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Takić M, Ranković S, Girek Z, Pavlović S, Jovanović P, Jovanović V, Šarac I. Current Insights into the Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Focusing on Alterations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4909. [PMID: 38732139 PMCID: PMC11084241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and chia. After ingestion, it can be incorporated in to body lipid pools (particularly triglycerides and phospholipid membranes), and then endogenously metabolized through desaturation, elongation, and peroxisome oxidation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with a very limited efficiency (particularly for DHA), beta-oxidized as an energy source, or directly metabolized to C18-oxilipins. At this moment, data in the literature about the effects of ALA supplementation on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans are inconsistent, indicating no effects or some positive effects on all MetS components (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired insulin sensitivity and glucoregulation, blood pressure, and liver steatosis). The major effects of ALA on MetS seem to be through its conversion to more potent EPA and DHA, the impact on the n-3/n-6 ratio, and the consecutive effects on the formation of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, as well as adipocyte and hepatocytes function. It is important to distinguish the direct effects of ALA from the effects of EPA and DHA metabolites. This review summarizes the most recent findings on this topic and discusses the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Takić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Slavica Ranković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Zdenka Girek
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Suzana Pavlović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Petar Jovanović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Jovanović
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Šarac
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
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Braun TS, Drobner T, Kipp K, Kiehntopf M, Schlattmann P, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C. Validation of Nutritional Approaches to Modulate Cardiovascular and Diabetic Risk Factors in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia or Prediabetes-The MoKaRi II Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1261. [PMID: 38732508 PMCID: PMC11085300 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus type 2 are among the most important metabolic diseases globally. Diet plays a vital role in the development and progression of both clinical pictures. For the 10-week randomized, controlled, intervention study, 67 subjects with elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations (≥1.7 mmol/L) and 69 subjects with elevated fasting glucose concentrations (≥5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L) were recruited. The intervention groups received specially developed, individualized menu plans and regular counseling sessions to lower (A) TG or (B) fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c as well as other cardiovascular and diabetic risk factors. The hypertriglyceridemia intervention group was further supplemented with fish oil (3.5 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid). The two control groups maintained a typical Western diet. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks, and anthropometric data were collected. A follow-up examination was conducted after another 10 weeks. In both intervention groups, there were comparable significant reductions in blood lipids, glucose metabolism, and anthropometric parameters. These results were, with a few exceptions, significantly more pronounced in the intervention groups than in the corresponding control groups (comparison of percentage change from baseline). In particular, body weight was reduced by 7.4% (6.4 kg) and 7.5% (5.9 kg), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 19.8% (0.8 mmol/L) and 13.0% (0.5 mmol/L), TG concentrations by 18.2% (0.3 mmol/L) and 13.0% (0.2 mmol/L), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance by 31.8% (1.1) and 26.4% (0.9) (p < 0.05) in the hypertriglyceridemia and prediabetes intervention groups, respectively. Some of these changes were maintained until follow-up. In patients with elevated TG or fasting glucose, implementing individualized menu plans in combination with regular counseling sessions over 10 weeks led to a significant improvement in cardiovascular and diabetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S. Braun
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.B.); (T.D.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Timo Drobner
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.B.); (T.D.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Kristin Kipp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Sophien- and Hufeland Hospital, Henry-van-de-Velde-Str. 1, 99425 Weimar, Germany;
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, University Hospital Jena, Bachstraße 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.B.); (T.D.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
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Metherel AH, Klievik BJ, Cisbani G, Smith ME, Cumberford G, Bazinet RP. Blood and tissue docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) turnover rates from Ahiflower® oil are not different than from DHA ethyl ester oil in a diet switch mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159422. [PMID: 37977491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Ahiflower® oil is high in α-linolenic and stearidonic acids, however, tissue/blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) turnover from dietary Ahiflower oil has not been investigated. In this study, we use compound-specific isotope analysis to determine tissue DHA synthesis/turnover from Ahiflower, flaxseed and DHA oils. Pregnant BALB/c mice (13-17 days) were placed on a 2 % algal DHA oil diet of high carbon-13 content (δ13C) and pups (n = 132) were maintained on the diet until 9 weeks old. Mice were then randomly allocated to a low δ13C-n-3 PUFA diet of either: 1) 4 % Ahiflower oil, 2) 4.35 % flaxseed oil or 3) 1 % fish DHA ethyl ester oil for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 or 120 days (n = 6). Serum, liver, adipose and brains were collected and DHA levels and δ13C were determined. DHA concentrations were highest (p < 0.05) in the liver and adipose of DHA-fed animals with no diet differences in serum or brain (p > 0.05). Based on the presence or absence of overlapping 95 % C.I.'s, DHA half-lives and synthesis/turnover rates were not different between Ahiflower and DHA diets in the liver, adipose or brain. DHA half-lives and synthesis/turnover rates from flaxseed oil were significantly slower than from the DHA diet in all serum/tissues. These findings suggest that the distinct Ahiflower oil n-3 PUFA composition could support tissue DHA needs at a similar rate to dietary DHA, making it a unique plant-based dietary option for maintaining DHA turnover comparably to dietary DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Cumberford
- Natures Crops International, Kensington, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Witard OC, Banic M, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, van Dijk M, Galloway SDR. Long-chain n-3 PUFA ingestion for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in healthy older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37987178 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain ո-3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision. Accumulating evidence implicates a mechanistic role for n-3 PUFA in upregulating MPS under stimulated conditions (post-prandial state or following exercise) via incorporation of EPA and DHA into the skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane. In some instances, these changes in MPS with chronic ո-3 PUFA ingestion have translated into clinically relevant improvements in muscle mass, strength and function; an observation evidently more prevalent in healthy older women than men. This apparent sexual dimorphism in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle metabolism to EPA and DHA ingestion may be related to a greater propensity for females to incorporate ո-3 PUFA into human tissue and/or the larger dose of ingested ո-3 PUFA when expressed relative to body mass or lean body mass. Future experimental studies are warranted to characterise the optimal dosing and duration of ո-3 PUFA ingestion to prescribe tailored recommendations regarding n-3 PUFA nutrition for healthy musculoskeletal ageing into later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Milena Banic
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Drobner T, Braun TS, Kiehntopf M, Schlattmann P, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C. Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Metabolism of Land-Based n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids-The KoALA Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4461. [PMID: 37892536 PMCID: PMC10610546 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of influencing factors (sex, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status at baseline, linoleic acid (LA) intake, milk fat intake) on the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) obtained from linseed oil into its long-chain metabolites. In addition, the effect of ALA on cardiovascular risk markers was investigated. This study used a parallel design approach by randomly assigning the 134 subjects to one of four diets (high in LA (HLA); low in LA (LLA); high in milk fat (MF); control (Western diet)) each enriched with linseed oil (10 en%, 22-27 mL ≙ 13-16 g ALA). Blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. The study was fully completed by 105 subjects (57.4 ± 12.1 years; 65.7% female). Results showed that ALA (296-465%), C-20:4n3 (54-140%), and EPA (37-73%) concentrations in erythrocytes increased in all groups (p < 0.01). In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid (19-35%, p < 0.01) and n-3 index (10-21%, p < 0.05) dropped in the HLA, LLA, and control groups. An increase in C-22:5n3 was only observed in the MF (36%) and control groups (11%) (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in LA (7-27%) was found in the HLA, LLA, and control groups, whereas C-20:3n6 (16-22%), arachidonic acid (10-16%), C-22:4n6 (12-30%), and C-22:5n6 (32-47%) decreased (p < 0.01). The conversion into EPA was higher in men than in women (69 vs. 39%, p = 0.043) and in subjects with low EPA status compared to participants with high EPA status (79 vs. 29%, p < 0.001). A high LA status attenuates the conversion rate. In line with the literature, no clear effects on blood lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism were found in relation to ALA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Drobner
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Theresa S. Braun
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Data Science, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Meuronen T, Lankinen MA, Kolmert J, de Mello VD, Sallinen T, Ågren J, Virtanen KA, Laakso M, Wheelock CE, Pihlajamäki J, Schwab U. The FADS1 rs174550 Genotype Modifies the n-3 and n-6 PUFA and Lipid Mediator Responses to a High Alpha-Linolenic Acid and High Linoleic Acid Diets. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200351. [PMID: 36367234 PMCID: PMC10077898 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, which is associated with biomarkers and risk of non-communicable diseases, is regulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS). We investigated the interactions between dietary PUFAs and FADS1 rs174550 variant. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants (n = 118), homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 variant (TT and CC) followed a high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 5 percent of energy (E-%)) or a high linoleic acid (LA, 10 E-%) diet during an 8-week randomized controlled intervention. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and PUFA-derived lipid mediators were quantified by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. The high-LA diet increased the concentration of plasma LA, but not its lipid mediators. The concentration of plasma arachidonic acid decreased in carriers of CC and remained unchanged in the TT genotype. The high-ALA diet increased the concentration of plasma ALA and its cytochrome P450-derived epoxides and dihydroxys, and cyclooxygenase-derived monohydroxys. Concentrations of plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and its mono- and dihydroxys increased only in TT genotype carriers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the potential for genotype-based recommendations for PUFA consumption, resulting in modulation of bioactive lipid mediators which can exert beneficial effects in maintaining health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Meuronen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
- Food Sciences UnitUniversity of TurkuTurku20500Finland
| | - Maria A. Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Unit of Integrative MetabolomicsInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 65Sweden
| | - Vanessa Derenji de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
| | - Taisa Sallinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
- University of Eastern Finland Library KuopioKuopio70600Finland
| | - Jyrki Ågren
- Institute of BiomedicineSchool of Medicine University of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
| | - Kirsi A. Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
- Department of MedicineEndocrinology and Clinical NutritionKuopio University HospitalKuopio70210Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical MedicineInternal Medicine University of Eastern FinlandKuopio70029Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University HospitalKuopio70210Finland
| | - Craig E. Wheelock
- Unit of Integrative MetabolomicsInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 65Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and AllergyKarolinska University HospitalStockholm141 86Sweden
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR)Gunma UniversityMaebashi371‐8511Japan
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
- Department of MedicineEndocrinology and Clinical NutritionKuopio University HospitalKuopio70210Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopio70211Finland
- Department of MedicineEndocrinology and Clinical NutritionKuopio University HospitalKuopio70210Finland
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Dietary fat quality impacts metabolic impairments of type 2 diabetes risk differently in male and female CD-1 ® mice. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1013-1028. [PMID: 34605388 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic impairments associated with type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance and loss of glycaemic control, disproportionately impact the elderly. Lifestyle interventions, such as manipulation of dietary fat quality (i.e. fatty acid (FA) composition), have been shown to favourably modulate metabolic health. Yet, whether or not chronic consumption of beneficial FAs can protect against metabolic derangements and disease risk during ageing is not well defined. We sought to evaluate whether long-term dietary supplementation of fish-, dairy- or echium-derived FAs to the average FA profile in a U.S. American diet may offset metabolic impairments in males and females during ageing. One-month-old CD-1® mice were fed isoenergetic, high-fat (40 %) diets with the fat content composed of either 100 % control fat blend (CO) or 70 % CO with 30 % fish oil, dairy fat or echium oil for 13 months. Every 3 months, parameters of glucose homoeostasis were evaluated via glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Glucose tolerance improved in males consuming a diet supplemented with fish oil or echium oil as ageing progressed, but not in females. Yet, females were more metabolically protected than males regardless of age. Additionally, Spearman correlations were performed between indices of glucose homoeostasis and previously reported measurements of diet-derived FA content in tissues and colonic bacterial composition, which also revealed sex-specific associations. This study provides evidence that long-term dietary fat quality influences risk factors of metabolic diseases during ageing in a sex-dependent manner; thus, sex is a critical factor to be considered in future dietary strategies to mitigate type 2 diabetes risk.
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Liu H, Li X, Zhu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Lin S, Fang C, Li L, Lv Y, Mei W, Peng X, Yin J, Liu L. Effect of Plant-Derived n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Blood Lipids and Gut Microbiota: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:830960. [PMID: 35223959 PMCID: PMC8873928 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.830960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several cardioprotective mechanisms attributed to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been widely documented. Significant interest has recently focused on the role of human gut microbiota in metabolic disorders. However, the role of plant-derived n-3 PUFAs on blood lipid profiles is controversial and the effect on gut microbiota is still unclear. Objectives We aimed to perform a double-blind randomized controlled trial to test the effect of plant-derived n-3 PUFAs on the blood lipids and gut microbiota of patients with marginal hyperlipidemia. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 75 participants with marginal hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned to the intervention group (supplied with n-3 PUFA-enriched plant oil) or control group (supplied with corn oil), respectively, for a 3-month treatment. Participants and assessors were blinded to the allocation. The primary outcomes of the trial were the changes in serum lipid levels. Secondary outcomes were changes in gut microbiota and metabolites. For the primary outcomes, we conducted both an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis and a per protocol (PP) analysis. For the secondary outcomes, we only conducted the PP analysis among the participants who provided fecal sample. Results Fifty-one participants completed the trial. Relative to the control group, the n-3 PUFA supplementation resulted in significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) levels (−0.43 mmol/L, 95% CI−0.84 to−0.01 mmol/L, P < 0.05). The n-3 PUFA supplementation was also associated with significantly increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in phylum level (P < 0.01; false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p = 0.11), and decreased the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05; FDR corrected p = 0.16). At genus level, the intervention of plant derived n-3 PUFAs resulted in a significant decrease in relative abundance of Phascolarctobacterium (P < 0.01; FDR corrected p = 0.18) and Veillonella (P < 0.01; FDR corrected p = 0.18) after the intervention. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that plant-derived n-3 PUFAs beneficially affected the serum levels of TC and decreased the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes during the 12-week intervention period, which might confer advantageous consequences for lipid metabolism and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linyan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Mei
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiawei Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiawei Yin
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Liegang Liu
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10
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Effects of Flaxseed on Blood Lipids in Healthy and Dyslipidemic Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100931. [PMID: 34384619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To address hyperlipidemia, flaxseed demonstrates a great impact on experimental and clinical trials. Therefore, the effects of flaxseed on lipid profiles of healthy and dyslipidemic subjects were assayed. The literature search was performed based on English reports of randomized control trials (RCTs) up to April 2021 to seek the effect of flaxseed on lipid profiles of healthy and dyslipidemic subjects. A total of 14 RCTs with 1107 participants were evaluated. Based on results, flaxseed significantly improves the lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients comprising total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) in comparison with the control group. Nevertheless, no significant changes were observed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Although in healthy individual flaxseed significantly increased HDL-C, LDL-C and TG. Subgroup analysis on healthy subjects showed that flaxseed improved LDL-C on overweight subjects with BMI>25. The evidence suggests that flaxseed significantly improved TC, LDL-C and TG in dyslipidemic subjects and additionally improved the HDL-C on healthy subjects.
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11
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Lane KE, Wilson M, Hellon TG, Davies IG. Bioavailability and conversion of plant based sources of omega-3 fatty acids - a scoping review to update supplementation options for vegetarians and vegans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4982-4997. [PMID: 33576691 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1880364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids offer a plethora of health benefits with the majority of evidence showing beneficial effects from marine sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Emerging research examines the effects of n-3 dietary intakes on blood markers of vegetarians and vegans, but official guidance for plant based marine alternatives is yet to reach consensus. This scoping review provides an overview of trials investigating bioavailability of plant n-3 oils including EPA and DHA conversion. Searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and clinical trial registers identified randomized controlled trials from January 2010 to September 2020. The 'Omega-3 index' (EPA + DHA (O3I)), was used to compare n-3 status, metabolic conversion and bioavailability. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data on outcomes. From 639 identified articles, screening and eligibility checks gave 13 articles. High dose flaxseed or echium seed oil supplements, provided no increases to O3I and some studies showed reductions. However, microalgal oil supplementation increased O3I levels for all studies. Findings indicate preliminary advice for vegetarians and vegans is regular consumption of preformed EPA and DHA supplements may help maintain optimal O3I. Further studies should establish optimum EPA and DHA ratios and dosages in vegetarian and vegan populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Lane
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Megan Wilson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Teuta G Hellon
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Gao L, Chen W, Xu X, Zhang J, Singh TK, Liu S, Zhang D, Tian L, White A, Shrestha P, Zhou XR, Llewellyn D, Green A, Singh SP, Liu Q. Engineering Trienoic Fatty Acids into Cottonseed Oil Improves Low-Temperature Seed Germination, Plant Photosynthesis and Cotton Fiber Quality. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1335-1347. [PMID: 32379869 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9,12,15) and γ-linolenic acid \ (GLA, 18:3Δ6,9,12) are important trienoic fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health in their own right, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. ALA and GLA in seed oil are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2Δ9,12) by the microsomal ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) and Δ6 desaturase (D6D), respectively. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed oil composition was modified by transforming with an FAD3 gene from Brassica napus and a D6D gene from Echium plantagineum, resulting in approximately 30% ALA and 20% GLA, respectively. The total oil content in transgenic seeds remained unaltered relative to parental seeds. Despite the use of a seed-specific promoter for transgene expression, low levels of GLA and increased levels of ALA were found in non-seed cotton tissues. At low temperature, the germinating cottonseeds containing the linolenic acid isomers elongated faster than the untransformed controls. ALA-producing lines also showed higher photosynthetic rates at cooler temperature and better fiber quality compared to both untransformed controls and GLA-producing lines. The oxidative stability of the novel cottonseed oils was assessed, providing guidance for potential food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications of these oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Changchun Normal University, 677 Changji North Road, Changchun, Jilin 130032, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
- College of Science, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tanoj K Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Shiming Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Lijun Tian
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam White
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Allan Green
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
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13
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Prasad P, Anjali P, Sreedhar RV. Plant-based stearidonic acid as sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acid with functional outcomes on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1725-1737. [PMID: 32431176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1765137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are known to be potent biological regulators with therapeutic and preventive effects on human health. Many global health organizations have recommended consuming marine based omega-3 sources for neonatal brain development and reducing the risk of various chronic diseases. However, due to concerns regarding the origin, sustainable supply and safety of the marine sources, alternative n-3 PUFA sources are being explored. Recently, plant-based omega-3 sources are gaining much importance because of their sustainable supply and dietary acceptance. α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) rich seed oils are the major omega-3 fatty acid source available for human consumption. But, efficiency of conversion of ALA to n-3 LC-PUFAs in humans is limited due to a rate-limiting step in the n-3 pathway catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase. Botanical stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oils are emerging as a sustainable omega-3 source with efficient conversion rate to n-3 LC-PUFA especially to EPA, as it bypasses the Δ6-desaturase rate limiting step. Several recent studies have identified the major plant sources of SDA and explored its potential health benefits and preventive roles in inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the sources, nutraceutical roles, food-based applications and the future perspectives of botanical SDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prasad
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - P Anjali
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - R V Sreedhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Single-Dose SDA-Rich Echium Oil Increases Plasma EPA, DPAn3, and DHA Concentrations. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102346. [PMID: 31581725 PMCID: PMC6835614 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits. The primary dietary source of EPA and DHA is seafood. Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) has not been shown to be a good source for EPA and DHA; however, stearidonic acid (SDA)-which is naturally contained in echium oil (EO)-may be a more promising alternative. This study was aimed at investigating the short-term n3 PUFA metabolism after the ingestion of a single dose of EO. Healthy young male subjects (n = 12) ingested a single dose of 26 g of EO after overnight fasting. Plasma fatty acid concentrations and relative amounts were determined at baseline and 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after the ingestion of EO. During the whole examination period, the participants received standardized nutrition. Plasma ALA and SDA concentrations increased rapidly after the single dose of EO. Additionally, EPA and DPAn3 concentrations both increased significantly by 47% after 72 h compared to baseline; DHA concentrations also significantly increased by 21% after 72 h. To conclude, EO increases plasma ALA, SDA, EPA, DPAn3, and DHA concentrations and may be an alternative source for these n3 PUFAs.
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15
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Gao YX, Fan C, Tan X, Zhang J, Wang J. Stearidonic acid promotes insulin secretion via stimulation of G protein-coupled receptor 40 in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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16
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Drouin G, Rioux V, Legrand P. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA): A new player in the n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid family. Biochimie 2019; 159:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Fickler A, Staats S, Michl SC, Hasler M, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Combination of Dietary Ahiflower Oil and Equol Enhances Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Rainbow Trout Tissues. Lipids 2019; 53:1069-1083. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fickler
- GMA ‐ Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum Germany
- Institute of Animal Breeding and HusbandryKiel University Hermann‐Rodewald‐Str. 6, 24118, Kiel Germany
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food ScienceKiel University Hermann‐Rodewald‐Str. 6, 24118, Kiel Germany
| | - Stéphanie Céline Michl
- GMA ‐ Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum Germany
- Institute of Animal Breeding and HusbandryKiel University Hermann‐Rodewald‐Str. 6, 24118, Kiel Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach VariationsstatistikKiel University Hermann‐ Rodewald‐Str. 9, 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food ScienceKiel University Hermann‐Rodewald‐Str. 6, 24118, Kiel Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA ‐ Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum Germany
- Institute of Animal Breeding and HusbandryKiel University Hermann‐Rodewald‐Str. 6, 24118, Kiel Germany
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18
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Gagnon KJ, Lefort N, Poirier SJ, Barnett DA, Surette ME. 5-lipoxygenase-dependent biosynthesis of novel 20:4 n-3 metabolites with anti-inflammatory activity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:38-44. [PMID: 30392579 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. N-3 PUFA like eicosapentaenoic acid are subject to a similar metabolism and are precursors of pro-resolving mediators. Stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3, SDA) is a plant source of n-3 PUFA that is elongated to 20:4 n-3, an analogue of AA. However, no 5-LO metabolites of 20:4 n-3 have been reported. In this study, control and 5-LO-expressing HEK293 cells were stimulated in the presence of 20:4 n-3. Metabolites were characterized by LC-MS/MS and their anti-inflammatory properties assessed using AA-induced autocrine neutrophil stimulation and leukotriene B4-mediated chemotaxis. 8‑hydroxy‑9,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid (Δ17-8-HETE) and 8,15-dihydroxy-9,11,13,17-eicosatetraenoic acid (Δ17-8,15-diHETE) were identified as novel metabolites. Δ17-8,15-diHETE production was inhibited by the leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor SC 57461A. Autocrine neutrophil leukotriene stimulation and neutrophil chemotaxis, both BLT1-dependent processes, were inhibited by Δ17-8,15-diHETE at low nM concentrations. These data support an anti-inflammatory role for Δ17-8,15-diHETE, a novel 5-LO product.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ADA, adenosine deaminase
- ALA, alpha-linolenic acid
- Abbreviations: 19-OH-PGB(2), 19(R)-hydroxy-prostaglandin B(2)
- BLT1, leukotriene B(4) receptor 1
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- DPA, docosapentaenoic acid
- ETA, eicosatetraenoic acid
- Eicosanoids
- EtOH, ethanol
- HpETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- Inflammation
- LO, lipoxygenase
- LTA(4), leukotriene A(4)
- LTB(4), leukotriene B(4)
- LTC(4), leukotriene C(4)
- Leukotrienes
- Lipid mediators
- MeOH, methanol
- NEM, N-ethylmaleimide
- Neutrophils
- RP-HPLC, reverse phase-HPLC
- SDA, stearidonic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gagnon
- Départment de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - N Lefort
- Départment de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - S J Poirier
- Départment de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - D A Barnett
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - M E Surette
- Départment de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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19
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Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Bog M, Ecker J, Seeliger C, Böhm V, Lorkowski S, Sommer K, Vetter W, Tolzin-Banasch K, Kirmse R, Leiterer M, Dawczynski C, Liebisch G, Jahreis G. Nutritional Value of the Duckweed Species of the Genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as Human Food. Front Chem 2018; 6:483. [PMID: 30420949 PMCID: PMC6215809 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Wolffia are traditionally used as human food in some of the Asian countries. Therefore, all 11 species of this genus, identified by molecular barcoding, were investigated for ingredients relevant to human nutrition. The total protein content varied between 20 and 30% of the freeze-dry weight, the starch content between 10 and 20%, the fat content between 1 and 5%, and the fiber content was ~25%. The essential amino acid content was higher or close to the requirements of preschool-aged children according to standards of the World Health Organization. The fat content was low, but the fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids was above 60% of total fat and the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher than that of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in most species. The content of macro- and microelements (minerals) not only depended on the cultivation conditions but also on the genetic background of the species. This holds true also for the content of tocopherols, several carotenoids and phytosterols in different species and even intraspecific, clonal differences were detected in Wolffia globosa and Wolffia arrhiza. Thus, the selection of suitable clones for further applications is important. Due to the very fast growth and the highest yield in most of the nutrients, Wolffia microscopica has a high potential for practical applications in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-J. Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - K. Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josef Ecker
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology, University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Sommer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rita Kirmse
- Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christine Dawczynski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jahreis
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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20
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Fickler A, Staats S, Hasler M, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Dietary Buglossoides arvensis Oil as a Potential Candidate to Substitute Fish Oil in Rainbow Trout Diets. Lipids 2018; 53:809-823. [PMID: 30334262 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of vegetable oils in salmonid diets substantially decreased the body content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), and thus the product quality for human consumption. Therefore, new ingredients for aquaculture feeds are needed that maximize the deposition of health-promoting n-3 LC-PUFA. This study investigated Buglossoides arvensis (Ahiflower) oil, a plant oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3, SDA), as a source of n-3 fatty acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nutrition. Rainbow trout (87.4 ± 0.6 g) were fed for 56 days. The oils of the control diet (FV) were substituted by Ahiflower oil at 33%, 66%, and 100% (A33, A66, A100). Dietary Ahiflower oil increased the final body weights of fish. mRNA steady state levels of fatty acyl desaturase 2a (delta-6) (fads2a(d6)) and 2b (delta-5) (fads2b(d5)) as well as carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 a (cpt1a) were not altered by dietary treatments. In contrast, cpt1c mRNA steady state levels were significantly downregulated in samples of fish fed A66 and A100. Significantly higher eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) levels were found in the liver and significantly higher EPA levels in the fillet of rainbow trout of A66 and A100 compared to FV. The content of DHA in fillets of fish fed Ahiflower oil was not significantly different to fish fed FV. Thus, high dietary amounts of Ahiflower oil can compensate for reduced dietary EPA and DHA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fickler
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Kiel University, Hermann- Rodewald-Str. 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Pignitter M, Lindenmeier M, Andersen G, Herrfurth C, Beermann C, Schmitt JJ, Feussner I, Fulda M, Somoza V. Effect of 1- and 2-Month High-Dose Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment on 13 C-Labeled Alpha-Linolenic Acid Incorporation and Conversion in Healthy Subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800271. [PMID: 30102841 PMCID: PMC6646899 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The study aims at identifying 1) the most sensitive compartment among plasma phospholipids, erythrocytes, and LDL for studying alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) conversion, and 2) whether ALA incorporation and conversion is saturable after administration of 13 C-labeled ALA-rich linseed oil (LO). The effect of a daily intake of 7 g nonlabeled LO (>43% w/w ALA) for 1 month after bolus administration of 7 g 13 C-labeled LO on day 1, and for 2 months after bolus administration of 7 g 13 C-labeled LO on day 1 and day 29 on 13 C-ALA incorporation and conversion into its higher homologs is investigated in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS Incorporation and conversion of LO-derived 13 C-labeled ALA is quantified by applying compartmental modeling. After bolus administration, a fractional conversion of approximately 30% from 13 C-ALA to 13 C-DHA is calculated as reflected by the LDL compartment. Treatment with LO for 8 weeks induces a mean reduction of 13 C-ALA conversion to 13 C-DHA by 48% as reflected by the LDL compartment, and a mean reduction of the 13 C-ALA incorporation into LDL by 46%. CONCLUSION A 2-month dietary intake of a high dose of LO is sufficient to reach saturation of ALA incorporation into LDL particles, which are responsible for ALA distribution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gaby Andersen
- German Research Center of Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim J Schmitt
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fulda
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.,German Research Center of Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
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22
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Greupner T, Kutzner L, Nolte F, Strangmann A, Kohrs H, Hahn A, Schebb NH, Schuchardt JP. Effects of a 12-week high-α-linolenic acid intervention on EPA and DHA concentrations in red blood cells and plasma oxylipin pattern in subjects with a low EPA and DHA status. Food Funct 2018; 9:1587-1600. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The essential omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n3) can be converted into EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Greupner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
| | - Fabian Nolte
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
| | - Alena Strangmann
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Heike Kohrs
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
- Chair of Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
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23
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Sreedhar RV, Prasad P, Reddy LPA, Rajasekharan R, Srinivasan M. Unravelling a stearidonic acid-rich triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway in the developing seeds of Buglossoides arvensis: A transcriptomic landscape. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10473. [PMID: 28874672 PMCID: PMC5585386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Buglossoides arvensis is an emerging oilseed crop that is rich in stearidonic acid (SDA) and has several potential applications in human health and nutrition. The molecular basis of SDA biosynthesis in this plant remains unknown due to lack of genomic information. To unravel key genes involved in SDA-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, we performed transcriptome sequencing of pooled mRNA from five different developmental stages of B. arvensis seeds using Illumina NextSeq platform. De novo transcriptome assembly generated 102,888 clustered transcripts from 39.83 million high-quality reads. Of these, 62.1% and 55.54% of transcripts were functionally annotated using Uniprot-Viridiplantae and KOG databases, respectively. A total of 10,021 SSR-containing sequences were identified using the MISA tool. Deep mining of transcriptome assembly using in silico tools led to the identification of genes involved in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis. Expression profiling of 17 key transcripts involved in fatty acid desaturation and TAG biosynthesis showed expression patterns specific to the development stage that positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in the developing seeds. This first comprehensive transcriptome analysis provides the basis for future research on understanding molecular mechanisms of SDA-rich TAG accumulation in B. arvensis and aids in biotechnological production of SDA in other oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Sreedhar
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - P Prasad
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - L Prasanna Anjaneya Reddy
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, India.
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24
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Lefort N, LeBlanc R, Surette ME. Dietary Buglossoides Arvensis Oil Increases Circulating n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Dose-Dependent Manner and Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Whole Blood Interleukin-10-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030261. [PMID: 28287415 PMCID: PMC5372924 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Buglossoides arvensis (Ahiflower) oil is a dietary oil rich in stearidonic acid (20% SDA; 18:4 n-3). The present randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated the effects of three Ahiflower oil dosages on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of plasma and mononuclear cells (MCs) and of the highest Ahiflower dosage on stimulated cytokine production in blood. Healthy subjects (n = 88) consumed 9.7 mL per day for 28 days of 100% high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO); 30% Ahiflower oil (Ahi) + 70% HOSO; 60% Ahi + 40% HOSO; and 100% Ahi. No clinically significant changes in blood and urine chemistries, blood lipid profiles, hepatic and renal function tests nor hematology were measured. Linear mixed models (repeated measures design) probed for differences in time, and time × treatment interactions. Amongst significant changes, plasma and MC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) levels increased from baseline at day 28 in all Ahiflower groups (p < 0.05) and the increase was greater in all Ahiflower groups compared to the HOSO control (time × treatment interactions; p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4 n-3), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) content; but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). Production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was increased in the 100% Ahiflower oil group compared to 100% HOSO group (p < 0.05). IL-10 production was also increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated M2-differentiated THP-1 macrophage-like cells in the presence of 20:4 n-3 or EPA (p < 0.05). Overall; this indicates that the consumption of Ahiflower oil is associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lefort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | - Rémi LeBlanc
- Réseau de Santé Vitalité Health Network, Centre hospitalier universitaire Dr-Georges-L.-Dumont, Moncton, NB E1C 2Z3, Canada.
| | - Marc E Surette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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