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Bove FJ, Greek A, Gatiba R, Boehm RC, Mohnsen MM. Evaluation of mortality among Marines, Navy personnel, and civilian workers exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC base Camp Lejeune: a cohort study. Environ Health 2024; 23:61. [PMID: 38961410 PMCID: PMC11221020 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking water at U.S. Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Lejeune, North Carolina was contaminated with trichloroethylene and other industrial solvents from 1953 to 1985. METHODS A cohort mortality study was conducted of Marines/Navy personnel who, between 1975 and 1985, began service and were stationed at Camp Lejeune (N = 159,128) or MCB Camp Pendleton, California (N = 168,406), and civilian workers employed at Camp Lejeune (N = 7,332) or Camp Pendleton (N = 6,677) between October 1972 and December 1985. Camp Pendleton's drinking water was not contaminated with industrial solvents. Mortality follow-up was between 1979 and 2018. Proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) comparing mortality rates between Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton cohorts. The ratio of upper and lower 95% confidence interval (CI) limits, or CIR, was used to evaluate the precision of aHRs. The study focused on underlying causes of death with aHRs ≥ 1.20 and CIRs ≤ 3. RESULTS Deaths among Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton Marines/Navy personnel totaled 19,250 and 21,134, respectively. Deaths among Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton civilian workers totaled 3,055 and 3,280, respectively. Compared to Camp Pendleton Marines/Navy personnel, Camp Lejeune had aHRs ≥ 1.20 with CIRs ≤ 3 for cancers of the kidney (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.54), esophagus (aHR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.54) and female breast (aHR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.98). Causes of death with aHRs ≥ 1.20 and CIR > 3, included Parkinson disease, myelodysplastic syndrome and cancers of the testes, cervix and ovary. Compared to Camp Pendleton civilian workers, Camp Lejeune had aHRs ≥ 1.20 with CIRs ≤ 3 for chronic kidney disease (aHR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.11) and Parkinson disease (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.04). Female breast cancer had an aHR of 1.19 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.88), and aHRs ≥ 1.20 with CIRs > 3 were observed for kidney and pharyngeal cancers, melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Quantitative bias analyses indicated that confounding due to smoking and alcohol consumption would not appreciably impact the findings. CONCLUSION Marines/Navy personnel and civilian workers likely exposed to contaminated drinking water at Camp Lejeune had increased hazard ratios for several causes of death compared to Camp Pendleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Bove
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Health Studies Section, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)/CDC, 6558 Parkside Way, Chamblee, GA, 30084, USA.
| | - April Greek
- Health Research and Analytics Division, Battelle Memorial Institute, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ruth Gatiba
- Health Research and Analytics Division, Battelle Memorial Institute, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Goldman SM, Weaver FM, Stroupe KT, Cao L, Gonzalez B, Colletta K, Brown EG, Tanner CM. Risk of Parkinson Disease Among Service Members at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:673-681. [PMID: 37184848 PMCID: PMC10186205 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Importance An increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) has been associated with exposure to the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE), but data are limited. Millions of people in the US and worldwide are exposed to TCE in air, food, and water. Objective To test whether the risk of PD is higher in veterans who served at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, whose water supply was contaminated with TCE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), compared with veterans who did not serve on that base. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study examined the risk for PD among all Marines and Navy personnel who resided at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (contaminated water) (n = 172 128), or Camp Pendleton, California (uncontaminated water) (n = 168 361), for at least 3 months between 1975 and 1985, with follow-up from January 1, 1997, until February 17, 2021. Veterans Health Administration and Medicare databases were searched for International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes for PD or other forms of parkinsonism and related medications and for diagnostic codes indicative of prodromal disease. Parkinson disease diagnoses were confirmed by medical record review. Exposures Water supplies at Camp Lejeune were contaminated with several VOCs. Levels were highest for TCE, with monthly median values greater than 70-fold the permissible amount. Main Outcome and Measures Risk of PD in former residents of Camp Lejeune relative to residents of Camp Pendleton. In those without PD or another form of parkinsonism, the risk of being diagnosed with features of prodromal PD were assessed individually and cumulatively using likelihood ratio tests. Results Health data were available for 158 122 veterans (46.4%). Demographic characteristics were similar between Camp Lejeune (5.3% women, 94.7% men; mean [SD] attained age of 59.64 [4.43] years; 29.7% Black, 6.0% Hispanic, 67.6% White; and 2.7% other race and ethnicity) and Camp Pendleton (3.8% women, 96.2% men; mean [SD] age, 59.80 [4.62] years; 23.4% Black, 9.4% Hispanic, 71.1% White, and 5.5% other race and ethnicity). A total of 430 veterans had PD, with 279 from Camp Lejeune (prevalence, 0.33%) and 151 from Camp Pendleton (prevalence, 0.21%). In multivariable models, Camp Lejeune veterans had a 70% higher risk of PD (odds ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.39-2.07; P < .001). No excess risk was found for other forms of neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Camp Lejeune veterans also had a significantly increased risk of prodromal PD diagnoses, including tremor, anxiety, and erectile dysfunction, and higher cumulative prodromal risk scores. Conclusions and Relevance The study's findings suggest that the risk of PD is higher in persons exposed to TCE and other VOCs in water 4 decades ago. Millions worldwide have been and continue to be exposed to this ubiquitous environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Goldman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Frances M. Weaver
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kevin T. Stroupe
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lishan Cao
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Beverly Gonzalez
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Kalea Colletta
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Ethan G. Brown
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Caroline M. Tanner
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
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Dorsey ER, Zafar M, Lettenberger SE, Pawlik ME, Kinel D, Frissen M, Schneider RB, Kieburtz K, Tanner CM, De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Bloem BR. Trichloroethylene: An Invisible Cause of Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:203-218. [PMID: 36938742 PMCID: PMC10041423 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-225047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The etiologies of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear. Some, such as certain genetic mutations and head trauma, are widely known or easily identified. However, these causes or risk factors do not account for the majority of cases. Other, less visible factors must be at play. Among these is a widely used industrial solvent and common environmental contaminant little recognized for its likely role in PD: trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE is a simple, six-atom molecule that can decaffeinate coffee, degrease metal parts, and dry clean clothes. The colorless chemical was first linked to parkinsonism in 1969. Since then, four case studies involving eight individuals have linked occupational exposure to TCE to PD. In addition, a small epidemiological study found that occupational or hobby exposure to the solvent was associated with a 500% increased risk of developing PD. In multiple animal studies, the chemical reproduces the pathological features of PD.Exposure is not confined to those who work with the chemical. TCE pollutes outdoor air, taints groundwater, and contaminates indoor air. The molecule, like radon, evaporates from underlying soil and groundwater and enters homes, workplaces, or schools, often undetected. Despite widespread contamination and increasing industrial, commercial, and military use, clinical investigations of TCE and PD have been limited. Here, through a literature review and seven illustrative cases, we postulate that this ubiquitous chemical is contributing to the global rise of PD and that TCE is one of its invisible and highly preventable causes. Further research is now necessary to examine this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maryam Zafar
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Meghan E Pawlik
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dan Kinel
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Myrthe Frissen
- Radboud University Medical Centre; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Department of Neurology; Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders; Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth B Schneider
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Department of Neurology; Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders; Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Pedersen JE, Strandberg-Larsen K, Andersson M, Hansen J. Occupational exposure to specific organic solvents and risk of subtypes of breast cancer in a large population of Danish women, 1964-2016. Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-106865. [PMID: 33093237 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore associations between occupational exposure to four specific organic solvents, respectively, and female breast cancer, including subtypes. METHODS Using the Danish Cancer Registry, we identified 38 375 women under age 70 years with primary breast cancer. Five randomly selected breast-cancer-free controls per case matched on year of birth were retrieved from the Danish Civil Registration System . A nationwide pension fund was used to retrieve full employment history, and exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene and toluene was assessed using a job exposure matrix. ORs were estimated using conditional logistic regression with adjustment for reproductive factors and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Overall results indicated no noteworthy associations between the specific organic solvents and breast cancer before and after age 50 years, except for a small increased risk after age 50 in women exposed to TCE (OR=1.15, 95% CI: 0.97-1.36). After age 50 years, exposure to TCE was associated with a small increased risk in women with over 20 years of latency (OR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.02-1.56). Further, an increased risk of oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumours was also observed (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.47), and high cumulative exposure and longer latency also increased the risk of this subtype. CONCLUSION This study provides limited evidence supporting the association between occupational exposure to each of the four organic solvents and breast cancer. The risk of ER+ breast tumours after age 50 years may be increased in women with TCE exposure, and this possible association therefore needs further attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Talibov M, Hansen J, Heikkinen S, Martinsen JI, Sparen P, Tryggvadottir L, Weiderpass E, Pukkala E. Occupational exposures and male breast cancer: A nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Breast 2019; 48:65-72. [PMID: 31539869 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and understudied disease. There is limited evidence on association between environmental and occupational agents and MBC. Some similarities in risk factors may be shared with female breast cancer. We evaluated solvents, metals, exhaust gases and other agents in relation to MBC within the large Nordic Occupational Cancer Study (NOCCA). METHODS The study included 1469 MBC cases and 7345 controls from Finland, Iceland and Sweden, matched for the date of birth, sex and country. Cases were identified through national cancer registries. Data on occupation and other demographic indicators were collected from census records and population registries. Overall, 24 occupational exposures were assessed. Exposure estimates were assigned by linking job titles to job-exposure matrices (NOCCA-JEM). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Significantly decreased overall OR was observed for physical workload (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91). Protective effect of physical workload was stronger by increasing exposure level with significant dose-response relationship (p-trend<0.01). Non-significantly increased ORs were observed for trichloroethylene, iron, lead, chromium, welding fumes and wood dust, and decreased ORs for asbestos, silica dust and perchloroethylene. However, these results were not consistent across all analyses. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed 20-25% protective effect for physical workload at work, while no strong evidence for other agents was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madar Talibov
- Faculty of Social/Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Johnni Hansen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sanna Heikkinen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Pär Sparen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social/Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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Engel CL, Sharima Rasanayagam M, Gray JM, Rizzo J. Work and Female Breast Cancer: The State of the Evidence, 2002-2017. New Solut 2019; 28:55-78. [PMID: 29658425 DOI: 10.1177/1048291118758460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors undertook a scoping review to assess the literature from 2002 to 2017 on the relationship between occupation and female breast cancer. Case-control, cohort, and meta-analytic studies suggest that women working as flight attendants, in medical professions, some production positions, sales and retail, and scientific technical staff are likely to have elevated risk of breast cancer. In addition, occupational exposures to night-shift work, ionizing radiation, some chemicals, job stress, and sedentary work may increase risk of breast cancer. Occupational physical activity appears to decrease risk. Workplace exposures to passive smoke and occupational exposure to nonionizing radiation do not appear to affect breast cancer risk. Some studies of occupational categories and workplace exposures indicate that risk may be modified by duration of exposure, timing of exposure, dose, hormone-receptor subtypes, and menopausal status at diagnosis. The compelling data from this review reveal a substantial need for further research on occupation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie L Engel
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet M Gray
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Nemchek L. Male Breast Cancer: Examining Gender Disparity in Diagnosis and Treatment. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2018; 22:E127-E133. [DOI: 10.1188/18.cjon.e127-e133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, Brody JG. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:152-182. [PMID: 28987728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many common environmental chemicals are mammary gland carcinogens in animal studies, activate relevant hormonal pathways, or enhance mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast cancer's long latency and multifactorial etiology make evaluation of these chemicals in humans challenging. OBJECTIVE For chemicals previously identified as mammary gland toxicants, we evaluated epidemiologic studies published since our 2007 review. We assessed whether study designs captured relevant exposures and disease features suggested by toxicological and biological evidence of genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, tumor promotion, or disruption of mammary gland development. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed database for articles with breast cancer outcomes published in 2006-2016 using terms for 134 environmental chemicals, sources, or biomarkers of exposure. We critically reviewed the articles. RESULTS We identified 158 articles. Consistent with experimental evidence, a few key studies suggested higher risk for exposures during breast development to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxins, perfluorooctane-sulfonamide (PFOSA), and air pollution (risk estimates ranged from 2.14 to 5.0), and for occupational exposure to solvents and other mammary carcinogens, such as gasoline components (risk estimates ranged from 1.42 to 3.31). Notably, one 50-year cohort study captured exposure to DDT during several critical windows for breast development (in utero, adolescence, pregnancy) and when this chemical was still in use. Most other studies did not assess exposure during a biologically relevant window or specify the timing of exposure. Few studies considered genetic variation, but the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project reported higher breast cancer risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in women with certain genetic variations, especially in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS New studies that targeted toxicologically relevant chemicals and captured biological hypotheses about genetic variants or windows of breast susceptibility added to evidence of links between environmental chemicals and breast cancer. However, many biologically relevant chemicals, including current-use consumer product chemicals, have not been adequately studied in humans. Studies are challenged to reconstruct exposures that occurred decades before diagnosis or access biological samples stored that long. Other problems include measuring rapidly metabolized chemicals and evaluating exposure to mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Rodgers
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia O Udesky
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia Green Brody
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
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Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
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Guardiola JJ, Beier JI, Falkner KC, Wheeler B, McClain CJ, Cave M. Occupational exposures at a polyvinyl chloride production facility are associated with significant changes to the plasma metabolome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:47-56. [PMID: 27765658 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational vinyl chloride (VC) exposures have been associated with toxicant-associated steatohepatitis and liver cancer. Metabolomics has been used to clarify mode of action in drug-induced liver injury but has not been performed following VC exposures. METHODS Plasma samples from 17 highly exposed VC workers without liver cancer and 27 unexposed healthy volunteers were obtained for metabolite extraction and GC/MS and LC/MS2 analysis. Following ion identification/quantification, Ingenuity pathway analysis was performed. RESULTS 613 unique named metabolites were identified. Of these, 189 metabolites were increased in the VC exposure group while 94 metabolites were decreased. Random Forest analysis indicated that the metabolite signature could separate the groups with 94% accuracy. VC exposures were associated with increased long chain (including arachidonic acid) and essential (including linoleic acid) fatty acids. Occupational exposure increased lipid peroxidation products including monohydroxy fatty acids (including 13-HODE); fatty acid dicarboxylates; and oxidized arachidonic acid products (including 5,9, and 15-HETE). Carnitine and carnitine esters were decreased, suggesting peroxisomal/mitochondrial dysfunction and alternate modes of lipid oxidation. Differentially regulated metabolites were shown to interact with extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Akt, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The top canonical pathways affected by occupational exposure included tRNA charging, nucleotide degradation, amino acid synthesis/degradation and urea cycle. Methionine and homocysteine was increased with decreased cysteine, suggesting altered 1-carbon metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Occupational exposure generated a distinct plasma metabolome with markedly altered lipid and amino acid metabolites. ERK1/2, Akt, AMPK, and NMDA were identified as protein targets for vinyl chloride toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Guardiola
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Benjamin Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Craig James McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA; The Kentucky One Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matt Cave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA; The Kentucky One Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Reconstructing Historical VOC Concentrations in Drinking Water for Epidemiological Studies at a U.S. Military Base: Summary of Results. WATER 2016; 8:449. [PMID: 28868161 PMCID: PMC5580837 DOI: 10.3390/w8100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A U.S. government health agency conducted epidemiological studies to evaluate whether exposures to drinking water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC) at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, were associated with increased health risks to children and adults. These health studies required knowledge of contaminant concentrations in drinking water—at monthly intervals—delivered to family housing, barracks, and other facilities within the study area. Because concentration data were limited or unavailable during much of the period of contamination (1950s–1985), the historical reconstruction process was used to quantify estimates of monthly mean contaminant-specific concentrations. This paper integrates many efforts, reports, and papers into a synthesis of the overall approach to, and results from, a drinking-water historical reconstruction study. Results show that at the Tarawa Terrace water treatment plant (WTP) reconstructed (simulated) tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 183 micrograms per liter (μg/L) compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 215 μg/L and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 μg/L during the period November 1957–February 1987. At the Hadnot Point WTP, reconstructed trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 783 μg/L compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 1400 μg/L during the period August 1953–December 1984. The Hadnot Point WTP also provided contaminated drinking water to the Holcomb Boulevard housing area continuously prior to June 1972, when the Holcomb Boulevard WTP came on line (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 32 μg/L) and intermittently during the period June 1972–February 1985 (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 66 μg/L). Applying the historical reconstruction process to quantify contaminant-specific monthly drinking-water concentrations is advantageous for epidemiological studies when compared to using the classical exposed versus unexposed approach.
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Sweeney MF, Hasan N, Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. Environmental endocrine disruptors: Effects on the human male reproductive system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2015; 16:341-57. [PMID: 26847433 PMCID: PMC4803593 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Incidences of altered development and neoplasia of male reproductive organs have increased during the last 50 years, as shown by epidemiological data. These data are associated with the increased presence of environmental chemicals, specifically "endocrine disruptors," that interfere with normal hormonal action. Much research has gone into testing the effects of specific endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the development of male reproductive organs and endocrine-related cancers in both in vitro and in vivo models. Efforts have been made to bridge the accruing laboratory findings with the epidemiological data to draw conclusions regarding the relationship between EDCs, altered development and carcinogenesis. The ability of EDCs to predispose target fetal and adult tissues to neoplastic transformation is best explained under the framework of the tissue organization field theory of carcinogenesis (TOFT), which posits that carcinogenesis is development gone awry. Here, we focus on the available evidence, from both empirical and epidemiological studies, regarding the effects of EDCs on male reproductive development and carcinogenesis of endocrine target tissues. We also critique current research methodology utilized in the investigation of EDCs effects and outline what could possibly be done to address these obstacles moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sweeney
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - N Hasan
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - A M Soto
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Pathobiology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - C Sonnenschein
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Pathobiology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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