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Boon D, Burns CJ. Biomonitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide: A global view. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 152:105687. [PMID: 39168368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a literature review of urinary 2,4-D in populations not associated with a herbicide application. Of the 33 studies identified, the median/mean concentrations were similar for children, adults, and pregnant women regardless of geography. Individuals with highest concentrations may have had opportunities to directly contact 2,4-D outside of an application. Most studies were conducted in populations in North America and did not examine potential sources of 2,4-D, or what factors might influence higher or lower urinary 2,4-D concentrations. In the future, prioritizing the examination of 2,4-D biomonitoring in other regions and collecting information on sources and factors influencing exposures would better our understanding of 2,4-D exposures globally. In all the studies reviewed the concentrations of urinary 2,4-D observed were orders of magnitude below the US regulatory endpoints, suggesting that people are not being exposed to 2,4-D at levels high enough to result in adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Thompsonville, MI, 49683 USA.
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2
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Chen SF, Chen WJ, Song H, Liu M, Mishra S, Ghorab MA, Chen S, Chang C. Microorganism-Driven 2,4-D Biodegradation: Current Status and Emerging Opportunities. Molecules 2024; 29:3869. [PMID: 39202952 PMCID: PMC11357097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used around the world in both agricultural and non-agricultural fields due to its high activity. However, the heavy use of 2,4-D has resulted in serious environmental contamination, posing a significant risk to non-target organisms, including human beings. This has raised substantial concerns regarding its impact. In addition to agricultural use, accidental spills of 2,4-D can pose serious threats to human health and the ecosystem, emphasizing the importance of prompt pollution remediation. A variety of technologies have been developed to remove 2,4-D residues from the environment, such as incineration, adsorption, ozonation, photodegradation, the photo-Fenton process, and microbial degradation. Compared with traditional physical and chemical remediation methods, microorganisms are the most effective way to remediate 2,4-D pollution because of their rich species, wide distribution, and diverse metabolic pathways. Numerous studies demonstrate that the degradation of 2,4-D in the environment is primarily driven by enzymatic processes carried out by soil microorganisms. To date, a number of bacterial and fungal strains associated with 2,4-D biodegradation have been isolated, such as Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Cupriavidus, Achromobacter, Ochrobactrum, Mortierella, and Umbelopsis. Moreover, several key enzymes and genes responsible for 2,4-D biodegradation are also being identified. However, further in-depth research based on multi-omics is needed to elaborate their role in the evolution of novel catabolic pathways and the microbial degradation of 2,4-D. Here, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent progress on elucidating the degradation mechanisms of the herbicide 2,4-D, including the microbial strains responsible for its degradation, the enzymes participating in its degradation, and the associated genetic components. Furthermore, it explores the complex biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of 2,4-D. In addition, molecular docking techniques are employed to identify crucial amino acids within an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent 2,4-D dioxygenase that interacts with 2,4-D, thereby offering valuable insights that can inform the development of effective strategies for the biological remediation of this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haoran Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Mohamed A. Ghorab
- The Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Changqing Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Nguyen THT, Nguyen KT, Le BH, Nghiem XT, La DD, Nguyen DK, Nguyen HPT. Synthesis of magnetic Fe 3O 4/graphene aerogel for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide from water. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22304-22311. [PMID: 39010918 PMCID: PMC11247437 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based aerogels are among the lightest materials in the world and have been extensively studied for environmental remediation. In this work, an Fe3O4/graphene aerogel material was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The prepared material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM/EDX), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and vibration sample magnetization (VSM). The results showed that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a particle size of less than 100 nm were well-distributed on the surface of the graphene aerogel. The prepared Fe3O4/graphene aerogel showed effective removal of 2,4-D herbicide from the aqueous solution with a maximal adsorption capacity of approximately 42.918 mg g-1. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated to study the adsorption behaviour of the resultant material. The saturation magnetism value of the aerogel was determined to be about 20.66 emu g-1, indicating that the adsorbent could be easily collected from the solution using an external magnet. These results implied that the prepared Fe3O4/graphene aerogel could be a promising adsorbent for the removal of 2,4-D herbicide from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center 63 Nguyen Văn Huyen Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Kim Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center 63 Nguyen Văn Huyen Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Bao Hung Le
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center 63 Nguyen Văn Huyen Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Nghiem
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center 63 Nguyen Văn Huyen Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Duc Duong La
- Institute of Chemistry & Materials Science 17 Hoang Sam Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Duy Khiem Nguyen
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University 03 Quang Trung Da Nang Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University 03 Quang Trung Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Hoai Phuong Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center 63 Nguyen Văn Huyen Ha Noi Vietnam
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Panis C, Candiotto LZ, Gaboardi SC, Teixeira G, Alves FM, da Silva J, Scandolara TB, Rech D, Gurzenda S, Ponmattam J, Ohm J, Castro MC, Lemos B. Exposure to Pesticides and Breast Cancer in an Agricultural Region in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10470-10481. [PMID: 38844831 PMCID: PMC11191594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Rural workers are disproportionally exposed to pesticides and might be at an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Here, we investigated the impact of pesticide exposure on breast cancer (BC) risk and disease profile in rural female workers. This is a case-control study that prospectively included 758 individuals. The study was conducted in the Southwest region of Paraná state in Brazil, a region characterized by family-based agriculture and intensive use of pesticides. We found that this region has a 41% higher BC diagnosis rate and 14% higher BC mortality rate than the mean rates in Brazil, as well as a pesticide trade volume about 6 times higher than the national average. We showed substantial exposure in this population and found that even women who did not work in the fields but performed equipment decontamination and clothes washing of male partners who worked in the fields had urine samples positive for glyphosate, atrazine, and/or 2,4-D. The crude association showed a significantly higher risk of BC among women exposed to pesticides (OR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.13). Adjusted analyses showed a lower and nonstatistically significant association (OR: 1.30, 95% CI 41 0.87-1.95). Stratification on disease profile showed a significantly higher risk of lymph node metastasis (adjusted OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.31-3.72) in women exposed to pesticides. Our findings suggest that female populations exposed to pesticides are at a higher risk of developing BC with a more aggressive profile and draw attention to the need to monitor rural populations potentially exposed to pesticides in the field or at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Panis
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- R
Ken Coit
College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | | | - Shaiane Carla Gaboardi
- Catarinense
Federal Institute, Campus Ibirama, Ibirama, Santa Catarina 89140-000, Brazil
| | - Géssica
Tuani Teixeira
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mara Alves
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
| | - Janaína
Carla da Silva
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thalita Basso Scandolara
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
- Instituto
Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rech
- Laboratory
of Tumor Biology, State University of Western
Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná 85605-010, Brazil
| | - Susie Gurzenda
- Department
of Global Health and Population, Harvard
TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jamie Ponmattam
- Department
of Global Health and Population, Harvard
TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joyce Ohm
- Department
of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell
Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department
of Global Health and Population, Harvard
TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- R
Ken Coit
College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Conejo-Bolaños LD, Mora AM, Hernández-Bonilla D, Cano JC, Menezes-Filho JA, Eskenazi B, Lindh CH, van Wendel de Joode B. Prenatal current-use pesticide exposure and children's neurodevelopment at one year of age in the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort, Costa Rica. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118222. [PMID: 38272290 PMCID: PMC11065598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure may affect young children's neurodevelopment, but only few cohort studies have addressed possible effects of non-organophosphate pesticides. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between prenatal current-use pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes among 1-year-old children from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort. METHODS To determine prenatal pesticide exposure, we measured biomarkers of pyrimethanil, chlorpyrifos, synthetic pyrethroids, and 2,4-D in urine samples among 355 women, 1-3 times during pregnancy. One-year post-partum, we evaluated children's neurodevelopment with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition (BSID-III). We assessed associations between exposures and neurodevelopmental outcomes (composite and z-scores) using single-chemical linear regression models adjusted for possible confounders (maternal education, parity, sex, gestational age at birth, child age, HOME-score, location of assessment, biomarkers of mancozeb), and studied effect-modification by sex. We evaluated non-linear associations of multiple pesticide exposures with Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS We found higher prenatal urinary 2,4-D concentrations were associated with lower language (βper ten-fold increase = -2.0, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = -3.5, -0.5) and motor (βper ten-fold increase = -2.2, 95 %CI = -4.2, -0.1) composite scores among all children. Also, higher chlorpyrifos exposure [measured as urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy)] was associated with lower cognitive composite scores (βper ten-fold increase = -1.9, 95 %CI = -4.7, 0.8), and lower motor composite scores among boys (βper ten-fold increase = -3.8, 95 % CI = -7.7, 0.1) but not girls (βper ten-fold increase = 2.3, 95 %CI = -1.6, 6.3, pINT = 0.11). Finally, higher pyrimethanil was associated with lower language abilities among girls, but not boys. Pyrethroid metabolite concentrations did not explain variability in BSID-III composite scores. Associations were similar for BSID-III z-scores, and we found no evidence for non-linear associations or mixture effects. DISCUSSION Prenatal exposure to common-use pesticides may affect children's neurodevelopment at 1-year of age, some effects may be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Diego Conejo-Bolaños
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies in Childhood and Adolescence (INEINA), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Mora
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | | | - Juan Camilo Cano
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n Campus, Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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Zou X, Shi Y, Su J, Ye Q, Lin F, Cai G. Association between 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and cognitive impairment in older adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2001-2002 and 2011-2014. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:308-316. [PMID: 38129668 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is reported to be the most widely used herbicide in home and garden environments, rendering it commonly encountered in daily life. Despite being ubiquitous, there is a scarcity of studies that have comprehensively assessed the relationship between 2,4-D exposure and cognition using multiple models. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between 2,4-D exposure and cognition among older American people. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that included 3 cycles of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Generalized linear models (GLMs), restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression, and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to assess the relationship between exposure to 2,4-D and cognitive performance by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) word learning sub-test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Animal Fluency Test (AFT). RESULTS A total of 1364 older U.S. adults (60+ years) were included in the study. The GLMs revealed a negative association between median high levels (0.315-0.566 μg/L) of 2,4-D and cognitive impairment on the DSST and AFT, with multivariate-adjusted ORs of 0.403 (95% CI: 0.208-0.781, P = 0.009) and 0.396 (95% CI: 0.159-0.986, P = 0.047); the RCS regression and GAMs revealed a "U" shaped curve, the left part of which is consistent with the result of the GLMs. IMPACT STATEMENT There is a U-shaped relationship between human urinary 2,4-D concentrations and cognitive impairment in older U.S. adults, especially in males, so controlling 2,4-D exposure within an appropriate range is particularly important for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 35001, China
| | - Yisen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 35001, China
| | - Jiaqi Su
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 35001, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Martins RX, Carvalho M, Maia ME, Flor B, Souza T, Rocha TL, Félix LM, Farias D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. TOXICS 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38250991 PMCID: PMC10818579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, toxicity biomarkers and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among these studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formulations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in antioxidant capacity through alterations in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides were found, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data indicate the essential role of reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not fully understood and further research in this area is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Matheus Carvalho
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Maria Eduarda Maia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Bruno Flor
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74055-110, Brazil;
| | - Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Davi Farias
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
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8
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de la Monte SM, Tong M. Agent Orange Herbicidal Toxin-Initiation of Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1703-1726. [PMID: 38306038 PMCID: PMC10979462 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Agent Orange (AO) is a Vietnam War-era herbicide that contains a 1 : 1 ratio of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Emerging evidence suggests that AO exposures cause toxic and degenerative pathologies that may increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective This study investigates the effects of the two main AO constituents on key molecular and biochemical indices of AD-type neurodegeneration. Methods Long Evans rat frontal lobe slice cultures treated with 250μg/ml of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or both (D + T) were evaluated for cytotoxicity, oxidative injury, mitochondrial function, and AD biomarker expression. Results Treatment with the AO constituents caused histopathological changes corresponding to neuronal, white matter, and endothelial cell degeneration, and molecular/biochemical abnormalities indicative of cytotoxic injury, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and increased immunoreactivity to activated Caspase 3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin, tau, paired-helical filament phosphorylated tau, AβPP, Aβ, and choline acetyltransferase. Nearly all indices of cellular injury and degeneration were more pronounced in the D + T compared with 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T treated cultures. Conclusions Exposures to AO herbicidal chemicals damage frontal lobe brain tissue with molecular and biochemical abnormalities that mimic pathologies associated with early-stage AD-type neurodegeneration. Additional research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of AO exposures in relation to aging and progressive neurodegeneration in Vietnam War Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Mesnage R, Benbrook C. Use of the concept ‘environmentally relevant level’ in linking the results of pesticide toxicity studies to public health outcomes. ALL LIFE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2023.2167872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
- Buchinger Wilhelmi Clinic, Überlingen, Germany
| | - Charles Benbrook
- Heartland Health Research Alliance and Benbrook Consulting Services, Port Orchard, WA, USA
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Lewis J. A Thorny Problem: Glyphosate and 2,4-D Associated with Neurobehavioral Effects for Ecuadorian Adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:124001. [PMID: 38147367 PMCID: PMC10750889 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Among adolescents in an area known for its rose and other flower crops, exposures to 2,4-D and glyphosate (but not DEET) were associated with lower scores on neurobehavioral assessments. Notably, these kids did not work in floriculture.
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Mohd Ghazi R, Nik Yusoff NR, Abdul Halim NS, Wahab IRA, Ab Latif N, Hasmoni SH, Ahmad Zaini MA, Zakaria ZA. Health effects of herbicides and its current removal strategies. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2259526. [PMID: 37747278 PMCID: PMC10761135 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2259526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The continually expanding global population has necessitated increased food supply production. Thus, agricultural intensification has been required to keep up with food supply demand, resulting in a sharp rise in pesticide use. The pesticide aids in the prevention of potential losses caused by pests, plant pathogens, and weeds, but excessive use over time has accumulated its occurrence in the environment and subsequently rendered it one of the emerging contaminants of concern. This review highlights the sources and classification of herbicides and their fate in the environment, with a special focus on the effects on human health and methods to remove herbicides. The human health impacts discussion was in relation to toxic effects, cell disruption, carcinogenic impacts, negative fertility effects, and neurological impacts. The removal treatments described herein include physicochemical, biological, and chemical treatment approaches, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Also, alternative, green, and sustainable treatment options were discussed to shed insight into effective treatment technologies for herbicides. To conclude, this review serves as a stepping stone to a better environment with herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozidaini Mohd Ghazi
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Raihan Nik Yusoff
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Nurzila Ab Latif
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Halimah Hasmoni
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zainul Akmar Zakaria
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Docea AO, Cirstea AE, Cercelaru L, Drocas AI, Dinca V, Mesnage R, Marginean C, Radu A, Popa DG, Rogoveanu O, Mitrut R, Antoniou MN, Tsatsakis A, Hernández AF, Calina D. Effect of perinatal exposure to glyphosate and its mixture with 2,4-D and dicamba on rat dam kidney and thyroid function and offspring's health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116908. [PMID: 37597833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of the herbicide mixture of glyphosate, dicamba and 2-4-D to deal with glyphosate-resistant weeds raises concerns regarding human health and environmental risks. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of developmental exposure to glyphosate and a herbicide mixture containing glyphosate, dicamba and 2-4-D on rat dams' kidney and thyroid function and offspring's health. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed from day-6 of gestation till weaning to regulatory relevant doses of glyphosate corresponding to the European Union (EU) acceptable daily intake (ADI; 0.5 mg/kg bw/day), and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL; 50 mg/kg bw/day), and to a mixture of glyphosate, dicamba and 2,4-D all at the EU ADI (0.5, 0.002 and 0.3 mg/kg bw/day) respectively. After weaning the dams were sacrificed and blood and organs were collected. The pups' health was assessed by measuring viability, gestational and anogenital indices. Perinatal exposure to GLY alone and the herbicide mixture resulted in anti-androgenic effects in male offspring. In dams, exposure to glyphosate resulted in kidney glomerular and tubular dysfunction as well as increased thyroid hormone levels in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, exposure to the herbicide mixture resulted in effects similar to those observed with glyphosate at the NOAEL, suggesting at least an additive effect of the herbicide mixture at doses individually considered safe for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Andrei Eugen Cirstea
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Liliana Cercelaru
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Andrei Ioan Drocas
- Department of Urology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Viorica Dinca
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Robin Mesnage
- King's College London, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cristina Marginean
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Antonia Radu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Dragos George Popa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Otilia Rogoveanu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Radu Mitrut
- Department of Cardiology, University and Emergency Hospital, 050098, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- King's College London, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; Health Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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13
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de la Monte SM, Goel A, Tong M, Delikkaya B. Agent Orange Causes Metabolic Dysfunction and Molecular Pathology Reminiscent of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:751-766. [PMID: 37662613 PMCID: PMC10473158 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Agent Orange, an herbicide used during the Vietnam War, contains 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Agent Orange has teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, and population-based studies suggest Agent Orange exposures lead to higher rates of toxic and degenerative pathologies in the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS). Objective This study examines the potential contribution of Agent Orange exposures to neurodegeneration. Methods Human CNS-derived neuroepithelial cells (PNET2) treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were evaluated for viability, mitochondrial function, and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins. Results Treatment with 250μg/ml 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T significantly impaired mitochondrial function, caused degenerative morphological changes, and reduced viability in PNET2 cells. Correspondingly, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression which is insulin-regulated and marks the integrity of carbohydrate metabolism, was significantly inhibited while 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a marker of lipid peroxidation, was increased. Tau neuronal cytoskeletal protein was significantly reduced by 2,4,5-T, and relative tau phosphorylation was progressively elevated by 2,4,5-T followed by 2,4-D treatment relative to control. Amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) was increased by 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T caused a statistical trend (0.05 < p<0.10) increase in Aβ. Finally, altered cholinergic function due to 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D exposures was marked by significantly increased choline acetyltransferase and decreased acetylcholinesterase expression, corresponding with responses in early-stage AD. Conclusion Exposures to Agent Orange herbicidal chemicals rapidly damage CNS neurons, initiating a path toward AD-type neurodegeneration. Additional research is needed to understand the permanency of these neuropathologic processes and the added risks of developing AD in Agent Orange-exposed aging Vietnam Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anuva Goel
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Busra Delikkaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Vanitha TK, Suresh G, Bhandi MM, Mudiam MKR, Mohan SV. Microbial degradation of organochlorine pesticide: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by axenic and mixed consortium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129031. [PMID: 37037331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an organochlorine herbicide, in the environment has raised public concern as it poses hazard to both humans and the ecosystem. Three potential strains having the capability to degrade 2,4-D were isolated from on site agricultural soil and identified as Arthrobacter sp. SVMIICT25, Sphingomonas sp. SVMIICT11 and Stenotrophomonas sp. SVMIICT13. Over 12 days of incubation, 81-90% of 100 mg/L of 2,4-D degradation was observed at 2% inoculum. A shorter lag phase with 80% of degradation efficiency was observed within 5 days when the inoculum size was increased to 10%. Six microbial consortia were prepared by combining the isolates along with in-house strains, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Consortia R3 (Arthrobacter sp. + Sphingomonas sp.), operated with 10% of inoculum, showed 85-90% degradation within 4 days and 98-100% in 9 days. Further, targeted exo-metabolite analysis confirmed the presence and catabolism of intermediate 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Vanitha
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - G Suresh
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India
| | - Murali Mohan Bhandi
- Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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15
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Macut D, Opalić M, Popović B, Ognjanović S, Bjekić-Macut J, Livadas S, Petrović T, Hrnčić D, Stanojlović O, Milutinović DV, Micić D, Mastorakos G. THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON FEMALE GONADAL AXIS: AN UPDATE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2023; 19:81-86. [PMID: 37601725 PMCID: PMC10439316 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2023.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are considered to have an impact on the function of reproductive axis at different levels as well on reproductive organs in both sexes. Complexity of female reproductive system influenced with various stressors including EDs lead to morphological and functional alterations. This is resulting in modulation of neuroendocrine regulation with consequent developmental irregularities and derangements, causative infertility, endometriosis as well as premature ovarian insufficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. A number of experimental clues was obtained on female animal models using various EDs such as synthetic estrogens and phytoestrogens, neurotransmitters, pesticides or various chemicals. These substances lead towards consequent derangement of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction from early phases of reproductive development towards different phases of adult reproductive period. This text will address some novel insights into the effects of EDs on neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal axis, effects on ovaries as well on endometrium during implantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Macut
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine - Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Opalić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Popović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine - Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Ognjanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine - Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Bjekić-Macut
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine - Dept. of Endocrinology, University Medical Centre "Bežanijska Kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Livadas
- Athens Medical Centre, Endocrine Unit, Athens, Greece
| | - T Petrović
- Dept. of Endocrinology, University Medical Centre "Bežanijska Kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Hrnčić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - O Stanojlović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Vojnović Milutinović
- University of Belgrade - Dept. of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Micić
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts - Dept. of Medical Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Mastorakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School - Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Jin H, Guo Y, Zhao J, Bei Y, Wu Z, Shang Q. Oxygen vacancy construction and in situ reduction of metal ions to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Bi5Nb3O15. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Wang W, Ma Y, Chen J, Peng L, Gao X, Lin L, Zhang F, Xiong Y, Qin F, Yuan J. The Association Between 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Erectile Dysfunction. Front Public Health 2022; 10:910251. [PMID: 35812473 PMCID: PMC9263508 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.910251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most frequently used herbicides in the world, and it has been linked with low testosterone; however, studies regarding its effect on erectile function are limited. The current study aimed to determine the association between the 2,4-D exposure and erectile dysfunction (ED) in men from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods We analyzed data for urinary 2,4-D levels from 1,311 men (>20 years of age) in the NHANES 2001–2004. ED was assessed by a single, validated survey question. Multivariable logistic regression analysis utilizing sampling weights was performed to determine the relationship between 2,4-D exposure and ED. Results Multivariable logistic regression models demonstrated no statistically significant association between 2,4-D exposure and ED after full adjustment [odds ratio (OR) 1.02; 95% CI 0.77–1.36; P = 0.882)]. Men in the 2,4-D quartile 4 groups were not associated with an increased risk of ED (OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.74–1.75; P for trend = 0.481). Furthermore, the association between urinary 2,4-D level and ED was not significant in the subgroup analysis stratified by age, BMI, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Conclusion We demonstrated that there was no association between 2,4-D exposure and ED. Further studies are warranted to corroborate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yucheng Ma
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lede Lin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuxun Zhang
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuhong Yuan
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiuhong Yuan
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