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Hogan KM, Gilmore M, McCarron GP, Griffiths BM, Koehler JW, García GA, von Fricken ME. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria transmission and prevention in an indigenous Maijuna community: a qualitative study in the Peruvian Amazon. Malar J 2024; 23:314. [PMID: 39425050 PMCID: PMC11490027 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peru is a low-endemic transmission area for malaria, where the majority (84%) of incident malaria cases are localized to the department of Loreto, which is composed of several geographically isolated rural communities. Recent intervention efforts targeting at-risk Indigenous populations that live in riverine communities in Loreto place emphasis on preventive behaviours to decrease transmission. However, malaria related behaviour change is often dependent upon local knowledge, beliefs, and practices, especially in areas where malaria is viewed an embedded and unavoidable aspect of life. METHODS This exploratory case study used semi-structured interviews conducted in Spanish between February and March of 2019 to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria prevention among the Indigenous Maijuna people of Sucusari, Loreto, Peru. Participants who consented were also administered a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) upon the time of interview. RESULTS A total of 33 community members were interviewed, and 31 were tested via malaria rapid diagnostic tests, with RDT filter paper subsequently tested using PCR. All test results were negative for malaria. Themes that emerged included: varying knowledge of methods to prevent malaria, reports of observed changes in malaria incidence over time, confusion surrounding malaria transmission, treatment-seeking as a common behaviour, the belief that medications are effective, and the acceptance of bed nets which were viewed as a lifestyle norm. CONCLUSION These shared narratives should be used as a foundation for further studies and health interventions among communities in the Peruvian Amazon with limited access to health services where culturally resonant, community-based health programming is essential to improving health. Takeaways regarding confusion surrounding malaria transmission should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hogan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Gilmore
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Graziella P McCarron
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Brian M Griffiths
- The Earth Commons-Georgetown University's Institute for Environment & Sustainability, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Guillermo A García
- MCD Global Health, 8403 Colesville Road, Suite 320, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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2
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Bickersmith SA, Saavedra MP, Prussing C, Lange RE, Morales JA, Alava F, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Moreno M, Conn JE. Effect of spatiotemporal variables on abundance, biting activity and parity of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in peri-Iquitos, Peru. Malar J 2024; 23:112. [PMID: 38641572 PMCID: PMC11031940 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria endemic regions of the Peruvian Amazon, rainfall together with river level and breeding site availability drive fluctuating vector mosquito abundance and human malaria cases, leading to temporal heterogeneity. The main variables influencing spatial transmission include location of communities, mosquito behaviour, land use/land cover, and human ecology/behaviour. The main objective was to evaluate seasonal and microgeographic biting behaviour of the malaria vector Nyssorhynchus (or Anopheles) darlingi in Amazonian Peru and to investigate effects of seasonality on malaria transmission. METHODS We captured mosquitoes from 18:00 to 06:00 h using Human Landing Catch in two riverine (Lupuna, Santa Emilia) and two highway (El Triunfo, Nuevo Horizonte) communities indoors and outdoors from 8 houses per community, during the dry and rainy seasons from February 2016 to January 2017. We then estimated parity rate, daily survival and age of a portion of each collection of Ny. darlingi. All collected specimens of Ny. darlingi were tested for the presence of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites using real-time PCR targeting the small subunit of the 18S rRNA. RESULTS Abundance of Ny. darlingi varied across village, season, and biting behaviour (indoor vs outdoor), and was highly significant between rainy and dry seasons (p < 0.0001). Biting patterns differed, although not significantly, and persisted regardless of season, with peaks in highway communities at ~ 20:00 h in contrast to biting throughout the night (i.e., 18:00-06:00) in riverine communities. Of 3721 Ny. darlingi tested for Plasmodium, 23 (0.62%) were infected. We detected Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi in both community types and most (20/23) were captured outdoors during the rainy season; 17/23 before midnight. Seventeen Ny. darlingi were infected with P. vivax, and 6 with P. falciparum. No infected Ny. darlingi were captured during the dry season. Significantly higher rates of parity were detected in Ny. darlingi during the rainy season (average 64.69%) versus the dry season (average 36.91%) and by community, Lupuna, a riverine village, had the highest proportion of parous to nulliparous females during the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS These data add a seasonal dimension to malaria transmission in peri-Iquitos, providing more evidence that, at least locally, the greatest risk of malaria transmission is outdoors during the rainy season mainly before midnight, irrespective of whether the community was located adjacent to the highway or along the river.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlon P Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias E Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rachel E Lange
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Juliana A Morales
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias E Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Freddy Alava
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias E Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander Von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias E Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander Von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
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Conn JE, Bickersmith SA, Saavedra MP, Morales JA, Alava F, Diaz Rodriguez GA, del Aguila Morante CR, Tong CG, Alvarez-Antonio C, Daza Huanahui JM, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D. Natural Infection of Nyssorhynchus darlingi and Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B with Plasmodium during the Dry Season in the Understudied Low-Transmission Setting of Datem del Marañon Province, Amazonian Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:288-295. [PMID: 37364858 PMCID: PMC10397451 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of malaria hotspots in Datem del Marañon Province, Peru, prompted vector control units at the Ministry of Health, Loreto Department, to collaborate with the Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research to identify the main vectors in several riverine villages that had annual parasite indices > 15 in 2018-2019. Anophelinae were collected indoors and outdoors for two 12-hour nights/community during the dry season in 2019 using human landing catch. We identified four species: Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B, Nyssorhynchus darlingi, Nyssorhynchus triannulatus, and Anopheles mattogrossensis. The most abundant, Ny. benarrochi B, accounted for 96.3% of the total (7,550/7,844), of which 61.5% were captured outdoors (4,641/7,550). Six mosquitoes, one Ny. benarrochi B and five Ny. darlingi, were infected by Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. Human biting rates ranged from 0.5 to 592.8 bites per person per hour for Ny. benarrochi B and from 0.5 to 32.0 for Ny. darlingi, with entomological inoculation rates as high as 0.50 infective bites per night for Ny. darlingi and 0.25 for Ny. benarrochi B. These data demonstrate the risk of malaria transmission by both species even during the dry season in villages in multiple watersheds in Datem del Marañon province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York
| | | | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juliana A. Morales
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Carlos G. Tong
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública-Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto, GERESA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Jesus M. Daza Huanahui
- Red de Salud Datem del Marañon – Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto, GERESA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Amazonian International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Naranjo-Díaz N, Conn JE, Correa MM. Entomological parameters and population structure at a microgeographic scale of the main Colombian malaria vectors Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles nuneztovari. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280066. [PMID: 36607981 PMCID: PMC9821454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Population subdivision among several neotropical malaria vectors has been widely evaluated; however, few studies have analyzed population variation at a microgeographic scale, wherein local environmental variables may lead to population differentiation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic and geometric morphometric structure of Anopheles nuneztovari and Anopheles albimanus in endemic localities of northwestern Colombia. Genetic and phenetic structures were evaluated using microsatellites markers and wing geometric morphometrics, respectively. In addition, entomological indices of importance in transmission were calculated. Results showed that the main biting peaks of Anopheles nuneztovari were between 20:00 and 22:00, whereas Anopheles albimanus exhibited more variation in biting times among localities. Infection in An. nuneztovari by Plasmodium spp. (IR: 4.35%) and the annual entomological inoculation rate (30.31), indicated high vector exposure and local transmission risk. We did not detect Plasmodium-infected An. albimanus in this study. In general, low genetic and phenetic subdivision among the populations of both vectors was detected using a combination of phenotypic, genetic and environmental data. The results indicated high regional gene flow, although local environmental characteristics may be influencing the wing conformation differentiation and behavioral variation observed in An. albimanus. Furthermore, the population subdivision detected by microsatellite markers for both species by Bayesian genetic analysis provides a more accurate picture of the current genetic structure in comparison to previous studies. Finally, the biting behavior variation observed for both vectors among localities suggests the need for continuous malaria vector surveys covering the endemic region to implement the most effective integrated local control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan E. Conn
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Margarita M. Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Rosado J, Nolasco O, White MT, Mueller I, Castro MC, Rodriguez-Ferruci H, Gamboa D, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM, Benmarhnia T. Effect of out-of-village working activities on recent malaria exposure in the Peruvian Amazon using parametric g-formula. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19144. [PMID: 36351988 PMCID: PMC9645738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Amazon Region of Peru, occupational activities are important drivers of human mobility and may increase the individual risk of being infected while contributing to increasing malaria community-level transmission. Even though out-of-village working activities and other mobility patterns have been identified as determinants of malaria transmission, no studies have quantified the effect of out-of-village working activities on recent malaria exposure and proposed plausible intervention scenarios. Using two population-based cross-sectional studies in the Loreto Department in Peru, and the parametric g-formula method, we simulated various hypothetical scenarios intervening in out-of-village working activities to reflect their potential health benefits. This study estimated that the standardized mean outcome (malaria seroprevalence) in the unexposed population (no out-of-village workers) was 44.6% (95% CI: 41.7%-47.5%) and 66.7% (95% CI: 61.6%-71.8%) in the exposed population resulting in a risk difference of 22.1% (95% CI: 16.3%-27.9%). However, heterogeneous patterns in the effects of interest were observed between peri-urban and rural areas (Cochran's Q test = 15.5, p < 0.001). Heterogeneous patterns were also observed in scenarios of increased prevalence of out-of-village working activities and restriction scenarios by gender (male vs. female) and age (18 and under vs. 19 and older) that inform possible occupational interventions targetting population subgroups. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that targeting out-of-village workers will considerably benefit current malaria elimination strategies in the Amazon Region. Particularly, males and adult populations that carried out out-of-village working activities in rural areas contribute the most to the malaria seropositivity (recent exposure to the parasite) in the Peruvian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Health Innovation Lab, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander Von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jason Rosado
- G5 Épidémiologie Et Analyse Des Maladies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Oscar Nolasco
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación Y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael T White
- G5 Épidémiologie Et Analyse Des Maladies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación Y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares Y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias Y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación Y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
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Torres K, Ferreira MU, Castro MC, Escalante AA, Conn JE, Villasis E, da Silva Araujo M, Almeida G, Rodrigues PT, Corder RM, Fernandes ARJ, Calil PR, Ladeia WA, Garcia-Castillo SS, Gomez J, do Valle Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT, Golenbock DT, Llanos-Cuentas A, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM. Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:168-181. [PMID: 36228921 PMCID: PMC9662219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s saw the rapid reemergence of malaria in Amazonia, where it remains an important public health priority in South America. The Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was designed to take a multidisciplinary approach toward identifying novel malaria control and elimination strategies. Based on geographically and epidemiologically distinct sites in the Northeastern Peruvian and Western Brazilian Amazon regions, synergistic projects integrate malaria epidemiology, vector biology, and immunology. The Amazonian ICEMR's overarching goal is to understand how human behavior and other sociodemographic features of human reservoirs of transmission-predominantly asymptomatically parasitemic people-interact with the major Amazonian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus (formerly Anopheles) darlingi, and with human immune responses to maintain malaria resilience and continued endemicity in a hypoendemic setting. Here, we will review Amazonian ICEMR's achievements on the synergies among malaria epidemiology, Plasmodium-vector interactions, and immune response, and how those provide a roadmap for further research, and, most importantly, point toward how to achieve malaria control and elimination in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Torres
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Department of Biology and Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Gregorio Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila T. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Corder
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson R. J. Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila R. Calil
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Winni A. Ladeia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefano S. Garcia-Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquin Gomez
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Address correspondence to Joseph M. Vinetz, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 25 York St., Winchester 403D, PO Box 802022, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail:
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Raszick TJ, Dickens CM, Perkin LC, Tessnow AE, Suh CP, Ruiz‐Arce R, Boratynski TN, Falco MR, Johnston JS, Sword GA. Population genomics and phylogeography of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the United States, northern Mexico, and Argentina. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1778-1793. [PMID: 34295363 PMCID: PMC8288010 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of commercial cotton across the Americas. In the United States, eradication of this species is complicated by re-infestations of areas where eradication has been previously successful and by the existence of morphologically similar variants that can confound identification efforts. To date, no study has applied a high-throughput sequencing approach to better understand the population genetic structure of the boll weevil. Furthermore, only a single study has investigated genetic relationships between populations in North and South America. We used double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve the population genomic structure of the boll weevil in the southern United States, northern Mexico, and Argentina. Additionally, we assembled the first complete mitochondrial genome for this species and generated a preliminary whole genome assembly, both of which were used to improve the identification of informative loci. Downstream analyses revealed two main lineages-one consisting of populations found geographically west of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range and the second consisting of populations found to the east-were revealed, and both were sub-structured. Population geographic structure was consistent with the isolation by distance model, indicating that geogrpahic distance is likely a primary mechanism driving divergence in this species. Boll weevil populations from Argentina were found to be more closely related to the eastern lineage, suggesting a recent colonization of South America by the eastern lineage, but additional sampling across Mexico, Central America and South America is needed to further clarify their origin. Finally, we uncovered an instance of population turnover or replacement, highlighting the temporal instability of population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Raszick
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - C. Michael Dickens
- High Performance Research ComputingTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Lindsey C. Perkin
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research UnitUSDA‐ARSCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | - Charles P.‐C. Suh
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research UnitUSDA‐ARSCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | | | - Marcelo R. Falco
- Cooperating Association of the School of Agricultural Education #13 GardeningResitenciaArgentina
| | | | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Conn JE, Laporta GZ, Prist PR, Sallum MAM. Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245087. [PMID: 33444320 PMCID: PMC7808592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-relationships among mosquito vectors, Plasmodium parasites, human ecology, and biotic and abiotic factors, drive malaria risk. Specifically, rural landscapes shaped by human activities have a great potential to increase the abundance of malaria vectors, putting many vulnerable people at risk. Understanding at which point the abundance of vectors increases in the landscape can help to design policies and interventions for effective and sustainable control. Using a dataset of adult female mosquitoes collected at 79 sites in malaria endemic areas in the Brazilian Amazon, this study aimed to (1) verify the association among forest cover percentage (PLAND), forest edge density (ED), and variation in mosquito diversity; and to (2) test the hypothesis of an association between landscape structure (i.e., PLAND and ED) and Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Root) dominance. Mosquito collections were performed employing human landing catch (HLC) (peridomestic habitat) and Shannon trap combined with HLC (forest fringe habitat). Nyssorhynchus darlingi abundance was used as the response variable in a generalized linear mixed model, and the Shannon diversity index (H') of the Culicidae community, PLAND, and the distance house-water drainage were used as predictors. Three ED categories were also used as random effects. A path analysis was used to understand comparative strengths of direct and indirect relationships among Amazon vegetation classes, Culicidae community, and Ny. darlingi abundance. Our results demonstrate that Ny. darlingi is negatively affected by H´ and PLAND of peridomestic habitat, and that increasing these variables (one-unit value at β0 = 768) leads to a decrease of 226 (P < 0.001) and 533 (P = 0.003) individuals, respectively. At the forest fringe, a similar result was found for H' (β1 = -218; P < 0.001) and PLAND (β1 = -337; P = 0.04). Anthropogenic changes in the Amazon vegetation classes decreased mosquito biodiversity, leading to increased Ny. darlingi abundance. Changes in landscape structure, specifically decreases in PLAND and increases in ED, led to Ny. darlingi becoming the dominant species, increasing malaria risk. Ecological mechanisms involving changes in landscape and mosquito species composition can help to understand changes in the epidemiology of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Ribeiro Prist
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Fornace K, Wong D, Padilla-Huamantinco PG, Saldaña-Lopez JA, Castillo-Meza OE, Caballero-Andrade AE, Manrique E, Ruiz-Cabrejos J, Barboza JL, Rodriguez H, Henostroza G, Gamboa D, Castro MC, Vinetz JM, Llanos-Cuentas A. Open-Source 3D Printable GPS Tracker to Characterize the Role of Human Population Movement on Malaria Epidemiology in River Networks: A Proof-of-Concept Study in the Peruvian Amazon. Front Public Health 2020; 8:526468. [PMID: 33072692 PMCID: PMC7542225 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.526468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human movement affects malaria epidemiology at multiple geographical levels; however, few studies measure the role of human movement in the Amazon Region due to the challenging conditions and cost of movement tracking technologies. We developed an open-source low-cost 3D printable GPS-tracker and used this technology in a cohort study to characterize the role of human population movement in malaria epidemiology in a rural riverine village in the Peruvian Amazon. In this pilot study of 20 participants (mean age = 40 years old), 45,980 GPS coordinates were recorded over 1 month. Characteristic movement patterns were observed relative to the infection status and occupation of the participants. Applying two analytical animal movement ecology methods, utilization distributions (UDs) and integrated step selection functions (iSSF), we showed contrasting environmental selection and space use patterns according to infection status. These data suggested an important role of human movement in the epidemiology of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon due to high connectivity between villages of the same riverine network, suggesting limitations of current community-based control strategies. We additionally demonstrate the utility of this low-cost technology with movement ecology analysis to characterize human movement in resource-poor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wong
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pierre G Padilla-Huamantinco
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ingenieria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A Saldaña-Lopez
- Departamento de Ingenieria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ober E Castillo-Meza
- Departamento de Ingenieria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Caballero-Andrade
- Departamento de Ingenieria, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Cabrejos
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose Luis Barboza
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - German Henostroza
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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10
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Chaves LSM, Fry J, Malik A, Geschke A, Sallum MAM, Lenzen M. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1258. [PMID: 32152272 PMCID: PMC7062889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation can increase the transmission of malaria. Here, we build upon the existing link between malaria risk and deforestation by investigating how the global demand for commodities that increase deforestation can also increase malaria risk. We use a database of trade relationships to link the consumption of deforestation-implicated commodities in developed countries to estimates of country-level malaria risk in developing countries. We estimate that about 20% of the malaria risk in deforestation hotspots is driven by the international trade of deforestation-implicated export commodities, such as timber, wood products, tobacco, cocoa, coffee and cotton. By linking malaria risk to final consumers of commodities, we contribute information to support demand-side policy measures to complement existing malaria control interventions, with co-benefits for reducing deforestation and forest disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Jacob Fry
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Arunima Malik
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Accounting, The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Arne Geschke
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manfred Lenzen
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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11
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Chu VM, Sallum MAM, Moore TE, Emerson KJ, Schlichting CD, Conn JE. Evidence for family-level variation of phenotypic traits in response to temperature of Brazilian Nyssorhynchus darlingi. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:55. [PMID: 32041663 PMCID: PMC7011564 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nyssorhynchus darlingi (also known as Anopheles darlingi) is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin. In Brazil, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously detected three major population clusters, and a common garden experiment in a laboratory setting revealed significant population variation in life history traits. Increasing temperatures and local level variation can affect life history traits, i.e. adult longevity, that alter vectorial capacity with implications for malaria transmission in Ny. darlingi. METHODS We investigated the population structure of Ny. darlingi from 7 localities across Brazil utilizing SNPs and compared them to a comprehensive Ny. darlingi catalog. To test the effects of local level variation on life history traits, we reared F1 progeny from the 7 localities at three constant temperatures (20, 24 and 28 °C), measuring key life history traits (larval development, food-starved adult lifespan, adult size and daily survival). RESULTS Using nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 93 of the field-collected Ny. darlingi were genotyped at 33,759 loci. Results revealed three populations (K = 3), congruent with major biomes (Amazonia, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica), with greater FST values between biomes than within. In the life history experiments, increasing temperature reduced larval development time, adult lifespan, and wing length in all localities. The variation of family responses for all traits within four localities of the Amazonia biome was significant (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Individual families within localities revealed a range of responses as temperature increased, for larval development, adult lifespan, wing length and survival time. CONCLUSIONS SNP analysis of several Brazilian localities provided results in support of a previous study wherein populations of Ny. darlingi were clustered by three major Brazilian biomes. Our laboratory results of temperature effects demonstrated that population variation in life history traits of Ny. darlingi exists at the local level, supporting previous research demonstrating the high plasticity of this species. Understanding this plasticity and inherent variation between families of Ny. darlingi at the local level should be considered when deploying intervention strategies and may improve the likelihood of successful malaria elimination in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, New York State Route 5, Albany, NY USA
| | | | - Timothy E. Moore
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT USA
| | - Kevin J. Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, Maryland USA
| | - Carl D. Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT USA
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, New York State Route 5, Albany, NY USA
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12
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Raszick TJ, Suh CPC, Dickens CM, Sword GA. Genome-wide markers reveal temporal instability of local population genetic structure in the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:324-332. [PMID: 31207019 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), is a pest of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae), that attacks pre-floral buds (squares), leading to abscission and yield losses. In the Brazos Valley cotton production area of Texas (USA), P. seriatus exhibits a seasonal pattern of host use. In spring, eggs hatch from stems of the overwintering host, woolly croton, Croton capitatus Michx. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae). During the growing season, individuals feed on a variety of host plants, including cotton. Adults return to woolly croton at season end to oviposit. We investigated if genetic differentiation exists between populations infesting cotton and those infesting alternative hosts, and whether woolly croton serves as a year-end site of admixture that could be suitable as a natural refuge for the purposes of insect resistance management. We combined high-throughput DNA sequencing with fine-scale spatio-temporal sampling to test (i) whether a population genomic approach would recover patterns of genetic variation consistent with earlier studies and (ii) if local genetic population structure was robust to seasonal changes in local habitat over time. RESULTS We found high gene flow among populations of P. seriatus collected from different host plants in the Brazos Valley. We also identified temporal instability of the local population genetic structure, including the near complete loss of a genotypic group that had been previously abundant. CONCLUSION We support the status of woolly croton as a natural refuge that promotes year-end gene flow between genotypes infesting cotton and those infesting alternative hosts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Raszick
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Charles P-C Suh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Sword
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX, USA
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13
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Minimal genetic differentiation of the malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi associated with forest cover level in Amazonian Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225005. [PMID: 31725789 PMCID: PMC6855485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between deforestation and malaria in Amazonian Brazil is complex, and a deeper understanding of this relationship is required to inform effective control measures in this region. Here, we are particularly interested in characterizing the impact of land use and land cover change on the genetics of the major regional vector of malaria, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Root). We used nextera-tagmented, Reductively Amplified DNA (nextRAD) genotyping-by-sequencing to genotype 164 Ny. darlingi collected from 16 collection sites with divergent forest cover levels in seven municipalities in four municipality groups that span the state of Amazonas in northwestern Amazonian Brazil: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Presidente Figueiredo, four municipalities in the area around Cruzeiro do Sul, and Lábrea. Using a dataset of 5,561 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), we investigated the genetic structure of these Ny. darlingi populations with a combination of model- and non-model-based analyses. We identified weak to moderate genetic differentiation among the four municipality groups. There was no evidence for microgeographic genetic structure of Ny. darlingi among forest cover levels within the municipality groups, indicating that there may be gene flow across areas of these municipalities with different degrees of deforestation. Additionally, we conducted an environmental association analysis using two outlier detection methods to determine whether individual SNPs were associated with forest cover level without affecting overall population genetic structure. We identified 14 outlier SNPs, and investigated functions associated with their proximal genes, which could be further characterized in future studies.
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14
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Manrique P, Miranda-Alban J, Alarcon-Baldeon J, Ramirez R, Carrasco-Escobar G, Herrera H, Guzman-Guzman M, Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM, Escalante AA, Gamboa D. Microsatellite analysis reveals connectivity among geographically distant transmission zones of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon: A critical barrier to regional malaria elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007876. [PMID: 31710604 PMCID: PMC6874088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts made over decades by the Peruvian government to eliminate malaria, Plasmodium vivax remains a challenge for public health decision-makers in the country. The uneven distribution of its incidence, plus its complex pattern of dispersion, has made ineffective control measures based on global information that lack the necessary detail to understand transmission fully. In this sense, population genetic tools can complement current surveillance. This study describes the genetic diversity and population structure from September 2012 to March 2015 in three geographically distant settlements, Cahuide (CAH), Lupuna (LUP) and Santa Emilia (STE), located in the Peruvian Amazon. A total 777 P. vivax mono-infections, out of 3264, were genotyped. Among study areas, LUP showed 19.7% of polyclonal infections, and its genetic diversity (Hexp) was 0.544. Temporal analysis showed a significant increment of polyclonal infections and Hexp, and the introduction and persistence of a new parasite population since March 2013. In STE, 40.1% of infections were polyclonal, with Hexp = 0.596. The presence of four genetic clusters without signals of clonal expansion and infections with lower parasite densities compared against the other two areas were also found. At least four parasite populations were present in CAH in 2012, where, after June 2014, malaria cases decreased from 213 to 61, concomitant with a decrease in polyclonal infections (from 0.286 to 0.18), and expectedly variable Hexp. Strong signals of gene flow were present in the study areas and wide geographic distribution of highly diverse parasite populations were found. This study suggests that movement of malaria parasites by human reservoirs connects geographically distant malaria transmission areas in the Peruvian Amazon. The maintenance of high levels of parasite genetic diversity through human mobility is a critical barrier to malaria elimination in this region. Plasmodium vivax transmission is heterogeneous and discontinuous in the Peruvian Amazon. Such heterogeneity is the result of factors that include, but are not restricted to, the environment, public policies, and characteristics of the parasite, the vector, and human activities. All these factors make P. vivax transmission resilient to interventions. In order to achieve the goals of control and local elimination, P. vivax surveillance must inform how those factors sustain disease transmission in order to focalize and synchronize control strategies. In this study, we implemented molecular surveillance complemented with population genetic tools in the areas of Cahuide, Lupuna, and Santa Emilia located in the Peruvian Amazon. In particular, we characterize the transmission and the parasite genetic variation in these sites from September 2012 to March 2015. The changes in parasite diversity, the wide geographic dispersion of parasite subpopulation and the introduction of a new parasite clone or subpopulation in Lupuna documented in this study suggest that connectivity among the different endemic areas, likely due to human mobility, sustains disease transmission in the region hindering the success of control measures. This information must be considered in the design of current control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Manrique
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- * E-mail:
| | - Julio Miranda-Alban
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Jhonatan Alarcon-Baldeon
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Roberson Ramirez
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Henry Herrera
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Mitchel Guzman-Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (IGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofa, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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15
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Naranjo-Díaz N, Hernandez-Valencia JC, Marín A, Correa MM. Relationship between land cover and Anophelinae species abundance, composition and diversity in NW Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104114. [PMID: 31707086 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthropic activities, mainly deforestation, have produced rapid transformation of land cover types in the Urabá region at northwest Colombia. Land cover alterations impact the abundance and composition of the Anophelinae community, affecting malaria transmission dynamics. Therefore, this study used landscape metrics to evaluate the relationship of land cover types with Anophelinae species abundance, composition and diversity in the important malaria endemic Urabá region, in NW Colombia. Orthorectified aerial photographs were used to identify land cover types in four localities of the region. Landscape metrics were obtained and diversity indices were estimated for both, land covers and Anophelinae species collected. The impact of land cover type on the presence and abundance of Anophelinae species was evaluated using a canonical correspondence analysis. Diversity indices showed differences in the Anophelinae community and land covers. The variables with more influence in the Anophelinae community composition were locality, bare soil and the interaction between forest and bare soil covers. The most abundant and dominant species Nyssorhynchus nuneztovari (former Anopheles nuneztovari), related with impacted environments was associated with grass, shrub and bare soil land covers. In conclusion, land covers derived from anthropic activities favored the presence and abundance of the main malaria vectors; but, regardless of differences in landscape, unknown specific factors varying among localities lead to a unique configuration in each site that directly shaped anopheline community composition locally. This information is essential for the development of malaria risk maps and for the design of integrated vector control interventions that include the recognition of the landscape features favoring human-vector contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Hernandez-Valencia
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Alba Marín
- Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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16
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Amazon deforestation drives malaria transmission, and malaria burden reduces forest clearing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22212-22218. [PMID: 31611369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905315116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deforestation and land use change are among the most pressing anthropogenic environmental impacts. In Brazil, a resurgence of malaria in recent decades paralleled rapid deforestation and settlement in the Amazon basin, yet evidence of a deforestation-driven increase in malaria remains equivocal. We hypothesize an underlying cause of this ambiguity is that deforestation and malaria influence each other in bidirectional causal relationships-deforestation increases malaria through ecological mechanisms and malaria reduces deforestation through socioeconomic mechanisms-and that the strength of these relationships depends on the stage of land use transformation. We test these hypotheses with a large geospatial dataset encompassing 795 municipalities across 13 y (2003 to 2015) and show deforestation has a strong positive effect on malaria incidence. Our results suggest a 10% increase in deforestation leads to a 3.3% increase in malaria incidence (∼9,980 additional cases associated with 1,567 additional km2 lost in 2008, the study midpoint, Amazon-wide). The effect is larger in the interior and absent in outer Amazonian states where little forest remains. However, this strong effect is only detectable after controlling for a feedback of malaria burden on forest loss, whereby increased malaria burden significantly reduces forest clearing, possibly mediated by human behavior or economic development. We estimate a 1% increase in malaria incidence results in a 1.4% decrease in forest area cleared (∼219 fewer km2 cleared associated with 3,024 additional cases in 2008). This bidirectional socioecological feedback between deforestation and malaria, which attenuates as land use intensifies, illustrates the intimate ties between environmental change and human health.
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Saavedra MP, Conn JE, Alava F, Carrasco-Escobar G, Prussing C, Bickersmith SA, Sangama JL, Fernandez-Miñope C, Guzman M, Tong C, Valderrama C, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Moreno M. Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:374. [PMID: 31358033 PMCID: PMC6664538 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is the main vector in Amazonian Peru, where hyperendemic Plasmodium transmission pockets have been found. Mazán district has pronounced spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax malaria. However, little is known about behavior, ecology or seasonal dynamics of Ny. darlingi in Mazán. This study aimed to gather baseline information about bionomics of malaria vectors and transmission risk factors in a hyperendemic malaria area of Amazonian Peru. METHODS To assess vector biology metrics, five surveys (two in the dry and three in the rainy season), including collection of sociodemographic information, were conducted in four communities in 2016-2017 on the Napo (Urco Miraño, URC; Salvador, SAL) and Mazán Rivers (Visto Bueno, VIB; Libertad, LIB). Human-biting rate (HBR), entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and human blood index (HBI) were measured to test the hypothesis of differences in entomological indices of Ny. darlingi between watersheds. A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was constructed to model the relationship between household risk factors and the EIR. RESULTS Nyssorhynchus darlingi comprised 95% of 7117 Anophelinae collected and its abundance was significantly higher along the Mazán River. The highest EIRs (3.03-4.54) were detected in March and June in URC, LIB and VIB, and significantly more Ny. darlingi were infected outdoors than indoors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the EIR was >12 times higher in URC compared with SAL. The HBI ranged from 0.42-0.75; humans were the most common blood source, followed by Galliformes and cows. There were dramatic differences in peak biting time and malaria incidence with similar bednet coverage in the villages. CONCLUSIONS Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the predominant contributor to malaria transmission in the Mazán District, Peru. Malaria risk in these villages is higher in the peridomestic area, with pronounced heterogeneities between and within villages on the Mazán and the Napo Rivers. Spatiotemporal identification and quantification of the prevailing malaria transmission would provide new evidence to orient specific control measures for vulnerable or at high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY USA
| | | | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY USA
| | | | - Jorge L. Sangama
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mitchel Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Tong
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Present Address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Present Address: Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Campos M, Alonso DP, Conn JE, Vinetz JM, Emerson KJ, Ribolla PEM. Genetic diversity of Nyssorhynchus (Anopheles) darlingi related to biting behavior in western Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:242. [PMID: 31101131 PMCID: PMC6525393 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Amazon Basin, Nyssorhynchus (Anopheles) darlingi is the most aggressive and effective malaria vector. In endemic areas, behavioral aspects of anopheline vectors such as host preference, biting time and resting location post blood meal have a key impact on malaria transmission dynamics and vector control interventions. Nyssorhynchus darlingi presents a range of feeding and resting behaviors throughout its broad distribution. Methods To investigate the genetic diversity related to biting behavior, we collected host-seeking Ny. darlingi in two settlement types in Acre, Brazil: Granada (~ 20-year-old, more established, better access by road, few malaria cases) and Remansinho (~ 8-year-old, active logging, poor road access, high numbers malaria cases). Mosquitoes were classified by the location of collection (indoors or outdoors) and time (dusk or dawn). Results Genome-wide SNPs, used to assess the degree of genetic divergence and population structure, identified non-random distributions of individuals in the PCA for both location and time analyses. Although genetic diversity related to behavior was confirmed by non-model-based analyses and FST values, model-based STRUCTURE detected considerable admixture of these populations. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect genetic markers associated with biting behavior in Ny. darlingi. Additional ecological and genomic studies may help to understand the genetic basis of mosquito behavior and address appropriate surveillance and vector control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3498-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Prussing C, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Alava F, Guzmán M, Manrique E, Carrasco-Escobar G, Moreno M, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Malaria vector species in Amazonian Peru co-occur in larval habitats but have distinct larval microbial communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007412. [PMID: 31091236 PMCID: PMC6538195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Amazonian Peru, the primary malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), is difficult to target using standard vector control methods because it mainly feeds and rests outdoors. Larval source management could be a useful supplementary intervention, but to determine its feasibility, more detailed studies on the larval ecology of Ny. darlingi are essential. We conducted a multi-level study of the larval ecology of Anophelinae mosquitoes in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru, examining the environmental characteristics of the larval habitats of four species, comparing the larval microbiota among species and habitats, and placing Ny. darlingi larval habitats in the context of spatial heterogeneity in human malaria transmission. We collected Ny. darlingi, Nyssorhynchus rangeli (formerly Anopheles rangeli), Nyssorhynchus triannulatus s.l. (formerly Anopheles triannulatus s.l.), and Nyssorhynchus sp. nr. konderi (formerly Anopheles sp. nr. konderi) from natural and artificial water bodies throughout the rainy and dry seasons. We found that, consistent with previous studies in this region and in Brazil, the presence of Ny. darlingi was significantly associated with water bodies in landscapes with more recent deforestation and lower light intensity. Nyssorhynchus darlingi presence was also significantly associated with a lower vegetation index, other Anophelinae species, and emergent vegetation. Though they were collected in the same water bodies, the microbial communities of Ny. darlingi larvae were distinct from those of Ny. rangeli and Ny. triannulatus s.l., providing evidence either for a species-specific larval microbiome or for segregation of these species in distinct microhabitats within each water body. We demonstrated that houses with more reported malaria cases were located closer to Ny. darlingi larval habitats; thus, targeted control of these sites could help ameliorate malaria risk. The co-occurrence of Ny. darlingi larvae in water bodies with other putative malaria vectors increases the potential impact of larval source management in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A. Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Mitchel Guzmán
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
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Chu VM, Sallum MAM, Moore TE, Lainhart W, Schlichting CD, Conn JE. Regional variation in life history traits and plastic responses to temperature of the major malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi in Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5356. [PMID: 30926833 PMCID: PMC6441093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary Brazilian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), ranges from 0°S-23°S across three biomes (Amazonia, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica). Rising temperatures will increase mosquito developmental rates, and models predict future malaria transmission by Ny. darlingi in Brazil will shift southward. We reared F1 Ny. darlingi (progeny of field-collected females from 4 state populations across Brazil) at three temperatures (20, 24, 28 °C) and measured key life-history traits. Our results reveal geographic variation due to both genetic differences among localities and plastic responses to temperature differences. Temperature significantly altered all traits: faster larval development, shorter adult life and overall lifespan, and smaller body sizes were seen at 28 °C versus 20 °C. Low-latitude Amazonia mosquitoes had the fastest larval development at all temperatures, but at 28 °C, average development rate of high-latitude Mata Atlântica mosquitoes was accelerated and equivalent to low-latitude Amazonia. Body size of adult mosquitoes from the Mata Atlântica remained larger at all temperatures. We detected genetic variation in the plastic responses among mosquitoes from different localities, with implications for malaria transmission under climate change. Faster development combined with larger body size, without a tradeoff in adult longevity, suggests vectorial capacities of some Mata Atlântica populations may significantly increase under warming climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - M A M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T E Moore
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - W Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - J E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Prado CC, Alvarado-Cabrera LA, Camargo-Ayala PA, Garzón-Ospina D, Camargo M, Soto-De León SC, Cubides JR, Celis-Giraldo CT, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213335. [PMID: 30845198 PMCID: PMC6405047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, relative frequencies of malaria parasite species in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside have changed, being Plasmodium vivax (61.4%) and Plasmodium malariae (43.8%) the most frequent. Given this epidemiological scenario, it is important to determine the species of anophelines involved in these parasites' transmission. This study was carried out in June 2016 in two indigenous communities living close to the tributaries of the Amazon River using protected human bait. The results of this study showed a total abundance of 1,085 mosquitos, of which 99.2% corresponded to Anopheles darlingi. Additionally, only two anopheline species were found, showing low diversity in the study areas. Molecular confirmation of some individuals was then followed by evolutionary analysis by using the COI gene. Nested PCR was used for identifying the three Plasmodium species circulating in the study areas. Of the two species collected in this study, 21.0% of the An. darlingi mosquitoes were infected with P. malariae, 21.9% with P. vivax and 10.3% with Plasmodium falciparum. It exhibited exophilic and exophagic behavior in both study areas, having marked differences regarding its abundance in each community (Tipisca first sampling 49.4%, Tipisca second sampling 39.6% and Doce de Octubre 10.9%). Interestingly, An. mattogrossensis infected by P. vivax was found for the first time in Colombia (in 50% of the four females collected). Analysis of An. darlingi COI gene diversity indicated a single population maintaining a high gene flow between the study areas. The An. darlingi behavior pattern found in both communities represents a risk factor for the region's inhabitants living/working near these sites. This highlights the need for vector control efforts such as the use of personal repellents and insecticides for use on cattle, which must be made available in order to reduce this Anopheline's abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Camilo Prado
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara Cecilia Soto-De León
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Ricardo Cubides
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Manrique E, Ruiz-Cabrejos J, Saavedra M, Alava F, Bickersmith S, Prussing C, Vinetz JM, Conn JE, Moreno M, Gamboa D. High-accuracy detection of malaria vector larval habitats using drone-based multispectral imagery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007105. [PMID: 30653491 PMCID: PMC6353212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in larval source management (LSM) as an adjunct intervention to control and eliminate malaria transmission has recently increased mainly because long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spray (IRS) are ineffective against exophagic and exophilic mosquitoes. In Amazonian Peru, the identification of the most productive, positive water bodies would increase the impact of targeted mosquito control on aquatic life stages. The present study explores the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for identifying Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi) breeding sites with high-resolution imagery (~0.02m/pixel) and their multispectral profile in Amazonian Peru. Our results show that high-resolution multispectral imagery can discriminate a profile of water bodies where Ny. darlingi is most likely to breed (overall accuracy 86.73%- 96.98%) with a moderate differentiation of spectral bands. This work provides proof-of-concept of the use of high-resolution images to detect malaria vector breeding sites in Amazonian Peru and such innovative methodology could be crucial for LSM malaria integrated interventions. The most efficient malaria vector in the Latin American region is Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi). In Amazonian Peru, where malaria is endemic, Ny. darlingi feeds both indoors and outdoors (endophagy, exophagy), depending on the local environment, and rests outdoors (exophily). LLINs and IRS, the most common tools employed for vector control, target endophagic and endophilic mosquitoes. Thus, they are only partially effective against Ny. darlingi. Control of the aquatic stages of vector mosquitoes, larval source management (LSM), targets the most productive breeding sites nearest to human habitation. In four riverine communities, we used drones with high-resolution imagery as a key initial step to analyze water bodies within the estimated flight range of Ny. darlingi, ~ 1 km. We found distinctive spectral profiles for water bodies that were positive versus negative for Ny. darlingi. The methodology and analysis reported here provide the basis for testing whether LSM can be combined successfully with LLINs and IRS to contribute to the elimination of transmission in malaria hotspots in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail: (GCE); (MM)
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Cabrejos
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlon Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Sara Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCE); (MM)
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Prussing C, Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Gamboa D, Alava F, Schlichting CD, Emerson KJ, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Decreasing proportion of Anopheles darlingi biting outdoors between long-lasting insecticidal net distributions in peri-Iquitos, Amazonian Peru. Malar J 2018; 17:86. [PMID: 29463241 PMCID: PMC5819687 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Loreto Department, Peru, a successful 2005-2010 malaria control programme (known as PAMAFRO) included massive distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Additional local distribution of LLINs occurred in individual villages, but not between 2012 and 2015. A 2011-2012 study of the primary regional malaria vector Anopheles darlingi detected a trend of increased exophagy compared with pre-PAMAFRO behaviour. For the present study, An. darlingi were collected in three villages in Loreto in 2013-2015 to test two hypotheses: (1) that between LLIN distributions, An. darlingi reverted to pre-intervention biting behaviour; and, (2) that there are separate sub-populations of An. darlingi in Loreto with distinct biting behaviour. RESULTS In 2013-2015 An. darlingi were collected by human landing catch during the rainy and dry seasons in the villages of Lupuna and Cahuide. The abundance of An. darlingi varied substantially across years, villages and time periods, and there was a twofold decrease in the ratio of exophagic:endophagic An. darlingi over the study period. Unexpectedly, there was evidence of a rainy season population decline in An. darlingi. Plasmodium-infected An. darlingi were detected indoors and outdoors throughout the night, and the monthly An. darlingi human biting rate was correlated with the number of malaria cases. Using nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 162 exophagic and endophagic An. darlingi collected at different times during the night were genotyped at 1021 loci. Based on model-based and non-model-based analyses, all genotyped An. darlingi belonged to a homogeneous population, with no evidence for genetic differentiation by biting location or time. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a decreasing proportion of exophagic An. darlingi in two villages in the years between LLIN distributions. As there was no evidence for genetic differentiation between endophagic and exophagic An. darlingi, this shift in biting behaviour may be the result of behavioural plasticity in An. darlingi, which shifted towards increased exophagy due to repellence by insecticides used to impregnate LLINs and subsequently reverted to increased endophagy as the nets aged. This study highlights the need to target vector control interventions to the biting behaviour of local vectors, which, like malaria risk, shows high temporal and spatial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany - State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marlon P Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carl D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany - State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Tucker Lima JM, Vittor A, Rifai S, Valle D. Does deforestation promote or inhibit malaria transmission in the Amazon? A systematic literature review and critical appraisal of current evidence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0125. [PMID: 28438914 PMCID: PMC5413873 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable interest in the relationship between biodiversity and disease has recently captured the attention of the research community, with important public policy implications. In particular, malaria in the Amazon region is often cited as an example of how forest conservation can improve public health outcomes. However, despite a growing body of literature and an increased understanding of the relationship between malaria and land use / land cover change (LULC) in Amazonia, contradictions have emerged. While some studies report that deforestation increases malaria risk, others claim the opposite. Assessing malaria risk requires examination of dynamic processes among three main components: (i) the environment (i.e. LULC and landscape transformations), (ii) vector biology (e.g. mosquito species distributions, vector activity and life cycle, plasmodium infection rates), and (iii) human populations (e.g. forest-related activity, host susceptibility, movement patterns). In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on malaria risk and deforestation in the Amazon focusing on these three components. We explore key features that are likely to generate these contrasting results using the reviewed articles and our own data from Brazil and Peru, and conclude with suggestions for productive avenues in future research. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Tucker Lima
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy Vittor
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sami Rifai
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Conn JE, Correa MM. Genetic structure and phenotypic variation of Anopheles darlingi in northwest Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:143-151. [PMID: 29138079 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of environmental heterogeneity on Anopheles darlingi genetic and morphometric traits at a microgeographic level. Specimens of An. darlingi collected from multiple municipalities in the Colombian malaria endemic region Urabá-Bajo Cauca and Alto Sinú (UCS) were analyzed using 13 microsatellite loci. Spatial genetic structure, population variation and wing geometric morphometric analyses were performed. Microsatellite results showed low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among populations; four highly admixed subpopulations were detected with no particular association to the municipalities. Wing geometric morphometrics analysis showed a subtle but significant difference in wing shape for El Bagre vs. Mutatá populations, possibly influenced by geographical distance. Discrimination among populations in the morphospace showed a slight separation of the Tierralta population. There was no significant correlation between the genetic and geographic or genetic and environmental distances. We hypothesize that environmental heterogeneity in the UCS region does not reach a threshold to affect population structure of An. darlingi. Another possibility is that microsatellites are not sensitive enough to detect existing structure. It remains to be determined which local factors govern phenotypic variation among these populations and how, or whether these may affect mosquito biology and transmission capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Miranda-Alban J, Fernandez-Miñope C, Brouwer KC, Torres K, Calderon M, Gamboa D, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM. High prevalence of very-low Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia carriers in the Peruvian Amazon: insights into local and occupational mobility-related transmission. Malar J 2017; 16:415. [PMID: 29037202 PMCID: PMC5644076 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of malaria due both to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon has risen in the past 5 years. This study tested the hypothesis that the maintenance and emergence of malaria in hypoendemic regions such as Amazonia is determined by submicroscopic and asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitaemia carriers. The present study aimed to precisely quantify the rate of very-low parasitaemia carriers in two sites of the Peruvian Amazon in relation to transmission patterns of P. vivax and P. falciparum in this area. METHODS This study was carried out within the Amazonian-ICEMR longitudinal cohort. Blood samples were collected for light microscopy diagnosis and packed red blood cell (PRBC) samples were analysed by qPCR. Plasma samples were tested for total IgG reactivity against recombinant PvMSP-10 and PfMSP-10 antigens by ELISA. Occupation and age 10 years and greater were considered surrogates of occupation-related mobility. Risk factors for P. falciparum and P. vivax infections detected by PRBC-qPCR were assessed by multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS Among 450 subjects, the prevalence of P. vivax by PRBC-PCR (25.1%) was sixfold higher than that determined by microscopy (3.6%). The prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 4.9% by PRBC-PCR and 0.2% by microscopy. More than 40% of infections had parasitaemia under 5 parasites/μL. Multivariate analysis for infections detected by PRBC-PCR showed that participants with recent settlement in the study area (AOR 2.1; 95% CI 1.03:4.2), age ≥ 30 years (AOR 3.3; 95% CI 1.6:6.9) and seropositivity to P. vivax (AOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.0:3.2) had significantly higher likelihood of P. vivax infection, while the odds of P. falciparum infection was higher for participants between 10 and 29 years (AOR 10.7; 95% CI 1.3:91.1) and with a previous P. falciparum infection (AOR 10.4; 95% CI 1.5:71.1). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the contrasting transmission patterns of P. vivax and P. falciparum in the Peruvian Amazon, with stable local transmission for P. vivax and the source of P. falciparum to the study villages dominated by very low parasitaemia carriers, age 10 years and older, who had travelled away from home for work and brought P. falciparum infection with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Julio Miranda-Alban
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kimberly C. Brouwer
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Katherine Torres
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maritza Calderon
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0760, Biomedical Research Facility-2, Room 4A16, La Jolla, CA USA
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Gamboa D, Castro MC, Bangdiwala SI, Rodriguez H, Contreras-Mancilla J, Alava F, Speybroeck N, Lescano AG, Vinetz JM, Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A. Micro-epidemiology and spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax parasitaemia in riverine communities of the Peruvian Amazon: A multilevel analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8082. [PMID: 28808240 PMCID: PMC5556029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria has steadily increased in the Peruvian Amazon over the last five years. This study aimed to determine the parasite prevalence and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia in communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Four cross-sectional active case detection surveys were conducted between May and July 2015 in four riverine communities in Mazan district. Analysis of 2785 samples of 820 individuals nested within 154 households for Plasmodium parasitaemia was carried out using light microscopy and qPCR. The spatio-temporal distribution of Plasmodium parasitaemia, dominated by P. vivax, was shown to cluster at both household and community levels. Of enrolled individuals, 47% had at least one P. vivax parasitaemia and 10% P. falciparum, by qPCR, both of which were predominantly sub-microscopic and asymptomatic. Spatial analysis detected significant clustering in three communities. Our findings showed that communities at small-to-moderate spatial scales differed in P. vivax parasite prevalence, and multilevel Poisson regression models showed that such differences were influenced by factors such as age, education, and location of households within high-risk clusters, as well as factors linked to a local micro-geographic context, such as travel and occupation. Complex transmission patterns were found to be related to human mobility among communities in the same micro-basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Juan Contreras-Mancilla
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Arboleda S, Parra JL, Peterson AT, Correa MM. Potential distribution of mosquito vector species in a primary malaria endemic region of Colombia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179093. [PMID: 28594942 PMCID: PMC5464628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid transformation of natural ecosystems changes ecological conditions for important human disease vector species; therefore, an essential task is to identify and understand the variables that shape distributions of these species to optimize efforts toward control and mitigation. Ecological niche modeling was used to estimate the potential distribution and to assess hypotheses of niche similarity among the three main malaria vector species in northern Colombia: Anopheles nuneztovari, An. albimanus, and An. darlingi. Georeferenced point collection data and remotely sensed, fine-resolution satellite imagery were integrated across the Urabá -Bajo Cauca-Alto Sinú malaria endemic area using a maximum entropy algorithm. Results showed that An. nuneztovari has the widest geographic distribution, occupying almost the entire study region; this niche breadth is probably related to the ability of this species to colonize both, natural and disturbed environments. The model for An. darlingi showed that most suitable localities for this species in Bajo Cauca were along the Cauca and Nechí river. The riparian ecosystems in this region and the potential for rapid adaptation by this species to novel environments, may favor the establishment of populations of this species. Apparently, the three main Colombian Anopheles vector species in this endemic area do not occupy environments either with high seasonality, or with low seasonality and high NDVI values. Estimated overlap in geographic space between An. nuneztovari and An. albimanus indicated broad spatial and environmental similarity between these species. An. nuneztovari has a broader niche and potential distribution. Dispersal ability of these species and their ability to occupy diverse environmental situations may facilitate sympatry across many environmental and geographic contexts. These model results may be useful for the design and implementation of malaria species-specific vector control interventions optimized for this important malaria region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sair Arboleda
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan L. Parra
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A. Townsend Peterson
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Margarita M. Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Campos M, Conn JE, Alonso DP, Vinetz JM, Emerson KJ, Ribolla PEM. Microgeographical structure in the major Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi using microsatellites and SNP markers. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:76. [PMID: 28193289 PMCID: PMC5307779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, throughout the Amazon Basin, landscape modification contributing to profound ecological change has proceeded at an unprecedented rate. Deforestation that accompanies human activities can significantly change aspects of anopheline biology, though this may be site-specific. Such local changes in anopheline biology could have a great impact on malaria transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate population genetics of the main malaria vector in Brazil, Anopheles darlingi, from a microgeographical perspective. METHODS Microsatellites and ddRADseq-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to assess levels of population genetic structuring among mosquito populations from two ecologically distinctive agricultural settlements (~60 km apart) and a population from a distant (~700 km) urban setting in the western Amazon region of Brazil. RESULTS Significant microgeographical population differentiation was observed among Anopheles darlingi populations via both model- and non-model-based analysis only with the SNP dataset. Microsatellites detected moderate differentiation at the greatest distances, but were unable to differentiate populations from the two agricultural settlements. Both markers showed low polymorphism levels in the most human impacted sites. CONCLUSIONS At a microgeographical scale, signatures of genetic heterogeneity and population divergence were evident in Anopheles darlingi, possibly related to local environmental anthropic modification. This divergence was observed only when using high coverage SNP markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.,New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," and Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Prussing C, Michalski A, Tong Rios C, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Intensive trapping of blood-fed Anopheles darlingi in Amazonian Peru reveals unexpectedly high proportions of avian blood-meals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005337. [PMID: 28231248 PMCID: PMC5322880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in the Neotropics, has been considered to be highly anthropophilic. However, many behavioral aspects of this species remain unknown, such as the range of blood-meal sources. Barrier screens were used to collect resting Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes from 2013 to 2015 in three riverine localities (Lupuna, Cahuide and Santa Emilia) in Amazonian Peru. Overall, the Human Blood Index (HBI) ranged from 0.58-0.87, with no significant variation among years or sites. Blood-meal analysis revealed that humans are the most common blood source, followed by avian hosts (Galliformes-chickens and turkeys), and human/Galliforme mixed-meals. The Forage Ratio and Selection Index both show a strong preference for Galliformes over humans in blood-fed mosquitoes. Our data show that 30% of An. darlingi fed on more than one host, including combinations of dogs, pigs, goats and rats. There appears to be a pattern of host choice in An. darlingi, with varying proportions of mosquitoes feeding only on humans, only on Galliformes and some taking mixed-meals of blood (human plus Galliforme), which was detected in the three sites in different years, indicating that there could be a structure to these populations based on blood-feeding preferences. Mosquito age, estimated in two localities, Lupuna and Cahuide, ranged widely between sites and years. This variation may reflect the range of local environmental factors that influence longevity or possibly potential changes in the ability of the mosquito to transmit the parasite. Of 6,204 resting An. darlingi tested for Plasmodium infection, 0.42% were infected with P. vivax. This study provides evidence for the first time of the usefulness of barrier screens for the collection of blood-fed resting mosquitoes to calculate the Human Blood Index (HBI) and other blood-meal sources in a neotropical malaria endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A. Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Adrian Michalski
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Carlos Tong Rios
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, NY, United States of America
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Lainhart W, Bickersmith SA, Moreno M, Rios CT, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Changes in Genetic Diversity from Field to Laboratory During Colonization of Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:998-1001. [PMID: 26283742 PMCID: PMC4703261 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of colonizing any arthropod species, including vector mosquitoes, necessarily involves adaptation to laboratory conditions. The adaptation and evolution of colonized mosquito populations needs consideration when such colonies are used as representative models for pathogen transmission dynamics. A recently established colony of Anopheles darlingi, the primary malaria vector in Amazonian South America, was tested for genetic diversity and bottleneck after 21 generations, using microsatellites. As expected, laboratory An. darlingi had fewer private and rare alleles (frequency < 0.05), decreased observed heterozygosity, and more common alleles (frequency > 0.50), but no significant evidence of a bottleneck, decrease in total alleles, or increase in inbreeding compared with field specimens (founder population). Low-moderate differentiation between field and laboratory populations was detected. With these findings, and the documented inherent differences between laboratory and field populations, results of pathogen transmission studies using this An. darlingi colony need to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A Bickersmith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Tong Rios
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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