Serum long noncoding RNA HOTAIR as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma multiforme

High expression of LncRNA HOTAIR is a risk factor for temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma via activation of the miR-214/β-catenin/MGMT pathway

HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is upregulated in glioblastoma (GBM) and associated with temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying HOTAIR-mediated TMZ resistance remains poorly understood. HOTAIR expression in glioma-related public datasets and drug response estimation were analyzed using bioinformatics. These findings were verified by overexpressing HOTAIR in TMZ-sensitive U251 cells and/or silencing HOTAIR in resistant U251 cells (U251R). The cytotoxic effects were evaluated using cell viability assay and flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis. In this study, we found that HOTAIR was upregulated in TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and patients with high HOTAIR expression responded poorly to TMZ therapy. HOTAIR knockdown restored TMZ sensitivity in U251R cells, while HOTAIR overexpression conferred TMZ resistance in U251 cells. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was enriched in patients with high HOTAIR expression; consistently, HOTAIR positively regulated β-catenin expression in U251 cells. Moreover, HOTAIR-mediated TMZ resistance was associated with increased MGMT protein level, which resulted from the HOTAIR/miR-214-3p/β-catenin network. Besides, GBM with high HOTAIR expression exhibited sensitivity to methotrexate. Methotrexate enhanced TMZ sensitivity in U251R cells, accompanied by reduced expression of HOTAIR and β-catenin. Thus, we conlcude that HOTAIR is a risk factor for TMZ resistance and methotrexate may represent a potential therapeutic drug for patients with high HOTAIR expression level.

Advancements in nanotheranostics for glioma therapy

Gliomas are brain tumors mainly derived from glial cells that are difficult to treat and cause high mortality. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical excision are the conventional treatments for gliomas. Patients who have surgery or have undergone chemotherapy for glioma treatment have poor prognosis with tumor recurrence. In particular, for glioblastoma, the 5-year average survival rate is 4-7%, and the median survival is 12-18 months. A number of issues hinder effective treatment such as, poor surgical resection, tumor heterogeneity, insufficient drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier, multidrug resistance, and difficulties with drug specificity. Nanotheranostic-mediated drug delivery is becoming a well-researched consideration, and an efficient non-invasive method for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs to the target area. Theranostic nanomedicines, which incorporate therapeutic drugs and imaging agents for personalized therapies, can be used for preventing overdose of non-responders. Through the identification of massive and complicated information from next-generation sequencing, machine learning enables for precise prediction of therapeutic outcomes and post-treatment management for patients with cancer. This article gives a thorough overview of nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery with a brief introduction to drug delivery challenges. In addition, this assessment offers a current summary of preclinical and clinical research on nanomedicines for gliomas. In the future, nanotheranostics will provide personalized treatment for gliomas and other treatable cancers.

Exosomal ncRNAs in liquid biopsies for lung cancer

Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have become essential contributors to advancing and treating lung cancers (LCs). The development of liquid biopsies that utilize exosomal ncRNAs (exo-ncRNAs) offers an encouraging method for diagnosing, predicting, and treating LC. This thorough overview examines the dual function of exo-ncRNAs as both indicators for early diagnosis and avenues for LC treatment. Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by various cells, including cancerous cells, enabling connection between cells by delivering ncRNAs. These ncRNAs, which encompass circular RNAs, long ncRNAs, and microRNAs, participate in the modulation of gene expression and cellular functions. In LC, certain exo-ncRNAs are linked to tumour advancement, spread, and treatment resistance, positioning them as promising non-invasive indicators in liquid biopsies. Additionally, targeting these ncRNAs offers potential for innovative treatment approaches, whether by suppressing harmful ncRNAs or reinstating the activity of tumour-suppressing ones. This review emphasizes recent developments in the extraction and analysis of exo-ncRNAs, their practical applications in LC treatment, and the challenges and prospects for translating these discoveries into clinical usage. Through this detailed examination of the current state of the art, we aim to highlight the significant potential of exo-ncRNAs for LC diagnostics and treatments.

The potential of circulating cell-free RNA in CNS tumor diagnosis and monitoring: A liquid biopsy approach

Early detection of malignancies, through regular cancer screening, has already proven to have potential to increase survival rates. Yet current screening methods rely on invasive, expensive tissue sampling that has hampered widespread use. Liquid biopsy is noninvasive and represents a potential approach to precision oncology, based on molecular profiling of body fluids. Among these, circulating cell-free RNA (cfRNA) has gained attention due to its diverse composition and potential as a sensitive biomarker. This review provides an overview of the processes of cfRNA delivery into the bloodstream and the role of cfRNA detection in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Different types of cfRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recognized as potential biomarkers in CNS tumors. These molecules exhibit differential expression patterns in the plasma, cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) and urine of patients with CNS tumors, providing information for diagnosing the disease, predicting outcomes, and assessing treatment effectiveness. Few clinical trials are currently exploring the use of liquid biopsy for detecting and monitoring CNS tumors. Despite obstacles like sample standardization and data analysis, cfRNA shows promise as a tool in the diagnosis and management of CNS tumors, offering opportunities for early detection, personalized therapy, and improved patient outcomes.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in cancer: Interplay, modulation, and therapeutic avenues

In the intricate field of cancer biology, researchers are increasingly intrigued by the emerging role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) due to their multifaceted interactions, complex modulation mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications. These exosomal lncRNAs, carried within extracellular vesicles, play a vital partin tumorigenesis and disease progression by facilitating communication networks between tumor cells and their local microenvironment, making them an ideal candidates for use in a liquid biopsy approach. However, exosomal lncRNAs remain an understudied area, especially in cancer biology. Therefore this review aims to comprehensively explore the dynamic interplay between exosomal lncRNAs and various cellular components, including interactions with tumor-stroma, immune modulation, and drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the regulatory functions of exosomal lncRNAs in these processes can potentially unveil novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. Additionally, the emergence of RNA-based therapeutics presents exciting opportunities for targeting exosomal lncRNAs, offering innovative strategies to combat cancer progression and improve treatment outcomes. Thus, this review provides insights into the current understanding of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology, highlighting their crucial roles, regulatory mechanisms, and the evolving landscape of therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we have also discussed the advantage of exosomes as therapeutic carriers of lncRNAs for the development of personalized targeted therapy for cancer patients.

Oncogenic roles of long non-coding RNAs in essential glioblastoma signaling pathways

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive and diffuse type of glioma with the lowest survival rate in patients. The recent failure of multiple treatments suggests that targeting several targets at once may be a different strategy to overcome GBM carcinogenesis. Normal function of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes need for the preservation of regular cellular processes, so any defects in these genes' activity, operate the corresponding signaling pathways, which initiate carcinogenic processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that can be found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cells, control the transcription and translation of genes. LncRNAs perform a variety of functions, including epigenetic alteration, protein modification and stability, transcriptional regulation, and competition for miRNA that regulate mRNA translation through sponging miRNAs. Identification of various oncogenic lncRNAs and their multiple roles in brain cancers making them potential candidates for use as glioma diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in the future. This study highlighted multiple oncogenic lncRNAs and classified them into different signaling pathways based on the regulated target genes in glioblastoma.

Exosomes: Their role in the diagnosis, progression, metastasis, and treatment of glioblastoma

Exosomes are crucial for the growth and spread of glioblastomas, an aggressive form of brain cancer. These tiny vesicles play a crucial role in the activation of signaling pathways and intercellular communication. They can also transfer a variety of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes can influence the immune response by regulating the activity of immune cells, and they are crucial for the growth and metastasis of glioblastoma cells. In addition, exosomes contribute to drug resistance during treatment, which is a major obstacle in the treatment of glioblastoma. By studying them, the diagnosis and prognosis of glioblastoma can be improved. Due to their high biocompatibility and lack of toxicity, they have become an attractive option for drug delivery. The development of exosomes as carriers of specific therapeutic agents could overcome some of the obstacles to effective treatment of glioblastoma. In this review, we address the potential of exosomes for the treatment of glioblastoma and show how they can be modified for this purpose.

The role and application of small extracellular vesicles in glioma

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are cell-derived, nanometer-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. All kinds of biological molecules, including proteins, DNA fragments, RNA, lipids, and metabolites, can be selectively loaded into sEVs and transmitted to recipient cells that are near and distant. Growing shreds of evidence show the significant biological function and the clinical significance of sEVs in cancers. Numerous recent studies have validated that sEVs play an important role in tumor progression and can be utilized to diagnose, stage, grading, and monitor early tumors. In addition, sEVs have also served as drug delivery nanocarriers and cancer vaccines. Although it is still infancy, the field of basic and translational research based on sEVs has grown rapidly. In this review, we summarize the latest research on sEVs in gliomas, including their role in the malignant biological function of gliomas, and the potential of sEVs in non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, i.e., as nanocarriers for drug or gene delivery and cancer vaccines.

The multifaceted functions of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in neuropathologies and its potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic biotarget

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are progressively being perceived as prominent molecular agents controlling multiple aspects of neuronal (patho)physiology. Amongst these is the HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA, often abbreviated as HOTAIR. HOTAIR epigenetically regulates its target genes via its interaction with two different chromatin-modifying agents; histone methyltransferase polycomb-repressive complex 2 and histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1. Parenthetically, HOTAIR elicits trans-acting sponging function against multiple micro-RNA species. Oncological research studies have confirmed the pathogenic functions of HOTAIR in multiple cancer types, such as gliomas and proposed it as a pro-oncological lncRNA. In fact, its expression has been suggested to be a predictor of the severity/grade of gliomas, and as a prognostic biomarker. Moreover, a propound influence of HOTAIR in other aspects of brain heath and disease states is just beginning to be unravelled. The objective of this review is to recapitulate all the relevant data pertaining to the regulatory roles of HOTAIR in neuronal (patho)physiology. To this end, we discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of HOTAIR in multiple neuronal diseases, such as neurodegeneration, traumatic brain injury and neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we also summarize the results from the studies incriminating HOTAIR in the pathogeneses of gliomas and other brain cancers. Implications of HOTAIR serving as a suitable therapeutic target in neuropathologies are also discussed.

lncRNA Biomarkers of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules of 200 nucleotides or more in length that are not translated into proteins. Their expression is tissue-specific, with the vast majority involved in the regulation of cellular processes and functions. Many human diseases, including cancer, have been shown to be associated with deregulated lncRNAs, rendering them potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for differential diagnosis. The expression of lncRNAs in the nervous system varies in different cell types, implicated in mechanisms of neurons and glia, with effects on the development and functioning of the brain. Reports have also shown a link between changes in lncRNA molecules and the etiopathogenesis of brain neoplasia, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is an aggressive variant of brain cancer with an unfavourable prognosis and a median survival of 14-16 months. It is considered a brain-specific disease with the highly invasive malignant cells spreading throughout the neural tissue, impeding the complete resection, and leading to post-surgery recurrences, which are the prime cause of mortality. The early diagnosis of GBM could improve the treatment and extend survival, with the lncRNA profiling of biological fluids promising the detection of neoplastic changes at their initial stages and more effective therapeutic interventions. This review presents a systematic overview of GBM-associated deregulation of lncRNAs with a focus on lncRNA fingerprints in patients' blood.

Engineered smart materials for RNA based molecular therapy to treat Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS) that remains incurable despite the multitude of improvements in cancer therapeutics. The conventional chemo and radiotherapy post-surgery have only been able to improve the prognosis slightly; however, the development of resistance and/or tumor recurrence is almost inevitable. There is a pressing need for adjuvant molecular therapies that can successfully and efficiently block tumor progression. During the last few decades, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key players in regulating various hallmarks of cancer including that of GBM. The levels of many ncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer, and ectopic modulation of their levels by delivering antagonists or overexpression constructs could serve as an attractive option for cancer therapy. The therapeutic potential of several types of ncRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, has been validated in both in vitro and in vivo models of GBM. However, the delivery of these RNA-based therapeutics is highly challenging, especially to the tumors of the brain as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses as a major obstacle, among others. Also, since RNA is extremely fragile in nature, careful considerations must be met while designing a delivery agent. In this review we have shed light on how ncRNA therapy can overcome the limitations of its predecessor conventional therapy with an emphasis on smart nanomaterials that can aide in the safe and targeted delivery of nucleic acids to treat GBM. Additionally, critical gaps that currently exist for successful transition from viral to non-viral vector delivery systems have been identified. Finally, we have provided a perspective on the future directions, potential pathways, and target areas for achieving rapid clinical translation of, RNA-based macromolecular therapy to advance the effective treatment of GBM and other related diseases.

Exosomes in Glioma: Unraveling Their Roles in Progression, Diagnosis, and Therapy

Gliomas, the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors, present a challenging prognosis even after undergoing surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells, play a pivotal role in glioma progression and contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy by facilitating the transportation of biological molecules and promoting intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exosomes exhibit the remarkable ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, positioning them as potent carriers for therapeutic delivery. These attributes hold promise for enhancing glioma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in exosome research within the realm of tumors. In this article, we primarily focus on elucidating the role of exosomes in glioma development, highlighting the latest breakthroughs in therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, and outlining prospective directions for future research.

Roles of HOTAIR Long Non-coding RNA in Gliomas and Other CNS Disorders

HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which is increasingly being perceived as a tremendous molecular mediator of brain pathophysiology at multiple levels. Epigenetic regulation of target gene expression carried out by HOTAIR is thorough modulation of chromatin modifiers; histone methyltransferase polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). Incidentally, HOTAIR was the first lncRNA shown to elicit sponging of specific microRNA (miRNA or miR) species in a trans-acting manner. It has been extensively studied in various cancers, including gliomas and is regarded as a prominent pro-tumorigenic and pro-oncogenic lncRNA. Indeed, the expression of HOTAIR may serve as glioma grade predictor and prognostic biomarker. The objective of this timely review is not only to outline the multifaceted pathogenic roles of HOTAIR in the development and pathophysiology of gliomas and brain cancers, but also to delineate the research findings implicating it as a critical regulator of overall brain pathophysiology. While the major focus is on neuro-oncology, wherein HOTAIR represents a particularly potent underlying pathogenic player and a suitable therapeutic target, mechanisms underlying the regulatory actions of HOTAIR in neurodegeneration, traumatic, hypoxic and ischemic brain injuries, and neuropsychiatric disorders are also presented.

Expression of lncRNAs in glioma: A lighthouse for patients with glioma

Glioma is the most common malignant tumour in the central nervous system, accounting for approximately 30 % of the primary tumours of this system. The World Health Organization grades for glioma include: Grade I (pilocytic astrocytoma), Grade II (astrocytoma, oligodastoma, etc.), Grade III (anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodastoma, etc.) and Grade IV (glioblastoma). With grade increases, the proliferation, invasion and other malignant biological properties of the glioma are enhanced, and the treatment results are less satisfactory. The overall survival of patients with glioblastoma is less than 15 months. Recent research has focused on the roles of long non-coding RNAs, previously regarded as "transcriptional noise", in diseases, leading to a new understanding of these roles. Therefore, we conducted this review to explore the progress of research regarding the expression and mechanism of long non-coding RNAs in glioma.

The Landscape of Biomimetic Nanovesicles in Brain Diseases

Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes, which pose a serious health threat. Brain disorders are often difficult to treat due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells and artificial nanovesicles, possess the ability to penetrate the BBB and thus can be utilized for drug delivery to the brain. BNVs, especially endogenous EVs, are widely distributed in body fluids and usually carry various disease-related signal molecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA, and may also be analyzed to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of brain diseases. This review covers the exhaustive classification and characterization of BNVs and pathophysiological roles involved in various brain diseases, and emphatically focuses on nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for brain disease theranostics, including various diagnosis strategies and precise therapeutic regulations (e.g., immunity regulation, disordered protein clearance, anti-neuroinflammation, neuroregeneration, angiogenesis, and the gut-brain axis regulation). The remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases are also discussed and outlined.

Research progress and perspectives of noncoding RNAs in adrenocortical carcinoma: A review

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine malignancy. Although surgery can cure localized disease, but the majority of patients experience recurrence of ACC. The 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic ACC is <15%, and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for ACC. Recently, it has been proved that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) is widely involved in pathological and physiological processes, including tumorigenesis and development. Aberrantly expressed ncRNAs have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACC. Here, we summarized the expression patterns and the molecular mechanism of the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ACC development. To explore the clinical value of ncRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers of ACC, we also displayed the relationship between the expression level of ncRNAs and the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with ACC.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary tumor found in the central nervous system, accounting for 70% of all adult brain tumors. The median overall survival rate is one year post-diagnosis with treatment, and only four months without treatment. Current GBM diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surgery, and brain biopsies, have limitations. These include difficulty distinguishing between tumor recurrence and post-surgical necrotic regions, and operative risks associated with obtaining histological samples through direct surgery or biopsies. Consequently, there is a need for rapid, inexpensive, and minimally invasive techniques for early diagnosis and improved subsequent treatment. Research has shown that tumor-derived exosomes containing various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in immunomodulation, cancer metastasis, cancer development, and drug resistance in GBM. They regulate genes that enhance cancer growth and progression and alter the expression of several key signaling pathways. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of exosomal lncRNAs, they have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as to monitor a patient's response to chemotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of GBM and their potential clinical applications for early diagnosis.

A concise review of the regulatory, diagnostic, and prognostic implications of HOXB-AS3 in tumors

Recent studies have reported that HOXB-AS3 (HOXB Cluster Antisense RNA 3) is an intriguing molecule with dual functionality as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and putative coding peptide in tumorigenesis and progression. The significant expression alterations of HOXB-AS3 were detected in diverse cancer types and closely correlated with clinical stage and patient survival. Furthermore, HOXB-AS3 was involved in a spectrum of biological processes in solid tumors and hematological malignancies, such as stemness, lipid metabolism, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. This review comprehensively analyzes its clinical relevance for diagnosis and prognosis across human tumors and summarizes its functional role and regulatory mechanisms in different malignant tumors, including liver cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, endometrial carcinoma, colon cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, HOXB-AS3 emerges as a promising biomarker and novel therapeutic target in multiple human tumors.

Recent Developments in Blood Biomarkers in Neuro-oncology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Given the invasive and high-risk nature of brain surgery, the need for non-invasive biomarkers obtained from the peripheral blood is greatest in tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). In this comprehensive review, we highlight recent advances in blood biomarker development for adult and pediatric brain tumors.

RECENT FINDINGS

We summarize recent blood biomarker development for CNS tumors across multiple key analytes, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, proteomics, circulating tumor cells, and tumor-educated platelets. We also discuss methods for enhancing blood biomarker detection through transient opening of the blood-brain barrier. Although blood-based biomarkers are not yet used in routine neuro-oncology practice, this field is advancing rapidly and holds great promise for improved and non-invasive management of patients with brain tumors. Prospective and adequately powered studies are needed to confirm the clinical utility of any blood biomarker prior to widespread clinical implementation.

Study of lncRNAs in Pediatric Neurological Diseases: Methods, Analysis of the State-of-Art and Possible Therapeutic Implications

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in various cellular processes, and their roles in pediatric neurological diseases are increasingly being explored. This review provides an overview of lncRNA implications in the central nervous system, both in its physiological state and when a pathological condition is present. We describe the role of lncRNAs in neural development, highlighting their significance in processes such as neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Dysregulation of specific lncRNAs is associated with multiple pediatric neurological diseases, such as neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders and brain tumors. The collected evidence indicates that there is a need for further research to uncover the full spectrum of lncRNA involvement in pediatric neurological diseases and brain tumors. While challenges exist, ongoing advancements in technology and our understanding of lncRNA biology offer hope for future breakthroughs in the field of pediatric neurology, leveraging lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

Small extracellular vesicles - A host for advanced bioengineering and "Trojan Horse" of non-coding RNAs

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a type of membranous vesicles that can be released by cells into the extracellular space. The relationship between sEVs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is highly intricate and interdependent. This symbiotic relationship plays a pivotal role in facilitating intercellular communication and holds profound implications for a myriad of biological processes. The concept of sEVs and their ncRNA cargo as a "Trojan Horse" highlights their remarkable capacity to traverse biological barriers and surreptitiously deliver their cargo to target cells, evading detection by the host-immune system. Accumulating evidence suggests that sEVs may be harnessed as carriers to ferry therapeutic ncRNAs capable of selectively silencing disease-driving genes, particularly in conditions such as cancer. This approach presents several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods, opening up new possibilities for targeted therapy and improved treatment outcomes. However, the utilization of sEVs and ncRNAs as therapeutic agents raises valid concerns regarding the possibility of unforeseen consequences and unintended impacts that may emerge from their application. It is important to consider the fundamental attributes of sEVs and ncRNAs, including by an in-depth analysis of the practical and clinical potentials of exosomes, serving as a representative model for sEVs encapsulating ncRNAs.

Function of Long Noncoding RNAs in Glioma Progression and Treatment Based on the Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways

Gliomas are a deadly primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, with glioblastoma (GBM) representing the most aggressive type. The clinical prognosis of GBM patients remains bleak despite the availability of multiple options for therapy, which has needed us to explore new therapeutic methods to face the rapid progression, short survival, and therapy resistance of glioblastomas. As the Human Genome Project advances, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians in cancer research. Numerous studies have found aberrant expression of signaling pathways in glioma cells. For example, lncRNAs not only play an integral role in the drug resistance process by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin or PI3K/Akt signaling but are also involved in a variety of malignant biological behaviors such as glioma proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor apoptosis. Therefore, the present review systematically assesses the existing research evidence on the malignant progression and drug resistance of glioma, focusing on the critical role and potential function of lncRNAs in the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt classical pathways to promote and encourage further research in this field.

Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Immunometabolic Reprogramming: How the Wind Changes during Cancer Progression

Metabolism and the immunological state are intimately intertwined, as defense responses are bioenergetically expensive. Metabolic homeostasis is a key requirement for the proper function of immune cell subsets, and the perturbation of the immune-metabolic balance is a recurrent event in many human diseases, including cancer, due to nutrient fluctuation, hypoxia and additional metabolic changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although much remains to be understood in the field of immunometabolism, here, we report the current knowledge on both physiological and cancer-associated metabolic profiles of immune cells, and the main molecular circuits involved in their regulation, highlighting similarities and differences, and emphasizing immune metabolic liabilities that could be exploited in cancer therapy to overcome immune resistance.

PD-L1-related IncRNAs are associated with malignant characteristics and immune microenvironment in glioma

BACKGROUND

The expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can function as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for tumors. This research explores the role of PD-L1-related lncRNAs in affecting malignant characteristics and the immune microenvironment of glioma.

METHODS

Downloading gene expression profiles and clinicopathological information of glioma from TCGA and CGGA databases, 6 PD-L1-related lncRNAs were identified through correlation analysis, Cox and LASSO regression analysis, establishing the risk score model based on them. Bioinformatics analysis and cell experiments in vitro were adopted to verify the effects of LINC01271 on glioma.

RESULTS

Risk scores based on 6 PD-L1-related lncRNAs (AL355974.3, LINC01271, AC011899.3, MIR4500HG, LINC02594, AL357055.3) can reflect malignant characteristics and immunotherapy response of glioma. Patients with high LINC01271 expression had a worse prognosis, a higher abundance of M1 subtype macrophages in the immune microenvironment, and a higher degree of tumor malignancy. Experiments in vitro confirmed its positive regulatory effect on the proliferation and migration of glioma cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk score model based on 6 PD-L1-related lncRNAs can reflect the malignant characteristics and prognosis of glioma. LINC01271 can independently be used as a new target for prognosis evaluation and therapy.

Construction of lncRNA-m6A gene-mRNA regulatory network to identify m6A-related lncRNAs associated with the progression of lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

We evaluated the prognostic value of m6A-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

METHODS

The expression levels of lncRNAs and mRNAs in LUAD and normal adjacent tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were analyzed using the limma package. m6A enzyme-related differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified and used to construct a regulatory network. Survival analysis was performed and the correlation between lncRNAs, m6A regulators, and mRNAs was analyzed; followed by functional enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

A comparison of LUAD samples and normal tissues identified numerous differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, demonstrating that a comprehensive network was established. Two lncRNAs and six mRNAs were selected as prognosis related factors including SH3PXD2A-AS1, MAD2L1, CCNA2, and CDC25C. The pathological stage and recurrence status were identified as independent clinical factors (P < 0.05). The expression levels of these RNAs in the different clinical groups were consistent with those in the different risk groups. The interactions of m6A proteins, two lncRNAs, and six mRNAs were predicted, and functional analysis showed that m6A target mRNAs were involved in the cell cycle, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and oocyte meiosis pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

These m6A target lncRNAs and mRNAs may be promising biomarkers for predicting clinical prognosis, and the lncRNA-m6A regulator-mRNA regulatory network could improve our understanding of m6A modification in LUAD progression.

Recent progress in exosome research: isolation, characterization and clinical applications

Exosomes, a kind of nano-vesicles released by various cell types, carry a variety of "cargos" including proteins, RNAs, DNAs and lipids. There is substantial evidence that exosomes are involved in intercellular communication by exchanging "cargos" among cells and play important roles in cancer development. Because of the different expressions of "cargos" carried by exosomes in biological fluids under physiological and pathological conditions, exosomes have the potential as a minimally invasive method of liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, due to their good biocompatibility, safety, biodistribution and low immunogenicity, exosomes also have potential applications in the development of promising cancer treatment methods. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the isolation and characterization techniques of exosomes. Moreover, we review the biological functions of exosomes in regulating tumor metastasis, drug resistance and immune regulation during cancer development and outline the applications of exosomes in cancer therapy.

Paper-based biosensors as point-of-care diagnostic devices for the detection of cancers: a review of innovative techniques and clinical applications

The development and rapid progression of cancer are major social problems. Medical diagnostic techniques and smooth clinical care of cancer are new necessities that must be supported by innovative diagnostic methods and technologies. Current molecular diagnostic tools based on the detection of blood protein markers are the most common tools for cancer diagnosis. Biosensors have already proven to be a cost-effective and accessible diagnostic tool that can be used where conventional laboratory methods are not readily available. Paper-based biosensors offer a new look at the world of analytical techniques by overcoming limitations through the creation of a simple device with significant advantages such as adaptability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of use, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we covered the characteristics of exosomes and their role in tumor growth and clinical diagnosis, followed by a discussion of various paper-based biosensors for exosome detection, such as dipsticks, lateral flow assays (LFA), and microfluidic paper-based devices (µPADs). We also discussed the various clinical studies on paper-based biosensors for exosome detection.

Downregulated lncRNA HOTAIR ameliorates polycystic ovaries syndrome via IGF-1 mediated PI3K/Akt pathway

OBJECTIVE

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder that leads to infertility in reproductive-aged females. HOTAIR is highly expressed in various gynecological diseases and is associated with a poor prognosis. We aimed to explore the role of HOTAIR in PCOS.

METHODS

First, PCOS rats were induced using dehydroepiandrosterone and then treated with si-HOTAIR. Next, HOTAIR mRNA expression and serum hormone levels were detected. HE staining was applied to observe estrus cycle, ovarian morphology and count the number of follicles. Apoptosis in the ovary was detected by TUNEL. Thereafter, ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were isolated from PCOS rats, transfected with si-HOTAIR and treated with LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) or IGF-1. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis. IGF-1, apoptosis- and PI3K/Akt pathway-associated protein expressions in ovary and GCs were also detected.

RESULTS

In in vivo experiments, si-HOTAIR decreased serum T, E₂ and LH levels but increased FSH level, restored estrus cycle, ovarian morphology and inhibited apoptosis of ovary in PCOS rats. Meanwhile, in vitro assays showed that si-HOTAIR upregulated the viability but inhibited the apoptosis of PCOS GCs. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro assays revealed that si-HOTAIR increased Bcl-2 expression but suppressed Bax, Bad, IGF-1 expressions and PI3K, AKT phosphorylation. However, the aforementioned effects of si-HOTAIR in vitro were further enhanced by LY294002 and partially reversed by IGF-1.

CONCLUSIONS

HOTAIR knockdown improved PCOS, and the mechanism may relate to IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, indicating HOTAIR may be a novel therapeutic target for PCOS.

The Role of EMT-Related lncRNAs in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide; late diagnosis and drug resistance are two major factors often responsible for high morbidity and treatment failure. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that has been closely linked with cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been also associated with several cancer-related mechanisms, including EMT. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed database in order to sum up and discuss the role of lncRNAs in regulating OC-related EMT and their underlying mechanisms. Seventy (70) original research articles were identified, as of 23 April 2023. Our review concluded that the dysregulation of lncRNAs is highly associated with EMT-mediated OC progression. A comprehensive understanding of lncRNAs' mechanisms in OC will help in identifying novel and sensitive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this malignancy.

The lncRNA HOTAIR: a pleiotropic regulator of epithelial cell plasticity

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a trans-differentiation process that endows epithelial cells with mesenchymal properties, including motility and invasion capacity; therefore, its aberrant reactivation in cancerous cells represents a critical step to gain a metastatic phenotype. The EMT is a dynamic program of cell plasticity; many partial EMT states can be, indeed, encountered and the full inverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) appears fundamental to colonize distant secondary sites. The EMT/MET dynamics is granted by a fine modulation of gene expression in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In this complex scenario, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerged as critical players. This review specifically focuses on the lncRNA HOTAIR, as a master regulator of epithelial cell plasticity and EMT in tumors. Molecular mechanisms controlling its expression in differentiated as well as trans-differentiated epithelial cells are highlighted here. Moreover, current knowledge about HOTAIR pleiotropic functions in regulation of both gene expression and protein activities are described. Furthermore, the relevance of the specific HOTAIR targeting and the current challenges of exploiting this lncRNA for therapeutic approaches to counteract the EMT are discussed.

Long non-coding RNAs modulate tumor microenvironment to promote metastasis: novel avenue for therapeutic intervention

Cancer is a devastating disease and the primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with cancer metastasis responsible for 90% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer metastasis is a multistep process characterized by spreading of cancer cells from the primary tumor and acquiring molecular and phenotypic changes that enable them to expand and colonize in distant organs. Despite recent advancements, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of cancer metastasis is limited and requires further exploration. In addition to genetic alterations, epigenetic changes have been demonstrated to play an important role in the development of cancer metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered one of the most critical epigenetic regulators. By regulating signaling pathways and acting as decoys, guides, and scaffolds, they modulate key molecules in every step of cancer metastasis such as dissemination of carcinoma cells, intravascular transit, and metastatic colonization. Gaining a good knowledge of the detailed molecular basis underlying lncRNAs regulating cancer metastasis may provide previously unknown therapeutic and diagnostic lncRNAs for patients with metastatic disease. In this review, we concentrate on the molecular mechanisms underlying lncRNAs in the regulation of cancer metastasis, the cross-talk with metabolic reprogramming, modulating cancer cell anoikis resistance, influencing metastatic microenvironment, and the interaction with pre-metastatic niche formation. In addition, we also discuss the clinical utility and therapeutic potential of lncRNAs for cancer treatment. Finally, we also represent areas for future research in this rapidly developing field.

The Role of Long Noncoding Ribonucleic Acids in Glioblastoma: What the Neurosurgeon Should Know

A significant proportion of the human transcriptome, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in several aspects of glioblastoma (GBM) pathophysiology including proliferation, invasion, radiation and temozolomide resistance, and immune modulation. The majority of lncRNAs exhibit tissue- and tumor-specific expression, lending them to be attractive targets for therapeutic translation. In recent years, unprecedented progress has been made toward our understanding of lncRNA in GBM. In this review, we discuss the function of lncRNAs, including specific lncRNAs that have critical roles in key aspects of GBM pathophysiology, and potential clinical relevance of lncRNAs for patients with GBM.

A novel compound EPIC-0412 reverses temozolomide resistance via inhibiting DNA repair/MGMT in glioblastoma

BACKGROUND

Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance has become an important obstacle affecting its therapeutic benefits. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is primarily responsible for the TMZ resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. In addition, active DNA damage repair pathways can also lead to TMZ resistance. Here, we reported a novel small-molecule inhibitor EPIC-0412 that improved the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ by 
inhibiting the DNA damage repair pathway and MGMT in GBM via epigenetic pathways.

METHODS

The small-molecule compound EPIC-0412 was obtained through high-throughput screening. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to verify the effect of EPIC-0412. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to elucidate the interactions of transcription factors at the MGMT promoter region. Animal experiments using a mouse model were performed to verify the efficacy of EPIC-0412 in sensitizing GBM cells to TMZ.

RESULTS

EPIC-0412 physically interrupts the binding of HOTAIR and EZH2, leading to the upregulation of CDKN1A and BBC3, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in GBM cells. EPIC-0412 inhibits DNA damage response in GBM cells through the p21-E2F1 DNA damage repair axis. EPIC-0412 epigenetically silences MGMT through its interaction with the ATF3-p-p65-HADC1 axis at the MGMT promoter region. The application of EPIC-0412 restored the TMZ sensitivity in GBM in vivo experiments.

CONCLUSION

This study discovered a small-molecule inhibitor EPIC-0412, which enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect of TMZ by acting on the p21-E2F1 DNA damage repair axis and ATF3-p-p65-MGMT axis, providing 
evidence for combining epigenetic drugs to increase the sensitization toward TMZ in GBM patients.

[Latest Findings on Long Noncoding RNA in Tumor Microenvironment]

Tumor microenvironment incorporates various tumor-related cellular and non-cellular components, playing a crucial role in the process of the pathogenesis, growth, and metastasis of tumors. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), a kind of noncoding RNA with a length of more than 200 nt, participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that lncRNA plays a vital role in the interaction between tumors and the tumor microenvironment, thereby affecting tumor progression. Herein, we reviewed the research progress on the lncRNA in tumor microenvironment, discussed the potential application of lncRNA in early diagnosis and treatment of tumors, and suggested that some issues should be further explored in future research, including developing effective strategies for knocking out specific lncRNA and selecting appropriate in vivo delivery vehicles targeting specific cells.

Emerging role of long non-coding RNA JPX in malignant processes and potential applications in cancers

ABSTRACT

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly function as important modulators of gene regulation and malignant processes in the development of human cancers. The lncRNA JPX is a novel molecular switch for X chromosome inactivation and differentially expressed JPX has exhibited certain clinical correlations in several cancers. Notably, JPX participates in cancer growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance, by acting as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA, interacting with proteins, and regulating some specific signaling pathways. Moreover, JPX may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The present article summarizes our current understanding of the structure, expression, and function of JPX in malignant cancer processes and discusses its molecular mechanisms and potential applications in cancer biology and medicine.

Cellular Conversations in Glioblastoma Progression, Diagnosis and Treatment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent malignancy among primary brain tumors in adults and one of the worst 5-year survival rates (< 7%) among all human cancers. Till now, treatments that target particular cell or intracellular metabolism have not improved patients' survival. GBM recruits healthy brain cells and subverts their processes to create a microenvironment that contributes to supporting tumor progression. This microenvironment encompasses a complex network in which malignant cells interact with each other and with normal and immune cells to promote tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune suppression, and treatment resistance. Communication can be direct via cell-to-cell contact, mainly through adhesion molecules, tunneling nanotubes, gap junctions, or indirect by conventional paracrine signaling by cytokine, neurotransmitter, and extracellular vesicles. Understanding these communication routes could open up new avenues for the treatment of this lethal tumor. Hence, therapeutic approaches based on glioma cells` communication have recently drawn attention. This review summarizes recent findings on the crosstalk between glioblastoma cells and their tumor microenvironment, and the impact of this conversation on glioblastoma progression. We also discuss the mechanism of communication of glioma cells and their importance as therapeutic targets and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Overall, understanding the biological mechanism of specific interactions in the tumor microenvironment may help in predicting patient prognosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies to target GBM.

Emerging role of oncogenic long noncoding RNA as cancer biomarkers

The view of long noncoding RNAs as nonfunctional "garbage" has been definitely outdated by the large body of evidence indicating this class of ncRNAs as "golden junk", especially in precision oncology. Indeed, in light of their oncogenic role and the higher expression in multiple cancer types compared with paired adjacent tissues, the clinical interest for lncRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers has been rapidly increasing. The emergence of large-scale sequencing technologies, their subsequent diffusion even in small research and clinical centers, the technological advances for the detection of low-copy lncRNAs in body fluids, coupled to the huge reduction of operating costs, have nowadays made possible to rapidly and comprehensively profile them in multiple tumors and large cohorts. In this review, we first summarize some relevant data about the oncogenic role of well-studied lncRNAs having a clinical relevance. Then, we focus on the description of their potential use as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, including an updated overview about licensed patents or clinical trials on lncRNAs in oncology.

Exosomal lncRNA HOTAIR induces PDL1+ B cells to impede anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) contribute to tumor immunosuppression. However, how B cells acquire their regulatory features in tumors remain unclear. Exosomes are important messengers that transmit tumor information to remodel tumor immunity. Here we revealed that tumor-derived exosomes drive Bregs to suppress anti-tumor immunity by delivering long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). HOTAIR was screened by lncRNA profiling in both colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived exosomes and infiltrating B cells. Tumor-derived HOTAIR polarized B cells toward a regulatory feature marked by programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PDL1) in CRC, and induced PDL1⁺ B cells to suppress CD8⁺ T cell activity. Exosomal HOTAIR bound to and protected pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) against ubiquitination degradation, resulting in STAT3 activation and PDL1 expression. Results from CRC patients showed a positive correlation between exosomal HOTAIR and tumor-infiltrating PDL1⁺ B cells. These findings reveal how B cells acquire PDL1-dominant regulatory feature in CRC, implying the clinical significance of exosomal therapy targeting HOTAIR.

microRNAs (miRNAs) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)-Recent Literature Review

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, malignant, poorly promising primary brain tumor. GBM is characterized by an infiltrating growth nature, abundant vascularization, and a rapid and aggressive clinical course. For many years, the standard treatment of gliomas has invariably been surgical treatment supported by radio- and chemotherapy. Due to the location and significant resistance of gliomas to conventional therapies, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients is very poor and the cure rate is low. The search for new therapy targets and effective therapeutic tools for cancer treatment is a current challenge for medicine and science. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in many cellular processes, such as growth, differentiation, cell division, apoptosis, and cell signaling. Their discovery was a breakthrough in the diagnosis and prognosis of many diseases. Understanding the structure of miRNAs may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of cellular regulation dependent on miRNA and the pathogenesis of diseases underlying these short non-coding RNAs, including glial brain tumors. This paper provides a detailed review of the latest reports on the relationship between changes in the expression of individual microRNAs and the formation and development of gliomas. The use of miRNAs in the treatment of this cancer is also discussed.

Investigating the molecular mechanisms of delirium-like neuropsychiatric disorder induced by electromagnetic pulse based on bioinformatics analysis

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a unique type of electromagnetic radiation, may induce diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, such as irritability, hyperkinesis, retardation of learning and memory. However, the underlying mechanism of EMP exposure on neuronal injury has not been elucidated. Here, we aimed to delineate the regulatory expression networks based on high-throughput sequencing data to explore the possible molecular mechanisms related to EMP-induced delirium-like neuropsychiatric disorder in rats. It's shown that EMP exposure induced anxiety, cognitive decline and short-term memory impairment. The expression profiles of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs, along with their biological function and regulatory network, were explored in rats after EMP exposure. We identified 41 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and 266 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) between EMP and sham groups. Sixty-one co-expression relationships between 18 DELs and 56 DEMs were mostly associated with synapse- and metabolic-related pathways. We predicted 51 DEL-miRNA pairs and 290 miRNA-mRNA pairs using the miRanda database to constructed a DEL-miRNA-DEM network. LncRNA AABR07042999.1 and mRNA Tph2, Slc6a4, Dbh and Th were upregulated, and the contents of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine were increased in both PFC and HIP after EMP exposure. The current study provided a better understanding of the ceRNA network, which might reveal the pathological mechanism and provide more treatment options for the EMP-induced neurobehavioral disorder.

LncRNA as potential biomarker and therapeutic target in glioma

Glioma is the most frequent type of malignant tumor in the central nervous system, accounting for about 80% of primary malignant brain tumors, usually with a poor prognosis. A number of studies have been conducted on the molecular abnormalities in glioma to further understand its pathogenesis, and it has been found that lncRNAs (long non-coding RNA) play a key role in angiogenesis, tumor growth, infiltration and metastasis of glioma. Since specific lncRNAs have an aberrant expression in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid as well as peripheral circulation of glioma patients, they are considered to be potential biomarkers. This review focuses on the biological characteristics of lncRNA and its value as a biomarker for glioma diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, in view of the role of lncRNAs in glioma proliferation and chemoradiotherapy resistance, we discussed the feasibility for lncRNAs as therapeutic targets. Finally, the persisting deficiencies and future prospects of using lncRNAs as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets were concluded.

Advances in exosome analysis

There is growing demand for novel biomarkers that detect early stage disease as well as monitor clinical management and therapeutic strategies. Exosome analysis could provide the next advance in attaining that goal. Exosomes are membrane encapsulated biologic nanometric-sized particles of endocytic origin which are released by all cell types. Unfortunately, exosomes are exceptionally challenging to characterize with current technologies. Exosomes are between 30 and 200nm in diameter, a size that makes them out of the sensitivity range to most cell-oriented sorting or analysis platforms, i.e., traditional flow cytometers. The most common methods for targeting exosomes to date typically involve purification followed by the characterization and the specific determination of their cargo. The whole procedure is time consuming, requiring thus skilled personnel as well as laboratory facilities and benchtop instrumentation. The most relevant methodology for exosome isolation, characterization and quantification is addressed in this chapter, including the most up-to-date approaches to explore the potential usefulness of exosomes as biomarkers in liquid biopsies and in advanced nanomedicine.

A RASSF8-AS1 based exosomal lncRNAs panel used for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Exosomal long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been shown to be potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and follow up. However, little is known about its application in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) detection. Here, we sought to develop a novel diagnostic model based on serum exosomal lncRNAs to improve ESCC screening efficiency.

METHODS

A multiphase, case-control study was conducted among 140 ESCC patients and 140 healthy controls. Microarray screening was performed to acquire differentially expressed exosomal lncRNAs in the discovery phase. The diagnostic model Index I was constructed based on a panel of three lncRNAs using logistic regression in the training phase, and were confirmed in a subsequent validation phase. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to calculate the diagnostic value. The effects of the selected lncRNAs level on ESCC mortality were evaluated using a Cox hazard regression model and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis, and the expression level with clinicopathological features was also calculated. Finally, we explored the oncogenic potential of candidate lncRNA RASSF8-AS1 in vitro and by target mRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Index I was able to discriminate ESCC patients from healthy controls, and showed superiority to classic tumor biomarkers. Moreover, serum levels of the exosomal lncRNAs correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis. The in vitro assays showed that RASSF8-AS1 played an oncogenic role in ESCC. Target mRNA scanning results suggested involvement of RASSF8-AS1 in tumor immunity and metabolism.

CONCLUSION

The newly identified serum exosomal lncRNAs could be used as new biomarkers for ESCC, and showed oncogenic potential in ESCC.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: biological functions and potential clinical applications

Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a general term for a series of complex and diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interneuron and neuron-glia cells communicate with each other through their homeostatic microenvironment. Exosomes in the microenvironment have crucial impacts on interneuron and neuron-glia cells by transferring their contents, such as proteins, lipids, and ncRNAs, constituting a novel form of cell-to-cell interaction and communication. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), regulate physiological functions and maintain CNS homeostasis. Exosomes are regarded as extracellular messengers that transfer ncRNAs between neurons and body fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of exosomal ncRNAs in CNS diseases, including prospective diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. We also provide an all-sided discussion of the comparison with some similar CNS diseases and the main limitations and challenges for exosomal ncRNAs in clinical applications.

New perspectives in liquid biopsy for glioma patients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. They are characterized by a disappointing prognosis and ineffective therapy that has shown no substantial improvements in the past 20 years. The lack of progress in treating gliomas is linked with the inadequacy of suitable tumor samples to plan translational studies and support laboratory developments. To overcome the use of tumor tissue, this commentary review aims to highlight the potential for the clinical application of liquid biopsy (intended as the study of circulating biomarkers in the blood), focusing on circulating tumor cells, circulating DNA and circulating noncoding RNA.

RECENT FINDINGS

Thanks to the increasing sensitivity of sequencing techniques, it is now possible to analyze circulating nucleic acids and tumor cells (liquid biopsy).

SUMMARY

Although studies on the use of liquid biopsy are still at an early stage, the potential clinical applications of liquid biopsy in the study of primary brain cancer are many and have the potential to revolutionize the approach to neuro-oncology, and importantly, they offer the possibility of gathering information on the disease at any time during its history.

si-PDGFRβ-Loaded Exosomes Suppress the Progression of Glioma by Inhibiting the Oxidative Associated PI3K/Akt/EZH2 Signaling Pathway

This study investigated the possibility of exosomes loaded with si-PDGFRβ ability to suppress the progression of glioma. Common gliomas develop from neuroglial progenitor cells. Many variables affect the survival rate and occurrence of gliomas. Understanding oxidative stress processes and creating new, efficient treatments are crucial because oxidative stress is linked to the development of brain tumors. For this purpose, selected clinical samples were subjected to various tests like quantitative real-time PCR, Cignal Finder RTK signaling 7-pathway reporter array analysis, CCK-8 analysis, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. Here, we demonstrated that PDGFRβ expression was increased in glioma patients. Following that, cell-derived exosomes were extracted and collected and traced in vivo, and selected tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The results indicated that the knockdown of PDGFRβ (si-PDGFRβ) inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells. Besides this, si-PDGFRβ-loaded exosomes induced a similar antitumor effect in glioma cells. The anticancer effect of si-PDGFRβ-loaded exosomes was mediated by the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/EZH2 pathway. Finally, we verified that this exosome delivery system, si-PDGFRβ-loaded exosomes, had robust targeting and no associated toxicity. In conclusion, the study confirmed that si-PDGFRβ-loaded exosomes inhibit glioma progression via inactivating the PI3K/Akt/EZH2 signaling pathway.

Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer

Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.

Functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA HOTAIR in cancer chemotherapy resistance

Chemotherapy has been one of the most important treatments for advanced cancer in recent decades. Although the sensitivity rate of initial chemotherapy is high, patients with chemotherapy resistant tumors, experience tumor recurrence. In recent years, many studies have shown that homeobox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is involved in many pathological processes including carcinogenesis. The abnormal regulation of a variety of cell functions by HOTAIR, such as apoptosis, the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, self-renewal, and metabolism, is associated with chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the biology and mechanism underlying the role of HOTAIR in tumor behavior and its potential as a biomarker for predicting the effect of chemotherapy. In this manuscript, we review the mechanisms underlying HOTAIR-related drug resistance and discuss the limitations of current knowledge and propose potential future directions.

Advances in nano-based materials for glioblastoma multiforme diagnosis: A mini-review

The development of nano-based materials for diagnosis enables a more precise prognosis and results. Inorganic, organic, or hybrid nanoparticles using nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, extracellular vesicle systems, and others, with different molecular compositions, have been extensively explored as a better strategy to overcome the blood-brain barrier and target brain tissue and tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system, with a short, established prognosis. The delay in early detection is considered a key challenge in designing a precise and efficient treatment with the most encouraging prognosis. Therefore, the present mini-review focuses on discussing distinct strategies presented recently in the literature regarding nanostructures’ use, design, and application for GBM diagnosis.