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Wang Y, Balvers MGJ, Esser D, Schutte S, Vincken JP, Afman LA, Witkamp RF, Meijerink J. Nutrient composition of different energy-restricted diets determines plasma endocannabinoid profiles and adipose tissue DAGL-α expression; a 12-week randomized controlled trial in subjects with abdominal obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 128:109605. [PMID: 38401691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is dysregulated during obesity and metabolic disorders. Weight loss favours the re-establishment of ECS homeostatic conditions, but also the fatty acid composition of the diet can modulate endocannabinoid profiles. However, the combined impact of nutrient quality and energy restriction on the ECS remains unclear. In this 12 weeks randomized controlled trial, men and women (40-70 years) with obesity (BMI: 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/ m2) followed either a low nutrient quality 25% energy-restricted (ER) diet (n=39) high in saturated fats and fructose, or a high nutrient quality ER diet (n=34) amongst others enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or kept their habitual diet (controls). Profiles of plasma- and adipose N-acylethanolamines and mono-acyl glycerol esters were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors was determined in adipose tissue. Measurements were performed under fasting conditions before and after 12 weeks. Our results showed that plasma level of the DHA-derived compound docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) was decreased in the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<0.001) compared with the high nutrient quality ER diet, whereas anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels were unaltered. However, adipose tissue gene expression of the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α) was increased following the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<.009) and differed upon intervention with both other diets. Concluding, nutrient quality of the diet affects N-acylethanolamine profiles and gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors even under conditions of high energy restriction in abdominally obese humans. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02194504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Esser
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ben Necib R, Manca C, Lacroix S, Martin C, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Hemp seed significantly modulates the endocannabinoidome and produces beneficial metabolic effects with improved intestinal barrier function and decreased inflammation in mice under a high-fat, high-sucrose diet as compared with linseed. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882455. [PMID: 36238310 PMCID: PMC9552265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids support cardiometabolic health and reduce chronic low-grade inflammation. These fatty acids may impart their health benefits partly by modulating the endocannabinoidome and the gut microbiome, both of which are key regulators of metabolism and the inflammatory response. Whole hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa) are of exceptional nutritional value, being rich in omega-3 fatty acids. We assessed the effects of dietary substitution (equivalent to about 2 tablespoons of seeds a day for humans) of whole hemp seeds in comparison with whole linseeds in a diet-induced obesity mouse model and determined their effects on obesity and the gut microbiome-endocannabinoidome axis. We show that whole hemp seed substitution did not affect weigh gain, adiposity, or food intake, whereas linseed substitution did, in association with higher fasting glucose levels, greater insulin release during an oral glucose tolerance test, and higher levels of liver triglycerides than controls. Furthermore, hemp seed substitution mitigated diet-induced obesity-associated increases in intestinal permeability and circulating PAI-1 levels, while having no effects on markers of inflammation in epididymal adipose tissue, which were, however, increased in mice fed linseeds. Both hemp seeds and linseeds were able to modify the expression of several endocannabinoidome genes and markedly increased the levels of several omega-3 fatty acid–derived endocannabinoidome bioactive lipids with previously suggested anti-inflammatory actions in a tissue specific manner, despite the relatively low level of seed substitution. While neither diet markedly modified the gut microbiome, mice on the hemp seed diet had higher abundance of Clostridiaceae 1 and Rikenellaceae than mice fed linseed or control diet, respectively. Thus, hemp seed-containing foods might represent a source of healthy fats that are not likely to exacerbate the metabolic consequences of obesogenic diets while producing intestinal permeability protective effects and some anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Ben Necib
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Manca
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut Sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
- École de nutrition, Faculté Des Sciences De l’Agriculture Et De l’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre De Recherche De l’Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département De Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Cristoforo Silvestri,
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The Impact of Short-Term Shark Liver Oil Supplementation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocyte Membranes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103329. [PMID: 34684329 PMCID: PMC8540316 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) balance is strictly related to human health. The composition of fatty acids in lipid membranes seems to be influenced by diet. Shark liver oil (SLO) supplementation has been widely used recently in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. We analyzed the impact of short-term SLO supplementation on certain biochemical parameters and erythrocyte FA composition in a group of young healthy women. Our results showed that 6 weeks of SLO supplementation led to a significant decrease in C-reactive protein levels in sera and intracellular cholesterol levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. SLO supplementation caused a significant increase in the content of the polyunsaturated omega-3 FAs: docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid. In the group of omega-6 FAs, we observed a significant elevation of arachidonic and dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid content. Due to these alterations, the omega-3 index increased significantly from 3.6% (before) to 4.2% (after supplementation). We also observed the impact of SLO supplementation on the membrane fluidity index. The ratio between saturated and unsaturated FAs decreased significantly from 13.1 to 9.9. In conclusion, our results show that even short-term SLO supplementation can improve human erythrocyte fatty acid composition and other parameters that may have health-promoting consequences.
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Keating CE, Browne KD, Cullen DK. Dietary manipulation of vulnerability to traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal plasma membrane permeability. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113649. [PMID: 33600812 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can produce physical disruptions in the plasma membranes of neurons, referred to as mechanoporation, which lead to increased cell permeability. We suspect that such trauma-induced membrane disruptions may be influenced by the physical properties of the plasma membrane, such as elasticity or rigidity. These membrane properties are influenced by lipid composition, which can be modulated via diet, leading to the intriguing possibility of prophylactically altering diet to confer resiliency to this mechanism of acute neuronal damage in TBI. In this proof-of-concept study, we used three different diets-one high in polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested to increase elasticity (Fish Oil), one high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol suggested to increase rigidity (High Fat), and one standard rat chow (Control)-to alter brain plasma membrane lipid composition before subjecting rats to lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Lipid analysis (n = 12 rats) confirmed that diets altered brain fatty acid composition after 4 weeks of feeding, with the Fish Oil diet increasing unsaturated fatty acids, and interestingly, the High Fat diet increasing omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid. One cohort of animals (n = 34 rats) was assessed immediately after FPI or sham injury for acute changes in neuronal membrane permeability in the injury-adjacent cortex. Surprisingly, sham animals fed Fish Oil had increased membrane permeability, suggesting altered passive membrane properties. In contrast, injured animals fed the High Fat diet displayed less intense uptake of permeability marker, suggesting a reduced extent of injury-induced plasma membrane disruption, although the density of affected cells matched the other diet groups. In a separate cohort survived for 7 days after FPI (n = 48 rats), animals fed the High Fat diet exhibited a reduced lesion area. At both time points there were no statistically significant differences in inflammation. Unexpectedly, these results indicate that the High Fat diet, as opposed to the Fish Oil diet, beneficially modulated acute plasma membrane permeability and resulted in a smaller lesion size at 7 days post-injury. Additional studies are necessary to determine the impact of these various diets on behavioral outcomes post-TBI. Further investigation is also needed to understand the physical properties in neuronal plasma membranes that may underlie increased resiliency to trauma-induced disruptions and, importantly, to understand how these properties may be influenced by targeted dietary modifications for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Keating
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
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Santos HO, Price JC, Bueno AA. Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers-An Overview. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3159. [PMID: 33081119 PMCID: PMC7602731 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O. Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - James C. Price
- College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK; (J.C.P.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Allain A. Bueno
- College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK; (J.C.P.); (A.A.B.)
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Dominguez TE, Kaur K, Burri L. Enhanced omega-3 index after long- versus short-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in dogs. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:370-377. [PMID: 33022896 PMCID: PMC8025612 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Omega‐3 Index is a test that measures the amount of the long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in red blood cell membranes, which is expressed as a percentage of all fatty acids. However, alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) from flaxseed oil, which is a short‐chain n‐3 PUFA, is often promoted in pet feed as a n‐3 source, implicitly assuming it is an effective precursor of EPA and DHA. Objective This study was aimed to compare the effect of supplementation with a plant‐based short‐chain n‐3 PUFA source (flaxseed oil, FSO) with a marine long‐chain n‐3 PUFA source (astaxanthin krill oil, AKO) to increase the Omega‐3 Index in dogs. Methods Ten adult Alaskan Huskies of both genders were supplemented daily with 1,155 mg of EPA/DHA from AKO, whereas another 10 dogs received 1,068 mg ALA from flaxseed oil for 6 weeks. Fatty acid and Omega‐3 Index measurements of the two groups were taken after 0, 3 and 6 weeks for comparison. Results The EPA and DHA concentrations increased significantly only in the dogs fed with AKO resulting in a significant increase in mean Omega‐3 Index, from 1.68% at baseline to 2.7% after 6 weeks of supplementation (p < .0001). On the contrary, both EPA and DHA concentrations decreased significantly in the dogs fed with FSO, which led to a significant decrease in mean Omega‐3 Index from 1.6% at baseline to 0.96% at study end (p < .0001). Conclusions The results showed that supplementation of AKO from Antarctic krill led to a significant increase in the Omega‐3 Index in comparison to FSO in dogs. This suggests that preformed marine EPA and DHA sources are needed in dog feeds, as the dietary requirements proposed by feed industry organizations are not met with conversion from short‐chain n‐3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lena Burri
- Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Lysaker, Norway
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Feuchtner G, Langer C, Barbieri F, Beyer C, Dichtl W, Friedrich G, Schgoer W, Widmann G, Plank F. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis quantified by coronary computed tomography angiography. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1123-1129. [PMID: 32778459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Data on the effects omega-3 fatty acids on coronary artery disease (CAD) are contradictory. While a recent metanalysis could not show improved cardiovascular outcomes, anti-atherogenic mechanisms are well known. OBJECTIVE Aim was to assess the influence of Omega-3 polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on coronary atherosclerosis quantified by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). METHODS 106 patients (59.4y± 10.7; 50% females) with low-to-intermediate risk referred to CTA were included. 53 patients under omega 3-PUFA (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) supplementation were retrospectively matched with 53 controls (CR) for age, gender and coronary risk profile (smoking, arterial hypertension, family history, dyslipidemia, c-LDL, Cholesterol, TG, diabetes) (1:1, propensity score) and lifestyle habits (exercise, alcohol consumption and nutrition). CTA analysis included 1) stenosis severity score >70%severe, 50-70% moderate, 25-50%mild, <25% minimal), 2) total plaque burden (segment involvement score (SIS) and mixed non-calcified plaque burden (G-score) and 3) high-risk-plaque features (Napkin-Ring-Sign, low attenuation plaque (LAP), spotty calcification<3 mm, RI>1.1). CT-Density (Hounsfield Units, HU) of plaque was quantified by CTA. RESULTS Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis (any plaque: 83% vs. 90.6%, p = 0.252), >50% stenosis and stenosis severity score (p = 0.134) were not different between groups. Total and non-calcified plaque burden scores were lower in the omega-3 group (2.7 vs. 3.5, p = 0.08 and 4.5 vs. 7.4, p = 0.027 for SIS and G-score, resp.). Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was similar (84.7 vs. 87.1AU). High-risk-plaque prevalence was lower in the Omega-3 group (3.8% vs. 32%, p < 0.001); the number of high-risk-plaques (p < 0.001) and Napkin-Ring-Sign prevalence was lower (3.8% vs. 20.9%) (p < 0.001), resp. CT-density (HU) of plaque was higher in the Omega-3 group (131.6 ± 2 vs. 62.1 ± 27, p = 0.02) indicating more fibrous-dense plaque component rather than lipid-rich atheroma. Mean duration of Omega-3 intake was 38.6 ± 52 months (range, 2-240). CONCLUSIONS Omega-3-PUFA supplementation is associated with less coronary atherosclerotic "high-risk" plaque (lipid-rich) and lower total non-calcified plaque burden independent on cardiovascular risk factors. Our study supports direct anti-atherogenic effects of Omega-3-PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabian Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine III- Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Christoph Beyer
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine III- Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Guy Friedrich
- Department of Internal Medicine III- Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Wilfried Schgoer
- Department of Internal Medicine III- Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Gerlig Widmann
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Fabian Plank
- Department of Internal Medicine III- Cardiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Saleh-Ghadimi S, Alizadeh M, Jafari-Vayghan H, Darabi M, Golmohammadi A, Kheirouri S. Effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and endocannabinoid system modulation in patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 32370762 PMCID: PMC7201600 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation, associated with increased inflammatory process, may act as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Dietary fat may influence the ECS tone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed oil on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile and ECS activity by the measurement of serum N-arachydonoil ethanolamine (AEA) and cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1), cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mRNA expression. Methods This clinical trial was performed on 44 patients with CAD. The intervention group received 1.5% fat milk supplemented with flaxseed oil (containing 2.5 g α-linolenic acid or ALA), while the placebo group received 1.5% fat milk for 10 weeks. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was measured by gas chromatography. The AEA level was determined using an ELISA kit, and real-time PCR was performed to measure CB1, CB2, and FAAH mRNA expression pre- and post-intervention. Results Flaxseed oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the ALA content and a significant reduction in linoleic acid (LA) content of membrane phospholipids, compared to the placebo group (MD = − 0.35 and 2.89, respectively; P < 0.05). The within group analysis showed that flaxseed oil supplementation caused a significant reduction in both LA and arachidonic acid (MD = − 4.84 and − 4.03, respectively; P < 0.05) and an elevation in the ALA (MD = 0.37, P < 0.001) content of membrane phospholipids compared with the baseline. In the intervention group, a marked reduction was observed in the serum AEA level after 10 weeks of intervention, compared with the placebo group (MD = 0.64, P = 0.016). Changes in CB2 mRNA expression in the flaxseed oil group were significant (fold change = 1.30, P = 0.003), compared with the placebo group. Conclusion Flaxseed oil supplementation could attenuate the ECS tone by decreasing the AEA level and increasing CB2 mRNA expression. Therefore, flaxseed oil may be considered a promising agent with cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Golmohammadi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Saleh-Ghadimi S, Kheirouri S, Maleki V, Jafari-Vayghan H, Alizadeh M. Endocannabinoid system and cardiometabolic risk factors: A comprehensive systematic review insight into the mechanistic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Life Sci 2020; 250:117556. [PMID: 32184122 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) have a pathophysiological role in the setting of cardiometabolic diseases. This systematic review was carried out to appraise the effect of omega-3 on cardiometabolic risk factors by highlighting the mediating effect of endocannabinoids. SCOPUS, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and ProQuest databases were searched until January 2020. All published English-language animal studies and clinical trials that evaluated the effects of omega-3 on cardiometabolic diseases with a focus on endocannabinoids were included. Of 1407 studies, 16 animal studies and three clinical trials were included for analysis. Eleven animal studies and two human studies showed a marked reduction in 2-AG and AEA levels following intake of omega-3 which correlated with decreased adiposity, weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis. Moreover, endocannabinoids were elevated in three studies that replaced omega-3 with omega-6. Omega-3 showed anti-inflammatory properties due to reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, regulation of T-cells function and increased levels of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide and oxylipins; however, a limited number of studies examined a correlation between inflammatory cytokines and endocannabinoids following omega-3 administration. In conclusion, omega-3 modulates endocannabinoid tone, which subsequently attenuates inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, further randomized clinical trials are needed before any recommendations are made to target the ECS using omega-3 as an alternative therapy to drugs for cardiometabolic disease improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Piscitelli F, Coccurello R, Totaro A, Leuti A, Giacovazzo G, Verde R, Rossi E, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Ferri N, Giacominelli Stuffler R, Di Marzo V, Oddi S, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Targeted Lipidomics Investigation of
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‐acylethanolamines in a Transgenic Mouse Model of AD: A Longitudinal Study. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research GroupInstitute of Biomolecular ChemistryC.N.R.Via C. Flegrei, 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute for Complex SystemCNRVia dei Taurini 1900185RomeItaly
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
- Department of MedicineCampus Bio‐Medico University of RomeVia Alvaro del Portillo 2100128RomeItaly
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research GroupInstitute of Biomolecular ChemistryC.N.R.Via C. Flegrei, 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”Campo Boario64100TeramoItaly
| | - Michele Podaliri Vulpiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”Campo Boario64100TeramoItaly
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”Campo Boario64100TeramoItaly
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research GroupInstitute of Biomolecular ChemistryC.N.R.Via C. Flegrei, 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Sergio Oddi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TeramoCoste Sant'Agostino Campusvia R. Balzarini 164100TeramoItaly
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research GroupInstitute of Traslational PharmacologyCNRVia Fosso del Cavaliere 10000133RomeItaly
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSPreclinical NeuroscienceVia del Fosso di Fiorano, 6400143RomeItaly
- Department of MedicineCampus Bio‐Medico University of RomeVia Alvaro del Portillo 2100128RomeItaly
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Caron JP, Gandy JC, Brown JL, Sordillo LM. Omega-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid oxymetabolites modulate the inflammatory response of equine recombinant interleukin1β-stimulated equine synoviocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 142:1-8. [PMID: 30836143 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation may have beneficial effects in certain chronic diseases, potentially including osteoarthritis. Favorable effects are attributed, in part, to downstream pro-resolving oxylipid metabolites. We investigated the role of n-3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived oxylipids (docosanoids) on equine synoviocyte metabolism. We hypothesized that n-3 PUFA and selected docosanoids would modulate inflammatory mediator gene expression by recombinant equine (re)IL-1β-stimulated synovial fibroblasts. Synoviocyte monolayer cultures were prepared from grossly normal equine carpal synovium. Cellular incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA was determined using LC-MS and docosanoid biosynthesis by LC-MS-MS. The influence of n-3 PUFA and docosanoids on osteoarthritis marker gene expression was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Synoviocytes incorporated EPA and DHA in significant amounts and DHA treatment augmented the synthesis of several docosanoids. Synoviocyte cultures pre-treated with EPA or DHA followed by reIL-1β stimulation had significant reductions in expression of ADAMTS4, MMP-1, MMP-13, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2. The docosanoids resolvin D1 and D2, maresin 1 and protectin DX, alone and in combination, abrogated ADAMTS4, MMP-1, MMP-13, and IL-6 gene expression in reIL-1β-stimulated synoviocytes. Similarly, both resolvins and maresin 1 stifled COX-2 expression. Our results demonstrate that synoviocytes readily incorporate n-3 PUFA. DHA incorporation was sufficient for biosynthesis of significant concentrations of several docosanoids which modulated the synovial inflammatory response in vitro. These data indicate n-3 PUFA supplementation may prove useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Caron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823-1314, United States.
| | - Jeffrey C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823-1314, United States
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823-1314, United States
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823-1314, United States
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