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Suyanto E, Gorantla JN, Santi M, Fatchiyah F, Ketudat-Cairns M, Talabnin C, Ketudat Cairns JR. Enzymatic synthesis of phenolic acid glucosyl esters to test activities on cholangiocarcinoma cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:69. [PMID: 38183488 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
While glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) enzymes mostly catalyze hydrolysis reactions, rice Os9BGlu31 preferentially catalyzes transglycosylation to transfer a glucosyl moiety to another aglycone moiety to form a new glycosylated compound through a retaining mechanism. In this study, Os9BGlu31 was used to synthesize eight phenolic acid glucosyl esters, which were evaluated for activities in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The transglycosylation products of Os9BGlu31 wild type and its mutant variants were detected, produced on a milligram scale, and purified, and their structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The transglycosylation products were evaluated by antioxidant and anti-proliferative assays, followed by an anti-migration assay for the selected phenolic acid glucosyl ester. Os9BGlu31 mutants produced higher yield and activity than wild-type enzymes on phenolic acids to produce phenolic acid glucosyl esters. Among these, gallic acid glucosyl ester (β-glucogallin) had the highest antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. It also inhibited the migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Our study demonstrated that rice Os9BGlu31 transglucosidase is a promising enzyme for glycosylation of bioactive compounds in one-step reactions and provides evidence that β-glucogallin inhibits cell proliferation and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells. KEY POINTS: • Os9BGlu31 transglucosidases produced phenolic acid glucosyl esters for bioactivity testing. • Phenolic acid glucosyl esters were tested for cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. • β-Glucogallin displayed the highest inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Suyanto
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Jaggaiah N Gorantla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Maniganda Santi
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mariena Ketudat-Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chutima Talabnin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
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2
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Magwaza B, Amobonye A, Pillai S. Microbial β-glucosidases: Recent advances and applications. Biochimie 2024; 225:49-67. [PMID: 38734124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The global β-glucosidase market is currently estimated at ∼400 million USD, and it is expected to double in the next six years; a trend that is mainly ascribed to the demand for the enzyme for biofuel processing. Microbial β-glucosidase, particularly, has thus garnered significant attention due to its ease of production, catalytic efficiency, and versatility, which have all facilitated its biotechnological potential across different industries. Hence, there are continued efforts to screen, produce, purify, characterize and evaluate the industrial applicability of β-glucosidase from actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. With this rising demand for β-glucosidase, various cost-effective and efficient approaches are being explored to discover, redesign, and enhance their production and functional properties. Thus, this present review provides an up-to-date overview of advancements in the utilization of microbial β-glucosidases as "Emerging Green Tools" in 21st-century industries. In this regard, focus was placed on the use of recombinant technology, protein engineering, and immobilization techniques targeted at improving the industrial applicability of the enzyme. Furthermore, insights were given into the recent progress made in conventional β-glucosidase production, their industrial applications, as well as the current commercial status-with a focus on the patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buka Magwaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Liaqat F, Xu L, Khazi MI, Ali S, Rahman MU, Zhu D. Extraction, purification, and applications of vanillin: A review of recent advances and challenges. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2023; 204:117372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
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Sun T, Liu Y, Wang K, Duan F, Lu L. Biotransformation of Tyrosol into a Novel Valuable α-Galactoside with Increased Solubility and Improved Anti-inflammatory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37319317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, tyrosol [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol], which is rich in olive oil and red wine, was converted to a novel bioactive galactoside by enzymic glycosylation. The gene of α-galactosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus 23 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as catalytically active inclusion bodies. The catalytically active inclusion bodies efficiently catalyzed the galactosylation of tyrosol using either melibiose or raffinose family oligosaccharides as glycosyl donors, resulting in a glycoside with 42.2 or 14.2% yields. The glycoside product was purified and identified as p-hydroxyphenethyl α-d-galactopyranoside by mass spectrometry and NMR analyses. The inclusion bodies can be recycled and reused for at least 10 batch reactions of galactoside synthesis. Moreover, the galactoside showed 11-fold increased water solubility and reduced cytotoxicity as compared to tyrosol. Also, it exhibited higher antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities than tyrosol based on lipopolysaccharide-induced activated BV2 cells. These results provided important insights into the application of tyrosol derivatives in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Feiyu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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Khattab OM, El-Kersh DM, Khalifa SAM, Yosri N, El-Seedi HR, Farag MA. Comparative MS- and NMR-Based Metabolome Mapping of Egyptian Red and White Squill Bulbs F. Liliaceae and in Relation to Their Cytotoxic Effect. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112078. [PMID: 37299060 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urginea maritima L. (squill) species is widely spread at the Mediterranean region as two main varieties, i.e., white squill (WS) and red squill (RS), that are recognized for several health potentials. The major secondary metabolite classes of the squill are cardiac glycosides, mainly, bufadienolides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Herein, a multiplex MS and NMR metabolomics approach targeting secondary and aroma compounds in WS and RS was employed for varieties classification. Solid-phase micro extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (SPME-GC/MS), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided fingerprinting and structural confirmation of the major metabolites for both types of the squill. For comparison of the different platforms' classification potential, multivariate data analysis was employed. While Bufadienolides, viz. "hydroxy-scilliglaucosidin-O-rhamnoside, desacetylscillirosidin-O-rhamnoside and bufotalidin-O-hexoside" as well as oxylipids, were enriched in WS, flavonoids, i.e., dihydro-kaempferol-O-hexoside and its aglycon, taxifolin derivative, were predominant in RS. A cytotoxicity screening against three cancer cell lines, including breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung (A-549), and ovarian (SKOV-3) cell lines was conducted. Results revealed that WS was more effective on A-549 and SKOV-3 cell lines (WS IC50 0.11 and 0.4 µg/mL, respectively) owing to its abundance of bufadienolides, while RS recorded IC50 (MCF7 cell line) 0.17 µg/mL since is is rich inflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Khattab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Dina M El-Kersh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Shaden A M Khalifa
- Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Capio Saint Göran's Hospital, Sankt Göransplan 1, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nermeen Yosri
- Chemistry Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Karkeszová K, Antošová M, Potocká EK, Mastihuba V, Polakovič M. Medium engineering of phenylethanoid transfructosylation catalysed by yeast β-fructofuranosidase. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:237-249. [PMID: 36463528 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, by-products of olive oil production, are valuable substrates for enzymatic transglycosylation that can provide products with pharmaceutical potential. Phenylethanoid fructosides are produced from sucrose and phenylethanoids by the catalytic action of β-fructofuranosidases. This work dealt with the potential of the most abundant β-fructofuranosidase, baker's yeast invertase, for this bioconversion. The effects of sucrose and phenylethanoid concentrations were investigated with a focus on the selectivity of phenylethanoid transfructosylation and fructoside yields. For this purpose, initial rate and progress curve experiments were carried out for the initial (hydroxy)tyrosol and sucrose concentrations of 0.072-0.3 M and 1-2 M, respectively. Reaction courses exhibited either a maximum or plateau of fructoside yield in the range of about 10-18%. The addition of deep eutectic solvents was applied in the concentration range from 5 to 70% (v/v) to investigate the possibility of shifting the reaction equilibrium towards fructoside synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Karkeszová
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Antošová
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Karnišová Potocká
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Polakovič
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Resveratrol Xylobioside Obtained Using a Mutagenic Variant of a GH10 Endoxylanase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010085. [PMID: 36670947 PMCID: PMC9855058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with antioxidant activity and numerous health benefits. However, in vivo application of this compound is still a challenge due to its poor aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism, which leads to an extremely low bioavailability in the target tissues. In this work, rXynSOS-E236G glycosynthase, designed from a GH10 endoxylanase of the fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae, was used to glycosylate resveratrol by using xylobiosyl-fluoride as a sugar donor. The major product from this reaction was identified by NMR as 3-O-ꞵ-d-xylobiosyl resveratrol, together with other glycosides produced in a lower amount as 4'-O-ꞵ-d-xylobiosyl resveratrol and 3-O-ꞵ-d-xylotetraosyl resveratrol. The application of response surface methodology made it possible to optimize the reaction, producing 35% of 3-O-ꞵ-d-xylobiosyl resveratrol. Since other minor glycosides are obtained in addition to this compound, the transformation of the phenolic substrate amounted to 70%. Xylobiosylation decreased the antioxidant capacity of resveratrol by 2.21-fold, but, in return, produced a staggering 4,866-fold improvement in solubility, facilitating the delivery of large amounts of the molecule and its transit to the colon. A preliminary study has also shown that the colonic microbiota is capable of releasing resveratrol from 3-O-ꞵ-d-xylobiosyl resveratrol. These results support the potential of mutagenic variants of glycosyl hydrolases to synthesize highly soluble resveratrol glycosides, which could, in turn, improve the bioavailability and bioactive properties of this polyphenol.
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Zerva A, Chorozian K, Mohammadi M, Topakas E. Transxylosylation of stevioside by a novel GH39 β-xylosidase, and simultaneous valorization of agroindustrial byproducts. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Valério R, Brazinha C, Crespo JG. Comparative Analysis of Bio-Vanillin Recovery from Bioconversion Media Using Pervaporation and Vacuum Distillation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:801. [PMID: 36005716 PMCID: PMC9416510 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for natural products has led to biotechnological vanillin production, which requires the recovery of vanillin (and vanillyl alcohol at trace concentrations, as in botanical vanillin) from the bioconversion broth, free from potential contaminants: the substrate and metabolites of bioconversion. This work discusses the recovery and fractionation of bio-vanillin, from a bioconversion broth, by pervaporation and by vacuum distillation, coupled with fractionated condensation. The objective was to recover vanillin free of potential contaminants, with maximised fluxes and selectivity for vanillin against water and minimised energy consumption per mass of vanillin recovered. In vacuum distillation fractionated condensation, adding several consecutive water pulses to the feed increased the percentage of recovered vanillin. In pervaporation-fractionated condensation and vacuum distillation-fractionated condensation processes, it was possible to recover vanillin and traces of vanillyl alcohol without the presence of potential contaminants. Vacuum distillation-experiments presented higher vanillin fluxes than pervaporation fractionated condensation experiments, 2.7 ± 0.1 g·m-2 h-1 and 1.19 ± 0.01 g·m-2 h-1, respectively. However, pervaporation fractionated condensation assures a selectivity of vanillin against water of 4.5 on the pervaporation step (acting as a preconcentration step) and vacuum distillation fractionated condensation requires a higher energy consumption per mass of vanillin recovered when compared with pervaporation- fractionated condensation, 2727 KWh kgVAN-1 at 85 °C and 1361 KWh kgVAN-1 at 75 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Valério
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Brazinha
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João G. Crespo
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Lei LR, Gong LQ, Jin MY, Wang R, Liu R, Gao J, Liu MD, Huang L, Wang GZ, Wang D, Deng Y. Research advances in the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites from Talaromyces. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984801. [PMID: 36060779 PMCID: PMC9437523 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Talaromyces belongs to the phylum Ascomycota of the kingdom Fungi. Studies have shown that Talaromyces species yield many kinds of secondary metabolites, including esters, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, polyketides, and anthraquinones, some of which have biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, and antitumor activities. The chemical constituents of fungi belonging to the genus Talaromyces that have been studied by researchers over the past several years, as well as their biological activities, are reviewed here to provide a reference for the development of high-value natural products and innovative uses of these resources.
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Méndez-Líter JA, Pozo-Rodríguez A, Madruga E, Rubert M, Santana AG, de Eugenio LI, Sánchez C, Martínez A, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. Glycosylation of Epigallocatechin Gallate by Engineered Glycoside Hydrolases from Talaromyces amestolkiae: Potential Antiproliferative and Neuroprotective Effect of These Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071325. [PMID: 35883816 PMCID: PMC9312355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, but some of them can also catalyze the synthesis of glycosides by transglycosylation. However, the yields of this reaction are generally low since the glycosides formed end up being hydrolyzed by these same enzymes. For this reason, mutagenic variants with null or drastically reduced hydrolytic activity have been developed, thus enhancing their synthetic ability. Two mutagenic variants, a glycosynthase engineered from a β-glucosidase (BGL-1-E521G) and a thioglycoligase from a β-xylosidase (BxTW1-E495A), both from the ascomycete Talaromyces amestolkiae, were used to synthesize three novel epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) glycosides. EGCG is a phenolic compound from green tea known for its antioxidant effects and therapeutic benefits, whose glycosylation could increase its bioavailability and improve its bioactive properties. The glycosynthase BGL-1-E521G produced a β-glucoside and a β-sophoroside of EGCG, while the thioglycoligase BxTW1-E495A formed the β-xyloside of EGCG. Glycosylation occurred in the 5″ and 4″ positions of EGCG, respectively. In this work, the reaction conditions for glycosides’ production were optimized, achieving around 90% conversion of EGCG with BGL-1-E521G and 60% with BxTW1-E495A. The glycosylation of EGCG caused a slight loss of its antioxidant capacity but notably increased its solubility (between 23 and 44 times) and, in the case of glucoside, also improved its thermal stability. All three glycosides showed better antiproliferative properties on breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 than EGCG, and the glucosylated and sophorylated derivatives induced higher neuroprotection, increasing the viability of SH-S5Y5 neurons exposed to okadaic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Méndez-Líter
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (A.P.-R.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Ana Pozo-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (A.P.-R.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Enrique Madruga
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - María Rubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/de José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Andrés G. Santana
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura I. de Eugenio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (A.P.-R.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/de José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (A.P.-R.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (A.P.-R.); (L.I.d.E.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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A Fungal Versatile GH10 Endoxylanase and Its Glycosynthase Variant: Synthesis of Xylooligosaccharides and Glycosides of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031383. [PMID: 35163307 PMCID: PMC8836076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of endoxylanases as catalysts to valorize hemicellulosic residues and to obtain glycosides with improved properties is a topic of great industrial interest. In this work, a GH10 β-1,4-endoxylanase (XynSOS), from the ascomycetous fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae, has been heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. rXynSOS is a highly glycosylated monomeric enzyme of 53 kDa that contains a functional CBM1 domain and shows its optimal activity on azurine cross-linked (AZCL)-beechwood xylan at 70 °C and pH 5. Substrate specificity and kinetic studies confirmed its versatility and high affinity for beechwood xylan and wheat arabinoxylan. Moreover, rXynSOS was capable of transglycosylating phenolic compounds, although with low efficiencies. For expanding its synthetic capacity, a glycosynthase variant of rXynSOS was developed by directed mutagenesis, replacing its nucleophile catalytic residue E236 by a glycine (rXynSOS-E236G). This novel glycosynthase was able to synthesize β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides (XOS) of different lengths (four, six, eight, and ten xylose units), which are known to be emerging prebiotics. rXynSOS-E236G was also much more active than the native enzyme in the glycosylation of a broad range of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The interesting capabilities of rXynSOS and its glycosynthase variant make them promising tools for biotechnological applications.
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Hollá V, Karkeszová K, Antošová M, Polakovič M. Transglycosylation properties of a Kluyveromyces lactis enzyme preparation: Production of tyrosol β-fructoside using free and immobilized enzyme. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Prieto A, de Eugenio L, Méndez-Líter JA, Nieto-Domínguez M, Murgiondo C, Barriuso J, Bejarano-Muñoz L, Martínez MJ. Fungal glycosyl hydrolases for sustainable plant biomass valorization: Talaromyces amestolkiae as a model fungus. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:545-558. [PMID: 34417929 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As the main decomposers and recyclers in nature, fungi secrete complex mixtures of extracellular enzymes for degradation of plant biomass, which is essential for mobilization of the organic carbon fixed by the photosynthesis in vegetal cells. Biotechnology can emulate the closed natural biological cycles, using lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource and lignocellulolytic fungal enzymes as catalysts to sustainably produce consumer goods. Cellulose and hemicellulose are the major polysaccharides on Earth, and the main enzymes involved in their hydrolytic depolymerization are cellulases (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and β-glucosidases) and hemicellulases (mainly endoxylanases and β-xylosidases). This work will focus on the enzymes secreted by the filamentous ascomycete Talaromyces amestolkiae and on some of their biotechnological applications. Their excellent hydrolytic activity was demonstrated by the partial degradation of xylans to prebiotic oligosaccharides by the endoxylanase XynN, or by the saccharification of lignocellulosic wastes to monosaccharides (fermentable to ethanol) either by the whole secretomes or by isolated enzymes used as supplements of commercial cocktails. However, apart from their expected hydrolytic activity, some of the β-glycosidases produced by this strain catalyze the transfer of a sugar molecule to specific aglycons by transglycosylation. As the synthesis of customized glycoconjugates is a major goal for biocatalysis, mutant variants of the β-xyloxidase BxTW1 and the ß-glucosidases BGL-1 and BGL-2 were obtained by directed mutagenesis, substantially improving the regioselective production yields of bioactive glycosides since they showed reduced or null hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura de Eugenio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Méndez-Líter
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Murgiondo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Bejarano-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Liu J, Liu Z, Wang L, He H, Mu H, Sun W, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang W, Fu M, Fan Y, Song X. Bioactivity-guided isolation of immunomodulatory compounds from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114079. [PMID: 33798661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Ligustrum lucidum (FLL) W.T. Aiton (Oleaceae) is included in the 2020 "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" and is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic. In recent years, FLL has been reported to improve immune function, but the bioactive compounds and mechanisms of FLL remain poorly characterized. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify FFL compounds with strong immune activity and explore their molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 macrophages and proliferation activity of spleen lymphocytes were used to guide the isolation of bioactive compounds from FLL extracts. Lymphocyte subpopulations, Ca2+ concentrations, and surface molecule expression were analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokine secretion was examined using ELISA. FITC-OVA uptake was observed using fluorescence microscopy. NF-κB activation was analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS The extraction and isolation produced ten compounds, namely oleuropeinic acid, nuezhenide, isonuezhenide, salidroside, isoligustrosidic acid, ligulucidumosides A, 8(E)-nuezhenide, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and p-hydroxyphenethyl 7-β-D-glucosideelenolic acid ester were isolated and identified from FLL-Bu-30%. Immunoactivity experiments showed that hydroxytyrosol had the strongest macrophage phagocytotic and lymphocyte proliferation-promoting activities. Further studies showed that hydroxytyrosol could significantly enhance lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+/CD8+, and CD3+CD4-CD8-, promote IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α secretion, and increase intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, the results from RAW264.7 macrophages showed that hydroxytyrosol increased FITC-OVA uptake, induced TNF-α and IL-1β production, upregulated MHC-II, CD80, and CD86 expression, promoted cytoplasmic IκB-α degradation, and increased nuclear NF-κB p65 levels. CONCLUSION Our study provides substantial evidence regarding the mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of compounds from FLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Zengyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Hao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Hailong Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Mingzhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
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16
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Gonzalez‐Alfonso JL, Ubiparip Z, Jimenez‐Ortega E, Poveda A, Alonso C, Coderch L, Jimenez‐Barbero J, Sanz‐Aparicio J, Ballesteros AO, Desmet T, Plou FJ. Enzymatic Synthesis of Phloretin α‐Glucosides Using a Sucrose Phosphorylase Mutant and its Effect on Solubility, Antioxidant Properties and Skin Absorption. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Gonzalez‐Alfonso
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP-CSIC) 28049 Madrid Spain
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Zorica Ubiparip
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Ana Poveda
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences CIC bioGUNE Basque Research & Technology Alliance, BRTA 48160 Derio Biscay Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jesus Jimenez‐Barbero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences CIC bioGUNE Basque Research & Technology Alliance, BRTA 48160 Derio Biscay Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | | | | | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) Department of Biotechnology Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP-CSIC) 28049 Madrid Spain
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Unconventional β-Glucosidases: A Promising Biocatalyst for Industrial Biotechnology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2993-3016. [PMID: 33871765 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases primarily catalyze removal of terminal glucosyl residues from a variety of glucoconjugates and also perform transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis. These catalytic properties can be readily exploited for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass as well as for pharmaceutical, food and flavor industries. β-Glucosidases have been either isolated in the native form from the producer organism or recombinantly expressed and gaged for their biochemical properties and substrate specificities. Although almond and Aspergillus niger have been instantly recognizable sources of β-glucosidases utilized for various applications, an intricate pool of novel β-glucosidases from different sources can provide their potent replacements. Moreover, one can envisage the better efficacy of these novel candidates in biofuel and biorefinery industries facilitating efficient degradation of biomass. This article reviews properties of the novel β-glucosidases such as glucose tolerance and activation, substrate specificity, and thermostability which can be useful for their applications in lignocellulose degradation, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry in comparison with the β-glucosidases from the conventional sources. Such β-glucosidases have potential for encouraging white biotechnology.
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18
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Paul V, Rai DC, T.S RL, Srivastava SK, Tripathi AD. A comprehensive review on vanillin: its microbial synthesis, isolation and recovery. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2020.1869039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra Rai
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ramyaa Lakshmi T.S
- Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, India
| | | | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Karnišová Potocká E, Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. Transrutinosylation of tyrosol by flower buds of Sophora japonica. Food Chem 2020; 336:127674. [PMID: 32781353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dried flower buds of Japanese sophora (Sophora japonica) comprising rutinosidase activity were tested in rutinosylation of tyrosol via transglycosylation process from rutin. Optimal conditions for transrutinosylation of tyrosol were 49 mM rutin and 290 mM tyrosol, giving maximum conversion up to 66.4% and 24% yield of isolated and purified rutinoside. The rutinosylation proceeded exclusively on the primary hydroxyl of tyrosol, thus forming rhamnosylated derivative of salidroside. This strict regioselectivity differentiates the sophora biocatalyst from microbial rutinosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karnišová Potocká
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mastihubová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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20
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Li JX, Zhang F, Jiang DD, Li J, Wang FL, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhao XQ. Diversity of Cellulase-Producing Filamentous Fungi From Tibet and Transcriptomic Analysis of a Superior Cellulase Producer Trichoderma harzianum LZ117. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1617. [PMID: 32760377 PMCID: PMC7372938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are widely used for producing cellulolytic enzymes to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. Microbial resources from Tibet have received great attention due to the unique geographic and climatic conditions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, studies on cellulase producing fungal strains originated from Tibet remain very limited, and so far no studies have been focused on regulation of cellulase production of the specific strains thereof. Here, filamentous fungal strains were isolated from soil, plant, and other environments in Tibet, and cellulase-producing strains were further investigated. A total of 88 filamentous fungal strains were identified, and screening of cellulase-producing fungi revealed that 16 strains affiliated with the genera Penicillium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Talaromyces exhibited varying cellulolytic activities. Among these strains, T. harzianum isolate LZ117 is the most potent producer. Comparative transcriptome analysis using T. harzianum LZ117 and the control strain T. harzianum K223452 cultured on cellulose indicated an intensive modulation of gene transcription related to protein synthesis and quality control. Furthermore, transcription of xyr1 which encodes the global transcriptional activator for cellulase expression was significantly up-regulated. Transcription of cre1 and other predicted repressors controlling cellulase gene expression was decreased in T. harzianum LZ117, which may contribute to enhancing formation of primary cellulases. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the transcription landscape at the early enzyme production stage of T. harzianum was comprehensively described, and detailed analysis on modulation of transporters, regulatory proteins as well as protein synthesis and processing was presented. Our study contributes to increasing the catalog of publicly available transcriptome data from T. harzianum, and provides useful clues for unraveling the biotechnological potential of this species for lignocellulosic biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Li
- R&D Center, JALA Group Co., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Méndez-Líter JA, Nieto-Domínguez M, Fernández de Toro B, González Santana A, Prieto A, Asensio JL, Cañada FJ, de Eugenio LI, Martínez MJ. A glucotolerant β-glucosidase from the fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae and its conversion into a glycosynthase for glycosylation of phenolic compounds. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:127. [PMID: 32522206 PMCID: PMC7288487 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interest for finding novel β-glucosidases that can improve the yields to produce second-generation (2G) biofuels is still very high. One of the most desired features for these enzymes is glucose tolerance, which enables their optimal activity under high-glucose concentrations. Besides, there is an additional focus of attention on finding novel enzymatic alternatives for glycoside synthesis, for which a mutated version of glycosidases, named glycosynthases, has gained much interest in recent years. Results In this work, a glucotolerant β-glucosidase (BGL-1) from the ascomycete fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae has been heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. The enzyme showed good efficiency on p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside (pNPG) (Km= 3.36 ± 0.7 mM, kcat= 898.31 s−1), but its activity on cellooligosaccharides, the natural substrates of these enzymes, was much lower, which could limit its exploitation in lignocellulose degradation applications. Interestingly, when examining the substrate specificity of BGL-1, it showed to be more active on sophorose, the β-1,2 disaccharide of glucose, than on cellobiose. Besides, the transglycosylation profile of BGL-1 was examined, and, for expanding its synthetic capacities, it was converted into a glycosynthase. The mutant enzyme, named BGL-1-E521G, was able to use α-d-glucosyl-fluoride as donor in glycosylation reactions, and synthesized glucosylated derivatives of different pNP-sugars in a regioselective manner, as well as of some phenolic compounds of industrial interest, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Conclusions In this work, we report the characterization of a novel glucotolerant 1,2-β-glucosidase, which also has a considerable activity on 1,4-β-glucosyl bonds, that has been cloned in P. pastoris, produced, purified and characterized. In addition, the enzyme was converted into an efficient glycosynthase, able to transfer glucose molecules to a diversity of acceptors for obtaining compounds of interest. The remarkable capacities of BGL-1 and its glycosynthase mutant, both in hydrolysis and synthesis, suggest that it could be an interesting tool for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Méndez-Líter
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés González Santana
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition Group, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Asensio
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition Group, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cañada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Isabel de Eugenio
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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