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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Okamura T, Tsukamoto K, Arai H, Fujioka Y, Ishigaki Y, Koba S, Ohmura H, Shoji T, Yokote K, Yoshida H, Yoshida M, Deguchi J, Dobashi K, Fujiyoshi A, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Harada-Shiba M, Hirata T, Iida M, Ikeda Y, Ishibashi S, Kanda H, Kihara S, Kitagawa K, Kodama S, Koseki M, Maezawa Y, Masuda D, Miida T, Miyamoto Y, Nishimura R, Node K, Noguchi M, Ohishi M, Saito I, Sawada S, Sone H, Takemoto M, Wakatsuki A, Yanai H. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:641-853. [PMID: 38123343 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate school of Medicine
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital
| | | | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Cardiovascular Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine
- Current affiliation: Ishibashi Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University graduate School of medicine
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital
| | - Satoru Kodama
- Department of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promotion of Health Checkup, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Masahiro Koseki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Innovative Medicine and Therapeutics, Dementia Care Center, Doctor's Support Center, Health Care Center, Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Rimei Nishimura
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University
| | - Midori Noguchi
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Division of Metabolism and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, International University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital
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Asghari KM, Saleh P, Salekzamani Y, Dolatkhah N, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Hashemian M. The effect of curcumin and high-content eicosapentaenoic acid supplementations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38589346 PMCID: PMC11001914 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effect of curcumin and eicosapentaenoic acid, as one the main components of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on anthropometric, glucose homeostasis, and gene expression markers of cardio-metabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS/METHODS This clinical trial was conducted at the Endocrinology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz. It aimed to determine the impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and curcumin supplements on various health indicators in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) from 2021.02.01 to 2022.02.01. The study was a randomized double-blinded clinical trial and conducted over 12 weeks with 100 participants randomly divided into four groups. Stratified randomization was used to assign participants to two months of supplementation based on sex and Body Mass Index (BMI). The study comprised four groups: Group 1 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, along with 1 nano-curcumin placebo; Group 2 received 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin and 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos; Group 3 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, and 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin; Group 4, the control, received 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos and 1 nano-curcumin placebo. RESULTS After twelve weeks of taking EPA + Nano-curcumin supplements, the patients experienced a statistically significant reduction in insulin levels in their blood [MD: -1.44 (-2.70, -0.17)]. This decrease was significantly greater than the changes observed in the placebo group [MD: -0.63 (-1.97, 0.69)]. The EPA + Nano-curcumin group also showed a significant decrease in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the EPA + Nano-curcumin group had a significant increase in Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), or Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) levels between the four groups (all p > 0.05). There were significant differences between the Nano-curcumin and EPA groups [MD: -17.02 (-32.99, -1.05)], and between the Nano-curcumin and control groups [MD: -20.76 (-36.73, -4.79)] in terms of lowering the serum cholesterol level. The difference in Triglycerides (TG) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and placebo groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.093). The Nano-curcumin group showed significant decreases in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to the EPA group [MD: -20.12 (-36.90, -3.34)] and the control group [MD: -20.79 (-37.57, -4.01)]. There was a near-to-significant difference in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and EPA groups (p = 0.056). Finally, there were significant differences in the decrease of serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels between the EPA and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -127.50 (-247.91, -7.09)], the EPA and placebo groups [MD: 126.25 (5.83, 246.66)], the EPA + Nano-curcumin and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -122.76 (-243.17, -2.35)], and the EPA + Nano- curcumin and placebo groups [MD: 121.50 (1.09, 241.92)]. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that 12-week supplementation with EPA and Nano-curcumin may positively impact inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes. The supplementation of EPA and Nano-curcumin may be a potential intervention to manage diabetes and reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes. However, further research is needed to validate the study's findings and establish the long-term effects of EPA and Nano-curcumin supplementation in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Motlagh Asghari
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Salekzamani
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Utica University, Utica, NY, USA
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Arabi SM, Bahari H, Chambari M, Bahrami LS, Mohaildeen Gubari MI, Watts GF, Sahebkar A. Omega-3 fatty acids and endothelial function: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14109. [PMID: 37859571 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation has been reported to have an impact on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), a conventionally used clinical technique for estimating endothelial dysfunction. However, its proven effects on endothelial function are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on FMD of the brachial artery. METHOD This study was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. To identify eligible RCTs, a systematic search was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science using relevant keywords. A fixed- or random-effects model was utilized to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Thirty-two studies (with 35 arms) were included in this meta-analysis, involving 2385 subjects with intervention duration ranging from 4 to 48 weeks. The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated a significant effect of omega-3 on FMD (WMD = 0.8%, 95% CI = 0.3-1.3, p = .001) and heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 82.5%, p < .001). CONCLUSION We found that n-3 PUFA supplementation improves endothelial function as estimated by flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mostafa Arabi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Chambari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Leila Sadat Bahrami
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Gerald F Watts
- Cardiometabolic Service, Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Su W, Wang J, Chen K, Yan W, Gao Z, Tang X, Wan Q, Luo Z, Ning G, Mu Y. A higher TyG index level is more likely to have enhanced incidence of T2DM and HTN comorbidity in elderly Chinese people: a prospective observational study from the reaction study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:29. [PMID: 38287450 PMCID: PMC10826216 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) was related with both type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN). Prospective studies linking the TyG index to the incidence of T2DM and HTN comorbidity remain unclear. This study aimed to to explore the longitudinal association between TyG and new-onset T2DM with HTN. METHODS 4,434 subjects (1249 males and 3185 females) without initial T2DM and HTN were followed up for 7 years. This study was conducted from November 2011 to August 2018 in the Gucheng, Laoshan and Jinding communities of Beijing. The incidence of T2DM with HTN during the 7-year follow-up was identified as the endpoint. The TyG index was divided into four quartiles: the < 25% level, the 25-50% level, the 50-75% level and the ≥ 75% level. The relationships between the TyG index and T2DM with HTN were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS During 7 years, the augmented trend of T2DM with HTN was observed in the participants. After adjusting for all confounding factors, compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index, the population in the highest quartile of TyG index had a higher risk of T2DM with HTN (hazard ratio (HR), 2.878; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 1.230-6.731, P = 0.015), however, the association remained significant only in the female population (HR 2.753, 95% CI, 1.061-7.139, p = 0.037). The TyG had superior predictive ability of increased risk of T2DM with HTN for the populations of older age (≥ 65 years) (HR 2.694, 95% CI 1.212-5.989, p = 0.015), higher eGFR (≥ 90 mL/(min·1.73 m2)) (HR 2.603, 95% CI 1.164-5.818, p = 0.020) or obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) (HR 2.547, 95% CI 1.001-6.478, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION A population with a higher TyG index level was more likely to have an enhanced incidence of T2DM and HTN comorbidity. TyG index could have the significance of clinical in early protection against T2DM with HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, No. 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenhua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhengnan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, No. 826 Southwest Shahekou District Road, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Xulei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Center Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guang Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai National Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Minari TP, Tácito LHB, Yugar LBT, Ferreira-Melo SE, Manzano CF, Pires AC, Moreno H, Vilela-Martin JF, Cosenso-Martin LN, Yugar-Toledo JC. Nutritional Strategies for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5096. [PMID: 38140355 PMCID: PMC10746081 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thinking about greater adherence to dietary planning, it is extremely important to be aware of all nutritional strategies and dietary prescriptions available in the literature, and of which of them is the most efficient for the management of T2DM. METHODS A search was carried out in 2023 for randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, CrossRef and Google Scholar. In total, 202 articles were collected and analyzed. The period of publications was 1983-2023. RESULTS There is still no consensus on what the best nutritional strategy or ideal dietary prescription is, and individuality is necessary. In any case, these references suggest that Mediterranean Diet may of greater interest for the management of T2DM, with the following recommended dietary prescription: 40-50% carbohydrates; 15-25% proteins; 25-35% fats (<7% saturated, 10% polyunsaturated, and 10% monounsaturated); at least 14 g of fiber for every 1000 kcal consumed; and <2300 mg sodium. CONCLUSIONS Individuality is the gold standard for dietary prescriptions, however, the Mediterranean diet with low levels of carbohydrates and fats seems to be the most promising strategy for the management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Palotta Minari
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Bonalume Tácito
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvia Elaine Ferreira-Melo
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Hypertension Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Freitas Manzano
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pires
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Hypertension Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Vilela-Martin
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Cosenso-Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
- Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
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Nayda NC, Thomas JM, Delaney CL, Miller MD. The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on blood levels of omega-3s in people with chronic atherosclerotic disease: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1447-1461. [PMID: 36882117 PMCID: PMC10563859 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Atherosclerosis is a systemic pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative disease, accounting for approximately a third of deaths globally. It has been proposed that omega-3s, through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, mitigate atherosclerotic disease progression. However, due to the systemic pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative state of atherosclerosis, it is proposed that patients with atherosclerotic disease may have higher omega-3 requirements than the average requirement, due to increased nutrient utilization in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant processes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to determine what dose and duration of omega-3 supplementation is required to reach a therapeutic blood level of omega-3s (eicosapentaenoic acid ≥150 µg/mL or omega-3 index ≥8%) in people with chronic atherosclerotic disease. DATA SOURCES This systematic review comprehensively searched MEDLINE, Emcare, Scopus, and CINAHL using key search terms for atherosclerotic disease, omega-3, supplementation, and blood levels of omega-3s. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently screened 529 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supplementing omega-3s in patients with chronic atherosclerotic disease. DATA ANALYSIS In total, 25 journal articles from 17 original RCTs were included and assessed quantitatively. Supplementation at 1.8 g to 3.4 g per day for a 3-month-6-month duration, and at 4.4 g and above for as little as 1 month-6 months were identified as the most effective dosage ranges for increasing blood levels of omega-3s to therapeutic levels in people with atherosclerotic disease. CONCLUSIONS Consideration should be given to routine omega-3 supplementation and to increasing the omega-3 dietary recommendations and upper limits of daily intake to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of cardiac mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Nayda
- are with the Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jolene M Thomas
- are with the Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher L Delaney
- is with the College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- is with the Department of Vascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle D Miller
- are with the Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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8
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Lee YS, Park JW, Joo M, Moon S, Kim K, Kim MG. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Flow-mediated Dilatation and Carotid Intima Media Thickness: A Meta-analysis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:629-641. [PMID: 37552456 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and explore the factors influencing these effects. RECENT FINDINGS FMD was significantly higher in the omega-3 fatty acid group compared to the control group (mean difference = 0.90%; p = 0.0003). In particular, the subgroup with CHD (both EPA + DHA < 1 g/day and ≥ 1 g/day) and the subgroup without CHD but with CHD risk factors (only EPA + DHA ≥ 1 g/day) showed significantly increased FMD after supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids. CIMT was not significantly different between the omega-3 fatty acid and control groups (standardized mean difference = -0.08; p = 0.26). Subgroup analysis of CHD patients was not conducted because of the limited number of studies. Intake of omega-3 fatty acids improved FMD in patients with CHD and patients with risk factors for CHD. Further research is needed on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on CIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungim Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeong Gyu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Katsuyama H. Postprandial Hyperlipidemia: Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Atherogenesis, and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13942. [PMID: 37762244 PMCID: PMC10530470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipidemia showing postprandial increases in serum triglyceride (TG) is associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). To diagnose postprandial hyperlipidemia, the oral fat loading test (OFLT) should be performed; however, this test is very time-consuming and is difficult to perform. Elevated serum TG levels reflect an increase in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), such as chylomicrons (CM), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and their remnants (CM remnants [CMRs] and VLDL remnants [VLDLRs]). Understanding of elevation in CMR and/or VLDLR can lead us to understand the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia. The measurement of apo B48, which is a constituent of CM and CMR; non-fasting TG, which includes TG content in all lipoproteins including CM and CMR; non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), which includes TRLs and low-density lipoprotein; and remnant cholesterol are useful to reveal the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is observed in patients with familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is closely related to postprandial hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance may be an inducing and enhancing factor for both postprandial hyperlipidemia and postprandial hyperglycemia. Remnant lipoproteins and metabolic disorders associated with postprandial hyperlipidemia have various atherogenic properties such as induction of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. A healthy diet, calorie restriction, weight loss, and exercise positively impact postprandial hyperlipidemia. Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs such pemafibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, ezetimibe, and eicosapentaenoic acid have been shown to improve postprandial hyperlipidemia. Anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues have been shown to ameliorate postprandial hyperlipidemia. Although sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have not been proven to reduce postprandial hyperlipidemia, they reduced fasting apo B48 and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol. In conclusion, it is important to appropriately understand the existence of postprandial hyperlipidemia and to connect it to optimal treatments. However, there are some problems with the diagnosis for postprandial hyperlipidemia. Postprandial hyperlipidemia cannot be specifically defined by measures such as TG levels 2 h after a meal. To study interventions for postprandial hyperlipidemia with the outcome of preventing the onset of ASCVD, it is necessary to define postprandial hyperlipidemia using reference values such as IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan; (H.A.); (M.H.); (H.K.)
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10
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Egalini F, Guardamagna O, Gaggero G, Varaldo E, Giannone B, Beccuti G, Benso A, Broglio F. The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2672. [PMID: 37375575 PMCID: PMC10301273 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Egalini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Gaggero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Emanuele Varaldo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Beatrice Giannone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Guglielmo Beccuti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Benso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
| | - Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (G.B.)
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11
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Wang T, Zhang X, Zhou N, Shen Y, Li B, Chen BE, Li X. Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029512. [PMID: 37264945 PMCID: PMC10381976 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous results provide supportive but not conclusive evidence for the use of omega-3 fatty acids to reduce blood lipids and prevent events of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the strength and shape of dose-response relationships remain elusive. Methods and Results This study included 90 randomized controlled trials, reported an overall sample size of 72 598 participants, and examined the association between omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or both) intake and blood lipid changes. Random-effects 1-stage cubic spline regression models were used to study the mean dose-response association between daily omega-3 fatty acid intake and changes in blood lipids. Nonlinear associations were found in general and in most subgroups, depicted as J-shaped dose-response curves for low-/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, we found evidence of an approximately linear dose-response relationship for triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the general population and more evidently in populations with hyperlipidemia and overweight/obesity who were given medium to high doses (>2 g/d). Conclusions This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids near linearly lowers triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglyceride-lowering effects might provide supportive evidence for omega-3 fatty acid intake to prevent cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Yuxuan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bingshu E. Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials GroupQueen’s UniversityOntarioKingstonCanada
| | - Xinzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
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12
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Fatty acids act on vascular endothelial cells and influence the development of cardiovascular disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 165:106704. [PMID: 36621562 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) maintain the health of blood vessels and prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free saturated fatty acids (FAs) induce EC damage and increase the risk of CVD by promoting arteriosclerosis. Conversely, polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid, are thought to suppress EC damage induced during the early stages of CVD. This review describes the effects of multiple dietary FAs on EC disorders involved in the development of CVD. The roles of FAs in atherosclerosis and CVD were analyzed by evaluating articles published in PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Saturated FAs were found to induce EC damage by reducing the production and action of EC-derived nitric oxide. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and the renin-angiotensin system were found to be involved in EC disorder. Furthermore, n-3 PUFAs were found to reduce EC dysfunction and prevent the development of EC disorder. These results indicate that FAs may affect EC failure induced during the early stages of CVD and reduce the risk of developing the disease.
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13
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Li M, Huang X, Huang M, Jin W, Hong Z, Zhang Y, Fang H, Chen W. Effects of fatty acid-ethanol amine (FA-EA) derivatives on lipid accumulation and inflammation. Lipids 2023; 58:117-127. [PMID: 36942837 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatty acid-ethanol amine (FA-EA) derivatives (L1-L10) on the mitigation of intracellular lipid accumulation and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. First, the series of FA-EA derivatives were synthesized and characterized. Then, their cytotoxic, intracellular lipid accumulation and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. The oil red O staining experiment showed that the tested compounds L4, L6, L8, L9, and L10 could reduce intracellular lipid accumulation induced by palmitic acid (PA). Moreover, ω-3/ω-6 PUFA-EA derivatives showed inhibitory effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ω-3/ω-6 PUFA-EA derivatives at a concentrations of 10 μM could significantly decrease mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, inhibit NO production, and alleviate the protein expression of IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These data suggest that ω-3 PUFA-EA derivatives can be beneficial for further pharmaceutical development to treat chronic low-grade inflammation diseases such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mengxian Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Wenhui Jin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yucang Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Weizhu Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361102, China
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14
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Assessing the Highest Level of Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials in Omega-3 Research. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041001. [PMID: 36839358 PMCID: PMC9959429 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, there has been heightened interest in the health benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in reducing chronic diseases such as, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes, and acute macular degeneration (AMD). Due to inconsistent findings in the evidence, a review to critically examine the plethora of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in n-3 PUFA research was undertaken. The aim of this review is to study the highest level of evidence and to identify gaps in n-3 PUFA research. RCTs were originally designed for pharmaceutical research and later adopted for nutrition and food-related research. RCTs with active diseases assume that n-3 PUFA will have "drug" like effects, and this high expectation may have led to the inconsistent evidence in the literature. The inconsistency in the literature may be related to varying doses of n-3 PUFA, sources of n-3 PUFA (food vs. supplement; plant vs. marine), type of n-3 PUFA (mixture vs. purified), trial duration, population characteristics, sample size, and genetic variation. For future research, there is a need to distinguish between primary and secondary prevention, and to focus RCTs on primary prevention of chronic diseases by n-3 PUFA which is lacking in the literature.
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15
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Fatahi S, Sohouli MH, da Silva Magalhães EI, da Cruz Silveira VN, Zanghelini F, Rahmani P, Kord-Varkaneh H, Sharifi-Zahabi E, Shidfar F. Comparing the effects of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids on cardiovascular risk factors: Pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:11-21. [PMID: 36319578 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from clinical trial studies suggests that docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) may have greater potential effects on improving cardiovascular risk factors than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, this evidence has not yet been meta-analyzed and quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of DHA and EPA monotherapy on cardiovascular risk factors based on paired and network meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant articles published up to January 2022 were systematically retrieved from relevant databases. We included all Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on adults that directly compared the effects of DHA with EPA and RCTs of indirect comparisons (DHA and EPA monotherapy compared to control groups). Data were pooled by pairwise and network meta-analysis and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42022328630). RESULTS Network meta-analysis of comparisons of DHA and EPA suggested significant comparable effects only on LDL-C (MD EPA versus DHA = -8.51 mg/L; 95% CI: -16.67; -0.35). However, the Network meta-analysis not show a significant effect for other risk factors. Furthermore, pairwise meta-analysis of direct comparisons of DHA and EPA showed significant difference in their effects on plasma glucose (MD EPA versus DHA = -0.31 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.60, -0.02), Insulin (MD EPA versus DHA = -2.14 mg/L; 95% CI: -3.26, -1.02), but the results were not significant for risk factors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that both EPA and DHA act similarly on the markers under study, with slight changes in plasma glucose, insulin, and LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Fatahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães
- Postgraduate Programme in Collective Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, Centro, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Victor Nogueira da Cruz Silveira
- Postgraduate Programme in Collective Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, Centro, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Fernando Zanghelini
- Postgraduate Program in Therapeutic Innovation, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Parisa Rahmani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sharifi-Zahabi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Dietary fat quality impacts metabolic impairments of type 2 diabetes risk differently in male and female CD-1 ® mice. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1013-1028. [PMID: 34605388 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic impairments associated with type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance and loss of glycaemic control, disproportionately impact the elderly. Lifestyle interventions, such as manipulation of dietary fat quality (i.e. fatty acid (FA) composition), have been shown to favourably modulate metabolic health. Yet, whether or not chronic consumption of beneficial FAs can protect against metabolic derangements and disease risk during ageing is not well defined. We sought to evaluate whether long-term dietary supplementation of fish-, dairy- or echium-derived FAs to the average FA profile in a U.S. American diet may offset metabolic impairments in males and females during ageing. One-month-old CD-1® mice were fed isoenergetic, high-fat (40 %) diets with the fat content composed of either 100 % control fat blend (CO) or 70 % CO with 30 % fish oil, dairy fat or echium oil for 13 months. Every 3 months, parameters of glucose homoeostasis were evaluated via glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Glucose tolerance improved in males consuming a diet supplemented with fish oil or echium oil as ageing progressed, but not in females. Yet, females were more metabolically protected than males regardless of age. Additionally, Spearman correlations were performed between indices of glucose homoeostasis and previously reported measurements of diet-derived FA content in tissues and colonic bacterial composition, which also revealed sex-specific associations. This study provides evidence that long-term dietary fat quality influences risk factors of metabolic diseases during ageing in a sex-dependent manner; thus, sex is a critical factor to be considered in future dietary strategies to mitigate type 2 diabetes risk.
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Overview of Nutraceuticals and Cardiometabolic Diseases following Socio-Economic Analysis. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of functional food and nutraceutical products to deal with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has gained attention in the past few years. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the potential and effectiveness of nutraceutical in the improvement of CMDs and MetS biomarkers, alongside their burden of disease and economic health expenditure. A science database search was conducted between May and June 2021. A total of 35 studies were included in this paper. We included male and female subjects, children, and adults, in good health or with cardiovascular or metabolic disease. CMDs and MetS have gradually become worldwide health problems, becoming two of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in western countries. The results indicate a positive link between daily consumption of nutraceutical products and an improvement in cardiometabolic and anthropometric biomarkers. In this paper we included a wide range of nutraceutical products. Most of them showed promising data, indicating that nutraceuticals could provide a new therapeutic treatment to reduce prevalence and pharmaceutical expenditures attributed to CMDs and MetS. Unfortunately, there is a huge vacuum of data on nutraceutical usage, savings, and burden reduction. Therefore, further clinical and pharmaco-economic research in the field is highly required.
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Associations of dietary PUFA with dyslipidaemia among the US adults: the findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2016. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:1386-1394. [PMID: 34165051 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia, a significant risk factor of CVD, is threatening human health worldwide. PUFA are crucial long-chain fatty acids for TAG synthesis and removal, potentially decreasing dyslipidaemia risk. We examined dyslipidaemia prevalence among 15 244 adults aged ≥ 20 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016. Dyslipidaemia was defined as total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl, or HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dl/50 mg/dl for males/females, respectively, or LDL-cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dl, or TAG ≥ 200 mg/dl, or taking lipid-modifying medications. We measured the daily PUFA intake using a 24-h dietary recall. Demographics, social economics, and lifestyle factors were collected using questionnaires/interviews. Additionally, we measured Se and Hg levels in the whole blood. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between PUFA and dyslipidaemia. The unweighted and weighted dyslipidaemia prevalences were 72·4% and 71·0 %, respectively. When grouped into tertiles, PUFA intake above 19·524 g/d was associated with an independent 19 % decrease in dyslipidaemia risk (OR = 0·81 (95 % CI 0·71, 0·94)) compared with the lowest tertile (PUFA intake ≤ 12·349 g/d). A threshold inverse association was further determined by the restricted cubic spline analysis. When PUFA intake was increased to its turning point, that is, 19 g/d, the lower nadir risk for dyslipidaemia was obtained (OR = 0·72 (95 % CI 0·56, 0·89)). When the exposure was the sum of α-linolenic acid and octadecatetraenoic acid, the inverse linear association remained. Dietary PUFA intake is a beneficial factor for dyslipidaemia among American adults, independent of many potential confounders, including Hg and Se.
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Mone P, Varzideh F, Kansakar U, Infante C, Lombardi A, de Donato A, Frullone S, Santulli G. Omega-3 fatty acids coordinate glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic patients. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:31. [PMID: 35337345 PMCID: PMC8957175 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, whether different sources of n-3 PUFA, for instance fatty fish vs vegetable oils, could elicit different effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, remains to be determined. Herein we examine recent findings showing that while a plant-based n-3 PUFA supplementation for six months can reduce fasting blood glucose, marine-based n-3 PUFA can instead reduce serum levels of triglycerides. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms that could underlie these different effects on the regulation of glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine - Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA. .,ASL Avellino, Avellino, Italy. .,University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Medicine - Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine - Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine - Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine - Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA. .,University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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Drenjančević I, Pitha J. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Vascular and Cardiac Effects on the Cellular and Molecular Level (Narrative Review). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042104. [PMID: 35216214 PMCID: PMC8879741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, in addition to the already proven effective treatment of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are considered as substances with additive effects on cardiovascular health. N-3 PUFAs combine their indirect effects on metabolic, inflammatory and thrombogenic parameters with direct effects on the cellular level. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) seems to be more efficient than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the favorable mitigation of atherothrombosis due to its specific molecular properties. The inferred mechanism is a more favorable effect on the cell membrane. In addition, the anti-fibrotic effects of n-3 PUFA were described, with potential impacts on heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Furthermore, n-3 PUFA can modify ion channels, with a favorable impact on arrhythmias. However, despite recent evidence in the prevention of cardiovascular disease by a relatively high dose of icosapent ethyl (EPA derivative), there is still a paucity of data describing the exact mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs, including the role of their particular metabolites. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of n-3 PUFAs at several levels of the cardiovascular system, including controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Osijek J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jan Pitha
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Center for Experimental Research, Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Kalogerou M, Ioannou S, Kolovos P, Prokopiou E, Potamiti L, Kyriacou K, Panagiotidis M, Ioannou M, Fella E, Worth EP, Georgiou T. Omega-3 fatty acids promote neuroprotection, decreased apoptosis and reduced glial cell activation in the retina of a mouse model of OPA1-related autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 215:108901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Takeshita Y, Teramura C, Kamoshita K, Takayama H, Nakagawa H, Enyama Y, Ishii KA, Tanaka T, Goto H, Nakano Y, Osada S, Tanaka Y, Tokuyama K, Takamura T. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on serum levels of selenoprotein P and organ-specific insulin sensitivity in humans with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:532-542. [PMID: 34670012 PMCID: PMC8902388 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Selenoprotein P (SeP, encoded by SELENOP in humans) is a hepatokine that causes insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle. It was found that polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) downregulates Selenop expression by inactivating SREBP‐1c. The present study aimed to examine the effect of EPA for 12 weeks on circulating SeP levels and insulin sensitivity in humans with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 20 participants with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an EPA (900 mg, twice daily) group and a control group. The primary endpoint was a change in serum SeP levels. Organ‐specific insulin sensitivity in the liver (HGP and %HGP), skeletal muscle (Rd), and adipose tissue (FFA and %FFA) were assessed using a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp study with stable isotope‐labeled glucose infusion. Results Serum SeP levels were not changed in either group at the end of the study. In the EPA group, the changes in SeP levels were positively correlated with the change in serum EPA levels (r = 0.709, P = 0.022). Treatment with EPA significantly enhanced %FFA but not %HGP and Rd. The change in serum EPA levels was significantly positively correlated with the change in %HGP, and negatively correlated with changes in Rd. Conclusions The change in serum EPA levels was positively correlated with serum SeP levels, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and negatively with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in humans with type 2 diabetes. The EPA‐induced enhancement of hepatic insulin sensitivity might be associated with a mechanism independent of serum SeP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chisato Teramura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kamoshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Enyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kiyo-Aki Ishii
- Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hisanori Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yujiro Nakano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sachie Osada
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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24
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Abstract
The endothelium acts as the barrier that prevents circulating lipids such as lipoproteins and fatty acids into the arterial wall; it also regulates normal functioning in the circulatory system by balancing vasodilation and vasoconstriction, modulating the several responses and signals. Plasma lipids can interact with endothelium via different mechanisms and produce different phenotypes. Increased plasma-free fatty acids (FFAs) levels are associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Because of the multi-dimensional roles of plasma FFAs in mediating endothelial dysfunction, increased FFA level is now considered an essential link in the onset of endothelial dysfunction in CVD. FFA-mediated endothelial dysfunction involves several mechanisms, including dysregulated production of nitric oxide and cytokines, metaflammation, oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and apoptosis. Therefore, modulation of FFA-mediated pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction may prevent the complications associated with CVD risk. This review presents details as to how endothelium is affected by FFAs involving several metabolic pathways.
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Ajabnoor SM, Thorpe G, Abdelhamid A, Hooper L. Long-term effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on inflammatory bowel disease and markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2293-2316. [PMID: 33084958 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Effects of long-chain omega-3 (LCn3) and omega-6 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD, including Crohn's Disease, CD and ulcerative colitis, UC), and inflammation are unclear. We systematically reviewed long-term effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) on IBD diagnosis, relapse, severity, pharmacotherapy, quality of life and key inflammatory markers. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and trials registries, including RCTs in adults with or without IBD comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 and/or total PUFA intake for ≥ 24 weeks that assessed IBD-specific outcomes or inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS We included 83 RCTs (41,751 participants), of which 13 recruited participants with IBD. Increasing LCn3 may reduce risk of IBD relapse (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72-1.01) and IBD worsening (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.71-1.03), and reduce erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, SMD - 0.23, 95% CI - 0.44 to - 0.01), but may increase IBD diagnosis risk (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.63-1.92), and faecal calprotectin, a specific inflammatory marker for IBD (MD 16.1 μg/g, 95% CI - 37.6 to 69.8, all low-quality evidence). Outcomes for alpha-linolenic acid, omega-6 and total PUFA were sparse, but suggested little or no effect where data were available. CONCLUSION This is the most comprehensive meta-analysis of RCTs investigating long-term effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total PUFA on IBD and inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that supplementation with PUFAs has little or no effect on prevention or treatment of IBD and provides little support for modification of long-term inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ajabnoor
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gabrielle Thorpe
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Alone and in Combination with Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Function in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2972610. [PMID: 34257675 PMCID: PMC8253643 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2972610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia and is strongly associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and all-cause mortality. Early diagnosis is important to employ lifestyle and risk factor modification. Existing therapies are limited. Studies report positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FA) on symptoms of metabolic syndrome. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ω-3FA alone and in combination with proprietary chromium complex (PCC) on endothelial function in subjects with metabolic syndrome. In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, subjects were enrolled into the study after ethics committee (EC) approval and informed consent. Eligible subjects were randomized to receive ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg (Group A-18 subjects), ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg + PCC200 mcg (Group B-19 subjects), and ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg + PCC400 mcg (Group C-21 subjects) daily for 12 weeks. Endothelial dysfunction as measured by reflection index (RI), biomarkers of oxidative stress (NO, MDA, and glutathione), and inflammation (hsCRP, endothelin-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) were evaluated at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks. Lipid-profile and platelet-aggregation tests were performed at baseline and 12 weeks. Adverse drug reactions were recorded. Compliance was assessed by pill count method. GraphPad Prism8 was used for statistical analysis. Significant changes were seen from 4 weeks onwards in all the parameters evaluated. Significant improvement in RI% (mean ± SD = -2.56 ± 0.77 to -3.27 ± 0.67-group A, -2.33 ± 0.76 to 4.72 ± 0.79-group B; -2.39 ± 1.13 to 6.46 ± 1.00-group C) was seen at 12 weeks. Significant improvement in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation was seen with all the treatment groups. Similarly, significant improvement in lipid profile was seen in group B and group C, while group A showed change in HDL, VLDL, and TG. Group C demonstrated the best response in the parameters evaluated. Three patients in group C reported gastrointestinal adverse events, which resolved spontaneously; none stopped the therapy. So, the addition of PCC to ω-3FA may prove to have beneficial effect in reducing cardiovascular morbidity in MetS patients.
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Jia YL, Wang LR, Zhang ZX, Gu Y, Sun XM. Recent advances in biotechnological production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Yarrowia lipolytica. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8920-8934. [PMID: 34120537 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1937041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the important physiological functions, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in protecting human health, such as preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Specifically, Yarrowia lipolytica has been identified as the most popular non-conventional oleaginous yeast, which can accumulate the abundant intracellular lipids, indicating that has great potential as an industrial host for production of PUFAs. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of Y. lipolytica to synthesize PUFAs, including construction and optimization of PUFAs biosynthetic pathways, improvement of preucrsors acetyl-coA and NADPH supply, inhibition of competing pathways, knockout of β-oxidation pathways, regulation of oxidative stress defense pathways, and regulation of genes involved in upstream lipid metabolism. Besides, some bypass approaches, such as strain mating, evolutionary engineering, and computational model based on omics, also have been proposed to improve the performance of engineering strains. Generally, in this review, we summarized the recent advances in engineering strategies and bypass approaches for improving PUFAs production by Y. lipolytica. In addition, we further summarized the latest efforts of CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology in Y. lipolytica, which is aimed to provide its potential applications in PUFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Dziegielewska-Gesiak S. Metabolic Syndrome in an Aging Society - Role of Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance and Inflammation Markers in Disentangling Atherosclerosis. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:1057-1070. [PMID: 34135578 PMCID: PMC8200137 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s306982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the elderly population is growing. The elements of metabolic syndrome in an aging society are currently being researched. Atherosclerosis is a slow process in which the first symptoms may be observed after many years. The mechanisms underlying the progression of atherosclerosis are oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with the increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. Taking the above into consideration, metabolic syndrome is thought to be a clinical equivalent of atherosclerosis. AIM The aim of this paper is to review the impact of the interplay of oxidant-antioxidant and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome in general as well as its components in the pathophysiology which underlies development of atherosclerosis in elderly individuals. METHODS A systematic scan of online resources designed for elderly (≥65 years) published from 2005 to the end of 2020 were reviewed. This was supplemented with grey literature and then all resources were narratively analyzed. The analysis included the following terms: "atherosclerosis or metabolic syndrome" and "oxidative stress or inflammation" and "elderly" to find reports of atherosclerotic disease from asymptomatic to life-threatening among the elderly population with metabolic syndrome . RESULTS The work summarizes articles that were applicable to this study, including systematic reviews, qualitative studies and opinion pieces. Current knowledge focuses on monitoring the inflammation and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in disentangling atherosclerosis in patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The population-based studies described inflammation, increased oxidative stress and weak antioxidant defense systems as the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis development. Moreover, there are discussions that these targets could potentially be a point of intervention to reduce the development of atherosclerosis in the elderly, especially those with altered glucose and lipid metabolism. Specific markers may be used as an approach for the prevention and lifestyle modification of atherosclerotic disease in such population. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome and its components are important contributors in the progression of atherosclerotic disease in the elderly population but constant efforts should be made to broaden our knowledge of elderly groups who are the most susceptible for the development of atherosclerosis complications.
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Zhang HJ, Gao X, Guo XF, Li KL, Li S, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 33 randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4538-4550. [PMID: 34229258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the effects of pure preparations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors, but the results were inconsistent. The present study aimed to clarify whether EPA and DHA have differential effects on MetS features in humans. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in CNKI, PubMed, Embase and Scopus updated to February 2021. The mean changes in the characteristics of MetS were calculated as weighted mean differences by using a random-effects model. Thirty-three RCTs were included. RESULTS The results showed that both EPA and DHA were effective at lowering serum triglycerides (TG) levels. EPA supplementation decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = -0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.43, -0.05 mmol/L), TG (WMD = -0.77 mmol/L; 95% CI, -1.54, -0.00 mmol/L) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.25, -0.01 mmol/L), while DHA increased the serum levels of TC (WMD = 0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.03, 0.25 mmol/L), LDL-C (WMD = 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.15, 0.38 mmol/L) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD = 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.04, 0.09 mmol/L). Moreover, DHA increased the serum levels of insulin compared with EPA, especially in subgroups whose mean age was <60 years (0.43 mU/L; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.81 mU/L) and duration of DHA supplementation < 3 months (0.39 mU/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.77 mU/L). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis provides evidence that EPA and DHA have different effects on risk factors of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke-Lei Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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30
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Duan J, Song Y, Zhang X, Wang C. Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Derived Bioactive Lipids on Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646491. [PMID: 34113260 PMCID: PMC8185290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) are three well-known ω-3 PUFAs. These fatty acids can be metabolized into a number of bioactive lipids. Eicosanoids derived from ARA have drawn great attention because of their important and complex biofunctions. Although EPA, DHA and n-3 DPA have also shown powerful biofunctions, we have fewer studies of metabolites derived from them than those from ARA. Recently, growing research has focused on the bioaction of ω-3 PUFA-derived metabolites, which indicates their great potential for treating metabolic disorders. Most of the functional studies of these bioactive lipids focused on their anti-inflammatory effects. However, several studies elucidated their direct effects on pancreatic β cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and endothelial cells. These researches revealed the importance of studying the functions of metabolites derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids other than themselves. The current review summarizes research into the effects of ω-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adipose tissue dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Duan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yayue Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Selma-Gracia R, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Inclusion of Salvia hispanica L. and Chenopodium quinoa into bread formulations improves metabolic imbalances derived from a high-fat intake in hyperglycaemic mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:7994-8002. [PMID: 32841309 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01453b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-energy intake causes imbalances in nutrient homeostasis contributing to a high prevalence of metabolic chronic diseases. The extent to what metabolic imbalances can be ameliorated by the inclusion of immunonutritional ingredients obtained from flours favouring nutrient and calorie management remains poorly understood. Herein, it is demonstrated that partial replacement of wheat flour (WB) with that from Chenopodium quinoa varieties [red (RQ, 25% w/w) and white (WQ, 25% w/w)] as well as from Salvia hispanica L., [whole (Ch, 20% w/w) and semi-defatted (Ch_D, 20% w/w)] in bread formulations ameliorates the metabolic and inflammation consequences of high-fat diet consumption in hyperglycaemic animals. Feeding animals with bread formulations replacing wheat flour effectively reduced insulin resistance (by 2-fold, HOMAir). The reduction in starch content did not appear as a determinant of controlling HOMAir. Only animals fed with RQ and Ch diet displayed increased plasma levels of triglycerides, which significantly contributed to mitigate HFD-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation. The latter was increased in animals receiving Ch_D diet, where PUFAs were eliminated from chia's flour. Feeding with WQ and Ch samples caused an upward trend in hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Despite similarities between immunonutritional agonists in animals fed with RQ and WQ, IL-17 levels were quantified higher for animals fed with WQ. All bread formulations except Ch_D samples significantly increased the hepatic granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulation factor levels. These results indicated that replacement of wheat flour with that from quinoa and chia improved the metabolic imbalances in hyperglycaemic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Selma-Gracia
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Takaeko Y, Maruhashi T, Kajikawa M, Kishimoto S, Yamaji T, Harada T, Hashimoto Y, Han Y, Kihara Y, Chayama K, Goto C, Yusoff FM, Yoshimura K, Nakashima A, Higashi Y. Lower triglyceride levels are associated with better endothelial function. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:500-511. [PMID: 34006457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum triglyceride levels are independently associated with endothelial dysfunction. However, there is little evidence to define normal levels of triglycerides and there is little information on endothelial function in subjects with extremely low levels of triglycerides. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between triglycerides, especially low levels of triglycerides, and vascular function. METHODS We measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in 7047 subjects and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID) in 1017 subjects. We divided the subjects into eight groups by triglyceride levels: <50 mg/dL, 50-69 mg/dL, 70-89 mg/dL, 90-109 mg/dL, 110-129 mg/dL, 130-149 mg/dL, 150-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL. RESULTS FMD was significantly higher in subjects with triglyceride levels of <50 mg/dL than in subjects with triglyceride levels of 50-69 mg/dL, 70-89 mg/dL, 90-109 mg/dL, 110-129 mg/dL, 130-149 mg/dL, 150-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL (p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Using triglyceride levels of >200 mg/dL as a reference, the odds ratios for a lower quartile of FMD were significantly lower in the <50 mg/dL group, 50-69 mg/dL group, 70-89 mg/dL group, and 90-109 mg/dL group after adjustment for age, gender and other cardiovascular risk factors. There was a slight negative correlation between NID and triglycerides (r=-0.074; p=0.019). However, there was no significant differences in NID among the eight groups. CONCLUSIONS FMD values were highest in subjects with extremely low levels of triglycerides (<50 mg/dL). Lower triglyceride levels were associated with better endothelial function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION http://www.umin.ac.jp (University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry) (UMIN000012950).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takaeko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr. Takaeko, Yamaji, Harada, Hashimoto and Kihara)
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Maruhashi, Kishimoto, Han, Yusoff and Higashi)
| | - Masato Kajikawa
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Kajikawa and Higashi)
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Maruhashi, Kishimoto, Han, Yusoff and Higashi)
| | - Takayuki Yamaji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr. Takaeko, Yamaji, Harada, Hashimoto and Kihara)
| | - Takahiro Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr. Takaeko, Yamaji, Harada, Hashimoto and Kihara)
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr. Takaeko, Yamaji, Harada, Hashimoto and Kihara)
| | - Yiming Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Maruhashi, Kishimoto, Han, Yusoff and Higashi)
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr. Takaeko, Yamaji, Harada, Hashimoto and Kihara)
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Chayama)
| | - Chikara Goto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Goto)
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Maruhashi, Kishimoto, Han, Yusoff and Higashi)
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Yoshimura)
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Nakashima)
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Maruhashi, Kishimoto, Han, Yusoff and Higashi); Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan (Dr Kajikawa and Higashi).
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Liu S, Wang X, Li Y, Shi B, Guo X, Zhao Y, Yan S. Flaxseed Oil and Heated Flaxseed Supplements Have Different Effects on Lipid Deposition and Ileal Microbiota in Albas Cashmere Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030790. [PMID: 33809169 PMCID: PMC8000257 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the grassland desertification intensified, pasture carrying capacity decreased, and grass seasonal changed, stall-feeding fattening has become an effective means to protect the natural environment. The stall-feeding fattening increased the cashmere goats’ weight but reduced the meat quality and increased the saturated fatty acids content in muscle and fat tissue of cashmere goats. Supplementing flaxseed and flaxseed oil rich-in linolenic acid (ALA) to diet to improve meat quality is an effective nutritional regulation means. Previous research results of our team showed that compared to diet supplemented with flaxseed oil, added flaxseed increased linoleic acid biohydrogenation by reducing the Ruminobacter relative abundance and increasing the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Fretibacterium in rumen, protected ALA away from biohydrogenation, and more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids entered the post-intestinal tract. Based on the previous research, this study explored whether the ALA flowing into the posterior intestine can reduce fat deposition and blood lipid by affecting intestinal microbiota. The results showed that adding flaxseed grain to diet decreased the growth performance, lipid deposition, and blood lipid content of goats by regulating the blood lipid-related enzyme activity, which positively associated with [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, but negatively associated with unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae, Intestinibacter, and Ruminococcus_2. Abstract The present study investigated the effect of flaxseed grain or flaxseed oil on ileal microbiota and lipid deposition of cashmere goats. Sixty kid goats (average body weight 18.6 ± 0.1 kg) were allocated to three treatments, fed for 90 days, with control treatment: basal diet (CON, total-mixed ration), experimental treatment: basal diet with added flaxseed oil (LNO), experimental treatment: basal diet with added heated flaxseed grain (HLS). The final body weight, body weight gain, the weight of kidney fat, omental fat, tail fat, and fat tissue, the activity of fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-coa carboxylase, and malic dehydrogenase, and the relative abundance (RA) of unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae and Intestinibacter were remarkably higher in the LNO treatment than in the HLS treatment, but the [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group RA showed the opposite result. The content of triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in the CON and LNO treatments than in the HLS treatment, while the hormone-sensitive lipase activity and the non-esterified fatty acid content showed the opposite result. In conclusion, the flaxseed grain is more efficient than flaxseed oil in ameliorating the blood lipid profiles and it is a potential product for decreasing the lipid deposition of cashmere goats.
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Escobar-García JD, Prieto C, Pardo-Figuerez M, Lagaron JM. Room Temperature Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Eicosapentaenoic Acid Rich Oil within Whey Protein Microparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:575. [PMID: 33668857 PMCID: PMC7996356 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, emulsion electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) has been performed for the first time to entrap ca. 760 nm droplets of the bioactive eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil into whey protein concentrate (WPC) at room temperature. The submicron droplets of EPA oil were encapsulated within WPC spherical microparticles, with sizes around 5 µm. The EPA oil did not oxidize in the course of the encapsulation performed at 25 °C and in the presence of air, as corroborated by the peroxide value measurements. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and oxygen consumption tests confirmed that the encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed increased oxidative stability in comparison with the free oil during an accelerated oxidation test under ultraviolet light. Moreover, the encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed increased thermal stability in comparison with the free oil, as measured by oxidative thermogravimetric analysis. The encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed a somewhat reduced organoleptic impact in contrast with the neat EPA oil using rehydrated powdered milk as a reference. Finally, the oxidative stability by thermogravimetric analysis and organoleptic impact of mixtures of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-loaded microparticles was also studied, suggesting an overall reduced organoleptic impact compared to pure EPA. The results here suggest that it is possible to encapsulate 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-enriched oils by emulsion EAPG technology at room temperature, which could be used to produce personalized nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals alone or in combination with other microparticles encapsulating different PUFAs to obtain different targeted health and organoleptic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Escobar-García
- Research & Development Department, Bioinicia S.L., Calle Algepser 65, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.D.E.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Maria Pardo-Figuerez
- Research & Development Department, Bioinicia S.L., Calle Algepser 65, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.D.E.-G.); (M.P.-F.)
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jose M. Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Alwadi AY, Ouban A, Abu-Owaimer FM, AlSharari SD, Bukhari IA. Regional functional and structural abnormalities within the aorta as a potential driver of vascular disease in metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:771-788. [PMID: 33450088 DOI: 10.1113/ep089213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is aortic dysfunction, a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome, expressed uniformly across both the thoracic and abdominal aorta? What is the main finding and its importance? Our study shows that, in the setting of metabolic syndrome, functional and structural deficits in the aorta are differentially expressed along its length, with the abdominal portion displaying more extensive vascular abnormalities. It is, therefore, likely that early interventional strategies targeting the abdominal aorta might alleviate cardiovascular pathologies driven by the metabolic syndrome. ABSTRACT The extent of vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome might vary along the length of the aorta. In this study, we investigated regional functional and structural changes in the thoracic and abdominal aorta of a rat model of metabolic syndrome, namely, high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (HFD-D). Four-week-old male Wistar albino rats were fed with either HFD or control diet (CD) for 10 weeks. At week 6, 40 mg/kg streptozotocin and its vehicle were injected i.p. into HFD and CD groups, respectively. At the end of the feeding period, rats were euthanised and aortic segments collected for assessment of vascular functional responses and histomorphometry. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressures (154 ± 6 vs. 110 ± 4 mmHg) and areas under the curve for oral glucose and i.p. insulin tolerance tests were greater in HFD-D versus CD rats. Abdominal aortic vasoconstriction in response to noradrenaline and KCl was greater in HFD-D compared with CD rats. Thoracic vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, but not KCl, were greater in the HFD-D group. Abdominal, but not thoracic, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine was blunted in HFD-D relative to CD rats; however, nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in HFD-D rats was impaired in both thoracic and abdominal segments. The abdominal aorta of HFD-D rats showed deranged interlamellar spacing and increased lipid plaque deposition. In conclusion, vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome is expressed differentially along the length of the aorta, with the abdominal aorta exhibiting increased susceptibility to vasoconstrictors and greater deficits in endothelium-dependent relaxation. These vascular functional abnormalities could potentially underlie the development of hypertensive cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z Ameer
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Salman
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Y Alwadi
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrahman Ouban
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shakir D AlSharari
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq A Bukhari
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bercea CI, Cottrell GS, Tamagnini F, McNeish AJ. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and hypertension: a review of vasodilatory mechanisms of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:860-877. [PMID: 33283269 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is often characterised by impaired vasodilation involving dysfunction of multiple vasodilatory mechanisms. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can reduce blood pressure and vasodilation. In the endothelium, DHA and EPA improve function including increased NO bioavailability. However, animal studies show that DHA- and EPA-mediated vasodilation persists after endothelial removal, indicating a role for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The vasodilatory effects of ω-3 PUFAs on VSMCs are mediated via opening of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa ), ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) and possibly members of the Kv 7 family of voltage-activated potassium channels, resulting in hyperpolarisation and relaxation. ω-3 PUFA actions on BKCa and voltage-gated ion channels involve electrostatic interactions that are dependent on the polyunsaturated acyl tail, cis-geometry of these double bonds and negative charge of the carboxyl headgroup. This suggests structural manipulation of ω-3 PUFA could generate novel, targeted, therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana-Ioana Bercea
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Francesco Tamagnini
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alister J McNeish
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Li X, Li G, Cheng T, Liu J, Song G, Ma H. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of incident diabetes: a secondary analysis based on a Chinese cohort study : TyG index and incident diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:236. [PMID: 33161902 PMCID: PMC7649000 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) may serve as a suitable substitute for insulin resistance. However, evidence for the relationship between TyG index and risk of diabetes remains limited. This study sought to explore the association of baseline TyG index with risk of developing diabetes in Chinese adults. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the health screening program in China. A total of 201,298 non-diabetic individuals were included. TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) × fasting triglyceride level (mg/dL) / 2]. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or self-reported diabetes. Cox proportion-hazard model was employed to evaluate the independent impact of baseline TyG index on future diabetes risk. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were implemented to verify the reliability of results. Notably, data were downloaded from the DATADRYAD website, and used only for secondary analyses. Results During an average follow-up of 3.12 years, among 201,298 individuals aged ≥20 years, 3389 subjects developed diabetes. After adjusting for potential confounders, elevated TyG index were independently correlated with greater risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio (HR), 3.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.11–3.60). Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), increasing TyG index (Q2, Q3, and Q4) was related to increased HR estimates of incident diabetes [HR (95% CI), 1.83 (1.49–2.26); 3.29 (2.70–4.01), and 6.26 (5.15–7.60), respectively]. Moreover, a nonlinear relationship was observed between TyG index and risk of diabetes and the slope of the curve increased accompanying the rise of TyG index. Subgroup analysis revealed the positive association was stronger among subjects with age < 40 years, body mass index ≥18.5 kg/m2 and < 24 kg/m2, or systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg, or in females. Conclusions Elevated TyG index is independently correlated with increased risk of incident diabetes in Chinese adults, indicating it may represent a reliable predictor of diabetes in high-risk populations. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12944-020-01403-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Guilong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xingtai Third Hospital, Xingtai, 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Tiantian Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.,Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulation of vascular tone under physiological and pathological conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105499. [PMID: 32736093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are mainly found in marine fish oils and commercially available fish oil supplements. Several studies have documented that n-3 PUFAs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases through anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Notably, regulation of vascular tone is one of the most important bases of cardiovascular health and especially for maintaining blood pressure within optimal physiological ranges. Recent clinical and animal studies indicate an association between n-3 PUFAs and vascular functions. In this regard, many clinical trials and basic experimental studies have been conducted so far to investigate the influence of n-3 PUFAs on vascular tone. In this review, we have summarized the results obtained from both clinical and basic studies that evaluated the effect of n-3 PUFAs under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we also focus on verifying the underlying basic molecular mechanism of n-3 PUFAs on the vascular system.
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Analysis of the intricate effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols on inflammatory pathways in health and disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111558. [PMID: 32640331 PMCID: PMC7335494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and various infectious diseases; lately most notably COVID-19 have been in the front line of research worldwide. Although targeting different organs, these pathologies have common biochemical impairments - redox disparity and, prominently, dysregulation of the inflammatory pathways. Research data have shown that diet components like polyphenols, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), fibres as well as lifestyle (fasting, physical exercise) are important factors influencing signalling pathways with a significant potential to improve metabolic homeostasis and immune cells' functions. In the present manuscript we have reviewed scientific data from recent publications regarding the beneficial cellular and molecular effects induced by dietary plant products, mainly polyphenolic compounds and PUFAs, and summarize the clinical outcomes expected from these types of interventions, in a search for effective long-term approaches to improve the immune system response.
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Fukumoto K, Takemoto Y, Yoshikawa J, Norioka N, Iguchi T, Namikawa H, Tochino Y, Yoshiyama M, Shuto T. Predictors of endothelial function improvement in patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia without evidence of coronary artery disease treated with purified eicosapentaenoic acid. Atherosclerosis 2020; 309:27-32. [PMID: 32861211 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been reported to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Although several mechanisms underlying the effects of EPA have been demonstrated, those responsible for its beneficial role in patients with hypertriglyceridemia without evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) have not been fully elucidated. We sought to clarify the main factors associated with EPA administration that led to improved endothelial function. METHODS Forty-seven consecutive patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia (mean age, 59 ± 13 years) without evidence of CAD were prospectively enrolled and administered purified EPA (1800 mg/day). Forty-four patients who were not administered EPA were enrolled as age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical variables and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were examined before and after 6 months of treatment. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed between FMD changes and clinical variables. RESULTS EPA treatment decreased triglyceride levels (from 224.6 ± 58.8 to 151.8 ± 54.5 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and increased FMD (from 4.21% ± 1.91% to 6.21% ± 2.30%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the change in FMD was associated with the baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (β = -0.331, p = 0.027) and the change in EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio (β = 0.301, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS EPA treatment improved triglyceride levels and FMD in patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia and without evidence of CAD. The baseline HDL-C level and the change in EPA/AA ratio predicted FMD improvement. The beneficial effects of EPA on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and vascular endothelium may help improve endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Fukumoto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Junichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Norioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Iguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Bell Land General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namikawa
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tochino
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Shuto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Sawada T, Uzu K, Hashimoto N, Onishi T, Takaya T, Shimane A, Taniguchi Y, Yasaka Y, Ohara T, Kawai H. Empagliflozin's Ameliorating Effect on Plasma Triglycerides: Association with Endothelial Function Recovery in Diabetic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:644-656. [PMID: 31631099 PMCID: PMC7406405 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM So far, the mechanisms behind the cardiovascular benefits of sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have not been fully clarified. METHODS In order to evaluate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic hemodynamics, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and endothelial function, 50 diabetic patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) were included in this analysis and were given empagliflozin 10 mg/d. Cookie meal testing (carbohydrates: 75 g, fats: 28.5 g), endothelial function testing using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), and body composition evaluation were performed before and after six months of treatment. Changes in %FMD between the treatment periods and its association with metabolic biomarkers were evaluated. RESULTS After six months of treatment, the body weight and body fat percentage decreased significantly, while the body muscle percentage increased significantly. The hemoglobin A1c level and fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels were significantly decreased with treatment. Postprandial insulin secretion was also significantly suppressed and the insulin resistance index was significantly decreased. Furthermore, the fasting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels decreased significantly, while total ketone bodies increased significantly after the six-month treatment. While the plasma brain natriuretic peptide level was not changed, the C-reactive protein level was decreased and FMD was significantly improved after the six-month treatment. Multiple regression analysis showed that the strongest predictive factor of FMD improvement is change in the plasma TG levels. CONCLUSION SGLT2 inhibitors improve multiple metabolic parameters. Of these, a reduction in plasma TGs was strongly associated with endothelial function recovery in diabetic patients with CAD, and this reduction may be related to the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sawada
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Uzu
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hashimoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuari Onishi
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Takaya
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimane
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Taniguchi
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasaka
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohara
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kawai
- Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Insulin Resistance Modifies the Effects of Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the OMEGA-REMODEL Randomized Clinical Trial). Am J Cardiol 2020; 125:678-684. [PMID: 31948661 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance early after acute myocardial infarction is associated with increased heart failure and mortality. OMEGA-REMODEL was a prospective double-blind 1:1 randomized control trial of patients with AMI. We reported that 6-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acid (O-3FA) 4 g/day attenuated cardiac remodeling accompanied by reduction in inflammation. We hypothesized that insulin resistance modifies the therapeutic effect of O-3FA on post-MI cardiac remodeling. The OMEGA-REMODEL study group was dichotomized according to cohort- and gender-specific median cutoff value of leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) at baseline (LAR-Hi vs LAR-Lo). Mixed model regression analyses were used to evaluate effect modification of O-3FA on reduction of left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) by LAR status. Baseline LAR was evaluated on 325 patients (59 ± 11 years, 81% male). A total of 168 patients were categorized in LAR-Lo, and 157 in LAR-Hi. O-3FA treatment resulted in significant LVESVI reduction in patients with LAR-Lo but not with LAR-Hi (p = 0.0002 vs 0.66, respectively). Mixed model regression analysis showed significant modification of LAR on O-3FA's treatment effect in attenuating LVESVI (p = 0.021). In conclusion, this post-hoc efficacy analysis suggests that LAR status significantly modified O-3FA's treatment effect in attenuating cardiac remodeling. During the convalescent phase of acute infarct healing, patients with lower insulin resistance estimated by LAR appear to derive more therapeutic response from O-3FA toward improvement of LVESVI.
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Pingali U, Nutalapati C, Illendulla VS. Evaluation of the Effect of Fish Oil Alone and in Combination with a Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Dysfunction, Systemic Inflammation and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:31-42. [PMID: 32021349 PMCID: PMC6954851 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s220046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fish oil alone and with an adjunct, a proprietary chromium complex (PCC), on cardiovascular parameters - endothelial dysfunction, lipid profile, systemic inflammation and glycosylated hemoglobin - in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, parallel group study, 59 subjects in three groups completed the study: Group A, fish oil 2000 mg; Group B, fish oil 2000 mg + PCC 10 mg (200 µg of Cr3+); and Group C, fish oil 2000 mg + PCC 20 mg (400 µg of Cr3+) daily for 12 weeks (2000 mg of fish oil contained 600 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 400 mg of docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], the omega-3 fatty acids). Endothelial function, by estimating reflection index (RI), biomarkers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide [NO], malondialdehyde [MDA], glutathione [GSH]) and inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], endothelin-1) were evaluated at baseline, and 4 and 12 weeks. Lipid profile, platelet aggregation and glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c) were tested at baseline and 12 weeks. Any reported adverse drug reactions were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8. RESULTS The present study shows that fish oil by itself, at a dose of 2000 mg (600 mg of EPA + 400 mg of DHA) per day, led to significant, but only modest, improvement in cardiovascular parameters (RI from -2.38±0.75 to -3.92±0.60, MDA from 3.77±0.16 to 3.74±0.16 nM/mL, NO from 30.60±3.18 to 32.12±3.40 µM/L, GSH from 568.93±5.91 to 583.95±6.53 µM/L; p≤0.0001), including triglyceride levels. However, when PCC was added to fish oil, especially at the 20 mg dose, there were highly significant improvements in all the parameters tested (RI from -2.04±0.79 to -8.73±1.36, MDA from 3.67±0.39 to 2.89±0.34 nM/mL, NO from 28.98±2.93 to 40.01±2.53 µM/L, GSH from 553.82±8.18 to 677.99±10.19 µM/L; p≤0.0001), including the lipid profile. It is noteworthy that the triglycerides were decreased significantly by addition of 20 mg of PCC although the dose of fish oil was only 2 g/day and the baseline triglyceride levels were only about 200 mg/dL. Fish oil alone did not significantly decrease the HbA1c, whereas the addition of 20 mg of PCC did. CONCLUSION Addition of PCC, especially at 20 mg dose, significantly improves the efficacy of fish oil in addressing cardiovascular risk factors compared to fish oil given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Pingali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500082, India
- Correspondence: Usharani Pingali Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad500082, Telangana, IndiaTel +91 9849574143 Email
| | - Chandrasekhar Nutalapati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500082, India
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Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Tsigkou V, Bletsa E, Panoilia ME, Oikonomou IN, Sinanidis I, Spinou M, Papastavrou A, Kokosias G, Zaromitidou M, Stampouloglou P, Spartalis M, Vavuranakis M, Stefanadis C, Papavassiliou AG, Tousoulis D. Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1052-1080. [PMID: 31470773 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190830103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common pathophysiologic substrate is atherosclerosis which is an inflammatory procedure that starts at childhood and develops throughout life. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and is characterized by the impaired production of nitric oxide. In general, endothelial dysfunction is linked to poor cardiovascular prognosis and different methods, both invasive and non-invasive, have been developed for its evaluation. Ultrasound evaluation of flow mediated dilatation of the branchial artery is the most commonly used method to assessed endothelial function while intracoronary administration of vasoactive agents may be also be used to test directly endothelial properties of the coronary vasculature. Endothelial dysfunction has also been the subject of therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes the knowledge about evaluation of endothelial function in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease and demonstrates the current therapeutic approaches against endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Oikonomou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Tsigkou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Bletsa
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Evi Panoilia
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Iris Niovi Oikonomou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Sinanidis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Spinou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Papastavrou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Kokosias
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Zaromitidou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Panagiota Stampouloglou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Spartalis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Prokopiou E, Kolovos P, Georgiou C, Kalogerou M, Potamiti L, Sokratous K, Kyriacou K, Georgiou T. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation protects the retina from age-associated degeneration in aged C57BL/6J mice. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2019; 4:e000326. [PMID: 31799410 PMCID: PMC6861077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids in the retina of aged mice when the blood arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio is maintained between 1.0 and 1.5. Methods and analysis Aged (24-month-old) wild-type C57BL/6J mice were allocated to two groups: ω3 treated and untreated. Treatment with ω3 was by daily gavage administration of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid for 60 days. Gas chromatography was used to identify and quantify fatty acids in the blood and retina. To count lipofuscin granules and measure the photoreceptor layer, eyecups were examined histologically using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. We also analysed eyecups using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results AA levels were lower, and EPA levels were higher, in the blood and retinas of the ω3-treated group than in the untreated group, resulting in a lower AA/EPA ratio. The ω3-treated group also showed significantly fewer lipofuscin granules and a thicker outer nuclear layer than the untreated group. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly greater expression of myelin basic protein, myelin regulatory factor-like protein, myelin proteolipid protein and glial fibrillar acidic protein in the ω3-treated group than in the untreated group. Three different pathways were significantly affected by ω3 treatment: fatty acid elongation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and metabolic pathways. Conclusion Two months of ω3 supplementation (when the blood AA/EPA~1.0-1.5) in aged mice reduced lipofuscin granule formation in the retina and protected the photoreceptor layer, suggesting that ω3 supplementation slows normal age-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekatherine Prokopiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.,University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Maria Kalogerou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Louiza Potamiti
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Group, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tassos Georgiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Wang YX, Wang AP, Ye YN, Gao ZN, Tang XL, Yan L, Wan Q, Wang WQ, Luo ZJ, Qin GJ, Chen LL, Mu YM. Elevated triglycerides rather than other lipid parameters are associated with increased urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in the general population of China: a report from the REACTION study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:57. [PMID: 31054570 PMCID: PMC6500581 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidaemia has always been regarded as the cornerstone of arteriosclerosis and is related to the pathogenesis of renal insufficiency. However, it is unclear which routinely available lipid parameter is related to urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR). The purpose of this study was to examine the lipid abnormalities associated with UACR in the general population in China. Methods The present study was nested in an ongoing Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabetic Individuals: A lONgitudinal (REACTION) study, which was designed to demonstrate the association of abnormal glucose metabolism with the risk of cancer in the Chinese population. This cross-sectional study included 34, 569 subjects (11, 390 males and 23, 179 females) from 8 different regional community cohorts, with an average age of 57.9 years. The UACR data were divided into the < 25% group, the 25–49% group, the 50–74% group, and the ≥ 75% group according to the quartile division of the centre where the subjects visited. The lipid classes were defined according to the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia in Chinese adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of the lipid parameters and UACR. Results Multivariable regression analysis revealed that compared with the other lipid parameters, triglycerides (TG) showed an adjusted odds ratio that was significant in model 1–4. This relationship was attenuated after adjusting for Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood pressure (BP), but TG ≥ 2.3 mmol/L was still significantly associated with UACR in total subjects and in both men and women (OR: 1.131, 95% CI 1.065–1.203, P < 0.001 in total subjects; OR: 1.134, 95% CI 1.022–1.258, P = 0.017 in men; OR: 1.129, 95% CI 1.046–1.219, P = 0.002 in women). In the stratified analysis, elevated TG was significantly associated with increased urinary albumin in subjects with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, 5.6 ≤ FBG < 7.0 or 7.8 ≤ PBG < 11.1 mmol/L, 24 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2, 120 ≤ SBP < 140 and/or 80 ≤ DBP < 90 mmHg. Conclusions We conclude that high TG levels rather than total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with UACR in the general population in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0863-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ying-Nan Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zheng-Nan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, No. 826 Southwest Shahekou District Road, Dalian, 116033, China
| | - Xu-Lei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No. 1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zuo-Jie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Gui-Jun Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lu-Lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KHK, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:731-754. [PMID: 31000505 PMCID: PMC7011201 DOI: 10.2337/dci19-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Evert
- UW Neighborhood Clinics, UW Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Diabetes Research Center, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - Joanna Mitri
- Section on Clinical, Behavioral and Outcomes Research Lipid Clinic, Adult Diabetes Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Laura Saslow
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - William S Yancy
- Duke Diet and Fitness Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Huang F, del-Río-Navarro BE, Leija-Martinez J, Torres-Alcantara S, Ruiz-Bedolla E, Hernández-Cadena L, Barraza-Villarreal A, Romero-Nava R, Sanchéz-Muñoz F, Villafaña S, Marchat LA, Hong E. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation combined with lifestyle intervention on adipokines and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in obese adolescents with hypertriglyceridemia. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 64:162-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Korakas E, Dimitriadis G, Raptis A, Lambadiari V. Dietary Composition and Cardiovascular Risk: A Mediator or a Bystander? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1912. [PMID: 30518065 PMCID: PMC6316552 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has long been debated. The established notion of the deleterious effects of fat is recently under question, with numerous studies demonstrating the benefits of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets in terms of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic derangement. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), are the types of fat that favor metabolic markers and are key components of the Mediterranean Diet, which is considered an ideal dietary pattern with great cardioprotective effects. Except for macronutrients, however, micronutrients like polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins act on molecular pathways that affect oxidative stress, endothelial function, and lipid and glucose homeostasis. In relation to these metabolic markers, the human gut microbiome is constantly revealed, with its composition being altered by even small dietary changes and different microbial populations being associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, thus becoming the target for potential new treatment interventions. This review aims to present the most recent data concerning different dietary patterns at both the macro- and micronutrient level and their association with atherosclerosis, obesity, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
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50
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Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk: does dose really matter? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:119. [PMID: 30153832 PMCID: PMC6112138 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a vast disagreement in relation to the possible beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) supplementation in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The conflicting results between the various original studies and meta-analyses could be partially explained as a result of variable supplementation dosage and duration, either of which may modify the effects of omega-3 PUFA on cardio-metabolic biomarkers. Meta-analyses are limited usually by the inability to draw inferences regarding dosage, duration and the interaction of dosage and duration of omega-3 PUFA intake. Even so, almost all endpoints in the so-called “negative” meta-analyses leaned toward a trend for benefit with a near 10% reduction in cardiovascular outcomes and a borderline statistical significance. Many trials included in these meta-analyses tested an insufficient daily dose of omega-3 PUFA of less than 1000 mg. Probably, the consistent cardiovascular effects of omega-3 PUFA supplements could be expected only with daily doses above 2000 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tenenbaum
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 5265601, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Enrique Z Fisman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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