonist C23 (8 μg/g/day) from day 10 to day 19. At three weeks, transthoracic echocardiography was performed to measure the degree of pulmonary hypertension, and lung tissues were collected and analyzed for markers of fibrosis. RESULTS Analysis of the mRNA data of human lung samples showed a significant positive correlation between CIRP and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), an important marker of fibrosis. Moreover, the expression of CIRP was higher in patients with acute exacerbation of PF than in patients with stable PF. CIRP-/- mice showed attenuated induction of α-SMA and collagens (Col1a1, Col3a1), reduced hydroxyproline content, decreased histological fibrosis scores, and improved pulmonary hypertension as compared to WT mice. WT mice treated with C23 also had significant attenuation of the above endpoint measure. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that eCIRP plays a key role in promoting the development of PF, and blocking eCIRP with C23 can significantly attenuate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Bolourani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Ezgi Sari
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
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15
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: The Next Marker of Stroke. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2395269. [PMID: 35265224 PMCID: PMC8898850 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2395269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although there is no shortage of research on the markers for stroke, to our knowledge, there are no clear markers that can meet the needs of clinical prediction and treatment. The inflammatory cascade is a critical process that persists and functions throughout the stroke process, ultimately worsening stroke outcomes and increasing mortality. Numerous inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), are involved in this process. These inflammatory factors play a dual role during stroke, and their mechanisms are complex. As one of the representatives, TNF is the primary regulator of the immune system and plays an essential role in the spread of inflammation. In researches done over the last few years, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has emerged as a potential marker for stroke because of its essential role in stroke. This review summarizes the latest research on TNF-α in stroke and explores its potential as a therapeutic target.
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16
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Molecular pathways and role of epigenetics in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Life Sci 2022; 291:120283. [PMID: 34998839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with unknown etiological factors that can progress to other dangerous diseases like lung cancer. Environmental and genetic predisposition are the two major etiological or risk factors involved in the pathology of the IPF. Among the environmental risk factors, smoking is one of the major causes for the development of IPF. Epigenetic pathways like nucleosomes remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA mediated genes play a crucial role in development of IPF. Mutations in the genes make the epigenetic factors as important drug targets in IPF. Transcriptional changes due to environmental factors are also involved in the progression of IPF. The mutations in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) have shown decreased life expectancy in IPF patients. The TERT-gene is highly expressed in chronic smokers and makes the role of epigenetics evident. Drug like nintedanib acts through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), while drug pirfenidone acts through transforming growth factor (TGF), which is useful in IPF. Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, is useful as an anti-fibrosis agent in preclinical models. Newer drugs such as Celgene-CC90001 and FibroGen-FG-3019 are currently under investigations acts through the modulating epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, the study on epigenetics opens a wide window for the discovery of newer drugs. This study provides an elementary analysis of multiple regulators of epigenetics and their roles associated with the pathology of IPF. Further, this review also includes epigenetic drugs under development in preclinical and clinical stages.
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17
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Li MH, Marty-Santos LM, van Ginkel PR, McDermott AE, Rasky AJ, Lukacs NW, Wellik DM. The Lung Elastin Matrix Undergoes Rapid Degradation Upon Adult Loss of Hox5 Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:767454. [PMID: 34901011 PMCID: PMC8662386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode transcription factors that are critical for embryonic skeletal patterning and organogenesis. The Hoxa5, Hoxb5, and Hoxc5 paralogs are expressed in the lung mesenchyme and function redundantly during embryonic lung development. Conditional loss-of-function of these genes during postnatal stages leads to severe defects in alveologenesis, specifically in the generation of the elastin network, and animals display bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or BPD-like phenotype. Here we show the surprising results that mesenchyme-specific loss of Hox5 function at adult stages leads to rapid disruption of the mature elastin matrix, alveolar enlargement, and an emphysema-like phenotype. As the elastin matrix of the lung is considered highly stable, adult disruption of the matrix was not predicted. Just 2 weeks after deletion, adult Hox5 mutant animals show significant increases in alveolar space and changes in pulmonary function, including reduced elastance and increased compliance. Examination of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of adult Tbx4rtTA; TetOCre; Hox5a f a f bbcc lungs demonstrates a disruption of the elastin network although the underlying fibronectin, interstitial collagen and basement membrane appear unaffected. An influx of macrophages and increased matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) are observed in the distal lung 3 days after Hox5 deletion. In culture, fibroblasts from Hox5 mutant lungs exhibit reduced adhesion. These findings establish a novel role for Hox5 transcription factors as critical regulators of lung fibroblasts at adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hang Li
- Genetics Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leilani M. Marty-Santos
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul R. van Ginkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aubrey E. McDermott
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew J. Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Deneen M. Wellik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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18
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Xu Y, Peng W, Han D, Feng F, Wang Z, Gu C, Zhou X, Wu Q. Maiwei Yangfei decoction prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1306. [PMID: 34630661 PMCID: PMC8461617 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maiwei Yangfei (MWYF) is a compound Chinese herb that is safe and effective in the clinical setting in patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF). The aim of the present study was to assess the role of a (MWYF) decoction in a bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mouse model and to investigate the underlying functional mechanism. Chemical components within the MWYF decoction were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 50 C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups with 10 mice per group: Control, model, low dose MWYF (20 g/kg), medium dose MWYF (40 g/kg) and high dose MWYF (60 g/kg). A mouse PF model was established by the tracheal instillation of BLM (5 mg/kg) prior to MWYF treatment, except for mice in the control group. After 21 days of treatment with MWYF, the mice were sacrificed and the body weights were recorded. In addition, pulmonary tissues and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid were collected. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, hydroxyproline, pyridinoline and collagen I levels were determined using ELISA. Vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, TGF-β1, Smad3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, collagen I and collagen III were determined using western blotting. Vimentin and α-SMA levels were also determined using immunofluorescence analysis. Collagens I and III were detected using immunohistochemical analysis and TGF-β1 and Smad3 levels were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Following treatment with MWYF decoction, the body weight of the mice in the PF group increased, the degree of pulmonary alveolitis and PF was reduced, collagen levels were reduced and the expression levels of α-SMA, vimentin and fibronectin were decreased. Although both protein and mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 were reduced, they remained higher than those observed in the control group. To conclude, MWYF decoction delayed the development of BLM-induced PF in mice, where the functional mechanism was likely associated with the TGF-β1/Smad3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wenpan Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Di Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fanchao Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xianmei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Bolourani S, Sari E, Brenner M, Wang P. Extracellular CIRP Induces an Inflammatory Phenotype in Pulmonary Fibroblasts via TLR4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721970. [PMID: 34367191 PMCID: PMC8342891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP), a new damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), has been recently shown to play a critical role in promoting the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Although fibroblast activation is a critical component of the fibrotic process, the direct effects of eCIRP on fibroblasts have never been examined. We studied eCIRP’s role in the induction of inflammatory phenotype in pulmonary fibroblasts and its connection to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We found that eCIRP causes the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and differentially expression-related pathways in a TLR4-dependent manner in pulmonary fibroblasts. Our analysis further showed that the accessory pathways MD2 and Myd88 are involved in the induction of inflammatory phenotype. In order to study the connection of the enrichment of these pathways in priming the microenvironment for pulmonary fibrosis, we investigated the gene expression profile of lung tissues from mice subjected to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis collected at various time points. We found that at day 14, which corresponds to the inflammatory-to-fibrotic transition phase after bleomycin injection, TLR4, MD2, and Myd88 were induced, and the transcriptome was differentially enriched for genes in those pathways. Furthermore, we also found that inflammatory cytokines gene expressions were induced, and the cellular responses to these inflammatory cytokines were differentially enriched on day 14. Overall, our results show that eCIRP induces inflammatory phenotype in pulmonary fibroblasts in a TLR4 dependent manner. This study sheds light on the mechanism by which eCIRP induced inflammatory fibroblasts, contributing to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Bolourani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ezgi Sari
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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20
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Xu D, Li T, Wang R, Mu R. Expression and Pathogenic Analysis of Integrin Family Genes in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:674523. [PMID: 34355002 PMCID: PMC8329247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.674523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Emerging evidence shows that integrin members are involved in inflammation and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study aimed at evaluating the expression of integrin family genes in the skin tissue from SSc patients and exploring the potential pathogenic mechanism. Methods: We utilized the public datasets of SSc skin tissue from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to analyze the expression and clinical significance of integrin family genes in SSc. The expression of integrin members in skin tissue was also assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, functional enrichment and pathway analysis were conducted. Results: Compared with healthy controls, the mRNA and protein levels of ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGB5 were upregulated in the skin of SSc patients. Further analysis indicated that the mRNA expression levels of ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGB5 were positively correlated with modified Rodnan skin thickness score (mRSS). Functional enrichment and pathway analysis showed that integrin members may play multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SSc. Among them, ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGB5 might synergistically promote SSc through affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, ECM–receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, while ITGA5 and ITGB5 also might affect angiogenesis and endothelial cell function. In addition, ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGA5 were associated with different pathways, respectively. ITGA5 was uniquely enriched for actin organization, while ITGB5 was for TGF-β signaling and ITGB2 for immune cell activation. Conclusion: Our results implied that the abnormal expression of integrin family genes including ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGB5 may participate in multiple pathological processes in SSc. Further investigations are required for confirming this speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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The interplay of DAMPs, TLR4, and proinflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1373-1384. [PMID: 34258628 PMCID: PMC8277227 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic debilitating condition characterized by progressive deposition of connective tissue, leading to a steady restriction of lung elasticity, a decline in lung function, and a median survival of 4.5 years. The leading causes of pulmonary fibrosis are inhalation of foreign particles (such as silicosis and pneumoconiosis), infections (such as post COVID-19), autoimmune diseases (such as systemic autoimmune diseases of the connective tissue), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The therapeutics currently available for pulmonary fibrosis only modestly slow the progression of the disease. This review is centered on the interplay of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17) as they contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, and the possible avenues to develop effective therapeutics that disrupt this interplay.
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22
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Laha D, Grant R, Mishra P, Nilubol N. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Manipulating the Immunological Response of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656908. [PMID: 33986746 PMCID: PMC8110933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate system within solid neoplasms. In this review, we aim to provide an updated insight into the TME with a focus on the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on its various components and the use of TNF-α to improve the efficiency of drug delivery. The TME comprises the supporting structure of the tumor, such as its extracellular matrix and vasculature. In addition to cancer cells and cancer stem cells, the TME contains various other cell types, including pericytes, tumor-associated fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. These cells produce signaling molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and extracellular matrix proteins. This review summarizes the intricate balance between pro-oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions that various non-tumor cells within the TME exert. We focused on the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells in the TME that plays an essential role in regulating the immune response, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The multifunctional cytokine, TNF-α, plays essential roles in diverse cellular events within the TME. The uses of TNF-α in cancer treatment and to facilitate cancer drug delivery are discussed. The effects of TNF-α on tumor neovasculature and tumor interstitial fluid pressure that improve treatment efficacy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1A Supports a Pro-Fibrotic Phenotype Loop in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073331. [PMID: 33805152 PMCID: PMC8078165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with poor prognosis. The IPF-conditioned matrix (IPF-CM) system enables the study of matrix–fibroblast interplay. While effective at slowing fibrosis, nintedanib has limitations and the mechanism is not fully elucidated. In the current work, we explored the underlying signaling pathways and characterized nintedanib involvement in the IPF-CM fibrotic process. Results were validated using IPF patient samples and bleomycin-treated animals with/without oral and inhaled nintedanib. IPF-derived primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were cultured on Matrigel and then cleared using NH4OH, creating the IPF-CM. Normal HLF-CM served as control. RNA-sequencing, PCR and western-blots were performed. HIF1α targets were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-treated rats with/without nintedanib and in patient samples with IPF. HLFs cultured on IPF-CM showed over-expression of ‘HIF1α signaling pathway’ (KEGG, p < 0.0001), with emphasis on SERPINE1 (PAI-1), VEGFA and TIMP1. IPF patient samples showed high HIF1α staining, especially in established fibrous tissue. PAI-1 was overexpressed, mainly in alveolar macrophages. Nintedanib completely reduced HIF1α upregulation in the IPF-CM and rat-bleomycin models. IPF-HLFs alter the extracellular matrix, thus creating a matrix that further propagates an IPF-like phenotype in normal HLFs. This pro-fibrotic loop includes the HIF1α pathway, which can be blocked by nintedanib.
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24
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Kant TA, Newe M, Winter L, Hoffmann M, Kämmerer S, Klapproth E, Künzel K, Kühnel MP, Neubert L, El-Armouche A, Künzel SR. Genetic Deletion of Polo-Like Kinase 2 Induces a Pro-Fibrotic Pulmonary Phenotype. Cells 2021; 10:617. [PMID: 33799608 PMCID: PMC8001503 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the chronic-progressive replacement of healthy lung tissue by extracellular matrix, leading to the destruction of the alveolar architecture and ultimately death. Due to limited pathophysiological knowledge, causal therapies are still missing and consequently the prognosis is poor. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for models to derive effective therapies. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) is an emerging regulator of fibroblast function and fibrosis. We found a significant downregulation of PLK2 in four different entities of human pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, we characterized the pulmonary phenotype of PLK2 knockout (KO) mice. Isolated pulmonary PLK2 KO fibroblasts displayed a pronounced myofibroblast phenotype reflected by increased expression of αSMA, reduced proliferation rates and enhanced ERK1/2 and SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. In PLK2 KO, the expression of the fibrotic cytokines osteopontin and IL18 was elevated compared to controls. Histological analysis of PLK2 KO lungs revealed early stage remodeling in terms of alveolar wall thickening, increased alveolar collagen deposition and myofibroblast foci. Our results prompt further investigation of PLK2 function in pulmonary fibrosis and suggest that the PLK2 KO model displays a genetic predisposition towards pulmonary fibrosis, which could be leveraged in future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Kant
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Manja Newe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Luise Winter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Maximilian Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Erik Klapproth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Karolina Künzel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Mark P. Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.P.K.); (L.N.)
| | - Lavinia Neubert
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.P.K.); (L.N.)
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Stephan R. Künzel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.A.K.); (M.N.); (L.W.); (M.H.); (S.K.); (E.K.); (K.K.)
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25
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Cooper PO, Haas MR, Noonepalle SKR, Shook BA. Dermal Drivers of Injury-Induced Inflammation: Contribution of Adipocytes and Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1933. [PMID: 33669239 PMCID: PMC7919834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irregular inflammatory responses are a major contributor to tissue dysfunction and inefficient repair. Skin has proven to be a powerful model to study mechanisms that regulate inflammation. In particular, skin wound healing is dependent on a rapid, robust immune response and subsequent dampening of inflammatory signaling. While injury-induced inflammation has historically been attributed to keratinocytes and immune cells, a vast body of evidence supports the ability of non-immune cells to coordinate inflammation in numerous tissues and diseases. In this review, we concentrate on the active participation of tissue-resident adipocytes and fibroblasts in pro-inflammatory signaling after injury, and how altered cellular communication from these cells can contribute to irregular inflammation associated with aberrant wound healing. Furthering our understanding of how tissue-resident mesenchymal cells contribute to inflammation will likely reveal new targets that can be manipulated to regulate inflammation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brett A. Shook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (P.O.C.); (M.R.H.); (S.k.R.N.)
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26
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Jiang W, Cao M, Zhang Y, Gu L, PuYang J, Liu M, Xia Q. Systems bioinformatic approach to determine the pharmacological mechanisms of radix astragali and radix angelicae sinensis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Löfdahl A, Tornling G, Wigén J, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Wenglén C, Westergren-Thorsson G. Pathological Insight into 5-HT 2B Receptor Activation in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010225. [PMID: 33379351 PMCID: PMC7796180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of more than 200 conditions, of which primarily idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, ILD associated with autoimmune diseases and sarcoidosis may present a progressive fibrosing (PF) phenotype. Despite different aetiology and histopathological patterns, the PF-ILDs have similarities regarding disease mechanisms with self-sustaining fibrosis, which suggests that the diseases may share common pathogenetic pathways. Previous studies show an enhanced activation of serotonergic signaling in pulmonary fibrosis, and the serotonin (5-HT)2 receptors have been implicated to have important roles in observed profibrotic actions. Our research findings in support by others, demonstrate antifibrotic effects with 5-HT2B receptor antagonists, alleviating several key events common for the fibrotic diseases such as myofibroblast differentiation and connective tissue deposition. In this review, we will address the potential role of 5-HT and in particular the 5-HT2B receptors in three PF-ILDs: ILD associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD), ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) and IPF. Highlighting the converging pathways in these diseases discloses the 5-HT2B receptor as a potential disease target for PF-ILDs, which today have an urgent unmet need for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Löfdahl
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C12, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (J.W.); (A.-K.L.-C.); (G.W.-T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Göran Tornling
- AnaMar AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 22381 Lund, Sweden; (C.W.); (G.T.)
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Wigén
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C12, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (J.W.); (A.-K.L.-C.); (G.W.-T.)
| | - Anna-Karin Larsson-Callerfelt
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C12, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (J.W.); (A.-K.L.-C.); (G.W.-T.)
| | - Christina Wenglén
- AnaMar AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 22381 Lund, Sweden; (C.W.); (G.T.)
| | - Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C12, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (J.W.); (A.-K.L.-C.); (G.W.-T.)
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Shochet GE, Pomerantz A, Shitrit D, Bardenstein-Wald B, Ask K, Surber M, Rabinowicz N, Levy Y, Benchetrit S, Edelstein E, Zitman-Gal T. Galectin-3 levels are elevated following nintedanib treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320968412. [PMID: 33708368 PMCID: PMC7907712 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320968412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common and severe form of pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor, is approved for treating IPF. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) activates a variety of profibrotic processes. Currently, the Gal-3 inhibitor TD139 is being tested in phase II clinical trials. Since this treatment is given ‘on top’ of nintedanib, it is important to estimate its effect on Gal-3 levels. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of nintedanib on Gal-3 expression using both in vitro and in vivo models, in addition to serum samples from patients with IPF. Methods: Gal-3 levels were evaluated in IPF and control tissue samples, primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) following nintedanib treatment (10–100 nM, quantitative polymerase chain reaction), and in a silica-induced fibrosis mouse model with/without nintedanib (0.021–0.21 mg/kg) by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Gal-3 levels were analyzed in serum samples from 41 patients with interstitial lung disease patients with/without nintedanib treatment by ELISA. Results: Nintedanib addition to HLFs resulted in significant elevations in Gal-3, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), as well as IL-8 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Gal-3 expression was higher in samples from IPF patients compared with non-IPF controls at the protein and mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In the in vivo mouse model, Gal-3 levels were increased following fibrosis induction and even further increased with the addition of nintedanib, mostly in macrophages (p < 0.05). Patients receiving nintedanib presented with higher Gal-3 serum levels compared with those who did not receive nintedanib (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nintedanib elevates Gal-3 levels in both experimental models, along with patient samples. These findings highlight the possibility of using combined inhibition therapy for patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky Street, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Alon Pomerantz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noa Rabinowicz
- Internal Medicine E Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Yair Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Tali Zitman-Gal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Nemeth J, Schundner A, Quast K, Winkelmann VE, Frick M. A Novel Fibroblast Reporter Cell Line for in vitro Studies of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:567675. [PMID: 33162897 PMCID: PMC7582034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.567675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease of the lower respiratory tract with restricted therapeutic options. Repetitive injury of the bronchoalveolar epithelium leads to activation of pulmonary fibroblasts, differentiation into myofibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition resulting in aberrant wound repair. However, detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying initiation and progression of fibrotic changes are still elusive. Here, we report the generation of a representative fibroblast reporter cell line (10-4A BFP ) to study pathophysiological mechanisms of IPF in high throughput or high resolution in vitro live cell assays. To this end, we immortalized primary fibroblasts isolated from the distal lung of Sprague-Dawley rats. Molecular and transcriptomic characterization identified clone 10-4A as a matrix fibroblast subpopulation. Mechanical or chemical stimulation induced a reversible fibrotic state comparable to effects observed in primary isolated fibroblasts. Finally, we generated a reporter cell line (10-4A BFP ) to express nuclear blue fluorescent protein (BFP) under the promotor of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We evaluated the suitability of 10-4A BFP as reporter tool in plate reader assays. In summary, the 10-4A BFP cell line provides a novel tool to study fibrotic processes in vitro to gain new insights into the cellular and molecular processes involved in fibrosis formation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nemeth
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Quast
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Epstein-Shochet G, Pham S, Beck S, Naiel S, Mekhael O, Revill S, Hayat A, Vierhout M, Bardestein-Wald B, Shitrit D, Ask K, Montgomery AB, Kolb MR, Surber MW. Inhalation: A means to explore and optimize nintedanib's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101933. [PMID: 32750409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral nintedanib is marketed for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While effective slowing fibrosis progression, as an oral medicine nintedanib is limited. To reduce side effects and maximize efficacy, nintedanib was reformulated as a solution for nebulization and inhaled administration. To predict effectiveness treating IPF, the nintedanib pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship was dissected. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated oral-delivered nintedanib plasma exposure and lung tissue partitioning were not dose-proportional and resulting lung levels were substantially higher than blood. Although initial-oral absorbed nintedanib efficiently partitioned into the lung, only a quickly eliminated fraction appeared available to epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Because IPF disease appears to initiate and progress near the epithelial surface, this observation suggests short duration nintedanib exposure (oral portion efficiently partitioned to ELF) is sufficient for IPF efficacy. To test this hypothesis, exposure duration required for nintedanib activity was explored. In vitro, IPF-cellular matrix (IPF-CM) increased primary normal human fibroblast (nHLF) aggregate size and reduced nHLF cell count. IPF-CM also increased nHLF ACTA2 and COL1A expression. Whether short duration (inhalation pharmacokinetic mimic) or continuous exposure (oral pharmacokinetic mimic), nintedanib (1-100 nM) reversed these effects. In vivo, intubated silica produced a strong pulmonary fibrotic response. Once-daily (QD) 0.021, 0.21 and 2.1 mg/kg intranasal (IN; short duration inhaled exposure) and twice-daily (BID) 30 mg/kg oral (PO; long duration oral exposure) showed that at equivalent-delivered lung exposure, QD short duration inhaled nintedanib (0.21 mg/kg IN vs. 30 mg/kg PO) exhibited equivalent-to-superior activity as BID oral (reduced silica-induced elastance, alpha-smooth muscle actin, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and soluble collagen). Comparatively, the increased inhaled lung dose (2.1 mg/kg IN vs. 30 mg/kg PO) exhibited increased effect by further reducing silica-induced elastance, IL-1β and soluble collagen. Neither oral nor inhaled nintedanib reduced silica-induced parenchymal collagen. Both QD inhaled and BID oral nintedanib reduced silica-induced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid macrophage and neutrophil counts with oral achieving significance. In summary, pharmacokinetic elements important for nintedanib activity can be delivered using infrequent, small inhaled doses to achieve oral equivalent-to-superior pulmonary activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein-Shochet
- Meir Medical Center, Pulmonary Department, Kfar Saba, 4428164, Israel; Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Stephen Pham
- Avalyn Pharma, 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, United States
| | - Steven Beck
- Avalyn Pharma, 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, United States
| | - Safaa Naiel
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | | | - Aaron Hayat
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | | | - David Shitrit
- Meir Medical Center, Pulmonary Department, Kfar Saba, 4428164, Israel; Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Kjetil Ask
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada; Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - A Bruce Montgomery
- Avalyn Pharma, 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, United States
| | - Martin R Kolb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada; Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Mark W Surber
- Avalyn Pharma, 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, United States.
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Shochet GE, Brook E, Bardenstein-Wald B, Grobe H, Edelstein E, Israeli-Shani L, Shitrit D. Integrin alpha-5 silencing leads to myofibroblastic differentiation in IPF-derived human lung fibroblasts. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320936023. [PMID: 32637060 PMCID: PMC7315658 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320936023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: The term ‘fibroblast’ covers a heterogeneous cell population in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The fibroblasts are considered as main effector cells, because they promote disease progression by releasing exaggerated amounts of extracellular matrix proteins and modifying cell microenvironment. As IPF-derived human lung fibroblasts (IPF-HLFs) were shown to express higher levels of integrin alpha-5 (ITGA5) than normal derived HLFs (N-HLFs), we explored the importance of ITGA5 to IPF progression. Methods: IPF-HLF and N-HLF primary cultures were established. ITGA5 was silenced by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA)s and its effects on cell phenotype (e.g. cell number, size, cell death, migration) and gene expression (e.g. RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR], western blot and immunofluorescence) were tested. Specific integrin expression was evaluated in IPF patient formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: ITGA5-silencing resulted in reduced IPF-HLF proliferation rates and cell migration (p < 0.05), as well as elevated cell death. transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) targets (e.g. Fibronectin (FN1), Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), TGFB1) were surprisingly elevated following ITGA5 silencing (p < 0.05). N-HLFs, however, were only slightly affected. Interestingly, ITGA5-silenced cells differentiated into myofibroblasts (e.g. elevated alpha-smooth muscle actin [αSMA], collagen1a, large cell size). RNA-sequencing revealed that following differentiation on 3D-Matrigel for 24 h, ITGA5 levels are reduced while integrin alpha-8 (ITGA8) are elevated in IPF-HLFs. This was confirmed in IPF patients, in which ITGA5 was mainly found in fibroblastic foci, while ITGA8 was mostly observed in old fibrous tissue in the same patient. Conclusions: ITGA5 expression facilitates a more aggressive proliferative phenotype. Downregulation of this integrin results in myofibroblastic differentiation, which is accompanied by elevated ITGA8. Specific targeting could present a therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Department, 59 Tchernichovsky St., Kfar Saba 44281, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabetha Brook
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Hanna Grobe
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Evgeny Edelstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Pathology Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Lilach Israeli-Shani
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Epstein Shochet G, Brook E, Bardenstein-Wald B, Shitrit D. TGF-β pathway activation by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) fibroblast derived soluble factors is mediated by IL-6 trans-signaling. Respir Res 2020; 21:56. [PMID: 32070329 PMCID: PMC7029598 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function. Fibrotic diseases, such as IPF, are characterized by uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts. Since the microenvironment is known to affect cell behavior, activated fibroblasts can in turn activate healthy neighboring cells. Thus, we investigated IPF paracrine signaling in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) derived from patients with IPF. Methods Primary human fibroblast cultures from IPF (IPF-HLF) and control donor (N-HLF) lung tissues were established and their supernatants were collected. These supernatants were then added to N-HLFs for further culture. Protein and RNA were extracted from IPF/ N-HLFs at baseline. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TGF-β-related signaling factors (e.g. STAT3, Smad3) were evaluated by western blot and qPCR. IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA. IL-6 signaling was blocked by Tocilizumab (TCZ) (10 ng/ml). Results IPF-HLFs were found to significantly overexpress IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), phospho-STAT3-Y705 and phospho-Smad3 in comparison to N-HLFs (p < 0.05). In addition, they were found to proliferate faster, secrete more IL-6 and express higher levels of the soluble IL-6R. IPF-HLF increased proliferation was inhibited by TCZ. Moreover, IPF-HLF derived supernatants induced both direct and indirect STAT3 activation that resulted in Smad3 phosphorylation and elevated Gremlin levels in N-HLFs. These effects were also successfully blocked by TCZ. Conclusions IPF-HLF paracrine signaling leads to IL-6R overexpression, which in turn, affects N-HLF survival. The IL-6/STAT3/Smad3 axis facilitates cellular responses that could potentially promote fibrotic disease. This interplay was successfully blocked by TCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Department, 59 Tchernichovsky St, 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Elizabetha Brook
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Department, 59 Tchernichovsky St, 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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de Brito AA, da Silveira EC, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Soares SS, Brandao-Rangel MAR, Soares CR, Santos TG, Alves CE, Herculano KZ, Vieira RP, Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco A, Albertini R, Aimbire F, de Oliveira AP. Low-level laser therapy attenuates lung inflammation and airway remodeling in a murine model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Relevance to cytokines secretion from lung structural cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111731. [PMID: 31935633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and chronic inflammatory disease with a poor prognosis and very few available treatment options. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been gaining prominence as a new and effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent. Can lung inflammation and the airway remodeling be regulated by LLLT in an experimental model of IPF in C57Bl/6 mice? The present study investigated if laser attenuates cellular migration to the lungs, the airway remodeling as well as pro-fibrotic cytokines secretion from type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts. Mice were irradiated (780 nm and 30 mW) and then euthanized fifteen days after bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Lung inflammation and airway remodeling were evaluated through leukocyte counting in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and analysis of collagen in lung, respectively. Inflammatory cells in blood were also measured. For in vitro assays, bleomycin-activated fibroblasts and type II pneumocytes were irradiated with laser. The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines level in BALF as well as cells supernatant were measured by ELISA, and the TGFβ in lung was evaluated by flow cytometry. Lung histology was used to analyze collagen fibers around the airways. LLLT reduced both migration of inflammatory cells and deposition of collagen fibers in the lungs. In addition, LLLT downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated the IL-10 secretion from fibroblasts and pneumocytes. Laser therapy greatly reduced total lung TGFβ. Systemically, LLLT also reduced the inflammatory cells counted in blood. There is no statistical difference in inflammatory parameters studied between mice of the basal group and the laser-treated mice. Data obtained indicate that laser effectively attenuates the lung inflammation, and the airway remodeling in experimental pulmonary fibrosis is driven to restore the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in lung and inhibit the pro-fibrotic cytokines secretion from fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriléia Aparecida de Brito
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina da Silveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie Souza Soares
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maysa Alves Rodrigues Brandao-Rangel
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clariana Rodrigues Soares
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tawany Gonçalves Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia Estefano Alves
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine Zanella Herculano
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Moviment and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regiane Albertini
- Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Moviment and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biphotonic Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Penke LR, Peters-Golden M. Molecular determinants of mesenchymal cell activation in fibroproliferative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4179-4201. [PMID: 31563998 PMCID: PMC6858579 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled scarring, or fibrosis, can interfere with the normal function of virtually all tissues of the body, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Fibrotic diseases represent a major cause of death in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, no curative treatments for these conditions are yet available, highlighting the critical need for a better fundamental understanding of molecular mechanisms that may be therapeutically tractable. The ultimate indispensable effector cells responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix proteins that comprise scars are mesenchymal cells, namely fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In this review, we focus on the biology of these cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their pertinent functions. We discuss key pro-fibrotic mediators, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that dictate their activation and persistence. Because of their possible clinical and therapeutic relevance, we also consider potential brakes on mesenchymal cell activation and cellular processes that may facilitate myofibroblast clearance from fibrotic tissue-topics that have in general been understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA.
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Quesnel K, Shi-Wen X, Hutchenreuther J, Xiao Y, Liu S, Peidl A, Naskar D, Siqueira WL, O'Gorman DB, Hinz B, Stratton RJ, Leask A. CCN1 expression by fibroblasts is required for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 3:100009. [PMID: 33543008 PMCID: PMC7852207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment contributes to the excessive connective tissue deposition that characterizes fibrosis. Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are secreted by fibroblasts into the fibrotic microenvironment; however, the role of endogenous CCN1 in skin fibrosis is unknown. Mice harboring a fibroblast-specific deletion for CCN1 were used to assess if CCN1 contributes to dermal homeostasis, wound healing, and skin fibrosis. Mice with a fibroblast-specific CCN1 deletion showed progressive skin thinning and reduced accumulation of type I collagen; however, the overall mechanical property of skin (Young's modulus) was not significantly reduced. Real time-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CCN1-deficient skin displayed reduced expression of mRNAs encoding enzymes that promote collagen stability (including prolyl-4-hydroxylase and PLOD2), although expression of COL1A1 mRNA was unaltered. CCN1-deficent skin showed reduced hydroxyproline levels. Electron microscopy revealed that collagen fibers were disorganized in CCN1-deficient skin. CCN1-deficient mice were resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, as visualized by reduced collagen accumulation and skin thickness suggesting that deposition/accumulation of collagen is impaired in the absence of CCN1. Conversely, CCN1-deficient mice showed unaltered wound closure kinetics, suggesting de novo collagen production in response to injury did not require CCN1. In response to either wounding or bleomycin, induction of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts was unaffected by loss of CCN1. CCN1 protein was overexpressed by dermal fibroblasts isolated from lesional (i.e., fibrotic) areas of patients with early onset diffuse scleroderma. Thus, CCN1 expression by fibroblasts, being essential for skin fibrosis, is a viable anti-fibrotic target. The role of endogenous CCN1 in skin biology is largely unknown Fibroblast-specific deletion CCN1 causes thinner skin and misaligned collagen CCN1-deficient mice were resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis Wound healing closure kinetics was unaffected by loss of CCN1 CCN1 may be as a target for anti-fibrotic therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Quesnel
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xu Shi-Wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - James Hutchenreuther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alexander Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Richard J Stratton
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Epstein Shochet G, Brook E, Eyal O, Edelstein E, Shitrit D. Epidermal growth factor receptor paracrine upregulation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts is blocked by nintedanib. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1025-L1034. [PMID: 30810067 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00526.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although present in normal cells, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and has been associated with decreased survival. Because activated fibroblasts are considered key effectors in fibrosis and because metastatic and fibrotic processes were shown to share similar signaling pathways, we investigated the contribution of EGFR signaling to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) progression in lung fibroblasts derived from patients with IPF (IPF-HLF). EGFR expression and EGFR-related signaling were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Supernatants (SN) from cultured IPF-HLF and N-HLF were added to N-HLF, and their effect on cell phenotype was tested. Growth factor levels in the SN were measured by ELISA-based arrays. EGFR activity was blocked by erlotinib (Tarceva, 0.1-0.5 µM). Expression of EGFR, phosphorylated (p)EGFR-1068 and pAkt-473 was significantly higher in IPF-HLF compared with lung fibroblasts from control donors (N-HLF) (P < 0.05). Apparent expression of p/total EGFR and pAkt-473 was found in the myofibroblastic foci of IPF patients. Erlotinib significantly inhibited IPF-HLF but not N-HLF proliferation. IPF-HLF-SN elevated N-HLF cell number, viability, EGFR expression, and pAkt-473 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Because high basic fibroblast growth factor levels were found in the IPF-HLF-SN, nintedanib (10-100 nM) was used to inhibit fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation. Unlike erlotinib, nintedanib completely blocked IPF-HLF-SNs' effects on the N-HLF cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In summary, IPF-HLF paracrine signaling elevates EGFR expression, which in turn, affects N-HLF survival. The FGF-EGFR interplay facilitates cellular responses that could potentially promote fibrotic disease. This interplay was successfully blocked by nintedanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Elizabetha Brook
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Omer Eyal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Evgeny Edelstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,Pathology Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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Hox5 genes direct elastin network formation during alveologenesis by regulating myofibroblast adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10605-E10614. [PMID: 30348760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807067115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox5 genes (Hoxa5, Hoxb5, Hoxc5) are exclusively expressed in the lung mesenchyme during embryogenesis, and the most severe phenotypes result from constitutive loss of function of all three genes. Because Hox5 triple null mutants exhibit perinatal lethality, the contribution of this paralogous group to postembryonic lung development is unknown. Intriguingly, expression of all three Hox5 genes peaks during the first 2 weeks after birth, reaching levels far exceeding those measured at embryonic stages, and surviving Hoxa5 single and Hox5 AabbCc compound mutants exhibit defects in the localization of alveolar myofibroblasts. To define the contribution of the entire Hox5 paralogous group to this process, we generated an Hoxa5 conditional allele to use with our existing null alleles for Hoxb5 and Hoxc5 Postnatally, mesenchymal deletion of Hoxa5 in an Hoxb5/Hoxc5 double-mutant background results in severe alveolar simplification. The elastin network required for alveolar formation is dramatically disrupted in Hox5 triple mutants, while the basal lamina, interstitial matrix, and fibronectin are normal. Alveolar myofibroblasts remain Pdgfrα+/SMA+ double positive and present in normal numbers, indicating that the irregular elastin network is not due to fibroblast differentiation defects. Rather, we observe that SMA+ myofibroblasts of Hox5 triple mutants are morphologically abnormal both in vivo and in vitro with highly reduced adherence to fibronectin. This loss of adhesion is a result of loss of the integrin heterodimer Itga5b1 in mutant fibroblasts. Collectively, these data show an important role for Hox5 genes in lung fibroblast adhesion necessary for proper elastin network formation during alveologenesis.
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Epstein Shochet G, Wollin L, Shitrit D. Fibroblast-matrix interplay: Nintedanib and pirfenidone modulate the effect of IPF fibroblast-conditioned matrix on normal fibroblast phenotype. Respirology 2018. [PMID: 29532550 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with poor prognosis. Activated fibroblasts are the key effector cells in fibrosis, producing excessive amounts of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Whether the ECM conditioned by IPF fibroblasts determines the phenotype of naïve fibroblasts is difficult to explore. METHODS IPF-derived primary fibroblasts were cultured on Matrigel and then cleared using ammonium hydroxide, creating an IPF-conditioned matrix (CM). Normal fibroblast CM served as control. Normal fibroblasts were cultured on both types of CM, and cell count, cell distribution and markers of myofibroblast differentiation; transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling; and ECM expression were assessed. The effects of the anti-fibrotic drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone at physiologically relevant concentrations were also explored. RESULTS Normal fibroblasts cultured on IPF-CM arranged in large aggregates as a result of increased proliferation and migration. Moreover, increased levels of pSmad3, pSTAT3 (phospho signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and Collagen1a were found, suggesting a differentiation towards a myofibroblast-like phenotype. SB505124 (10 μmol/L) partially reversed these alterations, suggesting a TGFβ contribution. Furthermore, nintedanib at 100 nmol/L and, to a lesser extent, pirfenidone at 100 μmol/L prevented the IPF-CM-induced fibroblast phenotype alterations, suggesting an attenuation of the ECM-fibroblast interplay. CONCLUSION IPF fibroblasts alter the ECM, thus creating a CM that further propagates an IPF-like phenotype in normal fibroblasts. This assay demonstrated differences in drug activities for approved IPF drugs at clinically relevant concentrations. Thus, the matrix-fibroblast phenotype interplay might be a relevant assay to explore drug candidates for IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Influence of Extracellular Acidosis on Matrix Protein Homeostasis in Tumour Cells and Fibroblasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1072:213-217. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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