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Li S, Sheng J, Zhang D, Qin H. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to reverse antitumor drug resistance. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:10165-10196. [PMID: 38787372 PMCID: PMC11210230 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Currently, antitumor drugs show limited clinical outcomes, mainly due to adaptive resistance. Clinical evidence has highlighted the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor response to conventional antitumor drugs. Preclinical studies show that TAMs following antitumor agent can be reprogrammed to an immunosuppressive phenotype and proangiogenic activities through different mechanisms, mediating drug resistance and poor prognosis. Potential extrinsic inhibitors targeting TAMs repolarize to an M1-like phenotype or downregulate proangiogenic function, enhancing therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor therapy. Moreover, pharmacological modulation of macrophages that restore the immune stimulatory characteristics is useful to reshaping the tumor microenvironment, thus further limiting tumor growth. This review aims to introduce macrophage response in tumor therapy and provide a potential therapeutic combination strategy of TAM-targeting immunomodulation with conventional antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Galasso L, Cerrito L, Maccauro V, Termite F, Ainora ME, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Multifaceted Relationship with Its Microenvironment: Attacking the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Defensive Fortress. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1837. [PMID: 38791916 PMCID: PMC11119751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor that originates from hepatocytes in an inflammatory substrate due to different degrees of liver fibrosis up to cirrhosis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role played by the complex interrelationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and its microenvironment, capable of influencing tumourigenesis, neoplastic growth, and its progression or even inhibition. The microenvironment is made up of an intricate network of mesenchymal cells, immune system cells, extracellular matrix, and growth factors, as well as proinflammatory cytokines and translocated bacterial products coming from the intestinal microenvironment via the enterohepatic circulation. The aim of this paper is to review the role of the HCC microenvironment and describe the possible implications in the choice of the most appropriate therapeutic scheme in the prediction of tumor response or resistance to currently applied treatments and in the possible development of future therapeutic perspectives, in order to circumvent resistance and break down the tumor's defensive fort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Galasso
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Lucia Cerrito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Maccauro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Termite
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Elena Ainora
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy (L.C.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
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3
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Kuznetsova AB, Kolesova EP, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA, Egorova VS. Reprogramming Tumor-Associated Macrophage Using Nanocarriers: New Perspectives to Halt Cancer Progression. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:636. [PMID: 38794298 PMCID: PMC11124960 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant challenge for public healthcare systems worldwide. Within the realm of cancer treatment, considerable attention is focused on understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME)-the complex network of non-cancerous elements surrounding the tumor. Among the cells in TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a central role, traditionally categorized as pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Within the TME, M2-like TAMs can create a protective environment conducive to tumor growth and progression. These TAMs secrete a range of factors and molecules that facilitate tumor angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability, chemoresistance, and metastasis. In response to this challenge, efforts are underway to develop adjuvant therapy options aimed at reprogramming TAMs from the M2 to the anti-tumor M1 phenotype. Such reprogramming holds promise for suppressing tumor growth, alleviating chemoresistance, and impeding metastasis. Nanotechnology has enabled the development of nanoformulations that may soon offer healthcare providers the tools to achieve targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release within the TME for TAM reprogramming and reduce drug-related adverse events. In this review, we have synthesized the latest data on TAM polarization in response to TME factors, highlighted the pathological effects of TAMs, and provided insights into existing nanotechnologies aimed at TAM reprogramming and depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona B. Kuznetsova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.B.K.); (E.P.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina P. Kolesova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.B.K.); (E.P.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.B.K.); (E.P.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.B.K.); (E.P.K.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Egorova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.B.K.); (E.P.K.); (A.P.)
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4
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Pecksen E, Tkachuk S, Schröder C, Vives Enrich M, Neog A, Johnson CP, Lachmann N, Haller H, Kiyan Y. Monocytes prevent apoptosis of iPSCs and promote differentiation of kidney organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:132. [PMID: 38702808 PMCID: PMC11069262 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived kidney organoids are a promising model for studying disease mechanisms and renal development. Despite several protocols having been developed, further improvements are needed to overcome existing limitations and enable a wider application of this model. One of the approaches to improve the differentiation of renal organoids in vitro is to include in the system cell types important for kidney organogenesis in vivo, such as macrophages. Another approach could be to improve cell survival. Mesodermal lineage differentiation is the common initial step of the reported protocols. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR), is applied to induce mesodermal differentiation. It has been reported that CHIR simultaneously induces iPSCs apoptosis that can compromise cell differentiation. We thought to interfere with CHIR-induced apoptosis of iPSCs using rapamycin. METHODS Differentiation of kidney organoids from human iPSCs was performed. Cell survival and autophagy were analyzed using Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) kit and Autophagy detection kit. Cells were treated with rapamycin or co-cultured with human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood or iPSCs-macrophages using a transwell co-culture system. Monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated using polyethylene glycol precipitation. Expression of apoptotic markers cleaved Caspase 3, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and markers of differentiation T-Box Transcription Factor 6 (TBX6), odd-skipped related 1 (OSR1), Nephrin, E-Cadherin, Paired box gene 2 (Pax2) and GATA Binding Protein 3 (Gata3) was assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. Organoids were imaged by 3D-confocal microscopy. RESULTS We observed that CHIR induced apoptosis of iPSCs during the initial stage of renal organoid differentiation. Underlying mechanisms implied the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and decreased autophagy. Activation of autophagy by rapamacin and by an indirect co-culture of differentiating iPSCs with iPSCs-macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes prevented apoptosis induced by CHIR. Furthermore, monocytes (but not rapamycin) strongly promoted expression of renal differentiation markers and organoids development via released extracellular vesicles. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that co-culturing of iPSCs with human monocytes strongly improves differentiation of kidney organoids. An underlying mechanism of monocytic action implies, but not limited to, an increased autophagy in CHIR-treated iPSCs. Our findings enhance the utility of kidney organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pecksen
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sergey Tkachuk
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cristoph Schröder
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Vives Enrich
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Anindita Neog
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Cory P Johnson
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Niko Lachmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Yulia Kiyan
- Clinics for Kidney and Hypertension Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Kim DH, Kang YN, Jin J, Park M, Kim D, Yoon G, Yun JW, Lee J, Park SY, Lee YR, Byun JK, Choi YK, Park KG. Glutamine-derived aspartate is required for eIF5A hypusination-mediated translation of HIF-1α to induce the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1123-1136. [PMID: 38689086 PMCID: PMC11148203 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are vital contributors to the growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact phenotype of TAMs and the mechanisms underlying their modulation for therapeutic purposes have not been determined. Here, we present compelling evidence that glutamine-derived aspartate in TAMs stimulates spermidine production through the polyamine synthesis pathway, thereby increasing the translation efficiency of HIF-1α via eIF5A hypusination. Consequently, augmented translation of HIF-1α drives TAMs to undergo an increase glycolysis and acquire a metabolic phenotype distinct from that of M2 macrophages. Finally, eIF5A levels in tumor stromal lesions were greater than those in nontumor stromal lesions. Additionally, a higher degree of tumor stromal eIF5A hypusination was significantly associated with a more advanced tumor stage. Taken together, these data highlight the potential of inhibiting hypusinated eIF5A by targeting glutamine metabolism in TAMs, thereby opening a promising avenue for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Yoo Na Kang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Mihyang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Ghilsuk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Daegu, 41404, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Yun
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, South Korea
| | - Jaebon Lee
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Yu Rim Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, South Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Byun
- BK21 FOUR Community‑Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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6
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Wei Q, Luo S, He G. Mechanism study of tyrosine phosphatase shp-1 in inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the SHP2/GM-CSF pathway in TAMs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9128. [PMID: 38644382 PMCID: PMC11033275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Macrophage-mediated innate immune responses play a crucial role in tumor development. This study revealed the mechanism of SHP-1 in regulating HCC progression. SHP-1 inhibits tumour development in vivo. Increasing SHP-1 expression in macrophages promotes the expression of p-SHP-1, SHP2, and p-SHP-2. In macrophages GM-CSF recruits SHP-2 to the GM-CSF receptor GM-CSFR induces p-SHP-2 dephosphorylation. GM-CSF recruits p-SHP-2 for dephosphorylation by up-regulating HoxA10HOXA10 activates the transcription of TGFβ2 by interacting with tandem cis-elements in the promoter thereby regulating the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells. GM-CSF inhibits SHP-1 regulation of p-SHP-1, SHP2, and p-SHP-2 in macrophages. Detailed studies have shown that SHP-1 regulates SHP2 expression, and SHP-1 and SHP2 are involved in macrophage M2 polarisation. SHP-1 inhibits HOXA10 and TGFβ2 which in turn regulates the expression of the migration-associated proteins, MMP2/9, and the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Overexpression of SHP-1 inhibits macrophage M2 polarisation via the p-STAT3/6 signalling pathway Classical markers arginase-1, CD206, CD163 and regulate the expression of M2 polarisation cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. In addition, hypoxia-induced ROS inhibited SHP-1 regulation by suppressing the expression of p-SHP-1. The combined effect of GM-CSF and ROS significantly increased p-HOXA10/TGFβ2 and macrophage M2 polarisation, and the regulatory effect of ROS was significantly suppressed by GM-CSF knockdown. These findings suggest that increasing the expression of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 can inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating the SHP2/GM-CSF pathway in TAM and thus inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shijiazhuang, 050082, China
| | - ShuBin Luo
- Department of General Surgery (Section 1), The First People's Hospital of Jinghong, Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Gang He
- Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA ICU, No. 398 West Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050082, China.
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Tang X, Luo X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xie J, Niu X, Lu X, Deng X, Xu Z, Wu F. Chrysin Inhibits TAMs-Mediated Autophagy Activation via CDK1/ULK1 Pathway and Reverses TAMs-Mediated Growth-Promoting Effects in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:515. [PMID: 38675475 PMCID: PMC11055150 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural flavonoid compound chrysin has promising anti-tumor effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which chrysin inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Through in vitro cell culture and animal models, we explored the impact of chrysin on the growth of NSCLC cells and the pro-cancer effects of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their mechanisms. We observed that M2-TAMs significantly promoted the growth and migration of NSCLC cells, while also markedly activating the autophagy level of these cells. Chrysin displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of NSCLC cells, and it could also suppress the pro-cancer effects of M2-TAMs and inhibit their mediated autophagy. Furthermore, combining network pharmacology, we found that chrysin inhibited TAMs-mediated autophagy activation in NSCLC cells through the regulation of the CDK1/ULK1 signaling pathway, rather than the classical mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which chrysin inhibits TAMs-mediated autophagy activation in NSCLC cells through the regulation of the CDK1/ULK1 pathway, thereby suppressing NSCLC growth. This discovery not only provides new therapeutic strategies for NSCLC but also opens up new avenues for further research on chrysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglinzi Tang
- Central Lab, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaoru Luo
- Central Lab, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Basic Theory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Jiajia Xie
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xi Deng
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Fanwei Wu
- Department of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Clinical Medicial College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
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8
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Li J, Liu Y, Zheng R, Qu C, Li J. Molecular mechanisms of TACE refractoriness: Directions for improvement of the TACE procedure. Life Sci 2024; 342:122540. [PMID: 38428568 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is the standard of care for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma and selected patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, TACE does not achieve a satisfactory objective response rate, and the concept of TACE refractoriness has been proposed to identify patients who do not fully benefit from TACE. Moreover, repeated TACE is necessary to obtain an optimal and sustained anti-tumour response, which may damage the patient's liver function. Therefore, studies have recently been performed to improve the effectiveness of TACE. In this review, we summarise the detailed molecular mechanisms associated with TACE responsiveness and relapse after this treatment to provide more effective targets for adjuvant therapy while helping to improve TACE regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China; The Public Laboratory Platform of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Zheng
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China; The Public Laboratory Platform of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Hu M, Fan JX, He ZY, Zeng J. The regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and tumor cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3984. [PMID: 38494666 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has become a global public health problem and its harmful effects have received widespread attention. Conventional treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and other techniques are applicable to clinical practice, but new drugs are constantly being developed and other therapeutic approaches, such as immunotherapy are being applied. In addition to studying the effects on individual tumor cells, it is important to explore the role of tumor microenvironment on tumor cell development since tumor cells do not exist alone but in the tumor microenvironment. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells are interconnected with other stromal cells and influence each other, among which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most numerous immune cells. At the same time, it was found that cancer cells have different levels of autophagy from normal cells. In cancer therapy, the occurrence of autophagy plays an important role in promoting tumor cell death or inhibiting tumor cell death, and is closely related to the environment. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory role of autophagy between TAMs and tumor cells may be an important breakthrough, providing new perspectives for further research on antitumor immune mechanisms and improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jiao-Xiu Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zi-Yue He
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China
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10
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Xu Y, Zhu C, Zhu C, Peng L, Ji D, Wu Q, Bai P, Bai Z, Da M. SQSTM1/p62 promotes the progression of gastric cancer through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24409. [PMID: 38322900 PMCID: PMC10844054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SQSTM1/p62 is an autophagy-related receptor protein that participates in regulating tumorigenesis and multiple signaling pathways. Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor in the digestive tract and continues to pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of p62 on gastric cancer. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were employed to assess the expression level of the p62 protein in gastric cancer tissues and its correlation with prognosis. Subsequently, in vitro cell experiments were conducted to determine the role of p62 in gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Result The expression of p62 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal tissues. The expression of p62 was positively correlated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. In vitro cell experiments indicated that p62 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, elevated p62 expression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. Conclusion This study provides novel and robust evidence for the mechanism by which elevated p62 expression promotes the progression of gastric cancer. It offers promising therapeutic targets for anti-tumor treatment strategies in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Ciba Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Chenglou Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingzhi Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengwei Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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11
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Lim SK, Lin WC, Huang SW, Pan YC, Hu CW, Mou CY, Hu CMJ, Mou KY. Bacteria colonization in tumor microenvironment creates a favorable niche for immunogenic chemotherapy. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:416-428. [PMID: 38225455 PMCID: PMC10897177 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) presents differential selective pressure (DSP) that favors the growth of cancer cells, and monovalent therapy is often inadequate in reversing the cancer cell dominance in the TME. In this work, we introduce bacteria as a foreign species to the TME and explore combinatorial treatment strategies to alter DSP for tumor eradication. We show that cancer-selective chemotherapeutic agents and fasting can provide a strong selection pressure against tumor growth in the presence of bacteria. Moreover, we show that an immunogenic drug (oxaliplatin), but not a non-immunogenic one (5-FU), synergizes with the bacteria to activate both the innate and adaptive immunity in the TME, resulting in complete tumor remission and a sustained anti-tumor immunological memory in mice. The combination of oxaliplatin and bacteria greatly enhances the co-stimulatory and antigen-presenting molecules on antigen-presenting cells, which in turn bridge the cytotoxic T cells for cancer-cell killing. Our findings indicate that rational combination of bacterial therapy and immunogenic chemotherapy can promote anticancer immunity against the immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Khai Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Wei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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12
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Zhang X, Yu C, Zhao S, Wang M, Shang L, Zhou J, Ma Y. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma progression: A narrative review. Cancer Med 2023; 12:22109-22129. [PMID: 38098217 PMCID: PMC10757104 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, with complex etiology and mechanism, and a high mortality rate. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important part of the HCC tumor microenvironment. Studies in recent years have shown that TAMs are involved in multiple stages of HCC and are related to treatment and prognosis in HCC. The specific mechanisms between TAMs and HCC are gradually being revealed. This paper reviews recent advances in the mechanisms associated with TAMs in HCC, concentrating on an overview of effects of TAMs on drug resistance in HCC and the signaling pathways linked with HCC, providing clues for the treatment and prognosis determination of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Longcheng Shang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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13
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Zhou N, Mao F, Cheng S. Mechanism Research and Application for Ginsenosides in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7214037. [PMID: 38027042 PMCID: PMC10667047 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7214037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main active pharmacological ingredients of ginseng, have been widely used for the treatment of numerous carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is 3rd leading malignant tumor in terms of mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence indicates that ginsenosides play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of HCC. Ginsenosides can significantly improve the symptoms of HCC, and their anticancer activity is mainly involved in inhibiting proliferation and migration, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, promoting caspase-3 and 8-mediated apoptosis, regulating autophagy related to Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, LC3-II, and PI3K/Akt pathways, and lowering invasion and metastasis associated with decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and MMP-2/9, increasing IL-2 and IFN-γ levels to enhance immune function, as well as regulating the gut-liver axis. In addition, ginsenosides can be used as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapies, enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, and improving efficacy and/or reducing adverse reactions through synergistic effects. Therefore, the current manuscript discusses the mechanism and application of ginsenosides in HCC. It is hoped to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of HCC with ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhou
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Feifei Mao
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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14
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Li B, Zhao T, Shao M, Cai J, Chen S, Chen X, Yang M, Zheng Y, Cui C, Guo S, Yang Z, Ren F, Jia H. Attenuated Salmonella carrying siRNA-CD24 improved the effect of oxaliplatin on HCC. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111025. [PMID: 37827056 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapy drug currently utilized in the treatment of advanced cancer patients. However, its tolerability poses a limitation to its clinical application. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of tumor-associated macrophages is positively correlated with poor prognosis in various solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is a significant factor contributing to oxaliplatin resistance. Therefore, targeting tumor-associated macrophages may be an effective strategy to improve the efficacy of oxaliplatin in the treatment of HCC patients. CD24 is a novel target for tumor therapy that can interact with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 on tumor-associated macrophages, transmitting immune inhibitory signals and inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis function. In this study, we utilized RNAi technology to inhibit the expression of CD24 in tumor cells and combined it with oxaliplatin, resulting in reduced tumor invasion, migration, and proliferation, as well as increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry results indicated that both the single treatment group and combination treatment group enhanced the infiltration of immune cells. This study presents a novel approach to identifying combination therapy and targets for the clinical treatment of HCC with oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhu Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Mingguang Shao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Shuhao Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Xuening Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Yiting Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Chaochu Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Zishan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Feng Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Immunity and Targeted Therapy for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China.
| | - Huijie Jia
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China.
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15
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Kotsari M, Dimopoulou V, Koskinas J, Armakolas A. Immune System and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): New Insights into HCC Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11471. [PMID: 37511228 PMCID: PMC10380581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO's recently released worldwide cancer data for 2020, liver cancer ranks sixth in morbidity and third in mortality among all malignancies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common kind of liver cancer, accounts approximately for 80% of all primary liver malignancies and is one of the leading causes of death globally. The intractable tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the development and progression of HCC and is one of three major unresolved issues in clinical practice (cancer recurrence, fatal metastasis, and the refractory tumor microenvironment). Despite significant advances, improved molecular and cellular characterization of the tumor microenvironment is still required since it plays an important role in the genesis and progression of HCC. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the HCC immune microenvironment, distinct cellular constituents, current therapies, and potential immunotherapy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kotsari
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Dimopoulou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- B' Department of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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16
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Bi S, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Yao Y, Wang J, Fang M, Li B, Wu C, Ren C. miR-210 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating macrophage autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 662:47-57. [PMID: 37099810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor development. Increasing research suggests that miR-210 may promote the progression of tumor virulence, but whether its pro-carcinogenic effect in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is via an action on M2 macrophages has not been examined. METHODS Differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into M2-polarized macrophages was induced with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and IL-4, IL-13. M2 macrophages were transfected with miR-210 mimics or miR-210 inhibitors. Flow cytometry was used to identify macrophage-related markers and apoptosis levels. The autophagy level of M2 macrophages, expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related mRNAs and protein were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. HepG2 and MHCC-97H HCC cell lines were cultured with M2 macrophages conditioned medium to explore the effects of M2 macrophage-derived miR-210 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of HCC cells. RESULTS qRT-PCR showed increased expression of miR-210 in M2 macrophages. Autophagy-related gene and protein expression was enhanced in M2 macrophages transfected with miR-210 mimics, while apoptosis-related proteins were decreased. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy observed the accumulation of MDC-labeled vesicles and autophagosomes in M2 macrophages in the miR-210 mimic group. The expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in M2 macrophages was reduced in miR-210 mimic group. HCC cells co-cultured with M2 macrophages transfected with miR-210 mimics exhibited enhanced proliferation and invasive ability as compared to the control group, while apoptosis levels were reduced. Moreover, promoting or inhibiting autophagy could enhance or abolish the above observed biological effects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS miR-210 can promote autophagy of M2 macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. M2 macrophage-derived miR-210 promotes the malignant progression of HCC via autophagy, suggesting that macrophage autophagy may serve as a new therapeutic target for HCC, and targeting miR-210 may reset the effect of M2 macrophages on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Bi
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Fang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Baozhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Changhao Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Chunxia Ren
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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17
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Donne R, Lujambio A. The liver cancer immune microenvironment: Therapeutic implications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2023; 77:1773-1796. [PMID: 35989535 PMCID: PMC9941399 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the sixth most common site of primary cancer in humans and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 90% of liver cancers. HCC is a prevalent disease with a progression that is modulated by the immune system. Half of the patients with HCC receive systemic therapies, traditionally sorafenib or lenvatinib, as a first-line therapy. In the last few years, immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy and have gained an increased interest in the treatment of HCC. In 2020, the combination of atezolizumab (anti-programmed death-ligand 1) and bevacizumab (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor) improved overall survival over sorafenib, resulting in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced HCC. Despite these major advances, a better molecular and cellular characterization of the tumor microenvironment is still needed because it has a crucial role in the development and progression of HCC. Inflamed (hot) and noninflamed (cold) HCC tumors and genomic signatures have been associated with response to ICIs. However, there are no additional biomarkers to guide clinical decision-making. Other immune-targeting strategies, such as adoptive T-cell transfer, vaccination, and virotherapy, are currently under development. This review provides an overview on the HCC immune microenvironment, different cellular players, current available immunotherapies, and potential immunotherapy modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Donne
- Department of Oncological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York , USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , Tisch Cancer Institute , New York , New York , USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , The Precision Immunology Institute , New York , New York , USA
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York , USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , Tisch Cancer Institute , New York , New York , USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , The Precision Immunology Institute , New York , New York , USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York , USA
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18
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Gao Z, Feng SR, Chen JF, Li XG, Shi YH, Tang Z, Liu WR, Zhang X, Huang A, Luo XM, Zeng HY, Gao Q, Shi GM, Ke AW, Zhou J, Fan J, Fu XT, Ding ZB. Inhibition of autophagy in macrophage promotes IL-1β-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma progression via inflammasome accumulation and self-recruitment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114560. [PMID: 36940618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a complex and changeable tumor microenvironment. Despite emerging evidence focusing on autophagy process within immune cells, the function and regulatory mechanism of macrophage autophagy in tumor progression remains unclear. Our results of multiplex-immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing identified the reduced levels of autophagy in tumor macrophages in the HCC microenvironment, associated with a poor prognosis and increased microvascular metastasis in HCC patients. Specifically, HCC suppressed the macrophage autophagy initiation through the up-regulation of mTOR and ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser757. Knockdown of autophagy-related proteins to further inhibit autophagy significantly boosted the metastatic potential of HCC. Mechanistically, the accumulation of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by autophagy inhibition promoted the cleavage, maturation, and release of IL-1β, which facilitated the HCC progression, eventually accelerating HCC metastasis via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Autophagy inhibition provoked macrophage self-recruitment through the CCL20-CCR6 signaling was also a crucial account of HCC progression. Recruited macrophages mediated the cascade amplification of IL-1β and CCL20 to form a novel pro-metastatic positive feedback loop through promoting HCC metastasis and increased macrophage recruitment, respectively. Notably, targeting IL-1β/IL-1 receptor signaling impaired lung metastasis induced by macrophage autophagy inhibition in a mice HCC lung metastasis model. In summary, this study highlighted that inhibition of tumor macrophage autophagy facilitated HCC progression by increasing IL-1β secretion via NLRP3 inflammasome accumulation and by macrophage self-recruitment through the CCL20 signaling pathway. Interruption of this metastasis-promoting loop by IL-1β blockade may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Ru Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Feng Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan-Ming Luo
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiu-Tao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of liver Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China.
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19
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He C, Li Y, Chen ZY, Huang CK. Crosstalk of renal cell carcinoma cells and tumor-associated macrophages aggravates tumor progression by modulating muscleblind-like protein 2/B-cell lymphoma 2/beclin 1-mediated autophagy. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:298-309. [PMID: 36244911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages contribute to the development of multiple human cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the crosstalk mechanism between M2 macrophages and RCC remains unclear. METHODS The authors constructed a co-culture system of M2 macrophages differentiated from THP-1 and RCC cells. Microscopic examination and quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validated the morphology and types of macrophages. The proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells were assessed by Cell Counting Kit 8 (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and Transwell assay (Corning, Corning, NY, USA). Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of target molecules was detected by qRT‑PCR and western blotting. Expression of Ki-67, E-cadherin and N-cadherin was measured by immunofluorescence staining or immunohistochemistry. Molecular interaction was evaluated by RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation and co-immunoprecipitation. A xenograft model was established to determine tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS RCC cells triggered the activation of M2 macrophages. Functionally, M2-polarized macrophages facilitated the growth, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RCC cells by suppressing autophagy, whereas rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, significantly counteracted the tumor-promoting effects of M2 macrophages. Mechanistically, M2 macrophage-derived C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) enhanced modulation of muscleblind-like protein 2 (MBNL2) expression. MBNL2 raised the stability of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) by directly binding to Bcl-2 mRNA, which endowed RCC cells with malignant properties via inhibition of beclin 1-dependent autophagy. CONCLUSIONS RCC-induced M2-polarized macrophages secrete CCL2 to promote the growth and metastasis of RCC cells via inhibition of MBNL2/Bcl-2/beclin 1-mediated autophagy, which provide a novel perspective for the development of a therapeutic strategy for -RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Kun Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, Hunan China..
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20
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Hashemi M, Nadafzadeh N, Imani MH, Rajabi R, Ziaolhagh S, Bayanzadeh SD, Norouzi R, Rafiei R, Koohpar ZK, Raei B, Zandieh MA, Salimimoghadam S, Entezari M, Taheriazam A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Tan SC. Targeting and regulation of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the molecular interactions and mechanisms for new therapy approaches. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:32. [PMID: 36759819 PMCID: PMC9912665 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a role in regulating homeostasis under physiological conditions. However, dysregulation of autophagy is observed in the development of human diseases, especially cancer. Autophagy has reciprocal functions in cancer and may be responsible for either survival or death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and common malignancies of the liver, and smoking, infection, and alcohol consumption can lead to its development. Genetic mutations and alterations in molecular processes can exacerbate the progression of HCC. The function of autophagy in HCC is controversial and may be both tumor suppressive and tumor promoting. Activation of autophagy may affect apoptosis in HCC and is a regulator of proliferation and glucose metabolism. Induction of autophagy may promote tumor metastasis via induction of EMT. In addition, autophagy is a regulator of stem cell formation in HCC, and pro-survival autophagy leads to cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Targeting autophagy impairs growth and metastasis in HCC and improves tumor cell response to therapy. Of note, a large number of signaling pathways such as STAT3, Wnt, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs regulate autophagy in HCC. Moreover, regulation of autophagy (induction or inhibition) by antitumor agents could be suggested for effective treatment of HCC. In this paper, we comprehensively review the role and mechanisms of autophagy in HCC and discuss the potential benefit of targeting this process in the treatment of the cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Nadafzadeh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Imani
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahr-E Kord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Iran
| | - Romina Rajabi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setayesh Ziaolhagh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Delaram Bayanzadeh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Norouzi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Rafiei
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khazaei Koohpar
- grid.464599.30000 0004 0494 3188Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Behnaz Raei
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- grid.412504.60000 0004 0612 5699Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia ,AFNP Med Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Oura K, Morishita A, Hamaya S, Fujita K, Masaki T. The Roles of Epigenetic Regulation and the Tumor Microenvironment in the Mechanism of Resistance to Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032805. [PMID: 36769116 PMCID: PMC9917861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major histologic type with a poor prognosis owing to the difficulty in early detection, the chemotherapy resistance, and the high recurrence rate of the disease. Despite recent advancements in HCC prevention and diagnosis, over 50% of patients are diagnosed at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage B or C. Systemic therapies are recommended for unresectable HCC (uHCC) with major vascular invasion, extrahepatic metastases, or intrahepatic lesions that have a limited response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, but the treatment outcome tends to be unsatisfactory due to acquired drug resistance. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the resistance to systemic therapies and the appropriate response strategies to solve this issue will contribute to improved outcomes in the multidisciplinary treatment of uHCC. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the mechanisms of resistance to drugs such as sorafenib, regorafenib, and lenvatinib in molecularly targeted therapy, with a focus on epigenetic regulation and the tumor microenvironment and outline the approaches to improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with advanced HCC.
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22
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Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Li Q, Han J, Yang Y, Chen Y. PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1070961. [PMID: 36601120 PMCID: PMC9806143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high prevalence and mortality rate worldwide. Sorafenib monotherapy has been the standard of first-line treatment for advanced HCC for a long time, but there are still many shortcomings. In recent years, with the deepening of research on tumor immune microenvironment, researchers have begun to explore new approaches in immunotherapy, and the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has brought fundamental changes to the treatment of HCC. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays an important role in down-regulating immune system function and promoting tolerance. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) is involved in tumor immune evasion by binding to PD-1, resulting in failure of treatment. Currently, immunotherapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has achieved unprecedented success in HCC, but it also faces great challenges, with its low remission rate still to be solved. For most patients with HCC, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is not the only rate limiting factor of antitumor immunity, and blocking only the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is not enough to stimulate an effective antitumor immune response; thus, combination therapy may be a better option. In this study, changes in the immune microenvironment of HCC patients were reviewed to clarify the feasibility of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and a series of monotherapy and combination therapy clinical trials were summarized to verify the safety and efficacy of this newly developed treatment in patients with advanced HCC. Furthermore, we focused on hyperprogressive disease and drug resistance to gain a better understanding of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as a promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China,*Correspondence: Yonglin Yang, ; Yu Chen,
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Yonglin Yang, ; Yu Chen,
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24
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Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Dietary Flavones: Tapping into Nature to Control Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415753. [PMID: 36555392 PMCID: PMC9779861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavones are natural phytochemicals broadly distributed in our diet. Their anti-inflammatory properties provide unique opportunities to control the innate immune system and inflammation. Here, we review the role of flavones in chronic inflammation with an emphasis on their impact on the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases including obesity and cancer. Flavones can influence the innate immune cell repertoire restoring the immune landscape. Flavones impinge on NF-κB, STAT, COX-2, or NLRP3 inflammasome pathways reestablishing immune homeostasis. Devoid of adverse side effects, flavones could present alternative opportunities for the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammation that contributes to obesity and cancer.
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25
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Zhang J, Han H, Wang L, Wang W, Yang M, Qin Y. Overcoming the therapeutic resistance of hepatomas by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988956. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Multifactorial drug resistance is regarded as the major cause of treatment failure in HCC. Accumulating evidence shows that the constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, immune cells, physical factors, cytokines, and exosomes may explain the therapeutic resistance mechanisms in HCC. In recent years, anti-angiogenic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown satisfactory results in HCC patients. However, due to enhanced communication between the tumor and TME, the effect of heterogeneity of the microenvironment on therapeutic resistance is particularly complicated, which suggests a more challenging research direction. In addition, it has been reported that the three-dimensional (3D) organoid model derived from patient biopsies is more intuitive to fully understand the role of the TME in acquired resistance. Therefore, in this review, we have focused not only on the mechanisms and targets of therapeutic resistance related to the contents of the TME in HCC but also provide a comprehensive description of 3D models and how they contribute to the exploration of HCC therapies.
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26
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Jing R, Wang Q, Chen L, Li G, Li R, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zuo B, Seow Y, Qiao X, Wang B, Xu J, Chen J, Song T, Yin H. Functional imaging and targeted drug delivery in mice and patient tumors with a cell nucleolus-localizing and tumor-targeting peptide. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Su P, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Yu T, Kang W, Liu Y, Yu J. Crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells promotes chemoresistance via CXCL5/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:290. [PMID: 36151545 PMCID: PMC9508748 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy regimen has been widely used for the treatment of gastric cancer, but meanwhile the development of chemotherapeutic resistance remains a major clinical challenge. Tumor microenvironment (TME) frequently correlates with the development of chemoresistance in human cancer. As a major component of TME, the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the chemoresistance of gastric cancer has not been fully elucidated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to detect the density of TAMs in clinical samples of 103 patients with gastric cancer who had undergone 5-FU-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. 5-FU-resistant gastric cell lines MKN45-R and HGC27-R were established, macrophages were then separately co-cultured with MKN45-R, HGC27-R cells and their parental cells. The effect of gastric cancer cells on the polarization of macrophages, the biological function of M2-polaried macrophages and the mechanism for promoting 5-FU-resistance were investigated. Then the correlation between the expression of CXC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) and the infiltration of hemoglobin scavenger receptor (CD163) positive and mannose receptor (CD206) positive macrophages was analyzed, the prognostic value of CXCL5 expression in clinical samples was further explored. RESULTS The high infiltration of macrophages marked by CD68 in gastric cancer samples was significantly associated with the resistance of gastric cancer to chemotherapy. Gastric cancer cells could modulate macrophages to M2-like polarization through indirect co-culture, and chemoresistant cells were more efficient in inducing macrophages polarization to M2 phenotype. Co-culturing M2-polarized macrophages in turn enhanced 5-FU-resistance of gastric cancer cells, and it was further verified that CXCL5 derived from M2-polarized macrophages promoted chemoresistance through activing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Besides, high level of CXCL5 could recruit monocytes to form more M2-polarized macrophages. Clinically, high expression of CXCL5 in gastric cancer samples was associated with the high infiltration of CD163 positive macrophages and CD206 positive macrophages, and patients with high expression of CXCL5 presented lower overall survival (OS) rates than those with low expression of CXCL5. CONCLUSION Interaction between TAMs and gastric cancer cells promoted chemoresistance in gastric cancer via CXCL5/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Thus, targeting TAMs and blocking the cell-cell crosstalk between TAMs and gastric cancer cells may represent prospective therapeutic strategies for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Su
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yingjing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Weiming Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuqin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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28
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Cheng K, Cai N, Zhu J, Yang X, Liang H, Zhang W. Tumor-associated macrophages in liver cancer: From mechanisms to therapy. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1112-1140. [PMID: 36069342 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional analyses have demonstrated the presence of a unique tumor microenvironment (TME) in liver cancer. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are among the most abundant immune cells infiltrating the TME and are present at all stages of liver cancer progression, and targeting TAMs has become one of the most favored immunotherapy strategies. In addition, macrophages and liver cancer cells have distinct origins. At the early stage of liver cancer, macrophages can provide a niche for the maintenance of liver cancer stem cells. In contrast, cancer stem cells (CSCs) or poorly differentiated tumor cells are key factors modulating macrophage activation. In the present review, we first propose the origin connection between precursor macrophages and liver cancer cells. Macrophages undergo dynamic phenotypic transition during carcinogenesis. In this course of such transition, it is critical to determine the appropriate timing for therapy and block specific markers to suppress pro-tumoral TAMs. The present review provides a more detailed discussion of transition trends of such surface markers than previous reviews. Complex crosstalk occurs between TAMs and liver cancer cells. TAMs play indispensable roles in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and autophagy due to their heterogeneity and robust plasticity. In addition, macrophages in the TME interact with other immune cells by directing cell-to-cell contact or secreting various effector molecules. Similarly, tumor cells combined with other immune cells can drive macrophage recruitment and polarization. Despite the latest achievements and the advancements in treatment strategies following TAMs studies, comprehensive discussions on the communication between macrophages and cancer cells or immune cells in liver cancer are currently lacking. In this review, we discussed the interactions between TAMs and liver cancer cells (from cell origin to maturation), the latest therapeutic strategies (including chimeric antigen receptor macrophages), and critical clinical trials for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) to provide a rationale for further clinical investigation of TAMs as a potential target for treating patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Wanguang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
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PD-L1-Mediated Immunosuppression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Relationship with Macrophages Infiltration and Inflammatory Response Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091226. [PMID: 36139065 PMCID: PMC9496538 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction and pro-oncogenic inflammation play critical roles in malignant progression and non-response to immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In particular, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy could induce durable tumor remissions and improve the prognosis of patients to a certain extent. However, PD-L1, as a promising biomarker, has limited knowledge about its relevance to tumor microenvironment (TME) characterization and endogenous inflammatory immune responses. In this study, we systematically investigated and characterized the important intercommunication of PD-L1 with immunosuppressive TME and inflammatory response activity in HCC and predicted promising therapeutic drugs to improve the current therapeutic strategy for specific patients. We identified aberrant expression patterns of PD-L1 in HCC and completely different clinical and molecular characteristics among the PD-L1 subgroups. PD-L1 positively associated with immunosuppressive macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines, which may contribute to the polarization of macrophages. Moreover, inflammatory response activity exhibited significant differences between high and low PD-L1 expression groups and had robust positive correlativity of the infiltration level of tumor-associated macrophages. Notably, given the immunosuppressive and inflammatory microenvironment in HCC, we screened four candidate drugs, including dasatinib, vemurafenib, topotecan and AZD6482, and corroborated in two pharmacogenomics databases, which might have potential therapeutic implications in specific HCC patients. Our results enhanced the understanding of linkage in PD-L1 expression patterns with macrophages and inflammation, which may provide new insight into the pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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30
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He Q, Guo P, Bo Z, Yu H, Yang J, Wang Y, Chen G. Noncoding RNA-mediated molecular bases of chemotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:249. [PMID: 35945536 PMCID: PMC9361533 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in decreasing the occurrence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it remains a public health issue worldwide on the basis of its late presentation and tumor recurrence. To date, apart from surgical interventions, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation and locoregional ablation, current standard antitumor protocols include conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, due to the high chemoresistance nature, most current therapeutic agents show dismal outcomes for this refractory malignancy, leading to disease relapse. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in chemotherapy resistance remain systematically ambiguous. Herein, HCC is hierarchically characterized by the formation of primitive cancer stem cells (CSCs), progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), unbalanced autophagy, delivery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), escape of immune surveillance, disruption of ferroptosis, alteration of the tumor microenvironment and multidrug resistance-related signaling pathways that mediate the multiplicity and complexity of chemoresistance. Of note, anecdotal evidence has corroborated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) extensively participate in the critical physiological processes mentioned above. Therefore, understanding the detailed regulatory bases that underlie ncRNA-mediated chemoresistance is expected to yield novel insights into HCC treatment. In the present review, a comprehensive summary of the latest progress in the investigation of chemotherapy resistance concerning ncRNAs will be elucidated to promote tailored individual treatment for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikuan He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengyi Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315199, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhuan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Abedi M, Rahgozar S. Puzzling Out Iron Complications in Cancer Drug Resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 178:103772. [PMID: 35914667 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism are frequently disrupted in cancer. Patients with cancer are prone to anemia and receive transfusions frequently; the condition which results in iron overload, contributing to serious therapeutic complications. Iron is introduced as a carcinogen that may increase tumor growth. However, investigations regarding its impact on response to chemotherapy, particularly the induction of drug resistance are still limited. Here, iron contribution to cell signaling and various molecular mechanisms underlying iron-mediated drug resistance are described. A dual role of this vital element in cancer treatment is also addressed. On one hand, the need to administer iron chelators to surmount iron overload and improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy is discussed. On the other hand, the necessary application of iron as a therapeutic option by iron-oxide nanoparticles or ferroptosis inducers is explained. Authors hope that this paper can help unravel the clinical complications related to iron in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Abedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Zou J, Chen R. An M0 macrophage-related prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:791. [PMID: 35854246 PMCID: PMC9294844 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of M0 macrophages and their related genes in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poorly characterized. METHODS Multidimensional bioinformatic methods were used to construct a risk score model using M0 macrophage-related genes (M0RGs). RESULTS Infiltration of M0 macrophages was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in normal liver tissues (P = 2.299e-07). Further analysis revealed 35 M0RGs that were associated with HCC prognosis; two M0RGs (OLA1 and ATIC) were constructed and validated as a prognostic signature for overall survival of patients with HCC. Survival analysis revealed the positive relationship between the M0RG signature and unfavorable prognosis. Correlation analysis showed that this risk model had positive associations with clinicopathological characteristics, somatic gene mutations, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint inhibitor targets, and efficacy of common drugs. CONCLUSIONS The constructed M0RG-based risk model may be promising for the clinical prediction of prognoses and therapeutic responses in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiya Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ju Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Emran TB, Shahriar A, Mahmud AR, Rahman T, Abir MH, Siddiquee MFR, Ahmed H, Rahman N, Nainu F, Wahyudin E, Mitra S, Dhama K, Habiballah MM, Haque S, Islam A, Hassan MM. Multidrug Resistance in Cancer: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms, Immunoprevention and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891652. [PMID: 35814435 PMCID: PMC9262248 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several treatments are available for cancer treatment, but many treatment methods are ineffective against multidrug-resistant cancer. Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle to effective therapeutic interventions against cancer. This review describes the known MDR mechanisms in cancer cells and discusses ongoing laboratory approaches and novel therapeutic strategies that aim to inhibit, circumvent, or reverse MDR development in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, in addition to highlighting hypoxia- and autophagy-mediated drug resistance mechanisms. Several factors, including individual genetic differences, such as mutations, altered epigenetics, enhanced drug efflux, cell death inhibition, and various other molecular and cellular mechanisms, are responsible for the development of resistance against anticancer agents. Drug resistance can also depend on cellular autophagic and hypoxic status. The expression of drug-resistant genes and the regulatory mechanisms that determine drug resistance are also discussed. Methods to circumvent MDR, including immunoprevention, the use of microparticles and nanomedicine might result in better strategies for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, United States
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nova Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Elly Wahyudin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mahmoud M Habiballah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Yamada Y, Sato Y, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Innovative cancer nanomedicine based on immunology, gene editing, intracellular trafficking control. J Control Release 2022; 348:357-369. [PMID: 35623492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress in the area of drug delivery systems (DDS) has opened a new era in medicine with a strong linkage to understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with cancer survival. In this review, we summarize new cancer strategies that have recently been developed based on our DDS technology. Cancer immunotherapy will be improved based on the concept of the cancer immunity cycle, which focuses on dynamic interactions between various types of cancer and immune cells in our body. The new technology of genome editing will also be discussed with reference to how these new DDS technologies can be used to introduce therapeutic cargoes into our body. Lastly, a new organelle, mitochondria will be the focus of creating a new cancer treatment strategy by a MITO-Porter which can deliver macromolecules directly to mitochondria of cancer cells via a membrane fusion approach and the impact of controlled intracellular trafficking will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST) Program, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Chen J, Gao Z, Li X, Shi Y, Tang Z, Liu W, Zhang X, Huang A, Luo X, Gao Q, Ding G, Song K, Zhou J, Fan J, Fu X, Ding Z. SQSTM1/p62 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma promotes tumor progression via epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mitochondrial function maintenance. Cancer Med 2022; 12:459-471. [PMID: 35676831 PMCID: PMC9844629 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SQSTM1/p62 is a selective autophagy receptor that regulates multiple signaling pathways participating in the initiation and progression of tumors. Metastasis is still the main cause for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)-associated mortality. Hence, this study aimed to explore the mechanism of p62 promoting the progression of ICC. METHODS Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to detect the expression level of protein p62 in ICC tissues and its correlation with prognosis. Subsequently, the loss-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to define the role of p62 in ICC cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Then, the effect of p62 knockdown on mitochondrial function and mitophagy was evaluated by measuring the oxygen consumption rate, and using immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses. RESULTS The expression of p62 was significantly upregulated in ICC specimens compared with normal tissues. We further illustrated that p62 expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. The loss-of-function assays revealed that p62 not only promoted ICC cell proliferation, migration, and invasive capacities in vitro, but also induced lung metastasis in the xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, high expression of p62-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with the upregulation of Snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, and downregulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, the autophagy-dependent function of p62 might play a vital role in maintaining the mitochondrial function of ICC by mitophagy which might further promote EMT. CONCLUSION These data provided new evidence for the mechanism by which abundant p62 expression promoted ICC progression, suggesting a promising therapeutic target for antimetastatic strategies in patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Weiren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Ao Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanming Luo
- Shanghai Xuhui Central HospitalZhongshan‐Xuhui Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Guangyu Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Kang Song
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina,Shanghai Xuhui Central HospitalZhongshan‐Xuhui Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Xiutao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenbin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer InstituteZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina,Shanghai Xuhui Central HospitalZhongshan‐Xuhui Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Chen W, Hu M, Wei T, Liu Y, Tan T, Zhang C, Weng J. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 participates in the modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:1317-1329. [PMID: 35837195 PMCID: PMC9274051 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) occur frequently in the digestive system and are associated with high mortality. This current study examined the regulatory relationship between interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the growth and metastasis of HCC. METHODS The expression of IRAK1 and NLRP3 was assessed in tissues and cells via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Immunohistology was performed to detect the macrophage markers CD68, CD163, and CD168 in tumor tissues. Small interfering (si)RNA targeting IRAK1 (si-IRAK1) was designed to silence IRAK1 expression. Following si-IRAK1 transfection and/or co-culture with TAMs, HCC cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as the expression of NLRP3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 β, IL-18, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were assessed. RESULTS HCC tissues showed elevated expression of IRAK1 and NLRP3, as well as increased expression of the macrophage markers CD68, CD163, and CD168, compared to adjacent healthy tissues. Silencing of IRAK1 expression in HepG2 and Huh7 cells resulted in suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and also reduced expression of NLRP3 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and MCP-1. Moreover, TAMs promoted HepG2 and Huh7 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and elevated the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, and MCP-1. Furthermore, IRAK1 silencing reversed the effects of TAMs on HepG2 and Huh7 cells. CONCLUSIONS The expression of IRAK1 was associated with HCC growth and metastasis, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The ability of TAMs to promote HCC growth and metastasis may be activated by NLRP3 inflammasomes and regulated by IRAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Hu
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Tan
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengfang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Weng
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Huadu District, Guangzhou, China
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Gao Y, Zhou Z, Zhang T, Xue S, Li K, Jiang J. Structure-Based Virtual Screening towards the Discovery of Novel ULK1 Inhibitors with Anti-HCC Activities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092627. [PMID: 35565977 PMCID: PMC9102329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new effective therapies for HCC. Our previous study identified ULK1 as the potential target for HCC therapy and screened the compound XST-14 as a specific inhibitor of ULK1 to suppress HCC progression. However, the poor manufacturability of XST-14 impeded the process of its clinical translation. In this study, we first generated pharmacophore models of ULK1 based on the X-ray structure of UKL1 in complex with ligands. We then screened the Specs chemical library for potential UKL1 inhibitors. By molecular docking, we screened out the 19 compounds through structure-based virtual screening. Through CCK8 activity screening on HCC cells, we found that ZZY-19 displayed obvious cell killing effects on HCC cells. SPR assay indicated that ZZY-19 had a higher binding affinity for ULK1 than XST-14. Moreover, ZZY-19 induced the effects of anti-proliferation, anti-invasion and anti-migration in HCC cells. Mechanistically, ZZY-19 induces autophagy inhibition by reducing the expression of ULK1 on HCC cells. Especially, the combination of ZZY-19 with sorafenib synergistically suppresses the progression of HCC in vivo. Taken together, ZZY-19 was a potential candidate compound that targeted ULK1 and possessed promising anti-HCC activities by inhibiting autophagy.
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Sun H, Luo D, Huttad L, Zhang B, Han B. A new nomogram model for prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma based on novel gene signature that regulates cross-talk between immune and tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:379. [PMID: 35397536 PMCID: PMC8994280 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The combined application of immune cells and specific biomarkers related to the tumor immune microenvironment has a better predictive value for the prognosis of HCC. The purpose of this study is to construct a new prognostic model based on immune-related genes that regulate cross-talk between immune and tumor cells to assess the prognosis and explore possible mechanisms. Method The immune cell abundance ratio of 424 cases in the TCGA-LIHC database is obtained through the CIBERSORT algorithm. The differential gene analysis and cox regression analysis is used to screen IRGs. In addition, the function of IRGs was preliminarily explored through the co-culture of M2 macrophages and HCC cell lines. The clinical validation, nomogram establishment and performing tumor microenvironment score were validated. Results We identified 4 immune cells and 9 hub genes related to the prognosis. Further, we identified S100A9, CD79B, TNFRSF11B as an IRGs signature, which is verified in the ICGC and GSE76427 database. Importantly, IRGs signature is closely related to the prognosis, tumor microenvironment score, clinical characteristics and immunotherapy, and nomogram combined with clinical characteristics is more conducive to clinical promotion. In addition, after co-culture with M2 macrophages, the migration capacity and cell pseudopod of MHCC97H increased significantly. And CD79B and TNFRSF11B were significantly down-regulated in MHCC97H, Huh7 and LM3, while S100A9 was up-regulated. Conclusion We constructed an IRGs signature and discussed possible mechanisms. The nomogram established based on IRGs can accurately predict the prognosis of HCC patients. These findings may provide a suitable therapeutic target for HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09465-9.
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Min L, Wang H, Qi H. Astragaloside IV inhibits the progression of liver cancer by modulating macrophage polarization through the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1551-1566. [PMID: 35422920 PMCID: PMC8991133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on liver cancer progression in vivo and in vitro. Since M1 macrophages play an essential role in suppressing tumors, while M2 macrophages can accelerate the incidence and progression of tumors by promoting angiogenesis, increasing tumor cell invasion and inhibiting tumor immune response, the effect and mechanism of AS-IV on macrophage polarization and their role in the development of HCC was explored. METHODS The effects of different concentrations of AS-IV (0, 50, 80, 100, 120, and 150 μM) on the capacity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade were detected. THP-1 cells were subjected to incubation in PMA for the purpose of stimulating differentiation into M0 macrophages. These macrophages were treated using LPS, IFN-γ, and PMA to produce M1 macrophages or treated using PMA, IL-13, and IL-4 to produce M2 macrophages. HCC cells and M1 or M2 macrophages were co-cultured for 48 hours, then the cell proliferation and migration were measured. The MTT assay was employed to determine cell viability. The capability of the cells to migrate and invade was investigated utilizing the Transwell assay and the wound healing assay. The expression of the M2 macrophage CD206 in macrophages treated with AS-IV was evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in macrophages was measured after treatment with AS-IV and M2 induction. To verify the function of the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway, TLR4 expression was knocked down in M2 macrophages, then the proliferation and migration and the M2 macrophage markers of HCC cells were measured. The effect of AS-IV on HCC in vivo was confirmed by a subcutaneous tumor mouse model. AS-IV was 2 was administered by gavage (0, 40, 80, and 100 mg/kg) for every 3 days. The tumor volume and weight were recorded. RESULTS AS-IV suppressed the capacities of HCC cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade in a dose-dependent way. M2 macrophages could promote the proliferative, migratory, and invasive ability of Huh-7 cells, which were suppressed by AS-IV. AS-IV directly attenuated the expression of M2 macrophage markers, indicating that AS-IV can inhibit macrophage M2 polarization. M2 macrophages stimulated the expression of p-STAT3, p-NF-κB, and TLR4, while AS-IV decreased the expression compared to the M2 group, indicating that AS-IV can regulate the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway. TLR4 small interfering RNA (siRNA/si) inhibited the proliferation of Huh-7 cells. The tumor volume, as well as weight of mice, was significantly reduced by AS-IV, indicating the antitumor impact of AS-IV in vivo. CONCLUSION AS-IV can inhibit the proliferative, invasive, and migratory ability of liver cancer through the suppression of the M2 polarization of macrophages, and the mechanism may involve the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway. The present study indicates that AS-IV could be an alternative drug to treat liver cancer, and the polarization of macrophages may be a novel treatment target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Min
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200127, China
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Murali M, Kumar AR, Nair B, Pavithran K, Devan AR, Pradeep GK, Nath LR. Antibody-drug conjugate as targeted therapeutics against hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical studies and clinical relevance. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:407-431. [PMID: 34595736 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an advanced chemotherapeutic option with immense promises in treating many tumor. They are designed to selectively attack and kill neoplastic cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. ADCs are complex engineered immunoconjugates that comprise a monoclonal antibody for site-directed delivery and cytotoxic payload for targeted destruction of malignant cells. Therefore, it enables the reduction of off-target toxicities and enhances the therapeutic index of the drug. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a solid tumor that shows high heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes and is considered the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Studies show enormous potential for ADCs targeting GPC3 and CD24 and other tumor-associated antigens in HCC with their high, selective expression and show potential outputs in preclinical evaluations. The review mainly highlights the preclinical evaluation of different antigen-targeted ADCs such as MetFab-DOX, Anti-c-Met IgG-OXA, Anti CD 24, ANC-HN-01, G7mab-DOX, hYP7-DCand hYP7-PC, Anti-CD147 ILs-DOX and AC133-vcMMAF against hepatocellular carcinoma and its future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - A R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - B Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - A R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - G K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - L R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Xu W, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Yao W, Qian H. Targeting tumor associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:114990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Drug Resistance and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040632. [PMID: 35203283 PMCID: PMC8870354 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. It is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and is characterized by a high intrinsic drug resistance, leading to limited chemotherapeutic efficacy and relapse after treatment. There is therefore a vast need for understanding underlying mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance and for developing therapeutic strategies that would overcome this. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells, in combination with a highly inflammatory microenvironment, causes a chronic increase of protein synthesis in different hepatic cell populations. This leads to an intensified demand of protein folding, which inevitably causes an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process is called ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in order to restore protein synthesis or—in the case of severe or prolonged ER stress—to induce cell death. Interestingly, the three different arms of the ER stress signaling pathways have been shown to drive chemoresistance in several tumors and could therefore form a promising therapeutic target. This review provides an overview of how ER stress and activation of the UPR contributes to drug resistance in HCC.
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Papachristoforou E, Ramachandran P. Macrophages as key regulators of liver health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:143-212. [PMID: 35636927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells and key cellular components of the liver. Hepatic macrophages consist of embryologically-derived resident Kupffer cells (KC), recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and capsular macrophages. Both the diversity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage subsets explain their different functions in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in regulating both liver health and injury responses in liver diseases including acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver disease (CLD) (including liver fibrosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In healthy livers, KC display critical functions such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing and the ability to orchestrate immune responses and maintain immunological tolerance. However, in most liver diseases there is a striking hepatic MDM expansion, which orchestrate both disease progression and regression. Single-cell approaches have transformed our understanding of liver macrophage heterogeneity, dynamics, and functions in both human samples and preclinical models. We will further discuss the new insights provided by these approaches and how they are enabling high-fidelity work to specifically identify pathogenic macrophage subpopulations. Given the important role of macrophages in regulating injury responses in a broad range of settings, there is now a huge interest in developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting macrophages. Therefore, we also review the current approaches being used to modulate macrophage function in liver diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage subpopulations as a novel treatment strategy for patients with liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papachristoforou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Hourani T, Holden JA, Li W, Lenzo JC, Hadjigol S, O’Brien-Simpson NM. Tumor Associated Macrophages: Origin, Recruitment, Phenotypic Diversity, and Targeting. Front Oncol 2021; 11:788365. [PMID: 34988021 PMCID: PMC8722774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.788365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to have a strong influence on tumorigenesis, with various components being involved in tumor suppression and tumor growth. A protumorigenic TME is characterized by an increased infiltration of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), where their presence is strongly associated with tumor progression, therapy resistance, and poor survival rates. This association between the increased TAMs and poor therapeutic outcomes are stemming an increasing interest in investigating TAMs as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Prominent mechanisms in targeting TAMs include: blocking recruitment, stimulating repolarization, and depletion methods. For enhancing targeting specificity multiple nanomaterials are currently being explored for the precise delivery of chemotherapeutic cargo, including the conjugation with TAM-targeting peptides. In this paper, we provide a focused literature review of macrophage biology in relation to their role in tumorigenesis. First, we discuss the origin, recruitment mechanisms, and phenotypic diversity of TAMs based on recent investigations in the literature. Then the paper provides a detailed review on the current methods of targeting TAMs, including the use of nanomaterials as novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Antimicrobial, Cancer Therapeutics and Vaccines (ACTV) Research Group, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ebeling Barbier C, Heindryckx F, Lennernäs H. Limitations and Possibilities of Transarterial Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313051. [PMID: 34884853 PMCID: PMC8658005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because diagnostic tools for discriminating between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced cirrhosis are poor, HCC is often detected in a stage where transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the best treatment option, even though it provides a poor survival gain. Despite having been used worldwide for several decades, TACE still has many limitations. First, there is a vast heterogeneity in the cellular composition and metabolism of HCCs as well as in the patient population, which renders it difficult to identify patients who would benefit from TACE. Often the delivered drug does not penetrate sufficiently selectively and deeply into the tumour and the drug delivery system is not releasing the drug at an optimal clinical rate. In addition, therapeutic effectiveness is limited by the crosstalk between the tumour cells and components of the cirrhotic tumour microenvironment. To improve this widely used treatment of one of our most common and deadly cancers, we need to better understand the complex interactions between drug delivery, local pharmacology, tumour targeting mechanisms, liver pathophysiology, patient and tumour heterogeneity, and resistance mechanisms. This review provides a novel and important overview of clinical data and discusses the role of the tumour microenvironment and lymphatic system in the cirrhotic liver, its potential response to TACE, and current and possible novel DDSs for locoregional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4317; Fax: +46-18-471-4223
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A perspective on the role of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166262. [PMID: 34481059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to a ubiquitous set of catabolic pathways required to achieve proper cellular homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been implicated in a multitude of diseases including cancer. In this review, we highlight pioneering and groundbreaking research that centers on delineating the role of autophagy in cancer initiation, proliferation and metastasis. First, we discuss the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and their respective roles in the de novo formation of autophagosomes and the subsequent delivery of cargo to the lysosome for recycling. Next, we touch upon the history of cancer research that centers upon ATG proteins and regulatory mechanisms that control an appropriate autophagic response and how these are altered in the diseased state. Then, we discuss the various discoveries that led to the idea of autophagy as a double-edged sword when it comes to cancer therapy. This review also briefly narrates how different types of autophagy-selective macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, have been linked to different cancers. Overall, these studies build upon a steadfast trajectory that aims to solve the monumentally daunting challenge of finding a cure for many types of cancer by modulating autophagy either through inhibition or induction.
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Li C, Pan XY, Ma M, Zhao J, Zhao F, Lv YP. Astragalus polysacharin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma-like phenotypes in a murine HCC model through repression of M2 polarization of tumour-associated macrophages. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1533-1539. [PMID: 34726570 PMCID: PMC8567900 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1991384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Astragalus polysaccharin (APS), an extract of Astragalus propinquus Schischk, exerts antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the mechanism of action of APS in HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) were treated with APS (0, 8, 16 mg/mL) for 24 h. APS (16 mg/mL)-treated TAMs were co-cultured with MHCC97H/Huh7 cells for 24 h. Finally, BALB/c nude mice were divided into PBS, APS (50 mg/kg), APS (100 mg/kg), APS (200 mg/kg) groups: mice were inoculated with Huh7 cells to construct tumour xenograft model, followed by administration of APS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) or PBS daily for 30 days. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumour growth, macrophage markers and proportions were measured. RESULTS APS 16 mg/mL treatment enhanced the expression of M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α) and M1 macrophage proportions, while reducing the expression of M2 macrophage markers (IL-10, Arg-1) and M2 macrophage proportions in TAMs. Moreover, the APS-mediated M1 phenotype of TAMs significantly repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion of MHCC97H and Huh7 cells. Moreover, APS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) enhanced M1 macrophage proportions and reduced M2 macrophage proportions in the tumour tissues, and thus inhibited tumour growth of HCC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS APS inhibits HCC-like phenotypes in a murine HCC model through repression of M2 polarization of TAMs. This work provides a novel theoretical basis for the application of APS in the clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Doppler Ultrasonic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin-You Pan
- Combined Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingyun Ma
- Combined Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fengda Zhao
- Combined Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Ping Lv
- Combined Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- CONTACT Ya-Ping Lv Combined Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Sung PS. Crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and neighboring cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2021; 28:333-350. [PMID: 34665953 PMCID: PMC9293612 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2021.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment generally shows a substantial immunosuppressive activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for the suboptimal efficacy of immune-based treatments for this difficult-to-treat cancer. The crosstalk between tumor cells and various cell types in the tumor microenvironment is strongly related to HCC progression and treatment resistance. Monocytes are recruited to the HCC tumor microenvironment by various factors and become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with distinct phenotypes. TAMs often contribute to weakened tumor-specific immune responses and a more aggressive phenotype of malignancy. Recent single-cell RNA-sequencing data have demonstrated the central roles of specific TAMs in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance by their interactions with various cell populations in the HCC tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on the roles of TAMs and the crosstalk between TAMs and neighboring cell types in the HCC tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Roles of CCL2-CCR2 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168530. [PMID: 34445235 PMCID: PMC8395188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a small family of cytokines that were first discovered as chemotactic factors in leukocytes during inflammation, and reports on the relationship between chemokines and cancer progression have recently been increasing. The CCL2-CCR2 axis is one of the major chemokine signaling pathways, and has various functions in tumor progression, such as increasing tumor cell proliferation and invasiveness, and creating a tumor microenvironment through increased angiogenesis and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. This review discusses the roles of the CCL2-CCR2 axis and the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and their future roles in cancer therapy.
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50
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Zhou D, Luan J, Huang C, Li J. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Friend or Foe? Gut Liver 2021; 15:500-516. [PMID: 33087588 PMCID: PMC8283292 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and it has diverse etiologies with multiple mechanisms. The diagnosis of HCC typically occurs at advanced stages when there are limited therapeutic options. Hepatocarcinogenesis is considered a multistep process, and hepatic macrophages play a critical role in the inflammatory process leading to HCC. Emerging evidence has shown that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial components defining the HCC immune microenvironment and represent an appealing option for disrupting the formation and development of HCC. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the polarization and function of TAMs in the pathogenesis of HCC, as well as the mechanisms underlying TAM-related anti-HCC therapies. Eventually, novel insights into these important aspects of TAMs and their roles in the HCC microenvironment might lead to promising TAM-focused therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wuhu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wuhu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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