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Poole B, Oshins R, Huo Z, Aranyos A, West J, Duarte S, Clark VC, Beduschi T, Zarrinpar A, Brantly M, Khodayari N. Sirtuin3 promotes the degradation of hepatic Z alpha-1 antitrypsin through lipophagy. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0370. [PMID: 38285890 PMCID: PMC10830086 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disease caused by misfolding and accumulation of mutant alpha-1 antitrypsin (ZAAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Hepatic ZAAT aggregates acquire a toxic gain-of-function that impacts the endoplasmic reticulum which is theorized to cause liver disease in individuals with AATD who present asymptomatic until late-stage cirrhosis. Currently, there is no treatment for AATD-mediated liver disease except liver transplantation. In our study of mitochondrial RNA, we identified that Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) plays a role in the hepatic phenotype of AATD. METHODS Utilizing RNA and protein analysis in an in vitro AATD model, we investigated the role of SIRT3 in the pathophysiology of AATD-mediated liver disease while also characterizing our novel, transgenic AATD mouse model. RESULTS We show lower expression of SIRT3 in ZAAT-expressing hepatocytes. In contrast, the overexpression of SIRT3 increases hepatic ZAAT degradation. ZAAT degradation mediated by SIRT3 appeared independent of proteasomal degradation and regular autophagy pathways. We observed that ZAAT-expressing hepatocytes have aberrant accumulation of lipid droplets, with ZAAT polymers localizing on the lipid droplet surface in a direct interaction with Perilipin2, which coats intracellular lipid droplets. SIRT3 overexpression also induced the degradation of lipid droplets in ZAAT-expressing hepatocytes. We observed that SIRT3 overexpression induces lipophagy by enhancing the interaction of Perilipin2 with HSC70. ZAAT polymers then degrade as a consequence of the mobilization of lipids through this process. CONCLUSIONS In this context, SIRT3 activation may eliminate the hepatic toxic gain-of-function associated with the polymerization of ZAAT, providing a rationale for a potential novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of AATD-mediated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Poole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Regina Oshins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alek Aranyos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jesse West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Virginia C. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thiago Beduschi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Brantly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nazli Khodayari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Lascano J, Riley L, Khodayari N, Brantly M. Augmentation Therapy Modulates Systemic Inflammation in Individuals with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2023; 10:308-316. [PMID: 37363834 PMCID: PMC10484495 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2023.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disorder that leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lower circulating levels of AAT, which is a protease inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effects. In order to better understand the presence of systemic inflammation in AAT-deficient individuals with COPD, we investigatedthe plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods AAT-deficient individuals and a matched cohort with a normal AAT genotype were recruited from the Alpha-1 Foundation DNA and Tissue Bank. AAT genotypes were determined by a combination of a Taqman-based assay. AAT and CRP levels were determined by nephelometry. Comparisons were determined by unpaired t-test and standard Pearson's correlation. Results Our study included 40 control participants and 742 AAT-deficient participants, of which 498 received augmentation therapy. In the AAT-deficient participants, the plasma AAT was 20.2±11.6µM and 4.5±1.3µM (P<0.0001) with and without augmentation therapy, respectively, and the CRP was 0.32±0.53mg/dL and 0.69±1.97mg/dL (P=0.0169), respectively. There was a negative correlation between the percentage predicted of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and CRP in the group not receiving augmentation therapy (r=-0.2528, P<0.05), and there was no correlation in participants receiving augmentation therapy. Conclusion Compared to healthy individuals, AAT-deficient individuals with COPD have higher levels of circulating CRP, suggesting increased systemic inflammation. However, AAT-deficient individuals receiving augmentation therapy had lower plasma CRP levels compared to those who are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lascano
- University of Florida, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - L Riley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - N Khodayari
- University of Florida, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - M Brantly
- University of Florida, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Vp V, Kannan A, Perumal MK. Role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles during the progression of liver inflammation to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1125-1140. [PMID: 36960683 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound cargos that vary in size and are stably transported through various bodily fluids. Extracellular vesicles communicate information between the cells and organs. Extracellular vesicles from the diseased cells alter cellular responses of the recipient cells contributing to disease progression. In obesity, adipocytes become hypertrophic and the extracellular vesicles from these dysfunctional adipocytes showed altered cargo contents instigating pathophysiological response leading to chronic liver diseases. In this review, the role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on the progression of liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are extensively discussed. Newer approaches are crucial to take advantage of extracellular vesicles and their content as biomarkers to diagnose initial liver inflammation before reaching to an irreversible liver failure stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateish Vp
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madan Kumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Kokturk N, Khodayari N, Lascano J, Riley EL, Brantly ML. Lung Inflammation in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient individuals with normal lung function. Respir Res 2023; 24:40. [PMID: 36732772 PMCID: PMC9893669 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient (AATD) individuals are prone to develop early age of onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) more severe than non-genetic COPD. Here, we investigated the characteristics of lower respiratory tract of AATD individuals prior to the onset of clinically significant COPD. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on 22 AATD with normal lung function and 14 healthy individuals. Cell counts and concentrations of proteases, alpha-1-antitrypsin and proinflammatory mediators were determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from study subjects. In order to determine the airway inflammation, we also analyzed immune cell components of the large airways from bronchial biopsies using immunohistochemistry in both study subjects. Finally, we made comparisons between airway inflammation and lung function rate of decline using four repeated lung function tests over one year in AATD individuals. RESULTS AATD individuals with normal lung function had 3 folds higher neutrophil counts, 2 folds increase in the proteases levels, and 2-4 folds higher levels of IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and leukotriene B4 in their epithelial lining fluid compared to controls. Neutrophil elastase levels showed a positive correlation with the levels of IL-8 and neutrophils in AATD epithelial lining fluid. AATD individuals also showed a negative correlation of baseline FEV1 with neutrophil count, neutrophil elastase, and cytokine levels in epithelial lining fluid (p < 0.05). In addition, we observed twofold increase in the number of lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells of AATD epithelial lining fluid as compared to controls. CONCLUSION Mild inflammation is present in the lower respiratory tract and airways of AATD individuals despite having normal lung function. A declining trend was also noticed in the lung function of AATD individuals which was correlated with pro-inflammatory phenotype of their lower respiratory tract. This results suggest the presence of proinflammatory phenotype in AATD lungs. Therefore, early anti-inflammatory therapies may be a potential strategy to prevent progression of lung disease in AATD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Kokturk
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100225, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0225, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100225, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0225, USA
| | - Jorge Lascano
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100225, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0225, USA
| | | | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100225, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0225, USA.
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Cao Y, Ying SQ, Qiu XY, Guo J, Chen C, Li SJ, Dou G, Zheng CX, Chen D, Qiu JY, Jin Y, Sui BD, Jin F. Proteomic analysis identifies Stomatin as a biological marker for psychological stress. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 22:100513. [PMID: 36636173 PMCID: PMC9829922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress emerges to be a common health burden in the current society for its highly related risk of mental and physical disease outcomes. However, how the quickly-adaptive stress response process connects to the long-observed organismal alterations still remains unclear. Here, we investigated the profile of circulatory extracellular vesicles (EVs) after acute stress (AS) of restraint mice by phenotypic and proteomic analyses. We surprisingly discovered that AS-EVs demonstrated significant changes in size distribution and plasma concentration compared to control group (CN) EVs. AS-EVs were further characterized by various differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) closely associated with biological, metabolic and immune regulations and were functionally important in potentially underlying multiple diseases. Notably, we first identified the lipid raft protein Stomatin as an essential biomarker expressed on the surface of AS-EVs. These findings collectively reveal that EVs are a significant function-related liquid biopsy indicator that mediate circulation alterations impinged by psychological stress, while also supporting the idea that psychological stress-associated EV-stomatin can be used as a biomarker for potentially predicting acute stress responses and monitoring psychological status. Our study will pave an avenue for implementing routine plasma EV-based theranostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Si-Qi Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xin-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Military Medical Psychology School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ji-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of VIP Dental Care, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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Xue T, Yam JWP. Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:1176-1185. [PMID: 36381103 PMCID: PMC9634776 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicular bodies that bud off from the cell membrane or are secreted virtually by all cell types. Small EVs (sEVs or exosomes) are key mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering their cargo, including proteins, lipids, or RNAs, to the recipient cells where they induce changes in signaling pathways and phenotypic properties. Tangible findings have revealed the pivotal involvement of sEVs in the pathogenesis of various diseases. On the bright side, they are rich sources of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and disease monitoring. sEVs have high stability, biocompatibility, targetability, low toxicity, and are immunogenic in nature. Their intrinsic properties make sEVs an ideal delivery vehicle to be loaded with cargo for therapeutic interventions. Liver diseases are a major global health problem. This review aims to focus on the roles and mechanisms of sEVs in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, liver injury, liver failure, and liver cancer. sEVs are released not only by hepatocytes but also by stromal and immune cells in the microenvironment. Early detection of liver disease determines the chance for curative treatment and high survival of patients. This review focuses on the potential of circulating sEV cargo as specific and sensitive noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of liver diseases. In addition, the therapeutic use of sEVs derived from various cell types is discussed. Although sEVs hold promise for clinical applications, there are still challenges to be overcome by further research to bring utilization of sEVs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmao Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence to: Judy Wai Ping Yam, Department of Pathology, 7/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-121X. Tel: +852-22552681, Fax: +852-22185212, E-mail:
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Selvakumar SC, Auxzilia Preethi K, Veeraiyan DN, Sekar D. The role of microRNAs on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:941-951. [PMID: 36315408 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2142562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Portal hypertension (PH) is the elevated pressure in the portal vein, which results in poor functioning of the liver and is influenced by various factors like liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, schistosomiasis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Though the diagnosis and treatment have been advanced, early diagnosis of the disease remains a challenge, and the diagnosis methods are often invasive. Hence, the clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PH can give rise to the development of novel biomarkers which can pave way for early diagnosis in noninvasive methods, and also the identification of target genes can elucidate an efficient therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED PubMed and Embase database was used to search articles with search terms 'Portal Hypertension' or 'pathophysiology' and 'diagnosis' and 'treatment' or "role of miRNAs in portal hypertension. EXPERT OPINION Interestingly, biomarkers like microRNAs (miRNAs) have been studied for their potential role in various diseases including hypertension. In recent years, miRNAs have been proved to be an efficient biomarker and therapeutic target and few studies have assessed the roles of miRNAs in PH. The present paper highlights the potential roles of miRNAs in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmaa Chandralekha Selvakumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - K Auxzilia Preethi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Durairaj Sekar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Correlation of alpha-1 antitrypsin levels and exosome associated neutrophil elastase endothelial injury in subjects with SARS-CoV2 infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274427. [PMID: 36084115 PMCID: PMC9462798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 18 million people worldwide. The activation of endothelial cells is a hallmark of signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection that includes altered integrity of vessel barrier and endothelial inflammation.
Objectives
Pulmonary endothelial activation is suggested to be related to the profound neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, which is necessary for sterilization of phagocytosed bacterial pathogens. However, unopposed activity of NE increases alveolocapillary permeability and extracellular matrix degradation. The uncontrolled protease activity of NE during the inflammatory phase of lung diseases might be due to the resistance of exosome associated NE to inhibition by alpha-1 antitrypsin.
Method
31 subjects with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 infection were recruited in the disease group and samples from 30 voluntaries matched for age and sex were also collected for control.
Results
We measured the plasma levels of exosome-associated NE in SARS-CoV-2 patients which, were positively correlated with sign of endothelial damage in those patients as determined by plasma levels of LDH. Notably, we also found strong correlation with plasma levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin and exosome-associated NE in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Using macrovascular endothelial cells, we also observed that purified NE activity is inhibited by purified alpha-1 antitrypsin while, NE associated with exosomes are resistant to inhibition and show less sensitivity to alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibitory activity, in vitro.
Conclusions
Our results point out the role of exosome-associated NE in exacerbation of endothelial injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have demonstrated that exosome-associated NE could be served as a new potential therapeutic target of severe systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Khodayari N, Oshins R, Mehrad B, Lascano JE, Qiang X, West JR, Holliday LS, Lee J, Wiesemann G, Eydgahi S, Brantly M. Cigarette smoke exposed airway epithelial cell-derived EVs promote pro-inflammatory macrophage activation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Res 2022; 23:232. [PMID: 36068572 PMCID: PMC9446525 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder most commonly secondary to a single mutation in the SERPINA1 gene (PI*Z) that causes misfolding and accumulation of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in hepatocytes and mononuclear phagocytes which reduces plasma AAT and creates a toxic gain of function. This toxic gain of function promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages that contributes to lung inflammation and early-onset COPD, especially in individuals who smoke cigarettes. The aim of this study is to determine the role of cigarette exposed AATD macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in AATD-mediated lung inflammation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AATD and healthy individuals were differentiated into alveolar-like macrophages and exposed to air or cigarette smoke while in culture. Macrophage endoplasmic reticulum stress was quantified and secreted cytokines were measured using qPCR and cytokine ELISAs. To determine whether there is "cross talk" between epithelial cells and macrophages, macrophages were exposed to extracellular vesicles released by airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke and their inflammatory response was determined. RESULTS AATD macrophages spontaneously produce several-fold more pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to normal macrophages. AATD macrophages have an enhanced inflammatory response when exposed to cigarette smoke-induced extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from airway epithelial cells. Cigarette smoke-induced EVs induce expression of GM-CSF and IL-8 in AATD macrophages but have no effect on normal macrophages. Release of AAT polymers, potent neutrophil chemo attractants, were also increased from AATD macrophages after exposure to cigarette smoke-induced EVs. CONCLUSIONS The expression of mutated AAT confers an inflammatory phenotype in AATD macrophages which disposes them to an exaggerated inflammatory response to cigarette smoke-induced EVs, and thus could contribute to progressive lung inflammation and damage in AATD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Regina Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jorge E Lascano
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Jesse R West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - L Shannon Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gayle Wiesemann
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Soroush Eydgahi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Talib WH, Daoud S, Mahmod AI, Hamed RA, Awajan D, Abuarab SF, Odeh LH, Khater S, Al Kury LT. Plants as a Source of Anticancer Agents: From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154818. [PMID: 35956766 PMCID: PMC9369847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional anticancer therapies are associated with lack of selectivity and serious side effects. Cancer hallmarks are biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells during neoplastic transformation. Targeting multiple cancer hallmarks is a promising strategy to treat cancer. The diversity in chemical structure and the relatively low toxicity make plant-derived natural products a promising source for the development of new and more effective anticancer therapies that have the capacity to target multiple hallmarks in cancer. In this review, we discussed the anticancer activities of ten natural products extracted from plants. The majority of these products inhibit cancer by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks, and many of these chemicals have reached clinical applications. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers and physicians to design more effective combination anticancer therapies using plant-derived natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Safa Daoud
- Department Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan;
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Reem Ali Hamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Dima Awajan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Sara Feras Abuarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Lena Hisham Odeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Samar Khater
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Lina T. Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates;
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11
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Tackling the effects of extracellular vesicles in fibrosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151221. [PMID: 35405464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a physiological process of tissue repair that turns into pathological when becomes chronic, damaging the functional structure of the tissue. In this review we outline the current status of extracellular vesicles as modulators of the fibrotic process at different levels. In adipose tissue, extracellular vesicles mediate the intercellular communication not only between adipocytes, but also between adipocytes and other cells of the stromal vascular fraction. Thus, they could be altering essential processes for the functionality of adipose tissue, such as adipocyte hypertrophy/hyperplasia, tissue plasticity, adipogenesis and/or inflammation, and ultimately trigger fibrosis. This process is particularly important in obesity, and may eventually, influence the development of obesity-associated alterations. In this regard, obesity is now recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease, although the role of extracellular vesicles in this connection has not been explored so far. Nonetheless, the role of extracellular vesicles in the onset and progression of renal fibrosis has been highlighted due to the critical role of fibrosis as a common feature of kidney diseases. In fact, the content of extracellular vesicles disturbs cellular signaling cascades involved in fibrosis in virtually all types of renal cells. What is certain is that the study of extracellular vesicles is complex, as their isolation and manipulation is still difficult to reproduce, which complicates the overview of their physiopathological effects. Nevertheless, new strategies have been developed to exploit the potential of extracellular vesicles and their cargo, both as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools to prevent the progression of fibrosis towards an irreversible event.
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12
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Fromme M, Schneider CV, Trautwein C, Brunetti-Pierri N, Strnad P. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A re-surfacing adult liver disorder. J Hepatol 2022; 76:946-958. [PMID: 34848258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) arises from mutations in the SERPINA1 gene encoding alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) that lead to AAT retention in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, causing proteotoxic liver injury and loss-of-function lung disease. The homozygous Pi∗Z mutation (Pi∗ZZ genotype) is responsible for the majority of severe AATD cases and can precipitate both paediatric and adult liver diseases, while the heterozygous Pi∗Z mutation (Pi∗MZ genotype) is an established genetic modifier of liver disease. We review genotype-related hepatic phenotypes/disease predispositions. We also describe the mechanisms and factors promoting the development of liver disease, as well as approaches to evaluate the extent of liver fibrosis. Finally, we discuss emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of this often neglected disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Fromme
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany.
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13
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Liedtke C, Nevzorova YA, Luedde T, Zimmermann H, Kroy D, Strnad P, Berres ML, Bernhagen J, Tacke F, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Wree A, Abdullah Z, Tolba RH, Trebicka J, Lammers T, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R. Liver Fibrosis-From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814496. [PMID: 35087852 PMCID: PMC8787129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transregional Collaborative Research Center "Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease" (referred to as SFB/TRR57) was funded for 13 years (2009-2021) by the German Research Council (DFG). This consortium was hosted by the Medical Schools of the RWTH Aachen University and Bonn University in Germany. The SFB/TRR57 implemented combined basic and clinical research to achieve detailed knowledge in three selected key questions: (i) What are the relevant mechanisms and signal pathways required for initiating organ fibrosis? (ii) Which immunological mechanisms and molecules contribute to organ fibrosis? and (iii) How can organ fibrosis be modulated, e.g., by interventional strategies including imaging and pharmacological approaches? In this review we will summarize the liver-related key findings of this consortium gained within the last 12 years on these three aspects of liver fibrogenesis. We will highlight the role of cell death and cell cycle pathways as well as nutritional and iron-related mechanisms for liver fibrosis initiation. Moreover, we will define and characterize the major immune cell compartments relevant for liver fibrogenesis, and finally point to potential signaling pathways and pharmacological targets that turned out to be suitable to develop novel approaches for improved therapy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In summary, this review will provide a comprehensive overview about the knowledge on liver fibrogenesis and its potential therapy gained by the SFB/TRR57 consortium within the last decade. The kidney-related research results obtained by the same consortium are highlighted in an article published back-to-back in Frontiers in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Medical Faculty, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Purghè B, Manfredi M, Ragnoli B, Baldanzi G, Malerba M. Exosomes in chronic respiratory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112270. [PMID: 34678722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released by almost all cell types, with a central role as mediators of intercellular communication. In addition to physiological conditions, these extracellular vesicles seem to play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes. This assumption offers the opportunity to study exosomes as promising biomarkers and therapeutic tools for chronic respiratory disorders. Indeed, although it is well-known that at the basis of conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis there is a dysregulated inflammatory process, an unequivocal correlation between different phenotypes and their pathophysiological mechanisms has not been established yet. In this review, we report and discuss some of the most significant studies on exosomes from body fluids of subjects affected by airway diseases. Furthermore, the most widespread techniques for exosome isolation and characterization are described. Further studies are needed to answer the unresolved questions about the functional link between exosomes and chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Purghè
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | | | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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15
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Patel D, Teckman J. Liver disease with unknown etiology - have you ruled out alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12_suppl:2040622321995684. [PMID: 34408828 PMCID: PMC8367207 DOI: 10.1177/2040622321995684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a less well-known consequence of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) liver disease is the second leading cause of death among patients with the condition. The alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein is produced by hepatocytes within the liver, which retain pathological variants of AAT instead of secreting the proteinase inhibitor into the systemic circulation. This intracellular retention is caused by inefficient folding and polymerization of mutant AAT and the accumulation of these AAT aggregates leads to diverse manifestations of liver disease, which can present differently in both children and adults. The progression from hepatocyte apoptosis to liver inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis, and liver failure is still not fully understood, but in older patients, liver disease can surpass lung disease as the principal cause of death. Liver function tests (LFTs) can measure plasma levels of liver enzymes to assess liver function but require careful interpretation. Non-invasive tests are being developed that can detect early liver disease, but liver biopsy is still the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis once abnormal LFTs have been detected in a patient. Currently, there is no licensed treatment for AATD-related liver disease (intravenous AAT therapy is not indicated for this purpose), but liver transplantation is associated with positive outcomes and may even slow emphysema progression. Therefore, new strategies are being developed to address treatment of AATD-related liver disease, such as accelerating degradation of mutant AAT and assisting hepatocytes in the folding and secretion of mutant AAT, but these approaches remain at early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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