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Harris S, Kim K. A Comparison of Common Quantum Dot Alternatives to Cadmium-Based Quantum Dots on the Basis of Liver Cytotoxicity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1086. [PMID: 38998690 PMCID: PMC11243397 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles known as quantum dots (QDs) have unique properties that make them useful in biomedicine. Specifically, CdSe/ZnS QDs, while good at fluorescing, show toxicity. Due to this, safer alternatives have been developed. This study uses a tetrazolium dye (XTT) viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescent imaging, and apoptosis to investigate the effect of QD alternatives InP/ZnS, CuInS2/ZnS, and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) in liver cells. The liver is a possible destination for the accumulation of QDs, making it an appropriate model for testing. A cancerous liver cell line known as HepG2 and an immortalized liver cell line known as THLE-2 were used. At a nanomolar range of 10-150, HepG2 cells demonstrated no reduced cell viability after 24 h. The XTT viability assay demonstrated that CdSe/ZnS and CuInS2/ZnS show reduced cell viability in THLE-2 cells with concentrations between 50 and 150 nM. Furthermore, CdSe/ZnS- and CuInS2/ZnS-treated THLE-2 cells generated ROS as early as 6 h after treatment and elevated apoptosis after 24 h. To further corroborate our results, apoptosis assays revealed an increased percentage of cells in the early stages of apoptosis for CdSe/ZnS-treated (52%) and CuInS2/ZnS-treated (38%) THLE-2. RNA transcriptomics revealed heavy downregulation of cell adhesion pathways such as wnt, cadherin, and integrin in all QDs except NCDs. In conclusion, NCDs show the least toxicity toward these two liver cell lines. While demonstrating less toxicity than CdSe/ZnS, the metallic QDs (InP/ZnS and CuInS2/ZnS) still demonstrate potential concerns in liver cells. This study serves to explore the toxicity of QD alternatives and better understand their cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Harris
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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2
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Okafor O, Kim K. Cytotoxicity of Quantum Dots in Receptor-Mediated Endocytic and Pinocytic Pathways in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4714. [PMID: 38731933 PMCID: PMC11083673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising applications of the use of quantum dots (QDs) in the biomedical field, the long-lasting effects of QDs on the cell remain poorly understood. To comprehend the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of QDs in yeast, we characterized defects associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) as well as pinocytosis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in the presence of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) QDs. Our findings revealed that QDs led to an inefficient RME at the early, intermediate, and late stages of endocytic patch maturation at the endocytic site, with the prolonged lifespan of GFP fused yeast fimbrin (Sac6-GFP), a late marker of endocytosis. The transit of FM1-43, a lipophilic dye from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, was severely retarded in the presence of QDs. Finally, QDs caused an accumulation of monomeric red fluorescent protein fused carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (mRFP-Cps1), a vacuolar lumen marker in the vacuole. In summary, the present study provides novel insights into the possible impact of CdSe/ZnS QDs on the endocytic machinery, enabling a deeper comprehension of QD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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3
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Liu D, Gao G, Zhang Y, Li Q, Yang S, Chai J, Yu H, Zhu M. [Au 14(2-SAdm) 9(Dppe) 2] +: a gold nanocluster with a crystallization-induced emission enhancement phenomenon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1337-1340. [PMID: 38197463 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a gold nanocluster [Au14(2-SAdm)9(Dppe)2]+ was synthesized and structurally determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystals of this cluster exhibit a 50-fold enhancement in quantum yield (5.05% for crystals) compared with its solution. Crystallographic analysis reveals that the weak intermolecular interactions (C-H⋯π, π⋯π) can inhibit the molecular vibration and thus generate the crystallization-induced emission enhancement phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Guiqi Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Qinzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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4
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Lin X, Chen T. A Review of in vivo Toxicity of Quantum Dots in Animal Models. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8143-8168. [PMID: 38170122 PMCID: PMC10759915 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology because of outstanding photophysical properties, including narrow and symmetrical emission spectrum, broad fluorescence excitation spectrum, the tenability of the emission wavelength with the particle size and composition, anti-photobleaching ability and stable fluorescence. These characteristics are suitable for optical imaging, drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Research on QDs toxicology has demonstrated QDs affect or damage the biological system to some extent, and this situation is generally caused by the metal ions and some special properties in QDs, which hinders the further application of QDs in the biomedical field. The toxicological mechanism mainly stems from the release of heavy metal ions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, the contact reaction with QDs also cause disorders in organelles and changes in gene expression profiles. In this review, we try to present an overview of the toxicity and related toxicity mechanisms of QDs in different target organs. It is believed that the evaluation of toxicity and the synthesis of environmentally friendly QDs are the primary issues to be addressed for future widespread applications. However, considering the many different types and potential modifications, this review on the potential toxicity of QDs is still not clearly elucidated, and further research is needed on this meaningful topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotan Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Family Planning, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Hamidu A, Pitt WG, Husseini GA. Recent Breakthroughs in Using Quantum Dots for Cancer Imaging and Drug Delivery Purposes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2566. [PMID: 37764594 PMCID: PMC10535728 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Because each person's cancer may be unique, diagnosing and treating cancer is challenging. Advances in nanomedicine have made it possible to detect tumors and quickly investigate tumor cells at a cellular level in contrast to prior diagnostic techniques. Quantum dots (QDs) are functional nanoparticles reported to be useful for diagnosis. QDs are semiconducting tiny nanocrystals, 2-10 nm in diameter, with exceptional and useful optoelectronic properties that can be tailored to sensitively report on their environment. This review highlights these exceptional semiconducting QDs and their properties and synthesis methods when used in cancer diagnostics. The conjugation of reporting or binding molecules to the QD surface is discussed. This review summarizes the most recent advances in using QDs for in vitro imaging, in vivo imaging, and targeted drug delivery platforms in cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Hamidu
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Le N, Kim K. Current Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dots: Promises and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12682. [PMID: 37628860 PMCID: PMC10454335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a type of nanoparticle with exceptional photobleaching-resistant fluorescence. They are highly sought after for their potential use in various optical-based biomedical applications. However, there are still concerns regarding the use of quantum dots. As such, much effort has been invested into understanding the mechanisms behind the behaviors of QDs, so as to develop safer and more biocompatible quantum dots. In this mini-review, we provide an update on the recent advancements regarding the use of QDs in various biomedical applications. In addition, we also discuss# the current challenges and limitations in the use of QDs and propose a few areas of interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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Liu J, Liu YY, Li CS, Cao A, Wang H. Exocytosis of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2215. [PMID: 37570533 PMCID: PMC10421347 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Both biomedical applications and safety assessments of manufactured nanomaterials require a thorough understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and cells, including how nanomaterials enter cells, transport within cells, and leave cells. However, compared to the extensively studied uptake and trafficking of nanoparticles (NPs) in cells, less attention has been paid to the exocytosis of NPs. Yet exocytosis is an indispensable process of regulating the content of NPs in cells, which in turn influences, even decides, the toxicity of NPs to cells. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors of the exocytosis of NPs is not only essential for the safety assessment of NPs but also helpful for guiding the design of safe and highly effective NP-based materials for various purposes. Herein, we review the current status and progress of studies on the exocytosis of NPs. Firstly, we introduce experimental procedures and considerations. Then, exocytosis mechanisms/pathways are summarized with a detailed introduction of the main pathways (lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway) and the role of microtubules; the patterns of exocytosis kinetics are presented and discussed. Subsequently, the influencing factors (initial content and location of intracellular NPs, physiochemical properties of NPs, cell type, and extracellular conditions) are fully discussed. Although there are inconsistent results, some rules are obtained, like smaller and charged NPs are more easily excreted. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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8
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Harris S, Kim K. Apoptotic pathway protein expression variance in metal oxide and quantum dot treated HeLa cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000801. [PMID: 37602282 PMCID: PMC10435268 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Using the HeLa cell line as a cancerous model, apoptotic protein expression was assessed upon various nanoparticle treatments. Utilizing a known chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, as a positive control for induction of apoptosis, several metal oxides (ZnO and CuO) and quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS and InP/ZnS) were investigated for their ability to express apoptotic markers. ZnO, CuO, green CdSe/ZnS, and green InP/ZnS were treated for 24 hours at their IC50 value. Western blot techniques were used to measure protein expression of phosphorylated p53 (ser15), PUMA, and p21 which are involved in signal transduction of apoptosis. CuO, ZnO, and CdSe/ZnS demonstrated considerable p53 activation at 24 hrs compared to the non-treated control. At the IC50 value, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots were the quickest at activating p53 by phosphorylation at the Serine 15 residue. Together, our results provide new insight into the apoptotic mechanism behind these treatments and lead to improved treatments against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Harris
- Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, United States
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, United States
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9
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Wang X, Wu T. An update on the biological effects of quantum dots: From environmental fate to risk assessment based on multiple biological models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163166. [PMID: 37011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 206 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Zhang T, Lu J, Yao Y, Pang Y, Ding X, Tang M. MPA-capped CdTequantum dots induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species in human liver normal cell and liver tumor cell. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121397. [PMID: 36933817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid developments in nanotechnology have brought increased attention to the safety of Quantum Dots (QDs). Exploring their mechanisms of toxicity and characterizing their toxic effects in different cell lines will help us better understand and apply QDs appropriately. This study aims to elucidate the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced autophagy for CdTe QDs toxicity, that is, the importance of the nanoparticles in mediating cellular uptake and consequent intracellular stress effects inside the cell. The results of the study showed that cancer cells and normal cells have different cell outcomes as a result of intracellular stress effects. In normal human liver cells (L02), CdTe QDs leads to ROS generation and prolong ER stress. The subsequent autophagosome accumulation eventually triggers apoptosis by activating proapoptotic signaling pathways and the expression of proapoptotic Bax. In contrast, in human liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells), expression of UPR restrains proapoptotic signaling and downregulates Bax, and activated protective cellular autophagy, as a result of protecting these liver cancer cells from CdTe QDs-induced apoptosis. In summary, we assess the safety of CdTe QDs and recounted the molecular mechanism underlying its nanotoxicity in normal and cancerous cells. Notwithstanding, additional detailed studies on the deleterious effects of these nanoparticles in the organisms of interest are required to ensure low-risk application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Qingpu District Center for Disease Control, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Chen H, Wu Y, Xie W, Chen J, Jin L. InP/ZnS quantum dots cause liver damage in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 266:109546. [PMID: 36717047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are widely used in biomedical imaging and light-emitting component manufacturing industries, but there are few studies on their biological toxicity. In this study, we conducted experiments with rare minnow larvae and found that InP/ZnS QDs can cause liver damage. InP/ZnS QDs appeared only in the intestine of larvae and were not enriched in other parts of the larvae. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) increased, while the decrease in bile acid. InP/ZnS QDs caused hepatic cell nuclear lysis, abnormal cytoplasmic staining, and mitochondrial cristae reduction, swelling, and fragmentation. RNA-sequencing results revealed that InP/ZnS QDs exposure treatment affected the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, sterol synthesis, bile acid synthesis and other pathways. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by InP/ZnS QDs may be the main source of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Le N, Routh J, Kirk C, Wu Q, Patel R, Keyes C, Kim K. Red CdSe/ZnS QDs' Intracellular Trafficking and Its Impact on Yeast Polarization and Actin Filament. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030484. [PMID: 36766825 PMCID: PMC9914768 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanoparticles (2-10 nm) that emit strong and tunable fluorescence. Quantum dots have been heavily used in high-demand commercialized products, research, and for medical purposes. Emerging concerns have demonstrated the negative impact of quantum dots on living cells; however, the intracellular trafficking of QDs in yeast cells and the effect of this interaction remains unclear. The primary goal of our research is to investigate the trafficking path of red cadmium selenide zinc sulfide quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS QDs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact QDs have on yeast cellular dynamics. Using cells with GFP-tagged reference organelle markers and confocal microscopy, we were able to track the internalization of QDs. We found that QDs initially aggregate at the exterior of yeast cells, enter the cell using clathrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis, and distribute at the late Golgi/trans-Golgi network. We also found that the treatment of red CdSe/ZnS QDs resulted in growth rate reduction and loss of polarized growth in yeast cells. Our RNA sequence analysis revealed many altered genes. Particularly, we found an upregulation of DID2, which has previously been associated with cell cycle arrest when overexpressed, and a downregulation of APS2, a gene that codes for a subunit of AP2 protein important for the recruitment of proteins to clathrin-mediated endocytosis vesicle. Furthermore, CdSe/ZnS QDs treatment resulted in a slightly delayed endocytosis and altered the actin dynamics in yeast cells. We found that QDs caused an increased level of F-actin and a significant reduction in profilin protein expression. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the amount of coronin protein expressed, while the level of cofilin was unchanged. Altogether, this suggests that QDs favor the assembly of actin filaments. Overall, this study provides a novel toxicity mechanism of red CdSe/ZnS QDs on yeast actin dynamics and cellular processes, including endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Jonathan Routh
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Cameron Kirk
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Rishi Patel
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Chloe Keyes
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Qian Z, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Gong S, Chen B. Current applications of nanomaterials in urinary system tumors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1111977. [PMID: 36890910 PMCID: PMC9986335 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has provided insights into the treatment of urinary system tumors. Nanoparticles can be used as sensitizers or carriers to transport drugs. Some nanoparticles have intrinsic therapeutic effects on tumor cells. Poor patient prognosis and highly drug-resistant malignant urinary tumors are worrisome to clinicians. The application of nanomaterials and the associated technology against urinary system tumors offers the possibility of improving treatment. At present, many achievements have been made in the application of nanomaterials against urinary system tumors. This review summarizes the latest research on nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary system tumors and provides novel ideas for future research on nanotechnologies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhounan Qian
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sun Gong
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Binghai Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Zhang M, Kim DS, Patel R, Wu Q, Kim K. Intracellular Trafficking and Distribution of Cd and InP Quantum Dots in HeLa and ML-1 Thyroid Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091517. [PMID: 35564224 PMCID: PMC9104504 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the interaction of engineered nanoparticles, including quantum dots (QDs), with cellular constituents and the kinetics of their localization and transport, has provided new insights into their biological consequences in cancers and for the development of effective cancer therapies. The present study aims to elucidate the toxicity and intracellular transport kinetics of CdSe/ZnS and InP/ZnS QDs in late-stage ML-1 thyroid cancer using well-tested HeLa as a control. Our XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) viability assay (Cell Proliferation Kit II) showed that ML-1 cells and non-cancerous mouse fibroblast cells exhibit no viability defect in response to these QDs, whereas HeLa cell viability decreases. These results suggest that HeLa cells are more sensitive to the QDs compared to ML-1 cells. To test the possibility that transporting rates of QDs are different between HeLa and ML-1 cells, we performed a QD subcellular localization assay by determining Pearson’s Coefficient values and found that HeLa cells showed faster QDs transporting towards the lysosome. Consistently, the ICP-OES test showed the uptake of CdSe/ZnS QDs in HeLa cells was significantly higher than in ML-1 cells. Together, we conclude that high levels of toxicity in HeLa are positively correlated with the traffic rate of QDs in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
| | - Daniel S. Kim
- Emory College of Arts and Science, Emory University, 201 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Rishi Patel
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville Ave, Springfield, MO 65806, USA; (R.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville Ave, Springfield, MO 65806, USA; (R.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
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15
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Liu YY, Chang Q, Sun ZX, Liu J, Deng X, Liu Y, Cao A, Wang H. Fate of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in cells: Endocytosis, translocation and exocytosis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112140. [PMID: 34597939 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively explored for extensive bioapplications, yet their cellular fate, especially exocytosis, has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, we systematically investigated the whole cellular process from the endocytosis, intercellular trafficking, to the exocytosis of a typical QD, core/shell CdSe/ZnS QD. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry, and after carefully eliminating the effect of cell division, we found that the QDs were internalized by HeLa cells with a time-, dose-, and serum-dependent manner. The cellular uptake was inhibited by serum, but eventually peaked after 4-6 h incubation with or without serum. The primary endocytosis pathway was clathrin-mediated, and actin- and microtubule-dependent in the medium with serum, while the caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis were more important for the QDs in the serum-free medium. Inside cells, most QDs distributed in lysosomes, and some entered mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. The translocation of the QDs from other organelles to Golgi apparatus was observed. The exocytosis of QDs was faster than the endocytosis, reaching the maximum in about one hour after cultured in fresh culture medium, with around 60% of the internalized QDs remained undischarged. The exocytosis process was energy- and actin-dependent, and the lysosome exocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway were the main routes. This study provides a full picture of behavior and fate of QDs in cells, which may facilitate the design of ideal QDs applied in biomedical and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zao-Xia Sun
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyong Deng
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanfang Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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16
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Horstmann C, Davenport V, Zhang M, Peters A, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alterations with Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, and Silver Nanoparticles: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060794. [PMID: 34070957 PMCID: PMC8224664 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized sequence-based research. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing has become the method of choice in studying the toxicity of chemical agents through observing and measuring changes in transcript levels. Engineered nanomaterial (ENM)-toxicity has become a major field of research and has adopted microarray and newer RNA-Seq methods. Recently, nanotechnology has become a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases in humans. However, due to their high stability, they are likely capable of remaining in the body and environment for long periods of time. Their mechanisms of toxicity and long-lasting effects on our health is still poorly understood. This review explores the effects of three ENMs including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) by cross examining publications on transcriptomic changes induced by these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Victoria Davenport
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Alyse Peters
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Horstmann C, Kim K. Comparing Transcriptome Profiles of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cells Exposed to Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide and Indium Phosphide/Zinc Sulfide. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030428. [PMID: 33802854 PMCID: PMC8002743 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of our research was to obtain global gene expression data in baker’s yeast exposed to sub-lethal doses of quantum dots (QDs), such as green-emitting CdSe/ZnS and InP/ZnS, to reveal novel insights on their unique mechanisms of toxicity. Despite their promising applications, their toxicity and long-lasting effects on the environment are not well understood. To assess toxicity, we conducted cell viability assays, ROS detection assays, and assessed their effects on the trafficking of Vps10-GFP toward the trans-Golgi network with confocal microscopy. Most notably, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain gene expression profiles and gene identities of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in QD-treated yeast. We found CdSe/ZnS QDs significantly altered genes implicated in carboxylic acid, amino acid, nitrogen compounds, protein metabolic processes, transmembrane transport, cellular homeostasis, cell wall organization, translation, and ribosomal biogenesis. Additionally, we found InP/ZnS QDs to alter genes associated with oxidation-reduction, transmembrane transport, metal ion homeostasis, cellular component organization, translation, and protein and nitrogen compound metabolic processes. Interestingly, we observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CdSe/ZnS-treated cells and a decrease in ROS levels in InP/ZnS-treated cells. Nevertheless, we concluded that both QDs modestly contributed cytotoxic effects on the budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. Toxicity evaluation of cadmium-containing quantum dots: A review of optimizing physicochemical properties to diminish toxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111609. [PMID: 33588242 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have received extensive attention because of their excellent optical properties and wide utilization in biological and biomedical areas. Nonetheless, there have been intense concerns on the cytotoxicity assessment of cadmium-containing QDs due to free cadmium ions release and nano-size effects. This paper reviews the representative synthetic strategies for preparation of cadmium-containing QDs and their applications. Then the toxicity assessments of QDs from cell studies to animal models are discussed, which can aid in improving our understanding of the cytotoxicity of QDs, and the toxicity mechanism is proposed. Several critical physicochemical properties of QDs are discussed and suggestions are provided for optimizing QDs design in view of minimal cytotoxicity. Finally, accurate detection techniques and systematic methodologies for the toxicity assessment of QDs are expected to achieve further breakthroughs in the future, especially in-situ, real-time, and rapid quantitative analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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19
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Zheng N, Yan J, Qian W, Song C, Zuo Z, He C. Comparison of developmental toxicity of different surface modified CdSe/ZnS QDs in zebrafish embryos. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:240-249. [PMID: 33279036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are new types of nanomaterials. Few studies have focused on the effect of different surface modified QDs on embryonic development. Herein, we compared the in vivo toxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs with carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) modification using zebrafish embryos. After exposure, the two CdSe/ZnS QDs decreased the survival rate, hatching rate, and embryo movement of zebrafish. Moreover, we found QDs attached to the embryo membrane before hatching and the eyes, yolk and heart after hatching. The attached amount of carboxyl QDs was more. Consistently, the Cd content in embryos and larvae was higher in carboxyl QD-treatment. We further observed that the two QDs caused zebrafish pericardial edema and cardiac dysfunction. In line with it, both carboxyl and amino QDs up-regulated the transcription levels of cardiac development-related genes, and the levels were higher in carboxyl QD-treated groups. Furthermore, the chelator of Cd2+ diethylene triamine pentacetate acid could partially rescued the developmental toxicity caused by the two types of QDs suggesting that both the nature of QDs and the release of Cd2+ contribute to the developmental toxicity. In conclusion, the two CdSe/ZnS QDs have developmental toxicity and affect the cardiac development, and the carboxyl QDs is more toxic possibly due to the higher affinity and more release to embryos and larvae. Our study provides new knowledge that the surface functional modification of QDs is critical on the development on aquatic species, which is beneficial to develop and applicate QDs more safely and environment-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinhui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wang Qian
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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20
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Singh J, Kaur S, Lee J, Mehta A, Kumar S, Kim KH, Basu S, Rawat M. Highly fluorescent carbon dots derived from Mangifera indica leaves for selective detection of metal ions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137604. [PMID: 32143054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report an inexpensive, green, and one-pot synthesis method for highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using mango (Mangifera indica: M. indica) leaves to develop an efficient sensing platform for metal ions. The CQDs synthesized from M. indica leaves via pyrolysis treatment at 300 °C for 3 h were characterized by various spectroscopic and electron microscopy techniques for their structural, morphological, and optical properties. Accordingly, the synthesized CQDs showed an absorption peak at 213 nm to confirm the p-p* transition of the carbon core state, while the CQD particles were spherical with a size less than 10 nm. The prepared CQDs showed excellent fluorescent properties with blue emission spectra (around 525 nm) upon excitation at 435 nm. The synthesized CQDs had the prodigious sensing potential to detect Fe2+ ions in water with a limit of detection of 0.62 ppm. Additionally, their sensing capability was tested using a real sample (e.g., Livogen tablet). Moreover, the synthesized CQDs showed substantial stability over a long period (three months). Thus, this study provides an inexpensive and facile method for CQD-based sensing of Fe2+ ions with a photoluminescence quenching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Akansha Mehta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Deptartment of Physics, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soumen Basu
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohit Rawat
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib 140406, India.
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21
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Quantum Dots for Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation During Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32246344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0463-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles ranging in size from 2 to 10 nm. QDs are increasingly being developed for biomedical imaging, targeted drug delivery, and green energy technology. Here we describe the novel utilization of biocompatible CdSe-ZnS core-shell semiconductor nanoparticles for assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the context of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, both of which are important modalities in the treatment of cancer.
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22
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Chen S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Yao Z. InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Cause Inflammatory Response in Macrophages Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative stress. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9577-9586. [PMID: 31824152 PMCID: PMC6901044 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Quantum dots (QDs) are widely used semiconductor nanomaterials. Indium phosphide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnS) QDs are becoming potential alternatives to toxic heavy metal-containing QDs. However, the potential toxicity and, in particular, the immunotoxicity of InP/ZnS QDs are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of InP/ZnS QDs on inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. Methods Mice and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated InP/ZnS QDs. The infiltration of neutrophils and the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using a hematology analyzer and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the in vivo test. Cytotoxicity, IL-6 secretion, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were studied in the BMMs, and then, inhibitors of oxidative stress and ER stress were used to explore the mechanism of the InP/ZnS QDs. Results We found that 20 mg/kg PEG-InP/ZnS QDs increased the number of neutrophils and the levels of IL-6 in both peritoneal lavage fluids and blood, which indicated acute phase inflammation in the mice. PEG-InP/ZnS QDs also activated the BMMs and increased the production of IL-6. In addition, PEG-InP/ZnS QDs triggered oxidative stress and the ER stress-related PERK-ATF4 pathway in the BMMs. Moreover, the inflammatory response caused by the PEG-InP/ZnS QDs could be attenuated in the macrophages by blocking the oxidative stress or the ER stress with inhibitors. Conclusion InP/ZnS QDs can activate macrophages and induce acute phase inflammation both in vivo and in vitro, which may be regulated by oxidative stress and ER stress. Our present work is expected to help clarify the biosafety of InP/ZnS QDs and promote their safe application in biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yenhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, People's Republic of China
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23
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Pleskova SN, Gorshkova EN, Boryakov AV, Abarbanel NV. Differences between Neutrophilic Granulocytes and Lymphocytes in Fixation of Quantum Dots of Different Composition. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 168:104-108. [PMID: 31758377 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies by flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray microanalysis have shown that fixation/internalization of quantum dots differ in lymphocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes. Punctate fixation of quantum dots to cell surface is characteristic of lymphocytes, while phagocytosis with perinuclear location of quantum dot aggregations is characteristic of neutrophils. The presence of complex functional groups on the surface of quantum dots can inhibit significantly the fixation/internalization of quantum dots by blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Pleskova
- Research and Education Center "Physics of Solid Nanostructures", N. I. Lobachevsky National Research State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - E N Gorshkova
- Research and Education Center "Physics of Solid Nanostructures", N. I. Lobachevsky National Research State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A V Boryakov
- Research and Education Center "Physics of Solid Nanostructures", N. I. Lobachevsky National Research State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N V Abarbanel
- Research and Education Center "Physics of Solid Nanostructures", N. I. Lobachevsky National Research State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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24
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Li L, Tian J, Wang X, Xu G, Jiang W, Yang Z, Liu D, Lin G. Cardiotoxicity of Intravenously Administered CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in BALB/c Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1179. [PMID: 31649542 PMCID: PMC6791919 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are increasingly used in electronics, medical, and pharmaceutical science due to their excellent optical properties, it is necessary to carry out thorough and systematic studies on their biosafety. Numerous studies have reported the toxicity of QDs on liver, kidney, immune system, and reproductive system. However, few studies have been done on the cardiotoxicity of QDs. In this study, we administered carboxylated CdSe/ZnS QDs in BALB/c mice via the tail vein and analyzed the in vivo cardiotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs. The body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, histology, heart elements concentration, echocardiography, and heart oxidative stress markers were carried out at different time. There were no significant differences in body weight and heart organ index between QDs group and the control group. Hematology results showed the platelet (PLT) counts on Day 1 and Day 42 in both high dose QDs group and low dose QDs group, and the PLT counts on Day1 in the high dose group were significantly higher than that in control group. Serum biochemistry results showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) of mice exposed to CdSe/ZnS QDs were significantly higher than that of the control group on Day 1, and CK-MB levels still remained high on Day 7. A higher concentration of Cd was observed in the heart of CdSe/ZnS QDs exposed mice on Day 42, whereas no Cd was detected in the control group, which suggested that QDs can accumulate in heart. No significant histopathological changes and cardiac function were observed in all mice at different time after treatment. Increased level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in mice administered with high dose QDs on Day 1, and increased level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and MDA activities was observed on Day 42. These results indicated that CdSe/ZnS QDs could accumulate in heart, cause some biochemical indicators change, induce oxidative damage, and have cardiotoxicity. Our findings might provide valuable information on the biological safety evaluation of the cardiovascular system of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinglin Tian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Horstmann C, Kim DS, Campbell C, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alteration with Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide Quantum Dots in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110653. [PMID: 31731522 PMCID: PMC6920935 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are becoming more prevalent in products used in our daily lives, such as TVs and laptops, due to their unique and tunable optical properties. The possibility of using QDs as fluorescent probes in applications, such as medical imaging, has been a topic of interest for some time, but their potential toxicity and long-term effects on the environment are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of yellow CdSe/ZnS-QDs on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We utilized growth assays, RNA-seq, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays, and cell wall stability experiments to investigate the potential toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS-QDs. We found CdSe/ZnS-QDs had no negative effects on cell viability; however, cell wall-compromised cells showed more sensitivity in the presence of 10 µg/mL CdSe/ZnS-QDs compared to non-treated cells. In CdSe/ZnS-treated and non-treated cells, no significant change in superoxide was detected, but according to our transcriptomic analysis, thousands of genes in CdSe/ZnS-treated cells became differentially expressed. Four significantly differentiated genes found, including FAF1, SDA1, DAN1, and TIR1, were validated by consistent results with RT-qPCR assays. Our transcriptome analysis led us to conclude that exposure of CdSe/ZnS-QDs on yeast significantly affected genes implicated in multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Kickapoo High School, 3710 South Jefferson Ave, Springfield, MO 65807, USA;
| | - Chelsea Campbell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
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26
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Pleskova S, Kriukov R, Gorshkova E, Boryakov A. Characteristics of quantum dots phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01439. [PMID: 30976702 PMCID: PMC6441825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the main morphological and biochemical features of neutrophil granulocytes in the process of phagocytosis of two types of quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS-MPA and CdSe/CdSeZnS/ZnS-PTVP). This study is the first to observe the transfer of large aggregates of quantum dots through neutrophils. During this process the cells demonstrate high chemotactic activity. Furthermore, neutrophil pseudopodia underwent alterations during the early stages of phagocytosis. The findings demonstrated that the biochemical profile of neutrophils is practically identical after phagocytosis of both types of quantum dots, but differs significantly from neutrophil metabolism after bacterial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Pleskova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
- R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Technical State University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - R.N. Kriukov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - E.N. Gorshkova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - A.V. Boryakov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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27
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Lee BH, Suresh S, Ekpenyong A. Fluorescence intensity modulation of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots assesses reactive oxygen species during chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800172. [PMID: 30315626 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles ranging in size from 2 to 10 nm. QDs are increasingly being developed for biomedical imaging, targeted drug delivery and green energy technology. These have led to much research on QD interactions with various physical, chemical and biological systems. For biological systems, research has focused on the biocompatibility/cytotoxicity of QDs in the context of imaging/therapy. However, there is a paucity of work on how biological systems and bioactive molecules might be used to alter the optoelectronic properties of QDs. Here, it is shown that these properties can be altered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) from chemotherapeutic media and biological cells following controlled changes in cellular activities. Using CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs, spectroscopic analysis of optically excited QDs with HL60, K562 and T98G cancer cell lines is performed. Our results show statistically significant (P < 0.0001) modulation of the fluorescence emission spectra of the QDs due to the ROS produced by common chemotherapeutic drugs, daunorubicin and doxorubicin and by cells following chemotherapy/radiotherapy. This optical modulation, in addition to assessing ROS generation, will possibly enhance applications of QDs in simultaneous diagnostic imaging and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery as well as simultaneous ROS assessment and radiosensitization for improved outcomes in cancer treatments. Reactive molecular species produced by biological cells and chemotherapeutic drugs can create electric fields that alter the photophysical properties of QDs, and this can be used for concurrent monitoring of cellular activities, while inducing changes in those cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong H Lee
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sindhuja Suresh
- Department of Computer Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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28
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Chen T, Li L, Xu G, Wang X, Wang J, Chen Y, Jiang W, Yang Z, Lin G. Cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS Quantum Dots With Different Surface Functional Groups Toward Two Lung-Derived Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:763. [PMID: 30057549 PMCID: PMC6053512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a presumably less hazardous alternative to cadmium-based QDs, their toxicity has not been fully understood. In this work, we report the cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS QDs with different surface groups (NH2, COOH, OH) toward two lung-derived cell lines. The diameter and the spectra of InP/ZnS QDs were characterized and the hydrodynamic size of QDs in aqueous solution was compared. The confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to visualize the labeling of QDs for human lung cancer cell HCC-15 and Alveolar type II epithelial cell RLE-6TN. The flow cytometry was used to confirm qualitatively the uptake efficiency of QDs, the cell apoptosis and ROS generation, respectively. The results showed that in deionized water, InP/ZnS-OH QDs were easier to aggregate, and the hydrodynamic size was much greater than the other InP/ZnS QDs. All these InP/ZnS QDs were able to enter the cells, with higher uptake efficiency for InP/ZnS-COOH and InP/ZnS-NH2 at low concentration. High doses of InP/ZnS QDs caused the cell viability to decrease, and InP/ZnS-COOH QDs and InP/ZnS-NH2 QDs appeared to be more toxic than InP/ZnS-OH QDs. In addition, all these InP/ZnS QDs promoted cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation after co-cultured with cells. These results suggested that appropriate concentration and surface functional groups should be optimized when InP/ZnS QDs are utilized for biological imaging and therapeutic purpose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
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