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Aleyiydi MS, Alshiban NM, Alajmi AM, Alosaimi NF, Alotaibi M, Nassar MS, Alhumaid NK, Almangour TA, Memish ZA, Binjomah AZ, Algarni SM, Al-Jedai A, Almutairi AS, Shibl A, Tawfik EA. Epidemiology of Viral Infectious Diseases Reported in Saudi Arabia. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1893-1905. [PMID: 38967741 PMCID: PMC11266316 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-01014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efficient epidemiological monitoring of virus diseases is crucial in evaluating general public health, the prevalence of specific diseases, the pattern of spread, and implementing preventative and control strategies into action. METHODS This study analyzed data obtained from the Field Epidemiology Program (FETP) which is part of the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Saudi Arabia, which contained reported cases of infectious diseases over four years, from January 2018 to December 2021, to investigate and highlight the significant trend and incidence rate for each viral infectious disease. RESULTS Of the reported viral infectious diseases, hepatitis B and C, dengue fever (DF), influenza, chickenpox, and measles were the highest reported viral cases over four years. For the aforementioned diseases, males were often more susceptible to viral infections than females. Except for DF, this viral infection was more common in Saudi citizens. Viral illnesses like hand, foot, and mouth disease were less prevalent, while neurological viral disorders such as acute flaccid paralysis were rarely detected. There was an overall reduction in viral cases recorded during 2020-2021, which may be attributed to the implementation of preventive measures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic or an underreporting of cases during the lockdown of that time. CONCLUSION The prevalence of these common viral infections in the Saudi population suggests that understanding the mechanisms influencing changes in these viruses, methods of transmission, and the burden of these diseases is a priority for health policy. This understanding is necessary to develop effective intervention and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah S Aleyiydi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M Alshiban
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej M Alajmi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada F Alosaimi
- Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alotaibi
- Healthy Aging Research Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Nassar
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada K Alhumaid
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A Almangour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research & Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdulwahab Z Binjomah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 12746, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Jedai
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, 12631, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Atef Shibl
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Tawfik
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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El Haidari R, Hoballa MH, Cheato A, Baydoun K, Husseini A, Chahrour M, Mansour S, Hoballah A. Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable diseases and risk factors among adults in Lebanon: a multicentric cross-sectional study. Public Health 2024; 229:185-191. [PMID: 38452563 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence on non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence and associated risk factors informs primary health care consolidation regarding prevention and treatment strategies. In Lebanon, the government and many international organisations are still working to decrease the burden of NCDs. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected NCDs and their risk factors among adults in Lebanon, and to investigate the relationship between these risk factors and NCDs. STUDY DESIGN A multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted over one year, from 1 June 2022 to 31 June 2023, across five Lebanese governorates. METHODS Participants aged ≥18 years were considered eligible for enrolment in the study. Data on the sociodemographic, behavioural and medical characteristics of participants were collected. RESULTS From the total study population (n = 4540), 52.4% reported one or more NCDs. The prevalence of most prominent NCDs were hypertension (32.8%), diabetes (26.8%), cardiovascular disease (16.1%), asthma (7.1%) and cancer (3.7%). Results showed a significant association between gender and smoking, high-fibre diet and asthma (P-value <0.05). Findings showed a highly significant association between age categories and smoking, high-fibre diet, physical activity, diagnosis with NCDs, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (P-value <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high prevalence of NCDs among adults living in Lebanon. Prevention, treatment and control of NCDs and their risk factors are a public health priority in Lebanon, and resources are required to provide targeted interventions with a multisectoral approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El Haidari
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon; INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique Et Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - M H Hoballa
- Department of Informatics, Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - A Cheato
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - K Baydoun
- Department of Social Health, Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - A Husseini
- Department of Medical Affaires, Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - M Chahrour
- Dar El Hawraa Primary Healthcare Center, Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - S Mansour
- Department of Informatics, Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - A Hoballah
- General Director of Islamic Health Society, Baabda, Lebanon
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Aljerian NA, Alharbi AA, Alghamdi HA, Binhotan MS, AlOmar RS, Alsultan AK, Arafat MS, Aldhabib A, Alabdulaali MK. External Vs Internal e-Referrals: Results from a Nationwide Epidemiological Study Utilizing Secondary Collected Data. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:739-751. [PMID: 38562249 PMCID: PMC10984205 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s453042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background E-referral systems, streamlining patient access to specialists, have gained global recognition yet lacked a comparative study between internal and external referrals in Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods This retrospective study utilized secondary data from the Saudi Medical Appointments and Referrals Centre system. The data covers 2020 and 2021, including socio-demographic data, referral characteristics, and specialties. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with external referrals. Results Out of 645,425 e-referrals from more than 300 hospitals, 19.87% were external. The northern region led with 48.65%. Males were 55%, and those aged 25-64 were 56.68% of referrals. Outpatient clinic referrals comprised 47%, while 61% of referrals were due to a lack of specialty services. Several significant determinants are associated with higher rates of external referral with (p-value <0.001) and a 95% Confidence interval. Younger individuals under 25 exhibit higher referral rates than those aged 25-64. Geographically, compared to the central region, in descending order, there were increasing trends of external referral in the northern, western, and southern regions, respectively (OR = 19.26, OR = 4.48, OR 3.63). External referrals for outpatient departments (OPD) and dialysis services were higher than for routine admissions (OR = 1.38, OR = 1.26). The rate of external referrals due to the lack of available equipment was more predominant than other causes. Furthermore, in descending order, external referrals for organ transplantation and oncology are more frequent than for medical specialties, respectively (OR = 9.39, OR = 4.50). Conclusion The study reveals trends in e-referrals within the KSA, noting regional differences, demographic factors, and types of specialties regarding external referrals, benefiting the New Model of Care for the 2030 Vision. Findings suggest expanding virtual consultations to reduce external referrals. Strengthening primary care and preventive medicine could also decrease future referrals. Future studies should assess resource distribution, including infrastructure and workforce, to further inform healthcare strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal A Aljerian
- Medical Referrals Centre, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Emergency Medicine Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Alghamdi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshary S Binhotan
- Emergency Medical Services Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S AlOmar
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali K Alsultan
- Medical Referrals Centre, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Arafat
- Medical Referrals Centre, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Alattas M, Gordon S, Sabin LL, El-Jardali F, Wirtz VJ. Equity and unmet need of non-communicable diseases services in Saudi Arabia using a National Household Survey (2019). BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:346. [PMID: 38491481 PMCID: PMC10943914 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saudi Arabia is implementing a comprehensive health system transformation in health services provision, governance, and financing. Given the high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD), a key objective of the transformation is to integrate NCD prevention and treatment into primary care. The study objectives were to assess primary care service use for treatment of NCDs, to quantify existing inequities in preventive services utilization, and to identify regional and sociodemographic factors associated with these inequities. METHODS Using the 2019 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia World Health Survey, multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to identify predictors of utilization of primary care services for NCD prevention and treatment, unmet need among those with a diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, and unmet need in breast and cervical cancer screening. RESULTS Among those with an NCD diagnosis, living in a high-income household was associated with a lower probability of having an unmet need compared to those in low-income households. Furthermore, rural residents were less likely to have an unmet need compared to urban residents (OR 0.58, p=0.029). Individuals without a perceived need for healthcare within the last 12 months had three times the probability of unmet need in comparison to those with such a perceived need (p<0.001). Women in all regions had a lower probability of ever having a mammogram compared to women in the central regions around Riyadh. Women with an education above a secondary level had five times the odds of undergoing cervical cancer screening and three times the likelihood of ever having a mammogram (P=0.012, p=0.02) than other women. Compared to women in low-income households, those in middle (OR 1.99, P=0.026), upper middle (OR 3.47, p<0.001), or high-income households (OR 2.59, p<0.001) had a higher probability of having had cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS Inequities in NCD treatment and prevention services' utilization in Saudi Arabia are strongly associated with region of living, population density, wealth, income, education and perceived need for health care. More research is needed to better understand the extent of unmet primary care needs for NCD and how to address the underlying contributing factors to access inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alattas
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lora L Sabin
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Veronika J Wirtz
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Bahari G, Kerari A. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Self-Management Program on Patients Living with Chronic Diseases. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:487-496. [PMID: 38449511 PMCID: PMC10916514 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s451692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic diseases are a major public health concern globally, and the position in Saudi Arabia is no exception. The Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) is a widely used intervention process to address care of chronic conditions. However, its effectiveness in a Saudi context has not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the post-intervention outcomes of the CDSMP in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods The study utilized a qualitative design on patients with chronic conditions. Data were collected through two focus group sessions with 15 participants who had completed the CDSMP. A thematic analysis technique was used for data analysis. Results Three key themes emerged from analysis of the qualitative data obtained through the focus groups: the perceived benefits from participation in the CDSMP workshop; the impact of the CDSMP workshop on improving health status and quality of life; and, the cultural acceptability of the CDSMP. The study also found that the CDSMP was effective in improving participants' self-management skills and quality of life. Additional benefits included increased motivation for behavioral change, enhanced confidence regarding self-care of chronic conditions, improved communication with healthcare providers, and better coping strategies. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the CDSMP in addressing chronic conditions in Saudi Arabia. The program's emphasis on self-management skills and peer support aligns with the cultural values of Saudi Arabia. However, applying the CDSMP across various chronic conditions should be addressed in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghareeb Bahari
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Kerari
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Alhammad SA, Almutairi FM, Bajsair AS, Alghamdi AS, Algarni FS, Aldaihan MM, Alshehri WM, Alwadeai KS. Physical activity levels among undergraduate students at the College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh: A prevalence study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36386. [PMID: 38050194 PMCID: PMC10695622 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior pose significant health concerns, particularly among young adults like college students. However, little research exists on the attitudes towards physical activity among Saudi Arabian healthcare students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of physical activity and determine the reason for being physically inactive among students and interns across all programs in the College of Applied Medical Sciences (CAMS) at King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between March and May 2023. CAMS students aged 18 and above, fluent in Arabic or English, and willing to participate were included. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to measure physical activity. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Out of 433 respondents, 377 met the inclusion criteria (response rate: 89.3%). Physical activity prevalence was 54.60%, with walking being the most common activity (42.70%). Lack of time was the primary reason for inactivity (51.40%). On average, students engaged in 1.5 hours/day of vigorous-intensity activities and 1.3 hours/day of vigorous-intensity sports and fitness activities at work. Sedentary behavior, characterized by continuous sitting, averaged 5.37 hours per day. Approximately half of CAMS students are physically active, while 20% rely solely on short walks due to time constraints, limited activity hours, or sedentary habits. A lack of time was cited as the primary reason for inactivity by most students. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance physical activity among healthcare students. In addition, academicians and policymakers should propose time-efficient initiatives that accommodate the demanding and busy schedules of healthcare students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad A. Alhammad
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M. Almutairi
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S. Bajsair
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alghamdi
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S. Algarni
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mishal M. Aldaihan
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed M. Alshehri
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Alwadeai
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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AlMarzooqi MA, Alsukait RF, Aljuraiban GS, Alothman SA, AlAhmed R, Rakic S, Herbst CH, Al-Hazzaa HM, Alqahtani SA. Comprehensive assessment of physical activity policies and initiatives in Saudi Arabia 2016-2022. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1236287. [PMID: 37614443 PMCID: PMC10443594 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1236287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to review health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) policies and initiatives introduced in Saudi Arabia (SA) since 2016 and identify the gaps in their design and implementation. Methods A combination of methods was used, including semi-structured interviews with key informants from relevant entities (such as those from the ministries of health, education, sports, tourism, and other regulatory bodies) and a review of policy/initiative documents provided by them. Stakeholder mapping led by local experts and snowball sampling supported the identification of key informants. Three existing frameworks-the World Health Organization's HEPA Policy Audit Tool, the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (PA) Policy Inventory, and the European Monitoring Framework for PA Indicators-were used to develop data collection instruments. Results The review identified 44 policies/initiatives from different sectors. The Saudi Sports for All Federation is the leader in PA promotion and community sports development. However, there is a lack of multisectoral agenda and governance structures for PA promotion. The overlap between initiatives by different key informants results in duplication of efforts, including initiatives to promote PA among the general public led by competitive professional sports and community-based sports. Conclusion The study findings indicate that several policies/initiatives have been implemented in SA since 2016. However, there is a need to focus on the challenges or barriers that affect the sustainability of policies/initiatives. A system-based approach can help build on sectoral synergies, thereby accelerating progress in engaging the Saudi population with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mezna A. AlMarzooqi
- Leaders Development Institute, Ministry of Sport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem F. Alsukait
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- World Bank Group, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- World Bank Group, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Shaima A. Alothman
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem AlAhmed
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Obeid S, Chidiac G, Dabbous M, Malaeb D, Hallit R, Hallit S. Measuring public attitudes towards people living with chronic diseases in Arabic-speaking populations: adaptation and development of the Social Stigma Scale of Chronic Diseases (SSS-CD). BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1375. [PMID: 37464332 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of the population in Arab countries suffer from chronic diseases. According to the statistics by the Global Health Estimates, chronic illnesses contribute by 71% to total deaths in the Arab region. While chronic illnesses have been demonstrated to carry high levels of social stigma, it is only recently that little research attention has been given to this topic in the Arab world. It is well-established that the social stigma construct is culturally-dependent. Therefore, the lack of an Arabic measure highlighted the urgent need for developing a culturally adapted and valid instrument to assess social stigma toward people living with chronic diseases. In this study, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Arabic translation, adaptation and development of "the Social Stigma Scale of Chronic Diseases" (SSS-CD). METHOD Fifteen items derived from the literature and assessing social stigma towards chronic diseases have been administered to 570 Arabic-speaking adults from the Lebanese general population (aged 24.59 ± 6.75years; 68.6% women). Items were translated into Arabic using a forward-backward translation method. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using a principal-axis EFA on the first split-half subsample, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested on the model extracted from the EFA on the second split-half subsample, were conducted to examine the construct validity of the SSS-CD. Fit indices were deemed adequate if the normed model chi-square (χ²/df) ≤ 3, the Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) ≤ 0.08, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) and the comparative fit index (CFI) ≥ 0.90. RESULTS Findings revealed that the 10-item SSS-CD has a unidimensional factor structure, with the following fit indices: χ2/df = 92.95/34 = 2.73, RMSEA = 0.077 (90% CI 0.059, 0.096), SRMR = 0.062, CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.919. A good internal consistency was demonstrated by a McDonald's omega value of 0.73 for the total score. Findings also supported invariance across gender, with men exhibiting higher levels of social stigma attached to chronic diseases than women. All three dimensions of stigmatization (social, psychological and evolutionary stigmatization) were positively correlated with SSS-CD scores (Social self-interest [r = .40; p < .001], Evolutionary self-interest [r = .37; p < .001], Psychological self-interest [r = .42; p < .001]), demonstrating relatively strong convergent validity. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the SSS-CD has robust psychometric qualities. We thus preliminarily suggest that the scale is valid, reliable and suitable for use among Arabic-speaking people from the general population to measure public attitudes towards people living with chronic diseases. Providing this psychometrically sound measure will hopefully enable to foster research in this area in order to draw a clear overview of the prevalence and characteristics of social stigma attached to chronic diseases in Arabic-speaking communities. However, given that this was the first study to examine the psychometric properties of the SSS-CD, the present findings and conclusions should be considered tentative pending future cross-national validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Georgio Chidiac
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Dermatology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Notre Dame des Secours University Hospital Center, Street 93, Byblos, Postal Code 3, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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Wahabi H, Fayed AA, Shata Z, Esmaeil S, Alzeidan R, Saeed E, Amer Y, Titi M, Bahkali K, Hneiny L. The Impact of Age, Gender, Temporality, and Geographical Region on the Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Saudi Arabia: Scope of Evidence. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1143. [PMID: 37107976 PMCID: PMC10137821 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review are to estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the Saudi community and in different age groups, genders, and geographical location, in addition to the change in prevalence over time. METHODS This scoping review of evidence was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The population of this review was categorized into four age groups: young adults (18-25 years), adults (26-45), (mid-life adults) (46-60) and old people (60+). Each group was then categorized by gender into males and females. We included studies of adults aged 18 years and above. The pooled prevalence of obesity and overweight of the population, based on BMI, was estimated after stratification based on the age, gender, and geographical area. In addition, the change in the prevalence of obesity/overweight over time from 2011 to 2021 was investigated from the pooled data. The Metaprop program in Stata was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 39 studies with 640,952 participants were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of obesity and overweight in the age group of ≤25 years old, including both genders, was 30%. However, it was higher in young males (40%) compared to young females (25%). The prevalence of obesity and overweight among young adults has dropped by over 40% between 2012 and 2021. The overall pooled prevalence rate of obesity and overweight in the age groups >25 years old (adults, mid-life, and old people), including both genders, was 66%, with similar prevalence among males (68%) and females (71%). In addition, a similar prevalence was observed among both adult and old people (62% and 65%, respectively), but was higher in the mid-life group (76%). Furthermore, mid-life women had the highest prevalence among all groups (87%), compared to 77% among males in the same age group. The same difference in prevalence between the gender persisted in older females compared to older males (79% vs. 65%, respectively). There is a noticeable drop in the pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults > 25 years old of over 28% between 2011 and 2021. There was no difference in the prevalence of obesity/overweight by geographical region. CONCLUSIONS Despite the noticeable drop in the prevalence of obesity in the Saudi community, the prevalence of high BMI is high in Saudi Arabia irrespective of age, gender, or geographical location. Mid-life women have the highest prevalence of high BMI, which makes them the focus of a tailored strategy for intervention. Further research is needed to investigate which are the most effective interventions to address obesity in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayfaa Wahabi
- Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (H.W.); (S.E.); (Y.A.); (M.T.)
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel A. Fayed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab Shata
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt;
| | - Samia Esmaeil
- Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (H.W.); (S.E.); (Y.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Rasmieh Alzeidan
- College of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Elshazaly Saeed
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Abdullah Bin Khaled Coeliac Disease Research Chair, Pediatric Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Amer
- Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (H.W.); (S.E.); (Y.A.); (M.T.)
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Corporate Quality Management Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Titi
- Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (H.W.); (S.E.); (Y.A.); (M.T.)
- Corporate Quality Management Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawater Bahkali
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Department of Public Health Intelligence, Public Health Authority, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layal Hneiny
- Wegner Health Sciences Library, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57069, USA;
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Almetairi KN, Alasmari SZ, Makkawi MH, Shaikh AA. Prevalence, hematological parameters, and coagulation profiles: Cardiovascular diseases statistics in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:385-393. [PMID: 37062554 PMCID: PMC10153605 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.4.20220746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) types in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia and the importance of hematological testing for CVD patients in the context of disease management. METHODS This retrospective study comprised 416 CVD patients, and samples were divided based the type of CVD. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare patients' hematological markers and coagulation profiles to those of healthy controls. RESULTS The rate of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was 80.7% that of other CVDs, and the rate of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was 37.3% the rate of CVD. Significant differences were observed in the hematological and coagulation parameters of CVD patients compared to the control group. White blood cells (WBC) were significantly higher in STEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), unstable angina (UA), and heart failure (HF) groups. Red blood cells (RBC) were significantly lower in STEMI, NSTEMI, UA, chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), HF, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Red distribution width (RDW) was significantly greater in the HF, DCM, and ICM groups. Prothrombin time (PT) was significantly higher in the STEMI, HF, and DCM groups. CONCLUSION ST-elevation myocardial infarction has a higher prevalence rate among CVD patients in the Asir region. Both coagulation and hematological indicators have high potential utility as CVD diagnostic and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud N. Almetairi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Kholoud, Sultan, Mohammed, Ahmed), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha; from Department of Laboratory (Kholoud), Prince Faisal bin Khalid Cardiac Center, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sultan Z. Alasmari
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Kholoud, Sultan, Mohammed, Ahmed), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha; from Department of Laboratory (Kholoud), Prince Faisal bin Khalid Cardiac Center, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed H. Makkawi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Kholoud, Sultan, Mohammed, Ahmed), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha; from Department of Laboratory (Kholoud), Prince Faisal bin Khalid Cardiac Center, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A. Shaikh
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Kholoud, Sultan, Mohammed, Ahmed), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha; from Department of Laboratory (Kholoud), Prince Faisal bin Khalid Cardiac Center, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Alzahrani HA, Ahmad MT, Alasmari ZS, Aljarallah FA, Hafiz LM, Almasoudi BA, Alibrahim AA, Abd El Maksoud WM, Bawahab MA, Alsaleem MA. Obesity Concerns and the Future of a Nation's Health: A Cross-Sectional Study of Physical Activity and Related Awareness of Doctors-in-The-Making, Staff, and Faculty in a Saudi Arabian Medical College. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:951-962. [PMID: 37041888 PMCID: PMC10083031 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s406712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saudi Arabian population has amongst the highest prevalence of obesity globally. Apart from nutritional measures, physical activity is considered a major modifiable risk factor for the prevention of obesity and its consequences. An insight into the physical activity and awareness parameters of healthcare professionals and those in the making can provide an insight into how prepared we are to deal with the epidemic of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to find out about the degree of physical activity undertaken by the medical students, faculty and staff at the College of Medicine, King Khalid University, as well as their awareness regarding physical activity guidelines. Methods This study surveyed 300 adult participants - medical students, faculty and staff - in the College of Medicine, King Khalid University. An international validated questionnaire was used to assess the physical activity profile of participants as well as BMI parameters. Moreover, awareness and knowledge of the recommended physical activity guidelines for adults were also assessed. Results The study participants comprised around 83% students, 9% faculty members, and 7% staff members. Around 55% of the participants were male, while the rest were female. More than 65% of participants across all categories reported low levels of physical activity, with only about 4.5% of participants across various age groups reporting high levels of physical activity. There was no significant difference by gender across the group (P value = 0.227). Only 17% of the study participants were knowledgeable of the recommended physical activity guidelines for adults. Conclusion We found a low level of physical activity as well as inadequate awareness about the physical activity guidelines amongst our study participants. This study reiterates the urgent need for well-researched and well-funded health promoting interventions to promote physical activity, especially in the context of health professions' education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Alzahrani
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Hassan A Alzahrani, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha, Saudi Arabia, Email
| | - Mohammad Tauheed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad S Alasmari
- Medical Student, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares A Aljarallah
- Medical Student, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna M Hafiz
- Medical Student, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim A Almasoudi
- Medical Student, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alibrahim
- Medical Student, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A Bawahab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsaleem
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Alzahrani A, Gay V, Alturki R. Exploring Saudi Individuals' Perspectives and Needs to Design a Hypertension Management Mobile Technology Solution: Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12956. [PMID: 36232254 PMCID: PMC9566460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a chronic condition caused by a poor lifestyle that affects patients' lives. Adherence to self-management programs increases hypertension self-monitoring, and allows greater prevention and disease management. Patient compliance with hypertension self-management is low in general; therefore, mobile health applications (mHealth-Apps) are becoming a daily necessity and provide opportunities to improve the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, including hypertension. This research aims to explore Saudi individuals' perspectives and needs regarding designing a hypertension management mobile app to be used by hypertension patients to better manage their illnesses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 Saudi participants to explore their perspectives and views about the needs and requirements in designing a hypertension mobile technology solution, as well as usability and culture in the Saudi context. The study used NVivo to analyze data and divided the themes into four main themes: the app's perceived health benefits, features and usability, suggestions for the app's content, and security and privacy. The results showed that there are many suggestions for improvements in mobile health apps that developers should take into consideration when designing apps. The mobile health apps should include physical activity tracking, related diet information, and reminders, which are promising, and could increase adherence to healthy lifestyles and consequently improve the self-management of hypertension patients. Mobile health apps provide opportunities to improve hypertension patients' self-management and self-monitoring. However, this study asserts that mobile health apps should not share users' data, and that adequate privacy disclosures should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alzahrani
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Valerie Gay
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Ryan Alturki
- Department of Information Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia
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