1
|
Heck JE, He D, Wing SE, Ritz B, Carey CD, Yang J, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Park SL, Cheng I, Wu AH. Exposure to outdoor ambient air toxics and risk of breast cancer: The multiethnic cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114362. [PMID: 38574449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing literature has reported associations between traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer, however there are fewer investigations into specific ambient agents and any putative risk of breast cancer development, particularly studies occurring in populations residing in higher pollution areas such as Los Angeles. OBJECTIVES To estimate breast cancer risks related to ambient air toxics exposure at residential addresses. METHODS We examined the relationships between ambient air toxics and breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort among 48,665 California female participants followed for cancer from 2003 through 2013. We obtained exposure data on chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors or mammary gland carcinogens from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate breast cancer risk per one interquartile range (IQR) increase in air toxics exposure lagged by 5-years. Stratified analyses were conducted by race, ethnicity, and hormone receptor types. RESULTS Among all women, increased risks of invasive breast cancer were observed with toxicants related to industries [1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.22, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.18-5.60), ethylene dichloride (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 2.20-3.59), and vinyl chloride (HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.81, 2.85); these 3 agents were correlated (r2 = 0.45-0.77)]. Agents related to gasoline production or combustion were related to increased breast cancer risk [benzene (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.24, 1.41), ethylbenzene (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.28), toluene (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.38), naphthalene (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-2.22), acrolein (HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.92, 2.65)]. Higher hazard ratios were observed in African Americans and Whites compared to other racial and ethnic groups (p-heterogeneity <0.05 for traffic-related air toxics, acrolein, and vinyl acetate). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that specific toxic air pollutants may be associated with increase breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA; Center for Racial and Ethnic Equity in Health and Society, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Di He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sam E Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chandra D Carey
- College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA; Center for Racial and Ethnic Equity in Health and Society, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Section, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sungshim Lani Park
- Epidemiology Section, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Calderon-Hernandez J, Jarquin-Yañez L, Reyes-Arreguin L, Diaz-Padilla LA, Gonzalez-Compean JL, Gonzalez-Montalvo P, Rivera-Gomez R, Villanueva-Toledo JR, Pech K, Arrieta O, Leal YA. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survival and spatial analysis of socio-environmental risks in Mexico. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1236942. [PMID: 37901312 PMCID: PMC10603203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1236942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) etiology remains largely unknown; incidence patterns by age, sex, and geographical distribution suggest a potential environmental role. Aim To identify ALL clusters from four contrasting urban areas of Mexico and to characterize the sources of environmental carcinogens. Methods Hospital-based ALL cases (n = 443) diagnosed in children <19 years old from the Metropolitan Zones of Merida and San Luis Potosi, the State of Mexico, and Tijuana were analyzed (2015-2020). ALL cases were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. ALL clusters were identified by Kernel Density, and excess risk was estimated. Data of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations measured by community-monitoring stations were analyzed. Geocoded datasets of benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and PM2.5 sources were analyzed to characterize patterns of exposure in ALL clusters. Results The survival rate for ALL ranged from 61.5% to 78.6%. Seven ALL clusters with excess risk (RR 1.4-2.3, p < 0.05) were identified. The carcinogen sources included artisanal brick kilns, gas stations, cement works, carpentry, paint, and chemical manufacturing establishments. PM2.5 levels ranged from 15 µg/m3 to 37 µg/m3 among study areas. Conclusion ALL clusters were identified at the community level; the excess risk could be explained by small-scale carcinogen sources. The levels of PM2.5 in outdoor air ranged from 3 to 6 times above the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. Healthcare providers must raise awareness of the increased risk of ALL in children living near sources of environmental carcinogens; cancer control and prevention strategies must be steered from a multi-sectoral and multi-action perspective to protect children's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Calderon-Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina/CIAAS, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Global Public Health Program, Boston College, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lizet Jarquin-Yañez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Reyes-Arreguin
- Facultad de Medicina/CIAAS, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Luis A Diaz-Padilla
- Servicio de Oncología Pediátrica de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Centro Médico Nacional "Ignacio García Téllez", Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Gonzalez-Compean
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Tamaulipas, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Montalvo
- Servicio de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital O'Horán, Servicios de Salud de Yucatán/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Rivera-Gomez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
- Comisión de Salud Fronteriza Mexico-Estados, Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Tijuana BajaREG, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jairo R Villanueva-Toledo
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) - Fundación IMSS, A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Kristal Pech
- Departamento de Epidemiología del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Coordinación del Registro Nacional de Cáncer del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yelda A Leal
- Coordinación del Registro Nacional de Cáncer del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Registro Poblacional de Cáncer Mérida, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Centro Médico Nacional "Ignacio García Téllez", Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Centro Institucional de Capacitación y Registro de Cáncer, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Montes-Rodríguez IM, Soto-Salgado M, Torres-Cintrón CR, Tomassini-Fernandini JC, Suárez E, Clavell LA, Cadilla CL. Incidence and Mortality Rates for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 2012-2016. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:1030-1037. [PMID: 37222662 PMCID: PMC10524932 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for 80% of all leukemias diagnosed in children. Although ALL age patterns are consistent across racial/ethnic groups, their incidence and mortality rates are highly variable. We assessed the age-standardized ALL incidence and mortality rates of Puerto Rican Hispanic (PRH) children and compared them with those of US mainland Hispanics (USH), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders (NHAPI). METHODS Differences between racial/ethnic groups were assessed by estimating the standardized rate ratio (SRR) for 2010 to 2014. Secondary data analyses of the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) databases were performed for the 2001 to 2016 period. RESULTS PRH children had 31% lower incidence rates than USH, but 86% higher incidence rates than NHB. In addition, the incidence trends of ALL increased significantly from 2001 to 2016 among PRH and USH, with 5% and 0.9% per year, respectively. Moreover, PRH have a lower 5-year overall survival (81.7%) when compared with other racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS PRH children were found to have disparities in ALL incidence and mortality rates compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the US. Additional research is warranted to identify the genetic and environmental risk factors that may be associated with the disparities observed. IMPACT This is the first study reporting the incidence and mortality rates of childhood ALL for PRH and making comparisons with other racial/ethnic groups in the US. See related commentary by Mejía-Aranguré and Núñez-Enríquez, p. 999.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marievelisse Soto-Salgado
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
| | - Carlos R. Torres-Cintrón
- Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Erick Suárez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| | - Luis A. Clavell
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, San Jorge Children’s Hospital, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen L. Cadilla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ashrafi F, Sadeghi A, Derakhshandeh A, Oghab P. The feasibility of PETHEMA ALL-96 regimen on treatment of patients with acute lymphoid leukemia. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:30. [PMID: 37213449 PMCID: PMC10199372 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Asparaginase-based treatment regimen for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is considered as feasible, but there is still a lack of data. In this study, considering the results of other regimen that were not optimum in previous studies. Here, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of PETHEMA ALL-96 treatment regimen. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective feasibility study that was performed in 2019-2021 on 13 patients diagnosed with B-cell ALL. Patients were treated by PETHEMA ALL-96 regimen during induction, consolidation, reinduction, and maintenance phases. Patients were followed for 2 years after initiation of PETHEMA ALL-96 regimen for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of all patients were evaluated after 2 years. Results Data of 11 patients were analyzed. Within 28 days after treatments, all patients (100%) had no blasts in the bone marrow that was considered as complete remission (CR). The CR rate was 100% within 6 months and 12 months and 81.8% within 2 years after the treatments. Evaluation of OS, CR, and DFS regarding 6, 12, and 24 months showed 100% for all items after 6 and 12 months. After 24 months, the CR was 90.9%, the OS was 81.8% and the DFS was 90.9%. None of the patients died during the induction phase and during the 12 months study. No side effects were observed. Conclusion The PETHEMA ALL-96 had high feasibility and survival rates with no side effects during the study course. It is believed that PETHEMA ALL-96 regimen has beneficial outcomes in young patients with ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Ashrafi
- Aquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Derakhshandeh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Padideh Oghab
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Padideh Oghab, School of Medicine, Al-zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Indoor exposure levels and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in residences, schools, and offices in China from 2000 to 2021: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13091. [PMID: 36168233 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. However, indoor VOC pollution across China has not been well characterized and documented. This study is a systematic review of field measurements of eight target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, butadiene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in residences, offices, and schools in China from 2000 to 2021. The results show that indoor pollution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes has been more serious in China than in other countries. Spatiotemporal distribution shows lower indoor VOC levels in east and south-east regions and a declining trend from 2000 to 2021. Moving into a dwelling more than 1 year after decoration and improving ventilation could significantly reduce exposure to indoor VOCs. Reducing benzene exposure is urgently needed because it is associated with greater health risks (4.5 × 10-4 for lifetime cancer risk and 8.3 for hazard quotient) than any other VOCs. The present study enriches the database of indoor VOC levels and provides scientific evidence for improving national indoor air quality standards as well as estimating the attributable disease burden caused by VOCs in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clark CJ, Johnson NP, Soriano M, Warren JL, Sorrentino KM, Kadan-Lottick NS, Saiers JE, Ma X, Deziel NC. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Exposure and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study in Pennsylvania, 2009-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:87001. [PMID: 35975995 PMCID: PMC9383266 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) releases chemicals that have been linked to cancer and childhood leukemia. Studies of UOGD exposure and childhood leukemia are extremely limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations between residential proximity to UOGD and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common form of childhood leukemia, in a large regional sample using UOGD-specific metrics, including a novel metric to represent the water pathway. METHODS We conducted a registry-based case-control study of 405 children ages 2-7 y diagnosed with ALL in Pennsylvania between 2009-2017, and 2,080 controls matched on birth year. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between residential proximity to UOGD (including a new water pathway-specific proximity metric) and ALL in two exposure windows: a primary window (3 months preconception to 1 y prior to diagnosis/reference date) and a perinatal window (preconception to birth). RESULTS Children with at least one UOG well within 2 km of their birth residence during the primary window had 1.98 times the odds of developing ALL in comparison with those with no UOG wells [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 3.69]. Children with at least one vs. no UOG wells within 2 km during the perinatal window had 2.80 times the odds of developing ALL (95% CI: 1.11, 7.05). These relationships were slightly attenuated after adjusting for maternal race and socio-economic status [odds ratio (OR) = 1.74 (95% CI: 0.93, 3.27) and OR = 2.35 (95% CI: 0.93, 5.95)], respectively). The ORs produced by models using the water pathway-specific metric were similar in magnitude to the aggregate metric. DISCUSSION Our study including a novel UOGD metric found UOGD to be a risk factor for childhood ALL. This work adds to mounting evidence of UOGD's impacts on children's health, providing additional support for limiting UOGD near residences. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11092.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Clark
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholaus P. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Soriano
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keli M. Sorrentino
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nina S. Kadan-Lottick
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - James E. Saiers
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Sun P, Xiao J, Jin L, Ma N, Li Z, Feng G, Huang H, Deziel NC, Ma X, Ni X, Zhang Y. International patterns and trends of childhood and adolescent cancer, 1978-2012. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022; 2:78-89. [PMID: 39034956 PMCID: PMC11256536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the temporal trends of cancer incidence rates for individuals aged 0-19 years in selected regions globally from 1978 to 2012. Methods Data were obtained from Volumes V-XI of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5), published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A total of 53 registries in 23 regions from the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania that contained information on cancer incidence throughout 1978-2012 (35 years) were included in this study. Joinpoint regression was used for the analysis of trends. Results Most regions showed increasing trends in overall childhood cancer among children (aged 0-14 years) and adolescents (aged 15-19 years). Nearly all regions showed rising trends in childhood and adolescent leukemia incidence rates, whereas the incidence of lymphoma among children generally decreased. Only France, Australia, and New Zealand showed decreasing trends for malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors among adolescents. Kidney cancer and bone cancer incidence rates remained stable for most regions. The incidence of thyroid cancer among adolescents increased in most regions and that of testicular cancer decreased in approximately one-half of the regions studied. Conclusion The international temporal trends of cancer incidents among children and adolescents are varied by region, cancer type, age group, and gender, and have changed over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyuan Sun
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lan Jin
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- National Center for Pediatric Cancer Surveillance, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng
- Center for Bigdata Research, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- National Center for Pediatric Cancer Surveillance, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Center for Bigdata Research, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shakeel O, Lupo PJ, Strong S, Arora M, Scheurer ME. A brief review of the current knowledge on environmental toxicants and risk of pediatric cancers. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:193-202. [PMID: 34665984 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1979147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pediatric cancers has steadily increased since 1975, which could suggest that other exogenous factors are accounting for an increasing proportion of cases. There has been growing concern over environmental exposures (i.e., toxicants) the on development of pediatric cancers. However, identifying environmental exposures on childhood cancer risk has been challenging because these outcomes are infrequent compared to cancer in adults, and it is difficult to estimate exposure during specific critical periods of development (e.g., pre-conception, in utero, early childhood) that are likely more important for childhood cancer development. Here, we summarize the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Group 1 agents (toxicants known to be carcinogenic to humans), their routes of exposure, current methods for risk mitigation, and what is known of their associations with pediatric cancer risk. Our review suggests that environmental toxicants are important and potentially modifiable risk factors that need to be more fully explored in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Shakeel
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun Q, Wang B, Xu S, Cong X, Pu Y, Zhang J. Research development and trends of benzene-induced leukemia from 1990 to 2019-A bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9626-9639. [PMID: 34997503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is an occupational and environmental toxicant, causing hematopoietic damage. Our study is aimed to extract the trend of benzene-induced leukemia (BIL) and qualitatively and quantitatively estimate research on it. Publications on BIL were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Microsoft Excel 2019 (Redmond, WA) and The CiteSpace 5.6.R5 software (Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA) were used to analyze the publication outcomes, countries, institutions, authors, keywords, and research frontiers. The overall 1152 publications were collected from 1990 to 2019 until November 6, 2020. Environ Health Persp had the highest number of articles published. The USA were the top country in terms of BIL. The Smith MT, Yin SN, Lan Q, and Hayes RB are both listed in the top 10 of co-cited authors, high contribution authors, and the authors of co-cited references. High IF articles account for a considerable proportion, among all the publications. Chinese institutions engaged in BIL and contributed a large part of articles. Exposure population, exposure dose, and exposure risk are the research hotspots in this field. The risk of benzene exposure on childhood leukemia is at issue, and the studies on attributable risk of benzene-induced leukemia are few. More early, sensitive, and specific epigenetic biomarkers of benzolism may be the leading research fields of benzene-induced leukemia in the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Boshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Cong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Environmental impact and human health risks of air pollutants near a large chemical/petrochemical complex: Case study in Tarragona, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147550. [PMID: 33991912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical industries and oil refineries are known emission sources of environmental contaminants, such as metals/metalloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), among others. Based on the toxicological potential of these pollutants, harmful health effects can be expected for the population living near these facilities. One of the largest chemical/petrochemical complexes in Europe is located in Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain). In the last two decades, a number of investigations aimed at assessing the environmental impact of air pollutants potentially emitted by this industrial complex have been carried out. The present paper is a review of the available scientific information on the levels of air pollutants related with the activities of this chemical/petrochemical complex. Although there are currently some data on the environmental burdens of metals/metalloids, PAHs, VOCs and PCDD/Fs, there is an evident lack of specific biological monitoring studies on human health. Taking into account the amount of chemicals released to air and their toxicity, it is essential to perform an in-depth analysis of the current health status of the population living in Tarragona County.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei T, Jiao R, Nakyeyune R, Zang Z, Shao Y, Shen Y, Niu C, Zhu L, Ruan X, Liu F. Exposure to outdoor air pollution at different periods and the risk of leukemia: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35376-35391. [PMID: 34009571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The causes of leukemia remain largely unknown; our aims were to examine the association between the exposure to outdoor air pollution and leukemia risk and to explore the effect of this exposure during different periods of pregnancy and early life. We searched for all case-control and cohort studies published before February 20, 2021, which measured the risk of leukemia in relation to exposure to the air pollutants: particulate matter, benzene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We then carried out a meta-analysis and calculated the summary relative risks (RRs) of leukemia by using a random-effects model. The potential dose-response relationship was further explored. The results showed that the highest exposure to benzene (RR: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.06-1.35) and NO2 (RR: 1.04, 95%CI; 1.02-1.08) were positively correlated with leukemia risk when compared to the lowest exposure categories for each air pollutant. During pregnancy, exposure to benzene in the third trimester, as well as exposure to NO2 in the second trimester and entire pregnancy, could also increase the risk of leukemia. In the dose-response analysis, benzene exposure and NO2 exposure were linearly associated with the risk of leukemia. Other air pollutants did not have a statistical correlation with leukemia risk. There was a certain degree of publication bias in studies on benzene. Overall, our results support a link between outdoor air pollution and leukemia risk, particularly due to benzene and NO2. Prospero Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42020207025.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Rong Jiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Rena Nakyeyune
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhaoping Zang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaoli Ruan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, 10# Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kripke M, Brody JG, Hawk E, Hernandez AB, Hoppin PJ, Jacobs MM, Rudel RA, Rebbeck TR. Rethinking Environmental Carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1870-1875. [PMID: 33004408 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2010 report of the President's Cancer Panel concluded that the burden of cancer from chemical exposures is substantial, while the programs for testing and regulation of carcinogens remain inadequate. New research on the role of early life exposures and the ability of chemicals to act via multiple biological pathways, including immunosuppression, inflammation, and endocrine disruption as well as mutagenesis, further supports the potential for chemicals and chemical mixtures to influence disease. Epidemiologic observations, such as higher leukemia incidence in children living near roadways and industrial sources of air pollution, and new in vitro technologies that decode carcinogenesis at the molecular level, illustrate the diverse evidence that primary prevention of some cancers may be achieved by reducing harmful chemical exposures. The path forward requires cross-disciplinary approaches, increased environmental research investment, system-wide collaboration to develop safer economic alternatives, and community engagement to support evidence-informed action. Engagement by cancer researchers to integrate environmental risk factors into prevention initiatives holds tremendous promise for reducing the rates of disease.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kripke
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ernest Hawk
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Polly J Hoppin
- University of Massachusetts Lowell and Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Molly M Jacobs
- University of Massachusetts Lowell and Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Monroy-Torres R, Ibarra-Miranda D, Sánchez JN, Castillo-Chávez A. Main Nutritional and Environmental Risk Factors in Children with Leukemia from a Public Hospital of the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666181008151217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction::
The prevalence of leukemia in children aged under 19 years continues to
increase. Nutritional and environmental factors have been described as causes of their development,
and maternal breastfeeding, birth weight, exposure to cow’s milk or to contaminants before
1 year of age, and smoking have been studied.
Objective::
To analyze the main nutritional and environmental risk factors in children with Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in a public hospital in Guanajuato, Mexico.
Methods::
Analytical and cross-sectional study on 30 children under 18 years of age, with a confirmed
diagnosis of ALL in a public hospital in Guanajuato, Mexico. With the signed informed
consent of the children’s parents, a questionnaire was applied that collected and in which nutritional
risk factors (weeks of gestation and birth weight, breastfeeding, exposure to cow’s milk)
and environmental factors (smoking and exposure to arsenic) were evaluated. The frequencies and
Odds Ratios (OR) of the main nutritional and environmental risk factors were obtained.
Results::
Mean age was 8 ± 4 years with 38 ± 1 weeks of gestation, with a birth weight of 3,200 g
(range, 2,500-4,800 g). Fifty percent of the children consumed cow’s milk during their first year
of life (40% before 6 months of age); 33.3% received maternal milk for ≤6 months and 63% of the
parents had a positive smoking habit, with 66.6% of the participants living in cities with arsenic
levels falling outside of the norm.
Conclusion::
The main nutritional and environmental risk factors found were early complementary
feeding, cow’s milk prior to 1 year of age, a duration of breastfeeding of fewer than 6 months,
birth weight of >3,500 g, a positive smoking habit in the children’s parents, as well as exposure to
arsenic in drinking water. Identification of these risk factors could constitute an input for integrating
novel prevention alternatives and the nutritional management of leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Monroy-Torres
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Ambiental y Seguridad Alimentaria, Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, Campus León, Mexico
| | - Daniela Ibarra-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Ambiental y Seguridad Alimentaria, Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, Campus León, Mexico
| | | | - Angela Castillo-Chávez
- Observatorio Universitario de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional del Estado de Guanajuato, León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu WJ, Tang WF, Xiang MH, Yan J, Cao X, Zhou CH, Chang Y, Xi J, Cao YY, Luan Y, Zhang XY. Isotope dilution LC/ESI --MS-MS quantitation of urinary 1,4-bis(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)-2-butanone in mice and rats as the biomarker of 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene, an in vitro metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108760. [PMID: 31348916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1-Chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB) is a possible metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, a carcinogenic air pollutant. To demonstrate its formation in vivo, it is desirable to develop a practical biomarker and the corresponding analysis method. CHB can undergo alcohol dehydrogenase- and cytochromes P450 enzymes (P450)-mediated oxidation to yield 1-chloro-3-buten-2-one (CBO), which readily forms glutathione conjugates. We hypothesized that CBO-derived mercapturic acids, which are the expected biotransformed products of CBO-glutathione conjugates, could be used as CHB biomarkers. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the in vivo biotransformation of CHB into CBO-derived mercapturic acids. Because the reaction of CBO with N-acetyl-l-cysteine yields two products, 1,4-bis(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)-2-butanone (NC1) and 1-chloro-4-(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)-2-butanone (NC2), we first developed an isotope dilution LC/ESI--MS-MS method to quantitate urinary NC1 and NC2, and then determined their concentrations in urine of C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats administered CHB. Since no NC2 was detected in samples, the LC/ESI--MS-MS method was optimized specifically for NC1. NC1 was enriched through solid phase extraction with the recovery being 75-82%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 6.8 and 34 fmol/0.1 mL for mouse urine, and 4.5 and 7.1 fmol/0.1 mL for rat urine, respectively. In urine of animals before CHB administration, no NC1 was detected; in mice administered CHB at 10 and 30 mg/kg, and rats at 5 and 15 mg/kg, NC1 was detected and its concentrations in urine from animals given higher doses were 3-6 fold higher than those given lower doses. Moreover, the NC1 concentrations in urine during 0-8 h were 4-6 fold and 10-11 fold higher than those during 8-24 h for mice and rats, respectively. The results demonstrated that CHB could be in vivo biotransformed into NC1, which could be used as a practical CHB biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Wu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wei-Feng Tang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ming-Hui Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Jianshe Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiumei Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chang-Hui Zhou
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation & Research, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation & Research, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi-Yi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tee Lewis PG, Chen TY, Chan W, Symanski E. Predictors of residential mobility and its impact on air pollution exposure among children diagnosed with early childhood leukemia. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:510-519. [PMID: 30770842 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies relying on one address to assign exposures over time share common methodological limitations in failing to account for mobility that may introduce potential exposure misclassification. Using Texas birth certificate and cancer registry data, we identified predictors of residential mobility among mothers of children diagnosed with early childhood leukemia in Texas from 1995 to 2011. We used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Air Toxics Assessment data to estimate residential levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene based on addresses at birth and diagnosis and applied mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models to evaluate differences in exposure classification between the two time periods. In total, 55% of children moved from time of birth to diagnosis, although they generally did not move far (median distance moved was 8 km). Predictors of mobility, at delivery, included younger age, being unmarried and living in neighborhoods with high benzene levels, and, at diagnosis, increasing child's age and living in neighborhoods with low poverty rates. We observed that the odds of being assigned to a higher exposure quartile at diagnosis relative to the time of birth decreased by 31% for 1,3-butadiene (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.82) and by 12% for benzene (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.75, 1.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Grace Tee Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Environmental Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, Suite 1300, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, UTHealth School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenyaw Chan
- Department of Biostatistics, UTHealth School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
García-Pérez J, Gómez-Barroso D, Tamayo-Uria I, Ramis R. Methodological approaches to the study of cancer risk in the vicinity of pollution sources: the experience of a population-based case-control study of childhood cancer. Int J Health Geogr 2019; 18:12. [PMID: 31138300 PMCID: PMC6537179 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-019-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental exposures are related to the risk of some types of cancer, and children are the most vulnerable group of people. This study seeks to present the methodological approaches used in the papers of our group about risk of childhood cancers in the vicinity of pollution sources (industrial and urban sites). A population-based case–control study of incident childhood cancers in Spain and their relationship with residential proximity to industrial and urban areas was designed. Two methodological approaches using mixed multiple unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were developed: (a) “near vs. far” analysis, where possible excess risks of cancers in children living near (“near”) versus those living far (“far”) from industrial and urban areas were assessed; and (b) “risk gradient” analysis, where the risk gradient in the vicinity of industries was assessed. For each one of the two approaches, three strategies of analysis were implemented: “joint”, “stratified”, and “individualized” analysis. Incident cases were obtained from the Spanish Registry of Childhood Cancer (between 1996 and 2011). Results Applying this methodology, associations between proximity (≤ 2 km) to specific industrial and urban zones and risk (OR; 95% CI) of leukemias (1.31; 1.04–1.65 for industrial areas, and 1.28; 1.00–1.53 for urban areas), neuroblastoma (2.12; 1.18–3.83 for both industrial and urban areas), and renal (2.02; 1.16–3.52 for industrial areas) and bone (4.02; 1.73–9.34 for urban areas) tumors have been suggested. Conclusions The two methodological approaches were used as a very useful and flexible tool to analyze the excess risk of childhood cancers in the vicinity of industrial and urban areas, which can be extrapolated and generalized to other cancers and chronic diseases, and adapted to other types of pollution sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Pérez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diana Gómez-Barroso
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra and "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA)", Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Ramis
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Filippini T, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Heck JE, Park AS, Crippa A, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:46002. [PMID: 31017485 PMCID: PMC6785230 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A causal link between outdoor air pollution and childhood leukemia has been proposed, but some older studies suffer from methodological drawbacks. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic reviews have summarized the most recently published evidence and no analyses have examined the dose-response relation. OBJECTIVE We investigated the extent to which outdoor air pollution, especially as resulting from traffic-related contaminants, affects the risk of childhood leukemia. METHODS We searched all case-control and cohort studies that have investigated the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to exposure either to motorized traffic and related contaminants, based on various traffic-related metrics (number of vehicles in the closest roads, road density, and distance from major roads), or to measured or modeled levels of air contaminants such as benzene, nitrogen dioxide, 1,3-butadiene, and particulate matter. We carried out a meta-analysis of all eligible studies, including nine studies published since the last systematic review and, when possible, we fit a dose-response curve using a restricted cubic spline regression model. RESULTS We found 29 studies eligible to be included in our review. In the dose-response analysis, we found little association between disease risk and traffic indicators near the child's residence for most of the exposure range, with an indication of a possible excess risk only at the highest levels. In contrast, benzene exposure was positively and approximately linearly associated with risk of childhood leukemia, particularly for acute myeloid leukemia, among children under 6 y of age, and when exposure assessment at the time of diagnosis was used. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide showed little association with leukemia risk except at the highest levels. DISCUSSION Overall, the epidemiologic literature appears to support an association between benzene and childhood leukemia risk, with no indication of any threshold effect. A role for other measured and unmeasured pollutants from motorized traffic is also possible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4381.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elizabeth E. Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Rothman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia E. Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S. Park
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alessio Crippa
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Transplacental exposure to carcinogens and risks to children: evidence from biomarker studies and the utility of omic profiling. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:833-857. [PMID: 30859261 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The factors underlying the increasing rates and the geographic variation of childhood cancers are largely unknown. Epidemiological studies provide limited evidence for a possible role in the etiology of certain types of childhood cancer of the exposure of pregnant women to environmental carcinogens (e.g., tobacco smoke and pesticides); however, such evidence is inadequate to allow definitive conclusions. Complementary evidence can be obtained from biomarker-based population studies. Such studies have demonstrated that, following exposure of pregnant mothers, most environmental carcinogens reach the fetus and, in many cases, induce therein genotoxic damage which in adults is known to be associated with increased cancer risk, implying that environmental carcinogens may contribute to the etiology of childhood cancer. During recent years, intermediate disease biomarkers, obtained via omic profiling, have provided additional insights into the impact of transplacental exposures on fetal tissues which, in some cases, are also compatible with a precarcinogenic role of certain in utero exposures. Here we review the epidemiological and biomarker evidence and discuss how further research, especially utilizing high-density profiling, may allow a better evaluation of the links between in utero environmental exposures and cancer in children.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lazarevic N, Barnett AG, Sly PD, Knibbs LD. Statistical Methodology in Studies of Prenatal Exposure to Mixtures of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: A Review of Existing Approaches and New Alternatives. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:26001. [PMID: 30720337 PMCID: PMC6752940 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical developmental windows have been implicated in the etiologies of a wide array of adverse perinatal and pediatric outcomes. Epidemiological studies have concentrated on the health effects of individual chemicals, despite the understanding that EDCs act together via common mechanisms, that pregnant women are exposed to multiple EDCs simultaneously, and that substantial toxicological evidence of adverse developmental effects has been documented. There is a move toward multipollutant models in environmental epidemiology; however, there is no current consensus on appropriate statistical methods. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the statistical methods used in these studies, to identify additional applicable methods, and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each method for addressing the salient statistical and epidemiological challenges. METHODS We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science for epidemiological studies of endocrine-sensitive outcomes in the children of mothers exposed to EDC mixtures during pregnancy and identified alternative statistical methods from the wider literature. DISCUSSION We identified 74 studies and analyzed the methods used to estimate mixture health effects, identify important mixture components, account for nonmonotonicity in exposure–response relationships, assess interactions, and identify windows of exposure susceptibility. We identified both frequentist and Bayesian methods that are robust to multicollinearity, performing shrinkage, variable selection, dimension reduction, statistical learning, or smoothing, including methods that were not used by the studies included in our review. CONCLUSIONS Compelling motivation exists for analyzing EDCs as mixtures, yet many studies make simplifying assumptions about EDC additivity, relative potency, and linearity, or overlook the potential for bias due to asymmetries in chemical persistence. We discuss the potential impacts of these choices and suggest alternative methods to improve analyses of prenatal exposure to EDC mixtures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2207.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lazarevic
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian G Barnett
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Air Quality & Health Research and Evaluation, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Werder EJ, Engel LS, Richardson DB, Emch ME, Gerr FE, Kwok RK, Sandler DP. Environmental styrene exposure and neurologic symptoms in U.S. Gulf coast residents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:480-490. [PMID: 30278311 PMCID: PMC6712572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styrene is an established neurotoxicant at occupational levels, but effects at levels relevant to the general population have not been studied. We examined the neurologic effects of environmental styrene exposure among U.S. Gulf coast residents. METHODS We used National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) 2011 estimates of ambient styrene concentrations to assign exposure levels for 21,962 non-diabetic Gulf state residents, and additionally measured blood styrene concentration in a subset of participants (n = 874). Neurologic symptoms, as well as detailed covariate information, were ascertained via telephone interview. We used log-binomial regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for cross-sectional associations between both ambient and blood styrene levels and self-reported neurologic symptoms. We estimated associations independently for ten unique symptoms, as well as for the presence of any neurologic, central nervous system (CNS), or peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms. We also examined heterogeneity of associations with estimated ambient styrene levels by race and sex. RESULTS One-third of participants reported at least one neurologic symptom. The highest quartile of estimated ambient styrene was associated with one or more neurologic (PR, 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07,1.18), CNS (PR, 1.17; 95% CI: 1.11,1.25), and PNS (PR, 1.16; 95% CI: 1.09,1.25) symptom. Results were less consistent for biomarker analyses, but blood styrene level was suggestively associated with nausea (PR, 1.78; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.03). In stratified analyses, we observed the strongest effects among non-White participants. CONCLUSIONS Increasing estimated ambient styrene concentration was consistently associated with increased prevalence of neurologic symptoms. Associations between blood styrene levels and some neurologic symptoms were suggestive. Environmental styrene exposure levels may be sufficient to elicit symptomatic neurotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Werder
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael E Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Fredric E Gerr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maternal exposure to gasoline and exhaust increases the risk of childhood leukaemia in offspring - a prospective study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1028-1035. [PMID: 30318517 PMCID: PMC6203789 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the prospective population-based Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), comprising 113 754 offspring, we investigated the association between parental exposure to “gasoline or exhaust”, as a proxy for benzene exposure, and childhood leukaemia. Methods Around gestational week 17, mothers and fathers responded to a questionnaire on exposure to various agents during the last 6 months and 6 months pre-conception, respectively. Benzene exposure was assessed through self-reported exposure to “gasoline or exhaust”. Cases of childhood leukaemia (n = 70) were identified through linkage with the Cancer Registry of Norway. Risk was estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), comparing offspring from exposed and unexposed parents using a Cox regression model. Results Maternal exposure to "gasoline or exhaust" was associated with an increased risk of childhood leukaemia (HR = 2.59; 95%CI: 1.03, 6.48) and acute lymphatic leukaemia (HR = 2.71; 95%CI: 0.97, 7.58). There was an increasing risk for higher exposure (p value for trend = 0.032 and 0.027). The association did not change after adjustment for maternal smoking. Conclusion In spite of rather few cases, the findings in this prospective study, with the exposure metric defined a priori, support previous observations relating maternal exposure to benzene from gasoline and other petroleum-derived sources and the subsequent development of childhood leukaemia in the offspring.
Collapse
|
23
|
Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hvidtfeldt UA, Roswall N, Hertel O, Poulsen AH, Sørensen M. Ambient benzene at the residence and risk for subtypes of childhood leukemia, lymphoma and CNS tumor. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1367-1373. [PMID: 29633247 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to benzene increases the risk for acute myeloid leukemia and possibly other types of cancer in adults. For children, only limited evidence about benzene and cancer exists. A few studies have indicated that benzene may increase risk for some subtypes of childhood cancer but not for others. We aimed to investigate if outdoor levels of benzene at the residence increase the risk for subtypes of leukemia, lymphoma and CNS tumor in children. We identified 1,989 children diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma or CNS tumor during 1968-1991 in the Danish Cancer Registry and randomly selected 5,506 control children from the Danish population, matched on sex, age and calendar time. We traced residential history of all children from 9 months before birth to time of diagnosis, calculated outdoor benzene concentration at all addresses and summarized cumulative exposure over fetal and childhood periods separately. We used conditional logistic regression for the statistical analyses. Benzene exposure during childhood above the 90th percentile was associated with relative risks for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of 1.0 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.6-1.7) and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.3-11.1), respectively, when compared with exposure levels below the median. For CNS tumors, there was a tendency of lower risk for ependymoma and higher risk for medulloblastoma in association with higher exposure. In conclusion, benzene was associated with higher risk for childhood AML, but not ALL, which is consistent with the few previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulla A Hvidtfeldt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Aslak H Poulsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eluka-Okoludoh E, Ewunkem AJ, Thorpe S, Blanchard A, Muganda P. Diepoxybutane-induced apoptosis is mediated through the ERK1/2 pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1080-1091. [PMID: 29405768 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118755255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent active metabolite of butadiene, a regulated air pollutant. We previously reported the occurrence of DEB-induced, p53-dependent, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human lymphoblasts. The present study investigated the role of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway in DEB-induced apoptotic signaling in exposed human lymphoblasts. Activated ERK1/2 and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/ERK1/2 kinase (MEK) levels were significantly upregulated in DEB-exposed human lymphoblasts. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 and ERK1/2 siRNA significantly inhibited apoptosis, ERK1/2 activation, as well as p53 and phospho-p53 (serine-15) levels in human lymphoblasts undergoing DEB-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that DEB induces apoptotic signaling through the MEK-ERK1/2-p53 pathway in human lymphoblasts. This is the first report implicating the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and its subsequent role in mediating DEB-induced apoptotic signaling in human lymphoblasts. These findings contribute towards the understanding of DEB toxicity, as well as the signaling pathways mediating DEB-induced apoptosis in human lymphoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Eluka-Okoludoh
- 1 Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.,2 Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - A J Ewunkem
- 2 Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Thorpe
- 1 Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - A Blanchard
- 1 Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - P Muganda
- 1 Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cicalese L, Raun L, Shirafkan A, Campos L, Zorzi D, Montalbano M, Rhoads C, Gazis V, Ensor K, Rastellini C. An Ecological Study of the Association between Air Pollution and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in Texas. Liver Cancer 2017; 6:287-296. [PMID: 29234632 PMCID: PMC5704712 DOI: 10.1159/000475776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary liver cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related death in both the United States and the world at large. Hepatocellular carcinoma comprises 90% of these primary liver cancers and has numerous known etiologies. Evaluation of these identified etiologies and other traditional risk factors cannot explain the high incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in Texas. Texas is home to the second largest petrochemical industry and agricultural industry in the nation; industrial activity and exposure to pathogenic chemicals have never been assessed as potential links to the state's increased incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The association between the county-level concentrations of 4 air pollutants known to be linked to liver cancer, vinyl chloride, arsenic, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene, and hepatocellular carcinoma rates was evaluated using nonparametric generalized additive logistic regression and gamma regression models. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence rates for 2000-2013 were evaluated in comparison to 1996 and 1999 pollution concentrations and hepatocellular carcinoma rates for the subset of 2006-2013 were evaluated in comparison to 2002 and 2005 pollution concentrations, respectively. RESULTS The analysis indicates that the relationship between the incidence of liver cancer and air pollution and risk factors is nonlinear. There is a consistent significant positive association between the incidence of liver cancer and hepatitis C prevalence rates (gamma all years, p < 0.05) and vinyl chloride concentrations (logistic 2002 and 2005, p < 0.0001; gamma 2002 and 2005, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that vinyl chloride is a significant contributor to the incidence of liver cancer in Texas. The relationship is notably nonlinear. Further, the study supports the association between incidence of liver cancer and prevalence of hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cicalese
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA,*Luca Cicalese, MD, PhD, FACS, Professor of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0536 (USA), E-Mail
| | - Loren Raun
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ali Shirafkan
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Campos
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daria Zorzi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mauro Montalbano
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Colin Rhoads
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Valia Gazis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine Ensor
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristiana Rastellini
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA,Department of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Janitz AE, Campbell JE, Magzamen S, Pate A, Stoner JA, Peck JD. Benzene and childhood acute leukemia in Oklahoma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158. [PMID: 28645022 PMCID: PMC5554454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although childhood cancer is a leading cause of childhood mortality in the US, evidence regarding the etiology is lacking. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between benzene, a known carcinogen, and childhood acute leukemia. METHODS We conducted a case-control study including cases diagnosed with acute leukemia between 1997 and 2012 (n = 307) from the Oklahoma Central Cancer Registry and controls matched on week of birth from birth certificates (n = 1013). We used conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between benzene, measured with the 2005 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) at census tract of the birth residence, and childhood acute leukemia. RESULTS We observed no differences in benzene exposure overall between cases and controls. However, when stratified by year of birth, cases born from 2005 to 2010 had a three-fold increased unadjusted odds of elevated exposure compared to controls born in this same time period (4th Quartile OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.35, 9.27). Furthermore, the estimates for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were stronger than those with acute lymphoid leukemia, though not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS While we did not observe an association between benzene and childhood leukemia overall, our results suggest that acute leukemia is associated with increased benzene exposure among more recent births, and children with AML may have increased benzene exposure at birth. Using the NATA estimates allowed us to assess a specific pollutant at the census tract level, providing an advantage over monitor or point source data. Our study, however, cannot rule out the possibility that benzene may be a marker of other traffic-related exposures and temporal misclassification may explain the lack of an association among earlier births.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Janitz
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., CHB 309, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Janis E Campbell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., CHB 309, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Anne Pate
- School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 E Campus Dr, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA.
| | - Julie A Stoner
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., CHB 309, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Peck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St., CHB 309, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Magnani C, Ranucci A, Badaloni C, Cesaroni G, Ferrante D, Miligi L, Mattioli S, Rondelli R, Bisanti L, Zambon P, Cannizzaro S, Michelozzi P, Cocco P, Celentano E, Assennato G, Merlo DF, Mosciatti P, Minelli L, Cuttini M, Torregrossa MV, Lagorio S, Haupt R, Forastiere F. Road Traffic Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Nationwide Case-control Study in Italy. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:694-705. [PMID: 28476197 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of childhood leukemia with traffic pollution was considered in a number of studies from 1989 onwards, with results not entirely consistent and little information regarding subtypes. AIM OF THE STUDY We used the data of the Italian SETIL case-control on childhood leukemia to explore the risk by leukemia subtypes associated to exposure to vehicular traffic. METHODS We included in the analyses 648 cases of childhood leukemia (565 Acute lymphoblastic-ALL and 80 Acute non lymphoblastic-AnLL) and 980 controls. Information on traffic exposure was collected from questionnaire interviews and from the geocoding of house addresses, for all periods of life of the children. RESULTS We observed an increase in risk for AnLL, and at a lower extent for ALL, with indicators of exposure to traffic pollutants. In particular, the risk was associated to the report of closeness of the house to traffic lights and to the passage of trucks (OR: 1.76; 95% CI 1.03-3.01 for ALL and 6.35; 95% CI 2.59-15.6 for AnLL). The association was shown also in the analyses limited to AML and in the stratified analyses and in respect to the house in different period of life. CONCLUSIONS Results from the SETIL study provide some support to the association of traffic related exposure and risk for AnLL, but at a lesser extent for ALL. Our conclusion highlights the need for leukemia type specific analyses in future studies. Results support the need of controlling exposure from traffic pollution, even if knowledge is not complete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Magnani
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piedmont and University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ranucci
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piedmont and University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Badaloni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Cesaroni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piedmont and University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Rondelli
- Paediatric Oncology-Haematology Lalla Seràgnoli, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Santina Cannizzaro
- Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori Onlus Sez. Provinciale di Ragusa, Ragusa Ibla, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Egidio Celentano
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione G.Pascale, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Franco Merlo
- Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Mosciatti
- Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e di Sanità Pubblica, Camerino, Italy
| | - Liliana Minelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale-Sezione di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina Cuttini
- Unità di Ricerca di Epidemiologia Perinatale, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Torregrossa
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute Sez.Igiene, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Susanna Lagorio
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Haupt
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|