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Koly KN, Saba J, Rao M, Rasheed S, Reidpath DD, Armstrong S, Gnani S. Stakeholder perspectives of mental healthcare services in Bangladesh, its challenges and opportunities: a qualitative study. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2024; 11:e37. [PMID: 38572252 PMCID: PMC10988148 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2024.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores Bangladesh's mental health services from an individual- and system-level perspective and provides insights and recommendations for strengthening it's mental health system. We conducted 13 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions. Thirty-one participants were recruited using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods. All interviews and group discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed, and key findings were translated from Bengali to English. Data were coded manually and analysed using a thematic and narrative analysis approach. Stakeholders perceived scarcity of service availability at the peripheral level, shortage of professionals, weak referral systems, lack of policy implementation and regulatory mechanisms were significant challenges to the mental health system in Bangladesh. At the population level, low levels of mental health literacy, high societal stigma, and treatment costs were barriers to accessing mental healthcare. Key recommendations included increasing the number of mental health workers and capacity building, strengthening regulatory mechanisms to enhance the quality of care within the health systems, and raising awareness about mental health. Introducing measures that relate to tackling stigma, mental health literacy as well as building the capacity of the health workforce and governance systems will help ensure universal mental health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Nahar Koly
- Health System & Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jobaida Saba
- Health System & Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mala Rao
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Rasheed
- Health System & Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel D. Reidpath
- Health System & Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Stephanie Armstrong
- School of Health and Social Care, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Shamini Gnani
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Agblevor EA, Darko NA, Acquah PA, Addom S, Mirzoev T, Agyepong IA. "We have nice policies but…": implementation gaps in the Ghana adolescent health service policy and strategy (2016-2020). Front Public Health 2023; 11:1198150. [PMID: 38148876 PMCID: PMC10749951 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although policies for adolescent health exist in Ghana, their implementation is challenging. Availability of services for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and adolescent mental health remains less than desired, with adolescent mental health being particularly neglected despite being an important contributor to poor health outcomes. This study presents an analysis of gaps in the implementation of the Ghana Adolescent Health Service Policy and Strategy (2016-2020), including how and why the context influenced the observed implementation gaps. Methods Data for this study is drawn from 17 in-depth interviews with purposefully identified key stakeholders in adolescent mental, sexual, and reproductive health across the national and subnational levels; four focus group discussions (FGDs) with district health management teams; and 11 FGDs with adolescents in and out of schools in four selected districts in the Greater Accra region. Data were analyzed using both inductive and deductive approaches. The deductive analysis drew on Leichter's conceptualization of context as structural, cultural, situational, and environmental factors. Results Of the 23 planned strategies and programs for implementing the policy, 13 (57%) were partially implemented, 6 (26%) were not implemented at all, and only 4 (17%) were fully implemented. Multiple contextual factors constrained the policy implementation and contributed to the majority of strategies not being implemented or partially implemented. These factors included a lack of financial resources for implementation at all levels of the health system and the related high dependence on external funding for policy implementation. Service delivery for adolescent mental health, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health, appeared to be disconnected from the delivery of other health services, which resulted in weak or low cohesion with other interventions within the health system. Discussion Bottom-up approaches that engage closely with adolescent perspectives and consider structural and cultural contexts are essential for effective policy implementation. It is also important to apply systemic and multi-sectoral approaches that avoid fragmentation and synergistically integrate policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia Afi Agblevor
- Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Priscilla Ama Acquah
- Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selasie Addom
- Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tolib Mirzoev
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Akua Agyepong
- Faculty of Public Health, Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
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Shiri R, El-Metwally A, Sallinen M, Pöyry M, Härmä M, Toppinen-Tanner S. The Role of Continuing Professional Training or Development in Maintaining Current Employment: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2900. [PMID: 37958044 PMCID: PMC10647344 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11212900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of continuing job education and professional development on early exit from the labor market is unclear. This systematic review examined how continuing job education or professional development influences the retention of current employment. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases from their start dates to January 2023. Two reviewers screened the full texts of relevant reports and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the adapted Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment. We qualitatively synthesized the results of the included studies. We screened 7338 publications and included 27 studies consisting of four cohort and 23 cross-sectional studies in the review. The participants of the selected studies were mostly from the health sector (24 studies). There were 19 studies on staying or leaving a current job, six on employee turnover intention, two on job change, one on return to work, one on early retirement, and one on employment. Continuing employee development or training opportunities were associated with increased intention to stay in a current job, decreased intention to leave a current job, decreased employee turnover intention, job change, or early retirement and with faster return to work. One of the two studies that examined the role of age showed that continuing employee development is a more important factor for retaining current employment among younger than older employees. A few studies found that job satisfaction and commitment fully mediated the relationship between employee development and employee intention to leave current employment. This study suggests that participating in professional training/development is related to a lower risk of leaving current employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (S.T.-T.)
| | - Ashraf El-Metwally
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia;
- The Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Sallinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (S.T.-T.)
| | - Marjaana Pöyry
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (S.T.-T.)
| | - Mikko Härmä
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (S.T.-T.)
| | - Salla Toppinen-Tanner
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (S.T.-T.)
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Sanga SS, Tarimo EAM, Ambikile JS. Factors influencing career preference in mental health among nursing students and intern nurses in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002108. [PMID: 37450439 PMCID: PMC10348593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of mental health, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders has been on the rise and remains a significant leading cause of disease burden. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) shares a fair burden of MNS with depressive disorders being the most prevalent in this region. A huge treatment gap for MNS exists, with lack of appropriate human resources and expertise for service delivery being one of the key barriers. Pre-service and in-service training plays a vital role in developing human resource for mental health. However, low or lack of career interests in mental health has been documented among students. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2021 to determine factors influencing career preference in mental health among nursing students and intern nurses at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) respectively in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Sixty-eight (68) nursing students at MUHAS who had covered the mental health nursing course and 83 intern nurses who had rotated at the MNH Psychiatry and Mental Health department participated in the study using consecutive sampling. A pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, followed by analysis with version 25 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were performed to determine factors associated with career preference. One third (33.1%; n = 50) of participants had career preference in mental health nursing. Living with a person with mental illness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.350; 95% CI: 1.958, 9.664; p <0.001), awareness of possible career advancement in mental health (AOR: 16.193; 95% CI: 2.022, 129.653; p = 0.009), awareness of possible income generation in mental health career (AOR: 6.783; 95% CI: 2.295, 20.047; p = 0.001), and satisfaction with psychiatric working environment (AOR: 6.753; 95% CI: 2.900, 15.726; p <0.001), were significantly associated with career preference in mental health. Low mental health career preference among university nursing students and intern nurses jeopardizes the future of the mental health nursing profession and may complicate the already existing shortage of human resource for mental health. The higher learning institutions, health facilities, and the Ministry of Health may need to take deliberate actions to ensure that interest to pursue a career in mental health is built among students and interns. Further research is needed to provide more insight into how the psychiatric working environment affects career preference in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Samson Sanga
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Edith A. M. Tarimo
- Department of Nursing Management, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joel Seme Ambikile
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Buertey AA. The professed effect of stigma on community psychiatric nurses in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:456. [PMID: 35799165 PMCID: PMC9264652 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma is a major factor that inhibits Mental Health Nurses work, especially Community Psychiatric Nurses, in terms of productivity. Even though mental health services have improved drastically, because of decentralization of mental health care, a lot more people still have reservations when it comes to mental health nurses particularly Community Psychiatric Nurses. The purpose of the study was to explore the professed effects of stigma on CPNs in the Southern part of Ghana. METHODS The study was carried out in three district hospitals (Ga South, Ga Central and Okaikoi) all in the Accra Metropolis. The aim of the study was to describe how stigma affects Community Psychiatric Nurses. A qualitative descriptive exploratory design was adopted for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to recruit participants. Data was saturated with 12 participants, aged between 25 and 40 years. The audio-taped interviews were transcribed verbatim and afterwards analyzed using thematic and content analysis. RESULTS The findings gathered from participants revealed that Community Psychiatric Nurses experienced various effects of stigma, such as low productivity, depression, and anger. Most of the participants recounted how stigmatization had affected their work both in the hospital setting and in their communities. CONCLUSION The study showed that Community Psychiatric Nurses carried out their activities with much difficulty, because of their poor image. They stressed the need for recognition and support from employers, stakeholders and the general community so as to boost confidence and morale with the resultant effect of better healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Ansere Buertey
- Department of Mental Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Hwang E, Yi Y. Workplace spirituality and organizational justice in turnover intention of mental health professionals at small-sized centres. J Nurs Manag 2021; 30:328-335. [PMID: 34448518 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of workplace spirituality and organizational justice on the turnover intentions of mental health professionals working in small-sized communities. BACKGROUND Many community mental health facilities in Korea are consist of the small size of members, and the turnover rate of mental health professionals is high. However, the influence of individual and organizational factors for lowering the turnover is not clearly identified. METHOD This was a descriptive study. Data of 168 participants were collected through a self-reported online questionnaire using a convenience sample, June 2020. RESULT Multiple regression analysis uses interactional justice (β = -.437, p = .002), distributional justice (β = -.190, p = .011) and age (β = -.152, p = .033) that were the most important predictors of turnover intention. CONCLUSION Orgnisational factors such as distributional and interactional justice affect to reduce turnover intention more than an individual factor like the workplace spirituality of professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Small-sized mental health institutions in the community should establish a clear working guideline that can make the distribution, procedure and interactional justice. Because only a small percentage of nurses work at community mental health facilities, it is necessary to reduce turnover by creating a work environment where young nurse practitioners can work long-term and grow into leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Hwang
- School of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeojin Yi
- School of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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The effectivity role of community mental health worker for rehabilitation of mental health illness: A systematic review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Formentos A, Ae-Ngibise KA, Nyame S, Asante KP. Situational analysis of service provision for adolescents with mental and neurological disorders in in two districts of Ghana. Int J Ment Health Syst 2021; 15:35. [PMID: 33858460 PMCID: PMC8050925 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-021-00457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevalence among adolescents with mental disorders are about 20% worldwide. In 2012, Ghana enacted the Mental Health Act, Act 846 to regulate mental health care, but did not include specific programmatic details of service provision nor any measurable indicators for adolescent mental health. Currently no service programmes focused on adolescents and no aggregated data exists documenting prevalence of mental and neurological disorders among adolescents. In the Brong Ahafo region, mental health providers carry out simultaneous programmes to diagnose, treat, and counsel patients. There is a need to investigate how these service programmes are currently functioning as measured by World Health Organisation guidelines. This study therefore, investigated quality of service provision for adolescents with mental disorders in Kintampo North and South districts of central Ghana. Methods Mixed method approach of quantitative and qualitative data collection, organization, and analysis was implored. Quantitative method data collection used case registers to identify mental and neurological disorders among adolescents. Qualitative methods used in-depth interviews of service providers, primary caregivers, and users of healthcare on the services available to treat mental and neurological disorders among adolescents. A combination of quality standards tools was used to assess services. Results Epilepsy was the most common treated disorder among adolescents receiving services at the four facilities in the two districts. Providers and stakeholders had limited or no training in adolescent mental health. Validated diagnostic tools were not being used to rule out differential diagnosis; medication procurement was a challenge to consistent treatment. Data collection and analysis was not standardized. Providers, stakeholders, patients, and their primary caregivers reported challenges with funding, transportation logistics, and stigma against people with mental and neurological disorders. Conclusion There are few mental health service providers for people living with mental disorders in the two Kintampo districts, with no specific services for adolescents. The Mental Health Act 846 of 2012 is an important milestone in mental health care but there are not specific plans for its implementation. Community sensitization, education in mental health and neurological disorders, and advocacy against stigma are all successful programmes that have the potential to be scaled up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Formentos
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | | | - Solomon Nyame
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana
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Amegbor PM, Braimah JA, Adjaye-Gbewonyo D, Rosenberg MW, Sabel CE. Effect of cognitive and structural social capital on depression among older adults in Ghana: A multilevel cross-sectional analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 89:104045. [PMID: 32416461 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from existing studies suggests social capital has mixed effects on depression and other common mental disorders. There is little knowledge of the possible association between social capital and depression among the growing older population in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates the effect of cognitive social capital (trust and sense of safety) and structural social capital (social participation or engagement in social activities) on depression among older adults in Ghana. Utilizing multilevel mixed-effect analysis, we investigate the effect of individual-level and neighborhood-level social capital (cognitive and structural) on depression using data from the World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) survey (Wave 1). The findings show that at an individual level, older adults who felt safe at home were less likely to have depression. We observed mixed results for elements of structural social capital at the individual level. Older adults who frequently engaged in club or group meetings, worked with neighbors and engaged in social outings were more likely to have depression; while attending public meetings and socializing with co-workers were associated with reduced likelihood of having depression. At the neighborhood level, increased trust in neighbors was associated with an increased likelihood of having depression (OR = 1.01, p < 0.05) while higher levels of neighborhood safety and structural social capital were associated with a reduced likelihood of having depression. The findings suggest that the differential associations between elements of social capital and depression may be the result of contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince M Amegbor
- BERTHA Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Joseph A Braimah
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Room E208, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dzifa Adjaye-Gbewonyo
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark W Rosenberg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Room E208, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Clive E Sabel
- BERTHA Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Factors influencing medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana to consider psychiatry as a career option - a qualitative study. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2020; 7:e31. [PMID: 33489247 PMCID: PMC7786269 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2020.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, Ghana has 14 actively practicing psychiatrists and about 26 psychiatric residents for a population of over 28 million people. Previous research suggests a lack of interest by Ghanaian medical students and medical graduates in considering psychiatry as a career option. OBJECTIVES To examine the perception of medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana about the barriers which hinder Ghanaian medical graduates from choosing careers in psychiatry and how these barriers could be overcome. METHODS This was a cross-sectional qualitative study with data gathered using focus group discussion. Twenty clinical year medical students were selected through block randomization from the four public medical schools in Ghana and invited to participate in one of two focus group discussions. Also, four psychiatric residents were invited to participate in the focus group discussions. RESULTS The main barriers identified by participants could be grouped under four main themes, namely: (a) myths and stigma surrounding mental health and patients, (b) negative perceptions of psychiatrists, (c) infrastructure and funding issues, (d) lack of exposure and education. To address the barriers presented, participants discussed potential solutions that could be categorized into five main themes, namely: (a) stigma reduction, (b) educating professionals, (c) addressing deficient infrastructure, (d) risk management, and (e) incentivizing the pursuit of psychiatry among students. CONCLUSION Health policy planners and medical training institutions could consider implementing proposed solutions to identify barriers as part of efforts to improve the psychiatrist to patient ratio in Ghana.
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Buertey AA, Attiogbe A, Aziato L. Stigma by association: Experiences of community psychiatric nurses in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICA NURSING SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Deborah TD, Anthony EK, Badu E, Amy BA, Gyamfi N, Josephine AN, Opoku MP. The burden of caregiving among mental health nurses providing services to consumers with depression in Ghana. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 56:72-80. [PMID: 30920680 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims to explore the burden of caregiving among mental health nurses providing services to consumers with depression in Ghana. DESIGN AND METHODS Interpretative phenomenological design and qualitative data FINDINGS: The study shows that several health system constraints and individual factors contribute to the burden of caregiving among mental health nurses. Health system challenges are the poor state of the psychiatric facility, while individual factors are stigmatizing attitudes, nonadherence to medication instructions, limited family support, and physical and verbal abuse. The coping strategies used by mental health nurses are self-motivation, emotional boundaries, and the perceived clinical outcomes of treatment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Clinical policies, procedures, and health facility practices should adequately address caregiving challenges, to facilitate effective mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetteh Dela Deborah
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Edusei Kwaku Anthony
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eric Badu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Budu-Ainooson Amy
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Naomi Gyamfi
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Adusei-Nkrumah Josephine
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Chang S, Picco L, Abdin E, Yuan Q, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Resilience and associative stigma among mental health professionals in a tertiary psychiatric hospital: a cross-sectional study in Singapore. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e033762. [PMID: 31888942 PMCID: PMC6937006 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mental health profession exposes healthcare workers to unique stressors such as associative stigma (stigmatisation that is extended from the stigmatised patients to psychiatric professionals and is based on affiliation with an individual with mental illness). Enhancing resilience, or the ability to 'bounce back' from adversity, is found to be useful in reducing occupational stress and its negative effects. In view of the high burnout rates reported among mental health professionals, this study aimed to examine resilience in this group of professionals and to explore the association between resilience and associative stigma. DESIGN Observational study-cross-sectional design. SETTING Tertiary psychiatry hospital in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted among 470 mental health professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals) working in the hospital. MEASURES Resilience was assessed using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and participants completed questionnaires that examined associative stigma. Participants provided their sociodemographic information, length of service, and information on whether they knew of a close friend or family member who had a mental illness. RESULTS Mean resilience score for the overall sample was 3.59 (SD=0.64). Older age (β=0.012, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.019, p=0.003) and having known a family member or close friend with a mental illness (β=0.155, 95% CI 0.019 to 0.290, p=0.025) predicted higher BRS score. Associative stigma remained significantly associated with resilience score after controlling for sociodemographic factors whereby higher associative stigma predicted lower resilience scores. CONCLUSION The present finding suggests that resilience building programmes among mental health workers should target those of the younger age group, and that addressing the issue of associative stigma is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Chang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louisa Picco
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edimansyah Abdin
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Yuan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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Heller DJ, Kumar A, Kishore SP, Horowitz CR, Joshi R, Vedanthan R. Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators to the Delivery of Care for Noncommunicable Diseases by Nonphysician Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1916545. [PMID: 31790570 PMCID: PMC6902752 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies show that nonphysician health workers (NPHWs), including nurses and volunteers, can provide effective diagnosis and treatment of NCDs. However, the factors that facilitate and impair these programs are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To identify health system barriers to and facilitators of NPHW-led care for NCDs in low- and middle-income countries. DATA SOURCES All systematic reviews in PubMed published by May 1, 2018. STUDY SELECTION The search terms used for this analysis included "task shifting" and "non-physician clinician." Only reviews of NPHW care that occurred entirely or mostly in low- and middle-income countries and focused entirely or mostly on NCDs were included. All studies cited within each systematic review that cited health system barriers to and facilitators of NPHW care were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Assessment of study eligibility was performed by 1 reviewer and rechecked by another. The 2 reviewers extracted all data. Reviews were performed from November 2017 to July 2018. All analyses were descriptive. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All barriers and facilitators mentioned in all studies were tallied and sorted according to the World Health Organization's 6 building blocks for health systems. RESULTS This systematic review and qualitative analysis identified 15 review articles, which cited 156 studies, of which 71 referenced barriers to and facilitators of care. The results suggest 6 key lessons: (1) select qualified NPHWs embedded within the community they serve; (2) provide detailed, ongoing training and supervision; (3) authorize NPHWs to prescribe medication and render autonomous care; (4) equip NPHWs with reliable systems to track patient data; (5) furnish NPHWs consistently with medications and supplies; and (6) compensate NPHWs adequately commensurate with their roles. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the health system barriers to NPHW screening, treatment, and control of NCDs and their risk factors are numerous and complex, a diverse set of care models has demonstrated strategies to address nearly all of these challenges. These facilitating approaches-which relate chiefly to strong, consistent NPHW training, guidance, and logistical support-generate a blueprint for the creation and scale-up of such programs adaptable across multiple chronic diseases, including in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Heller
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Sandeep P. Kishore
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol R. Horowitz
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajesh Vedanthan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
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Arriola-Vigo JA, Stovall JG, Moon TD, Audet CM, Diez-Canseco F. Perceptions of Community Involvement in the Peruvian Mental Health Reform Process Among Clinicians and Policy-Makers: A Qualitative Study. Int J Health Policy Manag 2019; 8:711-722. [PMID: 31779299 PMCID: PMC6885866 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The global burden of mental health conditions has led to the implementation of new models of care for persons with mental illness. Recent mental health reforms in Peru include the implementation of a community mental health model (CMHM) that, among its core objectives, aims to provide care in the community through specialized facilities, the community mental health centers (CMHCs). Community involvement is a key component of this model. This study aims to describe perceptions of community engagement activities in the current model of care in three CMHCs and identify barriers and potential solutions to implementation. Methods: A qualitative research study using in-depth semi-structured interviews with clinicians from three CMHCs and with policy-makers involved in the implementation of the mental health reforms was conducted in two regions of Peru. The interviews, conducted in Spanish, were digitally recorded with consent, transcribed and analyzed using principles of grounded theory applying a framework approach. Community engagement activities are described at different stages of patient care. Results: Twenty-five full-time employees (17 women, 8 men) were interviewed, of which 21 were clinicians (diverse health professions) from CMHCs, and 4 were policy-makers. Interviews elucidated community engagement activities currently being utilized including: (1) employing community mental health workers (CMHWs); (2) home visits; (3) psychosocial clubs; (4) mental health workshops and campaigns; and (5) peer support groups. Inadequate infrastructure and financial resources, lack of knowledge about the CMHM, poorly defined catchment areas, stigma, and inadequate productivity approach were identified as barriers to program implementation. Solutions suggested by participants included increasing knowledge and awareness about mental health and the new model, implementation of peer-training, and improving productivity evaluation and research initiatives. Conclusion: Community engagement activities are being conducted in Peru as part of a new model of care. However, their structure, frequency, and content are perceived by clinicians and policy-makers as highly variable due to a lack of consistent training and resources across CMHCs. Barriers to implementation should be quickly addressed and potential solutions executed, so that scale-up best optimizes the utilization of resources in the implementation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Arriola-Vigo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Stovall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Troy D Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carolyn M Audet
- Department of Health Policy, and Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Francisco Diez-Canseco
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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16
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Psychiatry as a specialization: influential factors and gender differences among medical students in a low- to middle-income country. Ir J Psychol Med 2019; 37:111-117. [PMID: 31482773 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2019.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the perception of Ghanaian medical students about factors influencing their career interest in psychiatry and to explore gender differences in these perceptions. METHODS This is a cross-sectional quantitative survey of 5th and 6th year medical students in four public medical schools in Ghana. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 20. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 545 medical students (response rate of 52%). Significantly, more male medical students expressed that stigma is an important consideration for them to choose or not to choose a career in psychiatry compared to their female counterparts (42.7% v. 29.7%, respectively). Over two-thirds of the medical students perceived that psychiatrists were at risk of being attacked by their patients, with just a little over a third expressing that risk was an important consideration for them to choose a career in psychiatry. There were no gender differences regarding perceptions about risk. Around 3 to 4 out of 10 medical students will consider careers in psychiatry if offered various incentives with no gender differences in responses provided. CONCLUSION Our study presents important and novel findings in the Ghanaian context, which can assist health policy planners and medical training institutions in Ghana to formulate policies and programs that will increase the number of psychiatry residents and thereby increase the psychiatrist-to-patient ratio in Ghana.
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Nartey AK, Badu E, Agyei-Baffour P, Gyamfi N, Opoku MP, O'Brien AP, Mitchell R. The predictors of treatment pathways to mental health services among consumers in Ghana. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:300-310. [PMID: 30648278 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore factors influencing treatment pathways to mental health services among consumers in Ghana. DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional design using quantitative method. FINDINGS Treatment pathways for mental illness were general hospitals/clinics, psychiatric hospitals, and faith-based practices. The predisposing (age, household size, primary occupation, ethnicity, marital status, religion, and geographic location, as well as attitudes and beliefs), enabling (affordability), and need factors (severity of mental illness) were significant predictors of treatment pathways. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Current advocacy and awareness for mental health services in Ghana should consider the predisposing, enabling, and need factors of consumers. Policy initiatives on mental health services should ensure adequate financing mechanisms and further establish collaboration between biomedical and faith-based services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korley Nartey
- Techiman Municipal Health Directorate/Ghana Health Services, Techiman, Ghana
| | - Eric Badu
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Peter Agyei-Baffour
- Department of Health Policy, Management and Economics/School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Naomi Gyamfi
- Department of Health Promotion and Disability Studies, Centre for Disability and Rehabilitation Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Ferede A, Kibret GD, Million Y, Simeneh MM, Belay YA, Hailemariam D. Magnitude of Turnover Intention and Associated Factors among Health Professionals Working in Public Health Institutions of North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3165379. [PMID: 30671450 PMCID: PMC6323441 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3165379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health workers are one of the most important building blocks of the health system. High turnover rate contribute to the shortfalls and unbalanced distribution of health personnel in the health workforce. Turnover intention is the strongest predictor of actual turnover. OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude of turnover intention and associated factors among health professionals working in public health institutions of North Shoa Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. METHODS A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2016, on 612 health professionals working in public health institutions of North Shoa Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, using a multistage stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered structured questionnaire. The data were entered using Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize the sample characteristics. Backward stepwise logistic regression model was fitted and AOR with 95% CI was calculated to identify the associated factors. P-value <0.05 was taken as a cut-off point for statistical significance. Ethical issues were addressed. RESULTS Among the 568 health professionals who responded to the questionnaire, 348 (61.3%) of them reported to have the intention to leave their current workplaces. The results showed that being a male [AOR = 1.496 (95% CI: 1.016, 2.204)], medical doctor [AOR = 0.318 (95% CI: 0.122, 0.824)], unsatisfied with the work nature [AOR = 1.822 (95% CI: 1.206, 2.753)], unsatisfied with the incentives [AOR = 1.668 (95% CI: 1.105, 2.517)], and unsatisfied with the supervision [AOR = 1.916 (95% CI: 1.274, 2.881)] and having low normative commitment [AOR = 2.176 (95% CI: 1.482, 3.196)] were significantly associated with turnover intention of the health professionals. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of turnover intention was high among health professionals working in public health institutions of North Shoa Zone. Health service managers and policymakers should develop evidence based retention strategies considering the determinants of health professionals' intention to leave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster Ferede
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getiye Dejenu Kibret
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Million
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluye Molla Simeneh
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yihalem Abebe Belay
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Damen Hailemariam
- Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Badu E, O’Brien AP, Mitchell R. An integrative review of potential enablers and barriers to accessing mental health services in Ghana. Health Res Policy Syst 2018; 16:110. [PMID: 30445980 PMCID: PMC6240297 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-018-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of accessible mental health treatment is a global concern, particularly when one in five people will experience a mental health problem in their lifespan. This is no less important in Ghana; however, no studies have yet attempted to appraise and synthesise the potential enablers and barriers to accessing services in Ghana. The aim of this integrative review is therefore to identify and synthesise existing evidence on the barriers and enablers to accessing mental health services in Ghana. METHODS A search of the published literature was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases. The search was limited to papers published in English and within 2000-2018. Using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of the retrieved papers. A data extraction form and a Critical Appraisal Checklist were used to extract and appraise data, respectively. The integrative review incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data into a single synthesis. RESULTS Out of 42 papers that met the inclusion criteria, 50% used qualitative methods, 33.3% used mixed methods and 16.7% used quantitative methods alone. The potential barriers in accessing mental health services were attitudinal, knowledge about services, treatment cost, transportation and geographical proximity, as well as perceived efficacy of medication. Similarly, the health systems factors contributing to barriers were low priority, limited funding sources, irregular medicine supply, limited services for marginalised groups and poor state of psychiatric facilities, together with poor management of mental health cadres. The potential enablers for service users involved increased decentralisation and integration, task-shifting and existing support services. CONCLUSION The existing evidence on mental health in Ghana is skewed towards weaknesses in the systems and stigma, with rationally little, or no, evidence or emphasis on the effectiveness, or quality of mental health services. These attributes largely neglect the provision of psychiatric services for marginalised mental health service user groups, including children, adolescents, people with disabilities and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Badu
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Anthony Paul O’Brien
- Faculty Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, 2308 NSW Australia
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Health Services Research Centre, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
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20
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Agyapong VIO, Farren C, McAuliffe E. Improving Ghana's mental healthcare through task-shifting- psychiatrists and health policy directors perceptions about government's commitment and the role of community mental health workers. Global Health 2016; 12:57. [PMID: 27716339 PMCID: PMC5045644 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The scarcity of mental health professionals places specialist psychiatric care out of the reach of most people in low and middle income countries. There is growing interest in the effectiveness of task shifting as a strategy for targeting expanding health care demands in settings with shortages of qualified health personnel. Given this background, the aim of our study was to examine the perceptions of psychiatrists and health policy directors about the policy to expand mental health care delivery in Ghana through a system of task-shifting from psychiatrists to community mental health workers (CMHWs). Methods A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was developed and administered to 11 psychiatrists and 29 health policy directors. Key informant interviews were also held with five psychiatrists and four health policy directors. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results Almost all the psychiatrists and 23 (79.3 %) health policy directors were aware of the policy of the Government of Ghana to improve on the human resource base within mental health through a system of task-shifting. Overall, about half of the psychiatrists and 9 (31 %) health policy directors perceived there is some professional resistance to the implementation of the policy of task shifting. The majority of respondents were of the view that CMHWs should be allowed to assess, diagnose and treat most of the common mental disorders. The respondents identified that CMHWs usually perform two sets of roles, namely; officially assigned roles for which they have the requisite training and assumed roles for which they usually do not have the requisite training. The stakeholders identified multiple challenges associated with current task shifting arrangements within Ghana’s mental health delivery system, including inadequate training and supervision, poor awareness of the scope of their expertise on the part of the CMHWs. Conclusion Psychiatrists and health policy directors support the policy to expand mental health service coverage in Ghana through a system of task-shifting, despite their awareness of resistance from some professionals. It is important that the Government of Ghana upholds its commitment of expanding mental healthcare by maintaining and prioritizing its policy on task shifting and also providing the necessary resources to ensure its success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Israel Opoku Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E1 WMC 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada. .,Department of Behavioural Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. .,Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Conor Farren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eilish McAuliffe
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ali SH, Agyapong VIO. Barriers to mental health service utilisation in Sudan - perspectives of carers and psychiatrists. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 26818754 PMCID: PMC4729143 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to scale up mental health care nationally, barriers to health services utilisation need to be identified and addressed. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify barriers to mental health services utilization in Sudan from the perspectives of carer’s of mentally ill patients and psychiatrists and to make recommendations to address the identified barriers. Methods Mixed research methods were used in this cross sectional survey. The quantitative part was conducted with carers of mentally ill patients who were staying in Tijani Elmahi psychiatric hospital in Sudan, and the qualitative part was conducted with the psychiatric consultants in the country. Results 103 carers and six psychiatric consultants participated in the study. According to carers, the main barriers to utilisation of mental health services includes: the beliefs around mental illness, resorting to alternative treatments such as religious and traditional healers, centralization of mental health services, inadequate number of mental health staff, and mental health not being a priority by policy makers. In addition to these barriers, the psychiatric consultants identified stigma, cost of medications, and worries about medication’s side effects as barriers to the utilisation of mental health services. The carers and psychiatrists proposed several solutions to address the barriers to health services utilisation. Conclusion Carers and psychiatrists are aware of the barriers to mental health services utilisation in Sudan. Addressing these barriers require a health policy and political response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1280-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent I O Agyapong
- Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Behavioural Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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