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Schindler EAD. Psychotropic Drugs Reemerging as Headache Medicines. CNS Drugs 2024:10.1007/s40263-024-01107-x. [PMID: 39037675 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Scientific and public attention on the therapeutic effects of psychedelics and other psychoactive compounds in headache disorders has recently grown. The use and reported therapeutic effects of such treatments have long been reported, though formal clinical trials are only recently taking place. When considering how these substances might be further studied and eventually applied, it is important to consider the specific headache disorder, the particular drug, and the mode of use. No singular protocol will be applicable across all headache disorders and drugs. In this leading article, the nuance required to consider the value of classic psychedelics, ketamine, and cannabinoids as headache medicines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Neurology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, MS 127, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Smedfors G, Jennysdotter Olofsgård F, Steinberg A, Waldenlind E, Ran C, Belin AC. Use of Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments for Cluster Headache in a Swedish Cohort. Brain Sci 2024; 14:348. [PMID: 38672000 PMCID: PMC11048603 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown. METHODS An anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of treatments. RESULTS Three hundred fourteen answers were analyzed. The population was representative regarding age of onset and sex. Less than half (46%) were satisfied with their abortive treatments, 19% terminated functioning abortive treatments due to side effects. Additionally, 17% of chronic CH patients had not tried the first-line preventive drug verapamil. A small subset had tried illicit substances to treat their CH (0-8% depending on substance). Notably, psilocybin was reported effective as an abortive treatment by 100% (n = 8), and with some level of effect as a preventive treatment by 92% (n = 12). For verapamil, some level of preventive effect was reported among 68% (n = 85). CONCLUSIONS Our descriptive data illustrate that many Swedish CH patients are undertreated, lack functional therapies, and experience side effects. Further studies are warranted to search for new treatment strategies as well as a revision of current treatment guidelines with the aim of reducing patient disease burden to the greatest extent possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Smedfors
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (F.J.O.); (C.R.)
| | - Felicia Jennysdotter Olofsgård
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (F.J.O.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna Steinberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Waldenlind
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (F.J.O.); (C.R.)
| | - Andrea Carmine Belin
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (F.J.O.); (C.R.)
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Cavarra M, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC, Bonnelle V, Smith WJ, Feilding A, Kryskow P, Ramaekers JG. Potential analgesic effects of psychedelics on select chronic pain conditions: A survey study. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:153-165. [PMID: 37599279 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a major cause of suffering and disability and is often associated with psychiatric complications. Current treatments carry the risk of severe side effects and may lead to limited or no relief at all in a relevant portion of this patient population. Preliminary evidence suggests that classical psychedelics (e.g. LSD and psilocybin) may have analgesic effects in healthy volunteers, and in certain chronic pain conditions and observational studies reveal that they are used in naturalistic settings as a means to manage pain. METHODS In order to gain insight on the effectiveness of such compounds in chronic pain conditions, we set up a survey addressed to chronic pain patients inquiring about psychedelic use and the relief levels achieved with both conventional treatments, full psychedelic doses and microdoses. We analysed data related to five conditions selected based on diagnostic homogeneity within each of them: fibromyalgia, arthritis, migraine, tension-type headache and sciatica. RESULTS Except for sciatica, volunteers reported that psychedelics led to better pain relief compared to conventional medication in all examined conditions. More specifically, full doses performed better than conventional medication. Microdoses led to significantly better relief compared to conventional medication in migraines and achieved comparable relief in the remaining three categories. Implications for future research are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Full doses and microdoses may hold value in the treatment of some specific chronic pain conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Psychedelic substances are receiving increasing attention from the scientific literature because of evidence showing beneficial effects on several measures related to mental health in clinical samples and healthy volunteers samples. Previous evidence suggests that people suffering from chronic pain are using psychedelics to seek relief and the present paper presents the results of a survey study investigating their use and analgesic effects among individuals suffering from fibromyalgia, arthritis, migraine, tension-type headache and sciatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cavarra
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha Leigh Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Kryskow
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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4
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Goel A, Rai Y, Sivadas S, Diep C, Clarke H, Shanthanna H, Ladha KS. Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:523-536. [PMID: 37698433 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a public health concern that affects approximately 1.5 billion people globally. Conventional therapeutic agents including opioid and non-opioid analgesics have been associated with adverse side effects, issues with addiction, and ineffective analgesia. Novel agents repurposed to treat pain via different mechanisms are needed to fill the therapeutic gap in chronic pain management. Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin (the active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms) are thought to alter pain perception through direct serotonin receptor agonism, anti-inflammatory effects, and synaptic remodeling. This scoping review was conducted to identify human studies in which psychedelic agents were used for the treatment of pain. Twenty-one articles that assessed the effects of psychedelics in treating various pain states were included. The present scarcity of clinical trials and small sample sizes limit their application for clinical use. Overall, psychedelics appear to show promise for analgesia in patients with certain headache disorders and cancer pain diagnoses. Future studies must aim to examine the combined effects of psychotherapy and psychedelics on chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Goel
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yeshith Rai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shayan Sivadas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Diep
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harsha Shanthanna
- Departments of Anesthesia, Surgery and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karim S Ladha
- Department of Anesthesiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Oliveira D, Fontenele R, Weleff J, Sofuoglu M, De Aquino JP. Developing non-opioid therapeutics to alleviate pain among persons with opioid use disorder: a review of the human evidence. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:377-396. [PMID: 38299655 PMCID: PMC10835074 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2229430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The opioid crisis remains a major public health concern, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pain is frequently observed among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), and the current opioid agonist therapies (OAT) have limited efficacy in addressing the pain needs of this population. We reviewed the most promising non-opioid analgesic therapies for opioid-dependent individuals synthesising data from randomised controlled trials in the Medline database from December 2022 to March 2023. Ketamine, gabapentin, serotoninergic antidepressants, and GABAergic drugs were found to be the most extensively studied non-opioid analgesics with positive results. Additionally, we explored the potential of cannabinoids, glial activation inhibitors, psychedelics, cholecystokinin antagonists, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, and cholinergic drugs. Methodological improvements are required to advance the development of novel analgesic strategies and establish their safety profile for opioid-dependent populations. We highlight the need for greater integration of experimental pain methods and abuse liability assessments, more granular assessments of prior opioid exposure, greater uniformity of pain types within study samples, and a particular focus on individuals with OUD receiving OAT. Finally, future research should investigate pharmacokinetic interactions between OAT and various non-opioid analgesics and perform reverse translation basic experiments, particularly with methadone and buprenorphine, which remain the standard OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Oliveira
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fontenele
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jeremy Weleff
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Center for Behavioral Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 1950 E 89th St U Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Joao P. De Aquino
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, 3 Floor, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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6
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Lawrence DW. Self-administration of Psilocybin for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Case Report. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 20:37-39. [PMID: 37817818 PMCID: PMC10561985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder with a pathophysiology related to the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. Pharmacologic modulation of 5-HT receptors has demonstrated efficacy in the acute treatment of migraines. Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic with 5-HT receptor activity, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in the management of neuropsychiatric conditions. To date, no reports have investigated the effect of psilocybin administered acutely during a migraine episode. Case presentation The case of a 33-year-old male patient with a history of migraines with aura, who had acute administration of oral psilocybin (in the form of the dried fruiting body of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms) at migraine onset is presented. Headache intensity was rated hourly using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and compared to three previous migraines. Profound reductions in headache intensity and emetic episodes were reported during the migraine treated acutely with oral psilocybin administration, compared to three previous migraines. Discussion The severe, disabling, and treatment-resistant nature of migraines warrants continued surveillance for novel pharmacologic interventions. The established congruous pathophysiology of migraine and pharmacology of psilocybin, via the 5-HT receptor system, positions psilocybin as a potential therapeutic target. Conclusion While this report highlights the potential role of psilocybin in the acute management of migraines, it is essential to note that it should not be considered a basis for guiding clinical practice at this point. Further research is necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment option for migraines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wyndham Lawrence
- Dr. Lawrence is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto in Toronto, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System in Toronto, Canada; and Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto in Toronto, Canada
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Schindler EAD, Hendricks PS. Adapting psychedelic medicine for headache and chronic pain disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:867-882. [PMID: 37652000 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2246655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the majority of current research and development surrounds depression, demoralization, and substance use disorders, there are numerous reports of psychedelics having beneficial effects in other branches of medicine, including for headache disorders and chronic pain. AREAS COVERED This perspective reviews conventional forms of treatment for headache and other chronic pain disorders and describes historical, recent, and ongoing investigations of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics in these disorders. The first two clinical trials of psilocybin in headache disorders and recent case reports of psilocybin mushroom self-administration in chronic pain patients are described. This perspective highlights several factors related to the application of psychedelics in chronic pain disorders, comparing this with the standard psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy model of treatment. EXPERT OPINION When faced with a more constricted view of psychedelic medicine that features larger doses, underscores subjective effects in the mediation of therapeutic outcomes, and requires adjunctive psychotherapy to ensure safety and efficacy, the application of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders may face challenges. It will be important to allow for flexibility and adaptation in protocols to evaluate different treatment paradigms, mechanisms of action, and the range of pharmacologic and extra-pharmacologic factors that affect psychedelic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Headache Center of Excellence, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kooijman NI, Willegers T, Reuser A, Mulleners WM, Kramers C, Vissers KCP, van der Wal SEI. Are psychedelics the answer to chronic pain: A review of current literature. Pain Pract 2023; 23:447-458. [PMID: 36597700 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aim to provide an evidence-based overview of the use of psychedelics in chronic pain, specifically LSD and psilocybin. CONTENT Chronic pain is a common and complex problem, with an unknown etiology. Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, may play a role in the management of chronic pain. Through activation of the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor, several neurophysiological responses result in the disruption of functional connections in brain regions associated with chronic pain. Healthy reconnections can be made through neuroplastic effects, resulting in sustained pain relief. However, this process is not fully understood, and evidence of efficacy is limited and of low quality. In cancer and palliative related pain, the analgesic potential of psychedelics was established decades ago, and the current literature shows promising results on efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related psychological distress. In other areas, patients suffering from severe headache disorders like migraine and cluster headache who have self-medicated with psychedelics report both acute and prophylactic efficacy of LSD and psilocybin. Randomized control trials are now being conducted to study the effects in cluster headache Furthermore, psychedelics have a generally favorable safety profile especially when compared to other analgesics like opioids. In addition, psychedelics do not have the addictive potential of opioids. IMPLICATIONS Given the current epidemic use of opioids, and that patients are in desperate need of an alternative treatment, it is important that further research is conducted on the efficacy of psychedelics in chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina I Kooijman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Willegers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Reuser
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim M Mulleners
- Department of Neurology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris C P Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Selina E I van der Wal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lyes M, Yang KH, Castellanos J, Furnish T. Microdosing psilocybin for chronic pain: a case series. Pain 2023; 164:698-702. [PMID: 36066961 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psychedelic serotonergic agonists such as psilocybin have recently been shown to produce sustained benefit in refractory depression, end of life anxiety, and addiction when administered in hallucinogenic doses and coupled with psychotherapy. Although it has been suggested that similar high-dose protocols may help chronic pain conditions, there are few published clinical trials of psychedelics for pain. The use of these agents in subpsychedelic doses for chronic pain management has received even less attention. This case series details the experiences of 3 individuals who have used low-dose psilocybin to manage chronic neuropathic pain. Although the nature and etiology of each patient's pain vary, they share a common experience, including inefficacy of current therapeutics and decreased quality of life. Through self-administration of psilocybin, these patients have achieved robust pain relief with decreased reliance on traditional analgesic medications. Despite varying preparations and uncertain potencies, the analgesic effects for all 3 patients occurred at doses without a psychedelic experience and with minimal cognitive or somatic adverse effects. Furthermore, the efficacy of pain relief and, in some cases, the duration of the effect were magnified when coupled with functional exercise. In addition, in 1 case, repeated dosing seemed to produce increased relief, suggesting a possible long-term plasticity-mediated effect. These commonalities highlight psilocybin's therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lyes
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Kaup KK, Vasser M, Tulver K, Munk M, Pikamäe J, Aru J. Psychedelic replications in virtual reality and their potential as a therapeutic instrument: an open-label feasibility study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1088896. [PMID: 36937731 PMCID: PMC10022432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1088896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has shown promising results for the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics. One popular view claims that these benefits are mediated by the subjective experiences induced by these substances. Based on this, we designed a virtual reality experience, Psyrreal, that mimics the phenomenological components of psychedelic experiences. Aims We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Psyrreal and psychedelic VR experiences in treating depressive symptoms as well as explore the effect of Psyrreal on subjective factors which have been suggested to mediate the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics. Methods In this open-label feasibility study, thirteen participants with mild-to-moderate depression underwent a 2-day therapeutic intervention implementing Psyrreal. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Emotional State Questionnaire (EST-Q2) at the start of the intervention and 2 weeks after. A thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews after Psyrreal was also conducted as an additional assessment of the method. Results A 2-day intervention implementing Psyrreal led to significant decreases in depressive symptoms at the 2-week follow-up (n = 10, p = 0.007, Hedges' g = 1.046) measured by the Emotional State Questionnaire (EST-Q2). The analysis of semi-structured interviews suggests that Psyrreal could lead to insight and alterations in the sense of self in some people. Conclusion This work proposes a novel method using virtual reality to augment the treatment of psychological disorders as well as to precisely investigate the mediating subjective factors of the therapeutic effects of psychedelic substances. Our preliminary results suggest that VR experiences combined with psychological support show potential in treating depressive symptoms and further research into similar methods is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madis Vasser
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadi Tulver
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Munk
- Psychiatry Clinic of North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Juhan Pikamäe
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Khademi S, Hallinan CM, Conway M, Bonomo Y. Using Social Media Data to Investigate Public Perceptions of Cannabis as a Medicine: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e36667. [PMID: 36848191 PMCID: PMC10012004 DOI: 10.2196/36667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use and acceptance of medicinal cannabis is on the rise across the globe. To support the interests of public health, evidence relating to its use, effects, and safety is required to match this community demand. Web-based user-generated data are often used by researchers and public health organizations for the investigation of consumer perceptions, market forces, population behaviors, and for pharmacoepidemiology. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aimed to summarize the findings of studies that have used user-generated text as a data source to study medicinal cannabis or the use of cannabis as medicine. Our objectives were to categorize the insights provided by social media research on cannabis as medicine and describe the role of social media for consumers using medicinal cannabis. METHODS The inclusion criteria for this review were primary research studies and reviews that reported on the analysis of web-based user-generated content on cannabis as medicine. The MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from January 1974 to April 2022. RESULTS We examined 42 studies published in English and found that consumers value their ability to exchange experiences on the web and tend to rely on web-based information sources. Cannabis discussions have portrayed the substance as a safe and natural medicine to help with many health conditions including cancer, sleep disorders, chronic pain, opioid use disorders, headaches, asthma, bowel disease, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These discussions provide a rich resource for researchers to investigate medicinal cannabis-related consumer sentiment and experiences, including the opportunity to monitor cannabis effects and adverse events, given the anecdotal and often biased nature of the information is properly accounted for. CONCLUSIONS The extensive web-based presence of the cannabis industry coupled with the conversational nature of social media discourse results in rich but potentially biased information that is often not well-supported by scientific evidence. This review summarizes what social media is saying about the medicinal use of cannabis and discusses the challenges faced by health governance agencies and professionals to make use of web-based resources to both learn from medicinal cannabis users and provide factual, timely, and reliable evidence-based health information to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigh Khademi
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Health Analytics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christine Mary Hallinan
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Health & Biomedical Research Information Technology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mike Conway
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yvonne Bonomo
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Health, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Hallinan CM, Khademi Habibabadi S, Conway M, Bonomo YA. Social media discourse and internet search queries on cannabis as a medicine: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0269143. [PMID: 36662832 PMCID: PMC9858862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabis for medicinal purposes has increased globally over the past decade since patient access to medicinal cannabis has been legislated across jurisdictions in Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Yet, evidence relating to the effect of medical cannabis on the management of symptoms for a suite of conditions is only just emerging. Although there is considerable engagement from many stakeholders to add to the evidence base through randomized controlled trials, many gaps in the literature remain. Data from real-world and patient reported sources can provide opportunities to address this evidence deficit. This real-world data can be captured from a variety of sources such as found in routinely collected health care and health services records that include but are not limited to patient generated data from medical, administrative and claims data, patient reported data from surveys, wearable trackers, patient registries, and social media. In this systematic scoping review, we seek to understand the utility of online user generated text into the use of cannabis as a medicine. In this scoping review, we aimed to systematically search published literature to examine the extent, range, and nature of research that utilises user-generated content to examine to cannabis as a medicine. The objective of this methodological review is to synthesise primary research that uses social media discourse and internet search engine queries to answer the following questions: (i) In what way, is online user-generated text used as a data source in the investigation of cannabis as a medicine? (ii) What are the aims, data sources, methods, and research themes of studies using online user-generated text to discuss the medicinal use of cannabis. We conducted a manual search of primary research studies which used online user-generated text as a data source using the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in October 2022. Editorials, letters, commentaries, surveys, protocols, and book chapters were excluded from the review. Forty-two studies were included in this review, twenty-two studies used manually labelled data, four studies used existing meta-data (Google trends/geo-location data), two studies used data that was manually coded using crowdsourcing services, and two used automated coding supplied by a social media analytics company, fifteen used computational methods for annotating data. Our review reflects a growing interest in the use of user-generated content for public health surveillance. It also demonstrates the need for the development of a systematic approach for evaluating the quality of social media studies and highlights the utility of automatic processing and computational methods (machine learning technologies) for large social media datasets. This systematic scoping review has shown that user-generated content as a data source for studying cannabis as a medicine provides another means to understand how cannabis is perceived and used in the community. As such, it provides another potential 'tool' with which to engage in pharmacovigilance of, not only cannabis as a medicine, but also other novel therapeutics as they enter the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mary Hallinan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Practice, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Practice, Health & Biomedical Research Information Technology Unit (HaBIC R2), Melbourne Medical School, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sedigheh Khademi Habibabadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Practice, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike Conway
- Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ann Bonomo
- St Vincent’s Health—Department of Addiction Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent’s Clinical School, Melbourne Medical School, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Luddy C, Flynn LT, Zhu Y, Lindsey H, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC. Exploratory investigation of a patient-informed low-dose psilocybin pulse regimen in the suppression of cluster headache: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2022; 62:1383-1394. [PMID: 36416492 DOI: 10.1111/head.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a patient-informed regimen, we conducted an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to systematically investigate the effects of psilocybin in cluster headache. BACKGROUND Sustained reductions in cluster headache burden after limited quantities of psilocybin-containing mushrooms are anecdotally reported, although to date there are no controlled studies investigating these effects. METHODS Participants were randomized to receive psilocybin (0.143 mg/kg) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) in a pulse of three doses, each ~5 days apart. Participants maintained headache diaries starting 2 weeks before and continuing through 8 weeks after the first drug session. A total of 16 participants were randomized to receive experimental drug and 14 were included in the final analysis. RESULTS In the 3 weeks after the start of the pulse regimen, the change in cluster attack frequency was 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.6 to 2.6) attacks/week with placebo (baseline 8.9 [95% CI 3.8 to 14.0]) and -3.2 (95% CI -8.3 to 1.9) attacks/week with psilocybin (baseline 9.6 [95% CI 5.6 to 13.6]; p = 0.251). Group difference in change from baseline had a moderate effect size (d = 0.69). The effect size was small in episodic participants (d = 0.35) but large in chronic participants (d = 1.25), which remained over the entire 8-week period measured (d = 0.81). Changes in cluster attack frequency were not correlated with the intensity of acute psychotropic effects during psilocybin administration. Psilocybin was well-tolerated without any unexpected or serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this initial, exploratory study provide valuable information for the development of larger, more definitive studies. Efficacy outcomes were negative, owing in part to the small number of participants. The separation of acute psychotropic effects and lasting therapeutic effects underscores the need for further investigation into the mechanism(s) of action of psilocybin in headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Andrew Sewell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Christina Luddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - L Taylor Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yutong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hayley Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian P Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholas V Cozzi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, Lafayette, California, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Wong A, Raz A. Microdosing with classical psychedelics: Research trajectories and practical considerations. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 59:675-690. [PMID: 36317302 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221129115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microdosing-the intermittent ingestion of minute, sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelic substances, repeatedly and over time-has become a widespread, albeit largely understudied, phenomenon. Regulations around using psychedelics at any dose-micro, mini, macro, or mega-pose all sorts of difficulties for those who wish to systematically study the effects of Schedule I drugs, especially in the United States. Microdosers commonly claim that taking a sub-hallucinogenic (pre-hallucinogenic or sub-perceptual) dose improves higher brain functions, including creativity, productivity, and mood. If true, these results would provide an important experimental edge in distinguishing psychosocial effects (e.g. caused by expectation) from those related to the active psychedelic ingredient. In this critical integrative synthesis, we explore the psychobiological science of dose amounts and how it informs microdosing with classical psychedelics (e.g. lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin) to highlight and fuel research into questions (e.g. in cognitive neuroscience, consciousness studies, and metacognition). We sketch the hurdle-laden regulatory landscape and the procedures that shroud research with Schedule I drugs. Finally, we offer some future directions relevant to both scholars and clinicians in the social and behavioral sciences as well as in mental health and neurological science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Raz
- 6226Chapman University, USA.,5620McGill University, Canada.,Jewish General Hospital, Canada
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15
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Rusanen SS, De S, Schindler EAD, Artto VA, Storvik M. Self-Reported Efficacy of Treatments in Cluster Headache: a Systematic Review of Survey Studies. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:623-637. [PMID: 35759175 PMCID: PMC9436841 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use and efficacy of various substances in the treatment of CH have been studied in several retrospective surveys. The aim of the study is to systematically review published survey studies to evaluate the reported efficacies of both established and unconventional substances in abortive and prophylactic treatment of both episodic and chronic CH, specifically assessing the consistency of the results. RECENT FINDINGS No systematic review have been conducted of these studies previously. A systematic literature search with a set of search terms was conducted on PubMed. Retrospective surveys that quantified the self-reported efficacy of two or more CH treatments, published in English during 2000-2020, were included. Several key characteristics and results of the studies were extracted. A total of 994 articles were identified of which 9 were found to be eligible based on the selection criteria. In total, 5419 respondents were included. Oxygen and subcutaneous triptan injections were most reported as effective abortive treatments, while psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide were most commonly reported as effective prophylactic treatments. The reported efficacy of most substances was consistent across different studies, and there were marked differences in the reported efficacies of different substances. The reported order of efficacy is generally in agreement with clinical studies. The findings suggest that retrospective surveys can be used to obtain supporting information on the effects of various substances used in the treatment of CH and to form hypotheses about novel treatment methods. The consistently reported efficacy of psilocybin and LSD in prophylactic treatment indicates need for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suchetana De
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ville Aleksi Artto
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Storvik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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16
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Schindler EAD. Psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2022; 215:109166. [PMID: 35718005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders have been reported for several decades, and now controlled studies are emerging. The existing evidence supports a lasting therapeutic benefit after limited dosing, a unique feature of the drug class that distinguishes it from conventional treatment. This commentary summarizes these reports of preventive effects of psychedelic drugs in headache and chronic pain disorders. The recently published controlled trial of psilocybin in migraine is reviewed, including its limitations. Several neurobiological targets of psychedelics that are related to headache and chronic pain are highlighted, though a clear separation of acute and lasting effects is key in uncovering the unique clinical effects of this drug class. Considerable investigation is required before the effects, safety, and mechanism of action of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders can be known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Headache Center of Excellence, Neurology Service, MS 127, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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17
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Dworkin RH, Anderson BT, Andrews N, Edwards RR, Grob CS, Ross S, Satterthwaite TD, Strain EC. If the doors of perception were cleansed, would chronic pain be relieved? Evaluating the benefits and risks of psychedelics. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1666-1679. [PMID: 35643270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic substances have played important roles in diverse cultures, and ingesting various plant preparations to evoke altered states of consciousness has been described throughout recorded history. Accounts of the subjective effects of psychedelics typically focus on spiritual and mystical-type experiences, including feelings of unity, sacredness, and transcendence. Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in psychedelics as treatments for various medical disorders, including chronic pain. Although concerns about adverse medical and psychological effects contributed to their controlled status, contemporary knowledge of psychedelics suggests that risks are relatively rare when patients are carefully screened, prepared, and supervised. Clinical trial results have provided support for the effectiveness of psychedelics in different psychiatric conditions. However, there are only a small number of generally uncontrolled studies of psychedelics in patients with chronic pain (e.g., cancer pain, phantom limb pain, migraine, and cluster headache). Challenges in evaluating psychedelics as treatments for chronic pain include identifying neurobiologic and psychosocial mechanisms of action and determining which pain conditions to investigate. Truly informative proof-of-concept and confirmatory randomized clinical trials will require careful selection of control groups, efforts to minimize bias from unblinding, and attention to the roles of patient mental set and treatment setting. Perspective: There is considerable promise for the use of psychedelic therapy for pain, but evidence-based recommendations for the design of future studies are needed to ensure that the results of this research are truly informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Dworkin
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Neurology, and Psychiatry, and Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Brian T Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States, and UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nick Andrews
- Behavior Testing Core, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert R Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles S Grob
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States, and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Ross
- Departments of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and New York University Langone Center for Psychedelic Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, and Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric C Strain
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Polito V, Liknaitzky P. The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955 - 2021) and recommendations for the field. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104706. [PMID: 35609684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of low doses of psychedelic substances (microdosing) is attracting increasing interest. This systematic review summarises all empirical microdosing research to date, including a set of infrequently cited studies that took place prior to prohibition. Specifically, we reviewed 44 studies published between 1955 and 2021, and summarised reported effects across six categories: mood and mental health; wellbeing and attitude; cognition and creativity; personality; changes in conscious state; and neurobiology and physiology. Studies showed a wide range in risk of bias, depending on design, age, and other study characteristics. Laboratory studies found changes in pain perception, time perception, conscious state, and neurophysiology. Self-report studies found changes in cognitive processing and mental health. We review data related to expectation and placebo effects, but argue that claims that microdosing effects are largely due to expectancy are premature and possibly wrong. In addition, we attempt to clarify definitional inconsistencies in the microdosing literature by providing suggested dose ranges across different substances. Finally, we provide specific design suggestions to facilitate more rigorous future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Polito
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Paul Liknaitzky
- Turner Institute, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
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19
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Freeman E, Adair M, Beeler D, Casper R, Herman MP, Reeves D, Reinsch S. Patient-identified burden and unmet needs in patients with cluster headache: An evidence-based qualitative literature review. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/25158163221096866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To qualitatively identify evidence-based literature related to the daily burden and unmet treatment and psychosocial needs of patients with cluster headache (CH). Methods: A literature search was conducted through October 20, 2020 across MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsychInfo databases exploring quality of life (QoL) and disease burden in adults with CH. The search was restricted to full-text reports in peer-reviewed journals. Methodologic quality was assessed using the Critical Skills Appraisal Program. Results: From 11 identified publications, QoL was reduced in persons living with CH, with significant psychological, social, and socio-economic burdens, and work-related disability. The CH disease trajectory is complex, with patients experiencing the impact of their disease across multiple domains beyond the biological manifestation of the disease including stigma, employment limitations, and suicidal ideation, and with a lack of effective treatment from the patient perspective. Discussion: These findings strengthen comprehension of the CH patient experience, enabling a deeper understanding of the patients’ perspective and experience of their disease andunmet needs, providing a basis for future research into this debilitating condition. Minor limitations of this study include data extraction and study selection biases.
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20
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Rossi GN, Hallak JEC, Bouso Saiz JC, dos Santos RG. Safety issues of psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:761-776. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2066650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Novak Rossi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime E. C. Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Translational Medicine, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Bouso Saiz
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- ICEERS Foundation, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rafael G. dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Translational Medicine, Brazil
- ICEERS Foundation, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Schindler EAD. Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache and Chronic Pain Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 56:261-285. [PMID: 35546382 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of psychedelics in headache and chronic pain disorders is documented over decades of anecdotal and early investigational reports, which have paved the way for the first controlled studies of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in these disorders. The reported lasting clinical effects after limited dosing with psychedelics present a novel means for disease management, but considerable further study will be required to address disease-specific treatments, uncover mechanism(s) of action, and verify safety. In this chapter, these topics are reviewed with particular attention to the neurobiological systems that offer potential sources of psychedelics' unique clinical effects in headache and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Khademi Habibabadi S, Hallinan C, Bonomo Y, Conway M. Consumer-generated discourse on cannabis as a medicine: Review of techniques (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2021; 24:e35974. [DOI: 10.2196/35974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Miceli McMillan R. Global bioethical challenges of medicalising psychedelics. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2021.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is an emerging psychiatric treatment that is attracting significant scientific, medical, and public attention. Whilst preliminary results from empirical studies are promising, the medical use of these compounds is highly controversial. Surprisingly, and despite the current controversies caused by the re-medicalisation of psychedelics, bioethicists have remained mysteriously silent. This paper aims to stimulate further bioethical reflection regarding the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. The current paper aims to do this by applying a normative phenomenological lens of analysis. Namely, this paper applies Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology, and Fredrik Svenaeus' extension of this critique, to the re-medicalisation of psychedelics. I argue that when this critique of modern technology is applied several normative issues become apparent. Specifically, it becomes apparent that the re-medicalisation of psychedelics risks turning the ecological sources, cultural contexts, and experiences induced by psychedelics into resources to be exploited for human goals; all of which risks endangering ecosystems, appropriating traditional knowledge, and reducing the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Furthermore, I suggest that preserving non-reductionist, non-instrumentalising traditional ways of understanding psychedelic compounds is essential in mitigating these consequences. More discussion by bioethicists is necessary as these consequences represent important global challenges for the psychedelic renaissance that require immediate addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Miceli McMillan
- 1 University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Australia
- 2 University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Australia
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24
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Poudel S, Quinonez J, Choudhari J, Au ZT, Paesani S, Thiess AK, Ruxmohan S, Hosameddin M, Ferrer GF, Michel J. Medical Cannabis, Headaches, and Migraines: A Review of the Current Literature. Cureus 2021; 13:e17407. [PMID: 34589318 PMCID: PMC8459575 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been long used since ancient times for both medical and recreational use. Past research has shown that cannabis can be indicated for symptom management disorders, including cancer, chronic pain, headaches, migraines, and psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder). Active ingredients in cannabis that modulate patients' perceptions of their conditions include Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), flavonoids, and terpenes. These compounds work to produce effects within the endocannabinoid system to decrease nociception and decrease symptom frequency. Research within the United States of America is limited to date due to cannabis being classified as a schedule one drug per the Drug Enforcement Agency. Few anecdotal studies have found a limited relationship between cannabis use and migraine frequency. The purpose of the review article is to document the validity of how medical cannabis can be utilized as an alternative therapy for migraine management. Thirty-four relevant articles were selected after a thorough screening process using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The following keywords were used: "Cannabis," "Medical Marijuana," "Headache," "Cannabis and Migraine," "Cannabis and Headache." This literature study demonstrates that medical cannabis use decreases migraine duration and frequency and headaches of unknown origin. Patients suffering from migraines and related conditions may benefit from medical cannabis therapy due to its convenience and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Poudel
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Jonathan Quinonez
- Neurology/Osteopathic Neuromuscular Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Jinal Choudhari
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Zachary T Au
- Family and Community Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sylvia Paesani
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Armond K Thiess
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Samir Ruxmohan
- Neurology, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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25
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Baraldi C, Lo Castro F, Negro A, Ferrari A, Cainazzo MM, Pani L, Guerzoni S. Oral cannabinoid preparations for the treatment of chronic migraine: a retrospective study. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:396-402. [PMID: 34347088 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effectiveness and safety of 3 oral cannabinoid preparations (FM2®, Bedrocan® and Bediol®) in the treatment of chronic migraine. DESIGN Retrospective, cohort study. SUBJECTS Patients with chronic migraine who received FM2®, Bedrocan® or Bediol® daily for the off-label treatment of their headache, up to 6 months. METHODS The number of migraine days per month, pain intensity, the number of acute medications taken per month, the number of days per month when the patient took at least one acute medication, and adverse events were recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after the start of treatment with oral cannabinoid preparations. RESULTS The number of migraine days didn't change significantly after the 3rd and the 6th month when compared to baseline (P = 0.1182). The pain intensity (P = 0.0004), the acute medication consumption (P = 0.0006) and the number of days per month in which patients took, at least, one acute medication, (P = 0.0004) significantly decreased when compared to the baseline. No significant differences were found between patients who were still taking a preventive treatment for chronic migraine and those who weren't (all P > 0.05). Different oral cannabinoid preparations displayed similar effectiveness (all P > 0.05). The AEs were mostly mild and occurred in the 43.75% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Oral cannabinoid preparations may have a role in reducing pain intensity and acute medication intake in patients with chronic migraine, but the magnitude of the effect seems modest; further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Baraldi
- Doctoral school of neurosciences; Department of biomedical, metabolic and neural sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 287, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Flavia Lo Castro
- Post graduated school in pharmacology and clinical toxicology; Department of biomedical, metabolic and neural sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 287, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Negro
- Regional referral headache center; Department of clinical and molecular medicine; Sapienza University of Rome; Via Di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Unit of medical toxicology, headache and drug abuse research center; Department of biomedical, metabolic and neural sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Cainazzo
- Unit of medical toxicology, headache and drug abuse research center; Department of medical specialties; AOU Policlinico di Modena; Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Pharmacology unit; Department of biomedical, metabolic and neural sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 287, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, University of Miami, Miami, USA.,VeraSci, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Simona Guerzoni
- Unit of medical toxicology, headache and drug abuse research center; Department of biomedical, metabolic and neural sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
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26
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Mavridis T, Breza M, Deligianni C, Mitsikostas DD. Current advances in the management of cluster headaches. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1931-1943. [PMID: 33989098 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1924148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cluster headache (CH) is probably the most severe idiopathic pain condition, yet its current medical management remains poor.Areas covered: Only repurpose medicines are currently in use for the prevention of CH, partially because the pathophysiology of the condition is still elusive. In this article we performed a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for efficacy of the currently available or emerging treatments for CH.Expert opinion: We found several ongoing randomized clinical trials testing prophylactic treatments for CH and only few for the standard ones. Recent data from randomized trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene related peptide pathway (anti-CGRP mAbs) are controversial, although its role in the pathogenesis of the condition is well documented. This inconsistency may depict inadequacies in clinical trial designing. Anti-CGRP mAbs and antagonists of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) along with neuromodulation techniques, are curing the necessary valuable evidence that could illuminate the therapeutical future for cluster headache. Orexin pathway is another attractive target for CH treatment. To improve the evidence for efficacy, we further propose that the design of the clinical trials for CH needs to be radically reviewed to allow more patients to participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- 1st Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianthi Breza
- 1 Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimos D Mitsikostas
- 1 Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ramaekers JG, Hutten N, Mason NL, Dolder P, Theunissen EL, Holze F, Liechti ME, Feilding A, Kuypers KPC. A low dose of lysergic acid diethylamide decreases pain perception in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:398-405. [PMID: 32842825 PMCID: PMC8054163 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120940937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an ergot alkaloid derivative with psychedelic properties that has been implicated in the management of persistent pain. Clinical studies in the 1960s and 1970s have demonstrated profound analgesic effects of full doses of LSD in terminally ill patients, but this line of research evaporated after LSD was scheduled worldwide. AIM The present clinical study is the first to revisit the potential of LSD as an analgesic, and at dose levels which are not expected to produce profound mind-altering effects. METHODS Twenty-four healthy volunteers received single doses of 5, 10 and 20 µg LSD as well as placebo on separate occasions. A Cold Pressor Test was administered at 1.5 and 5 h after treatment administration to assess pain tolerance to experimentally evoked pain. Ratings of dissociation and psychiatric symptoms as well as assessments of vital signs were included to monitor mental status as well as safety during treatments. RESULTS LSD 20 µg significantly increased the time that participants were able to tolerate exposure to cold (3°C) water and decreased their subjective levels of experienced pain and unpleasantness. LSD elevated mean blood pressure within the normal range and slightly increased ratings of dissociation, anxiety and somatization. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence of a protracted analgesic effect of LSD at a dose that is low enough to avoid a psychedelic experience. The present data warrant further research into the analgesic effects of low doses of LSD in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadia Hutten
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha L Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Dolder
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eef L Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Friederike Holze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kim PC Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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28
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Schindler EAD, Cooper V, Quine DB, Fenton BT, Wright DA, Weil MJ, Sico JJ. "You will eat shoe polish if you think it would help"-Familiar and lesser-known themes identified from mixed-methods analysis of a cluster headache survey. Headache 2021; 61:318-328. [PMID: 33502769 DOI: 10.1111/head.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize patient-reported ideas and concerns about cluster headache, treatment options, and management strategies. BACKGROUND Cluster headache patients experience severe pain and often suffer additional consequences from their disease. Patients have identified methods to cope with and combat cluster headache that are not widely known. METHODS Secondary analysis was performed using deidentified data from the online Clusterbusters Medication Use survey, wherein 10 questions allowed for freely written comments. Using mixed-methods techniques, neurologists with expertise in headache medicine identified themes from these comments. Subgroup analysis sought to identify variables associated with specific themes. RESULTS Among 2274 free-text responses from 493 adult participants, 23 themes were identified. Themes commonly discussed in the literature included such topics as "nothing worked" (24.7%, 122/493), "side effects" (12.8%, 63/493), and difficulties with "access/cost" (2.4%, 12/493). Less widely recognized themes included the use of "illicit substances" (35.5%, 175/493) and "vitamins/supplements" (12.2%, 60/493) in disease management. Lesser-known themes included "coffee" (5.3%, 26/493) and "exercise/physical activity" (4.7%, 23/493). Using strict significance criteria, no subgroup was associated with any theme. Several poignant quotes highlighted patient thoughts and experiences. CONCLUSIONS This mixed-methods analysis identified challenges endured by cluster headache patients, as well as a variety of patient-directed disease management approaches. The volunteered information spotlights pharmacological, physiological, and psychological aspects of cluster headache that warrant further exploratory and interventional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vanessa Cooper
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas B Quine
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical comorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brenda T Fenton
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical comorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Jason J Sico
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical comorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Luddy C, Flynn LT, Lindsey H, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC. Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:534-543. [PMID: 33184743 PMCID: PMC8116458 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While anecdotal evidence suggests that select 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor ligands, including psilocybin, may have long-lasting therapeutic effects after limited dosing in headache disorders, controlled investigations are lacking. In an exploratory double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, adults with migraine received oral placebo and psilocybin (0.143 mg/kg) in 2 test sessions spaced 2 weeks apart. Subjects maintained headache diaries starting 2 weeks before the first session until 2 weeks after the second session. Physiological and psychological drug effects were monitored during sessions and several follow-up contacts with subjects were carried out to assure safety of study procedures. Ten subjects were included in the final analysis. Over the 2-week period measured after single administration, the reduction in weekly migraine days from baseline was significantly greater after psilocybin (mean, - 1.65 (95% CI: - 2.53 to - 0.77) days/week) than after placebo (- 0.15 (- 1.13 to 0.83) days/week; p = 0.003, t(9) = 4.11). Changes in migraine frequency in the 2 weeks after psilocybin were not correlated with the intensity of acute psychotropic effects during drug administration. Psilocybin was well-tolerated; there were no unexpected or serious adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events. This exploratory study suggests there is an enduring therapeutic effect in migraine headache after a single administration of psilocybin. The separation of acute psychotropic effects and lasting therapeutic effects is an important finding, urging further investigation into the mechanism underlying the clinical effects of select 5-HT2A receptor compounds in migraine, as well as other neuropsychiatric conditions. Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT03341689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, MS 127, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Headache Center of Excellence, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - R Andrew Sewell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Christina Luddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - L Taylor Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hayley Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, MS 127, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Veterans Affairs Headache Center of Excellence, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas V Cozzi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, Lafayette, CA, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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30
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Bornemann J, Close JB, Spriggs MJ, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L. Self-Medication for Chronic Pain Using Classic Psychedelics: A Qualitative Investigation to Inform Future Research. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:735427. [PMID: 34867525 PMCID: PMC8632941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic Pain is among the leading causes of disability worldwide with up to 60% of patients suffering from comorbid depression. Psychedelic-assisted therapy has recently been found effective in treating a host of mental health issues including depression and has historically been found to be useful in treating pain. Reports of self-medication for chronic pain using psychedelic drugs have been widely documented, with anecdotal evidence indicating widespread success in a range of pathologies. Aims: In preparation for an upcoming trial, to better understand how those with lived experience of chronic pain self-medicate with psychedelic drugs, and to establish, in detail, their therapeutic protocols and practices for success. Methods: As part of patient-involvement (PI) for an upcoming trial in this population, 11 individuals who reported self-medicating with psychedelic drugs took part in a 1-h semi-structured discussion, which was then transcribed and thematically analyzed. Results: Across a range of psychedelic substances and doses, reported pain scores improved substantially during and after psychedelic experiences. Two processes, Positive Reframing and Somatic Presence, were reliably identified as playing a role in improvements in mental wellbeing, relationship with pain, and physical (dis)comfort. Inclusion of other strategies such as mindfulness, breathwork, and movement were also widely reported. Due to the data's subjective nature, this paper is vulnerable to bias and makes no claims on causality or generalisability. Together, these results have been used to inform study design for a forthcoming trial. Conclusion: This pre-trial PI work gives us confidence to test psychedelic therapy for chronic pain in a forthcoming controlled trial. The results presented here will be instrumental in improving our ability to meet the needs of future study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bornemann
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James B Close
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meg J Spriggs
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Psychedelics Division, Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leor Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Courault P, Demarquay G, Zimmer L, Lancelot S. Cluster headache: state of the art of pharmacological treatments and therapeutic perspectives. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:595-619. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Courault
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL) Université de LyonCNRSINSERM Lyon France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL) Lyon France
| | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL) Université de LyonCNRSINSERM Lyon France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL) Lyon France
- CERMEP‐Imaging Platform Groupement Hospitalier Est Bron France
- National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN) CEA Saclay France
| | - Sophie Lancelot
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL) Université de LyonCNRSINSERM Lyon France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL) Lyon France
- CERMEP‐Imaging Platform Groupement Hospitalier Est Bron France
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32
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Gibson LP, Hitchcock LN, Bryan AD, Bidwell LC. Experience of migraine, its severity, and perceived efficacy of treatments among cannabis users. Complement Ther Med 2020; 56:102619. [PMID: 33227352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As the legal and cultural landscape surrounding cannabis use in the United States continues to evolve, more Americans are turning to cannabis to self-medicate a number of ailments, including migraines. The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of cannabis use and its associated relief among migraineurs. DESIGN Participants were N = 589 adult cannabis users living in states with full legal access. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed an online survey assessing their cannabis use profiles, migraine experience, and self-reported relief from cannabis and non-cannabis treatments. RESULTS 161 participants (27.3 %) reported experiencing migraines. 76.4 % of migraineurs (N = 123) endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines. 69.9 % (N = 86) of migraineurs using cannabis for migraine relief also endorsed using non-cannabis products (e.g., over-the-counter pain medication, triptans) to treat their migraines. Although their subjective health was similar (p = .17), migraineurs who endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines reported more severe migraines compared to those who did not (p = .02). Migraineurs reported significantly more migraine relief from cannabis compared to non-cannabis products, even after controlling for migraine severity (p = .03). The majority of migraineurs using cannabis to treat their migraines were not medical cardholders (65.0 %), suggesting that these individuals were self-medicating in lieu of physician guidance. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides insight into the prevalence of cannabis use for migraine relief in a sample of cannabis users, and suggests that these migraineurs experience a high level of migraine relief from cannabis. Future studies are needed to determine the cannabis forms, potencies, and dosages that are most effective at treating migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel P Gibson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Leah N Hitchcock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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33
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Stith SS, Diviant JP, Brockelman F, Keeling K, Hall B, Lucern S, Vigil JM. Alleviative effects of Cannabis flower on migraine and headache. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 18:416-424. [PMID: 32758396 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies to date have measured the real-time effects of consumption of common and commercially available Cannabis products for the treatment of headache and migraine under naturalistic conditions. This study examines, for the first time, the effectiveness of using dried Cannabis flower, the most widely used type of Cannabis product in the United States, in actual time for treatment of headache- and migraine-related pain and the associations between different product characteristics and changes in symptom intensity following Cannabis use. METHODS Between 06/10/2016 and 02/12/2019, 699 people used the Releaf Application to record real-time details of their Cannabis use, including product characteristics and symptom intensity levels prior to and following self-administration; data included 1910 session-level attempts to treat headache- (1328 sessions) or migraine-related pain (582 sessions). Changes in headache- or migraine-related pain intensity were measured on a 0-10 scale prior to, and immediately, following Cannabis consumption. RESULTS Ninety-four percent of users experienced symptom relief within a two-hour observation window. The average symptom intensity reduction was 3.3 points on a 0-10 scale (standard deviation = 2.28, Cohen's d = 1.58), with males experiencing greater relief than females (P < 0.001) and a trend that younger users (< 35 years) experience greater relief than older users (P = 0.08). Mixed effects regression models showed that, among the known (i.e., labeled) product characteristics, tetrahydrocannabinol levels 10% and higher are the strongest independent predictors of symptom relief, and this effect is particularly prominent in headache rather than migraine sufferers (P < 0.05), females (P < 0.05) and younger users (P < 0.001). Females and younger users also appear to gain greater symptom relief from flower labeled as "C. indica" rather than "C. sativa" or other hybrid strains. CONCLUSION These results suggest that whole dried Cannabis flower may be an effective medication for treatment of migraine- and headache-related pain, but the effectiveness differs according to characteristics of the Cannabis plant, the combustion methods, and the age and gender of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Stith
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jegason P Diviant
- Department of Psychology, Student of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Franco Brockelman
- Morebetter Ltd. Software Developer, Hyattsville, Maryland 20781, USA
| | - Keenan Keeling
- Morebetter Ltd. Software Developer, Hyattsville, Maryland 20781, USA
| | - Branden Hall
- Morebetter Ltd. Software Developer, Hyattsville, Maryland 20781, USA
| | - Storri Lucern
- Department of Psychology, Student of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jacob M Vigil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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34
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Tauchen J. Natural Products and their (Semi-)Synthetic Forms in the Treatment of Migraine: History and Current Status. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3784-3808. [PMID: 30686246 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190125155947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine may be described as a headache with moderate to extreme pain that is often accompanied by incapacitating neurological symptoms. It is estimated that 12% of the world population suffers from migraine. Although a number of drugs have been used for treatment of migraine, most of these are not effective for every patient and may have undesirable side-effects. Thus, there is an enormous unmet need in current migraine therapy for discovering safer and more effective agents. METHODS The information summarized in this review was obtained through extensive literature review and search of relevant books and articles with the use of Web of Knowledge and SciVerse Scopus databases. RESULTS Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of migraine is helpful in identifying novel targets for antimigraine drugs such as cannabinoid, histamine, and melatonin receptors. In the past, natural product-derived constituents have served as an invaluable source of numerous medicinally useful antimigraine agents and it may be expected that further promising drug candidates from natural products will be discovered for antimigraine pharmacotherapy with better efficacy and fewer adverse-effects. CONCLUSION The discovery of novel targets in migraine therapy has opened new horizons for compounds that have not been clinically tested or that previously failed in clinical trials as potential antimigraine drugs. Ginkgolide B, melatonin, histamine, oxytocin, various ribosomal peptide toxins, kavalactones, devil's claw-derived compounds, salvinorin A and petasin are among those agents that show considerable promise as novel drugs in migraine prevention and treatment. It is necessary to conduct more research to better understand their antimigraine action, to confirm their effectiveness and safety, and to introduce them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague - Suchdol, Czech Republic
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35
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Perceptions, experiences, and understandings of cluster headache among GPs and neurologists: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e514-e522. [PMID: 32482627 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20x710417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cluster headache is a severe primary headache with a similar prevalence to that of multiple sclerosis. Cluster headache is characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution of pain, ipsilateral cranial autonomic features, and a tendency to circadian and circannual periodicity. AIM To explore the perceptions, experiences, and understandings of cluster headache among GPs and neurologists. DESIGN AND SETTING Qualitative interview study in primary care surgeries and neurology departments in the north of England. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with GPs and neurologists, recorded, and transcribed. A thematic analysis was applied to the dataset. RESULTS Sixteen clinicians participated in this study: eight GPs and eight neurologists. Four main themes were identified following thematic analysis: challenges with the cluster headache diagnosis; impact of cluster headache; challenges with treatment; and appropriateness of referrals to secondary care. Clinicians recognised the delays in the diagnosis of cluster headache, misdiagnosis, and mismanagement, and were aware of the potential impact cluster headache can have on patients' mental health and ability to remain in employment. Findings highlighted tensions between primary and secondary care around the cost of medication and the remit of prescribing treatment regimens. Patients' anxiety, their need for reassurance, and their insistence about seeing a specialist are some of the reasons for referrals. CONCLUSION Clinicians acknowledged delays in diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and mismanagement of cluster headache. The responsibility of prescribing causes ongoing tensions between primary and secondary care. Clear referral and management pathways for primary headaches are required to improve patient outcomes and healthcare costs.
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36
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Cogan PS. Practical Considerations of Hypotheses and Evidence in Cannabis Pharmacotherapy: Refining Expectations of Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:608-624. [PMID: 32449630 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1769246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An Industry founded on the promotion of presumed health and wellness benefits of cannabis use continues to grow in the United States, despite the lack of substantial evidence in support of the many claims being made. Several hypotheses exist regarding the role of endocannabinoids in human health and the pertinence of phytocannabinoids as pharmacotherapies for addressing their dysregulation. An opinion is offered regarding the tenuous nature of these assumptions and questions are raised regarding how best to interpret the complex metabolic interplay of the still vaguely defined endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Cogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, USA
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37
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Johnson S, Black QC. Can Psychedelics Alleviate Symptoms of Cluster Headache and Accompanying Mental Health Problems? A Case Report Involving Hawaiian Baby Woodrose. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 52:319-323. [PMID: 32375602 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1762023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence supports the efficacy of psychedelics in the alleviation of cluster headache and mental health problems. We describe a case of an individual with cluster headache and mood disorder who claims to have benefited from her use of psychedelics. A forty-eight-year-old woman was referred to a private Australian mental health clinic for the management of chronic pain and depression. She reported using Hawaiian baby woodrose to successfully alleviate symptoms of cluster headache and the accompanying mental health problems. Incidental observation also highlighted the potential therapeutic benefits of antiviral therapy. This is the first case report to concurrently examine the analgesic and psycho-spiritual effects of Hawaiian baby woodrose, with results in support of nascent research in this field. The results of this case report highlight the need for further research into the use of psychedelics in the management of cluster headache and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevaugn Johnson
- The Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Adelaide University and the Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.,Wellbeing and Recovery Research Institute , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Quentin C Black
- The Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Adelaide University and the Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.,Wellbeing and Recovery Research Institute , Adelaide, South Australia
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Bornemann J. The Viability of Microdosing Psychedelics as a Strategy to Enhance Cognition and Well-being - An Early Review. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 52:300-308. [PMID: 32362269 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1761573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic substances are currently experiencing a renaissance in interest for both therapeutic as well as recreational applications. It has been proposed that microdosing, i.e., ingesting sub-perceptual doses of a psychedelic, could confer some of the benefits of these substances to users while minimizing the risks associated with full-dose use. This review aimed to summarize and examine the extant literature on psychedelic microdosing. Exploratory evidence published to date indicates a variety of benefits reported by microdosers including improvements in mood, focus, and creativity, with some null reports, and a minority of people reporting selective negative consequences such as increased anxiety and physiological discomfort. Methodological limitations of current evidence, however, make definitive conclusions hard to draw. Recommendations for future research are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bornemann
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Castellanos JP, Woolley C, Bruno KA, Zeidan F, Halberstadt A, Furnish T. Chronic pain and psychedelics: a review and proposed mechanism of action. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:486-494. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of chronic pain is a complex mechanism that is still not fully understood. Multiple somatic and visceral afferent pain signals, when experienced over time, cause a strengthening of certain neural circuitry through peripheral and central sensitization, resulting in the physical and emotional perceptual chronic pain experience. The mind-altering qualities of psychedelics have been attributed, through serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonism, to ‘reset’ areas of functional connectivity (FC) in the brain that play prominent roles in many central neuropathic states. Psychedelic substances have a generally favorable safety profile, especially when compared with opioid analgesics. Clinical evidence to date for their use for chronic pain is limited; however, several studies and reports over the past 50 years have shown potential analgesic benefit in cancer pain, phantom limb pain and cluster headache. While the mechanisms by which the classic psychedelics may provide analgesia are not clear, several possibilities exist given the similarity between 5-HT2A activation pathways of psychedelics and the nociceptive modulation pathways in humans. Additionally, the alterations in FC seen with psychedelic use suggest a way that these agents could help reverse the changes in neural connections seen in chronic pain states. Given the current state of the opioid epidemic and limited efficacy of non-opioid analgesics, it is time to consider further research on psychedelics as analgesics in order to improve the lives of patients with chronic pain conditions.
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40
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Andersson M, Kjellgren A. Twenty percent better with 20 micrograms? A qualitative study of psychedelic microdosing self-rapports and discussions on YouTube. Harm Reduct J 2019; 16:63. [PMID: 31779667 PMCID: PMC6883685 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychedelic microdosing is the trending practice of using tiny repeated doses of psychedelic substances to facilitate a range of supposed benefits. With only a few published studies to date, the subject is still under-researched, and more knowledge is warranted. Social media and internet discussion forums have played a vital role in the growing visibility of the microdosing phenomenon, and the present study utilized YouTube contents to improve comprehension of the microdosing practice as well as the social interactions and discussions around microdosing. METHODS Microdosing self-disclosure in YouTube videos and their following comments were qualitatively analyzed by inductive thematic analysis. Various software was utilized to enable gathering and sorting relevant data. RESULTS Microdosing of psychedelic substances, primarily LSD and psilocybin, was used for therapeutic and enhancement purposes, and predominantly beneficial effects were reported. Many different applications and outcomes were discussed, and therapeutic effects for depression appeared especially noteworthy. Intentions for use were recognized as an influencing factor for the progression and outcomes of microdosing. The function of social interactions was mainly to discuss views on the microdosing phenomenon, strategies for optimal results, minimize risks, and share emotional support. CONCLUSIONS Potentially, microdosing could provide some of the same benefits (for certain conditions) as full-dose interventions with less risk of adverse reactions related to the sometimes intense experiences of higher doses. Microdosing may well also mean additional benefits, as well as risks, through the repeated exposure over extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Dept. of Psychology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Anette Kjellgren
- Dept. of Psychology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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Kuypers KPC, Ng L, Erritzoe D, Knudsen GM, Nichols CD, Nichols DE, Pani L, Soula A, Nutt D. Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1039-1057. [PMID: 31303095 PMCID: PMC6732823 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119857204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, the issue of 'microdosing' psychedelics has been openly discussed in the public arena where claims have been made about their positive effect on mood state and cognitive processes such as concentration. However, there are very few scientific studies that have specifically addressed this issue, and there is no agreed scientific consensus on what microdosing is. AIM This critique paper is designed to address questions that need to be answered by future scientific studies and to offer guidelines for these studies. APPROACH Owing to its proximity for a possible approval in clinical use and short-lasting pharmacokinetics, our focus is predominantly on psilocybin. Psilocybin is allegedly, next to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), one of the two most frequently used psychedelics to microdose. Where relevant and available, data for other psychedelic drugs are also mentioned. CONCLUSION It is concluded that while most anecdotal reports focus on the positive experiences with microdosing, future research should also focus on potential risks of (multiple) administrations of a psychedelic in low doses. To that end, (pre)clinical studies including biological (e.g. heart rate, receptor turnover and occupancy) as well as cognitive (e.g. memory, attention) parameters have to be conducted and will shed light on the potential negative consequences microdosing could have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim PC Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and
Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Ng
- Department of Psychology, University
College London, London, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Department of Psychology,
Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit,
Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New
Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David E Nichols
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy,
West Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Psychiatry University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic
& Neural Sciences, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial
College London, London, UK
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Ponté C, Giron A, Crequy M, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Fabre N, Salles J. Cluster Headache in Subjects With Substance Use Disorder: A Case Series and a Review of the Literature. Headache 2019; 59:576-589. [PMID: 30957220 DOI: 10.1111/head.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case series of 7 patients presenting cluster headache (CH) criteria and a substance use disorder, reported to a French Addictovigilance center. Then, to assess clinical, pharmacological, and neurobiological linkages between substance use and CH onset. BACKGROUND CH patients are presenting a higher prevalence of comorbidities, among which the use of psychoactive substances, licit or illicit, have been explored by a few authors. Recently, 3 cases of CH in patients seen in the hospital-based addiction care center have been reported to the Toulouse addictovigilance center. METHODS Other cases have been identified in the same tertiary hospital after a collaborative investigation done with the departments of neurology and psychiatry and included in the case series. A narrative review was performed to assess the potential of psychoactive substance consumption to induce or facilitate CH. RESULTS From 2016 to 2018, 6 males and 1 female aged between 26 and 54 years old, presenting CH criteria and a substance use disorder, were included in our case series. Among substances used, there are: (1) daily use of tobacco and alcohol in 5/7 subjects; (2) daily or almost daily use of cocaine in 5/7 subjects; (3) regular use of cannabis before attacks beginning in 4/7 subjects; and (4) opioids, as a substitutive medication or abused, in 5/7 subjects. The intranasal route administration is reported by all the subjects and precedes the beginning of attacks for 5/7 subjects. CONCLUSIONS We have found a CH prevalence of 0.9% in our studied population, while it is estimated at 0.1% in the general population. The coexistence of cluster headache and addiction behaviors reflects possible common neurobiological pathways, which would include the hypothalamus. Research could be conducted on the potential of hypothalamic therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ponté
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre d'Evaluation et Information sur la Pharmacodépendance-Addictovigilance, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Giron
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Université de Toulouse III, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Crequy
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Médicale, Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie, Hopital La Grave, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre d'Evaluation et Information sur la Pharmacodépendance-Addictovigilance, INSERM UMR 1027, CIC INSERM 1436, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nelly Fabre
- Departement de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, INSERM UMR 1043, Université de Toulouse III, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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de Coo IF, Naber WC, Wilbrink LA, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Fronczek R. Increased use of illicit drugs in a Dutch cluster headache population. Cephalalgia 2018; 39:626-634. [PMID: 30290701 PMCID: PMC6484703 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418804160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Many patients with cluster headache report use of illicit drugs. We systematically assessed the use of illicit drugs and their effects in a well-defined Dutch cluster headache population. Methods In this cross-sectional explorative study, 756 people with cluster headache received a questionnaire on lifetime use and perceived effects of illicit drugs. Results were compared with age and sex-matched official data from the Dutch general population. Results Compared to the data from the general population, there were more illicit drug users in the cluster headache group (31.7% vs. 23.8%; p < 0.01). Reduction in attack frequency was reported by 56% (n = 22) of psilocybin mushroom, 60% (n = 3) of lysergic acid diethylamide and 50% (n = 2) of heroin users, and a decreased attack duration was reported by 46% (n = 18) of PSI, 50% (n = 2) of heroin and 36% (n = 8) of amphetamine users. Conclusion In the Netherlands, people with cluster headache use illicit drugs more often than the general population. The question remains whether this is due to an actual alleviatory effect, placebo response, conviction, or common pathophysiological background between cluster headache and addictive behaviours such as drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse F de Coo
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,2 Sophia Rehabilitation Center, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn C Naber
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leopoldine A Wilbrink
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Haan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Neurology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,4 Slaap-Waakcentrum SEIN, Heemstede, the Netherlands
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Schindler EAD, Wallace RM, Sloshower JA, D'Souza DC. Neuroendocrine Associations Underlying the Persistent Therapeutic Effects of Classic Serotonergic Psychedelics. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:177. [PMID: 29545753 PMCID: PMC5838010 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports on the effects of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mood disorders and addiction, as well as the effects of psychedelics in the treatment of cluster headache, have demonstrated promising therapeutic results. In addition, the beneficial effects appear to persist well after limited exposure to the drugs, making them particularly appealing as treatments for chronic neuropsychiatric and headache disorders. Understanding the basis of the long-lasting effects, however, will be critical for the continued use and development of this drug class. Several mechanisms, including biological and psychological ones, have been suggested to explain the long-lasting effects of psychedelics. Actions on the neuroendocrine system are some such mechanisms that warrant further investigation in the study of persisting psychedelic effects. In this report, we review certain structural and functional neuroendocrinological pathologies associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and cluster headache. We then review the effects that psychedelic drugs have on those systems and provide preliminary support for potential long-term effects. The circadian biology of cluster headache is of particular relevance in this area. We also discuss methodologic considerations for future investigations of neuroendocrine system involvement in the therapeutic benefits of psychedelic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A D Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neurology, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jordan A Sloshower
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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