1
|
Singleton KM, Jagim AR, McAllister-Deitrick J, Daou M, Kerksick CM. Differences in perceived energy and macronutrient requirements across divisions in NCAA athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2365307. [PMID: 38860870 PMCID: PMC11168329 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2365307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports nutrition is an impactful component to sports performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the sports nutrition knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association collegiate athletes and assess self-reported perceived requirements for energy and macronutrient intake. A secondary aim was to evaluate the awareness of physical and emotional perceptions associated with mindful eating. METHODS Participants included NCAA Division I (DI, n = 45), II (DII, n = 31), and III (DIII, n = 47) athletes. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sports nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements. Daily energy intake values were calculated using a recommended relative energy intake value of 40, 50, and 60 kcal/kg/day for low, moderate, and high activity levels, respectively. Carbohydrate recommendations were calculated using 4, 6, and 8 g/kg/day, protein recommendations were calculated using relative intakes of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 g/kg/day, and fat recommendations were calculated from a relative percentage of total predicted daily energy requirements, equating to 15, 25, and 30% of daily energy. Additionally, athletes completed a questionnaire to assess mindfulness regarding eating habits. RESULTS Overall, athletes answered 45.5 ± 13.5% of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with significant differences observed between male (48.6 ± 13.6%) and female athletes (43.6 ± 13.2%; p = 0.044), as well as significant differences observed between DI athlete scores (38.8 ± 14.1%) and DII athletes (47.7 ± 11.4%; p = 0.002), and DI athletes and DIII athletes (51.71 ± 11.83%; p = <0.001). All athletes significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated daily energy intake requirements (female, 2,112 ± 575 kcal/day; male, 3,283 ± 538 kcal/day). The mindfulness eating habits total score was significantly higher in male athletes (65.1 ± 6.5) compared to female athletes (60.9 ± 9.5; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Division I, II, and III collegiate athletes have poor sports nutrition knowledge, with Division I athletes having exhibited lower scores compared to Division II and III athletes on the sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Athletes from all levels of collegiate sports underestimated their energy and macronutrient requirements. Differences in mindful eating habits among female and male athletes were also evident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Michelle Singleton
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Jamie McAllister-Deitrick
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Marcos Daou
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burger S, Bray A, Kim B. The relationship between nutrition knowledge and low energy availability risk in collegiate athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:451-453. [PMID: 38664149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This was a pilot study that examined the relationship between nutrition knowledge and risk for low energy availability (LEA) in NCAA athletes. METHODS Athletes (64.4 % female, 35.6 % male) completed the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A-NSKQ) and either the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) or Male Athlete Triad (MAT) screening questions. RESULTS Females at risk for LEA had higher nutrition knowledge, demonstrated by higher A-NSKQ scores, than those classified as low risk (16.5 vs 14.5, p = 0.01). There was a very weak correlation between MAT and A-NSKQ scores (R2 = 0.012).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Bray
- OHSU Hillsboro Department of Family Medicine, United States of America
| | - Brian Kim
- UC Irvine Department of Family Medicine, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Sousa JBA, Mendes GF, Zandonadi RP, da Costa THM, Saunders B, Reis CEG. Translation and Validation of the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire in Brazil (NSKQ-BR). Nutrients 2024; 16:1891. [PMID: 38931245 PMCID: PMC11206272 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate "The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ)" for Brazilian athletes. The NSKQ is an Australian instrument composed of 87 questions divided into six subsections (weight control, macronutrients, micronutrients, sports nutrition, supplementation, and alcohol) designed to assess the nutritional knowledge (NK) of athletes. The translation process followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization for translating and adapting instruments. Semantic validation involved a panel of specialists (n = 21), followed by an assessment performed by a group of adult Brazilian athletes from various sports (n = 17). The reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were evaluated via a test-retest approach in a sample of adult Brazilian athletes (n = 29) from diverse sports, who completed the Brazilian version of the NSKQ (NSKQ-BR). Overall, the NSKQ-BR presented good internal consistency (α = 0.95) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.85). The factors "sports nutrition" and "alcohol" showed moderate reproducibility (ICC = 0.74 (0.46-0.88) and ICC = 0.68 (0.33-0.85), respectively). Most athletes (n = 17; 58.6%) presented a medium NK score (50-65%). The NSKQ-BR is available to evaluate the NK levels of Brazilian athletes. The NSKQ-BR presented high internal consistency and reproducibility, validating its applicability among adult athletes across diverse sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Bianca Alves de Sousa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.Z.); (T.H.M.d.C.); (C.E.G.R.)
| | - Guilherme Falcão Mendes
- Nutrition and Dietetics Graduate Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Taguatinga, Brasilia 71966-700, Brazil;
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.Z.); (T.H.M.d.C.); (C.E.G.R.)
| | - Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.Z.); (T.H.M.d.C.); (C.E.G.R.)
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
- Nutrology Academy, Rio de Janeiro 22421-030, Brazil
| | - Caio Eduardo Gonçalves Reis
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.Z.); (T.H.M.d.C.); (C.E.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carney DJ, Hannon MP, Murphy RC, Close GL, Morton JP. Perspectives on the role of nutrition in influencing academy soccer player development and performance: A qualitative case study of key stakeholders from an English category one soccer academy. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:61-72. [PMID: 38394029 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2321008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore player and stakeholder perceptions of the role of nutrition in influencing the development of male academy soccer players. Semi-structured interviews (28 ± 13 mins in length) were conducted with 31 participants from an English category one academy, including players (Youth Development Phase, YDP: n = 6; Professional Development Phase, PDP: n = 4), parents/guardians (n = 10), coaches (n = 3), sport scientists (n = 3), physiotherapists (n = 3), and catering (n = 2). Via reflexive thematic analysis, data demonstrate an apparent lack of understanding and awareness on the role of nutrition in influencing player development, especially in relation to growth, maturation and reducing injury risk. Players highlighted the influence of their parents on their dietary behaviours, whilst parents also called for education to better support their sons. Notably, players and stakeholders perceived that the daily schedule of an academy soccer player presents as "too busy to eat", especially in relation to before school, and before and after training. The results demonstrate the necessity for the co-creation of player and stakeholder specific nutrition education programmes as an initial step towards positively impacting the nutrition culture associated with the academy soccer environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcus P Hannon
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca C Murphy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bauhaus H, Jensen PM, Braun H, Thevis M. Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of a German General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC). Nutrients 2023; 15:4844. [PMID: 38004238 PMCID: PMC10674910 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of nutritional recommendations, studies have reported inadequate nutrition in athletes. The existing literature highlights the importance of the nutritional knowledge of both athletes and coaches in influencing athletes' food choices and behavior, as well as its direct and indirect impact on athletes' performance and health. To adequately assess nutritional knowledge, monitoring via valid and reliable questionnaires is required. As no questionnaire tailored to German-speaking athletes and coaches exists, this study aimed at developing a new General and Sports Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC). The development followed a literature-based, ten-step validation approach. The initial questionnaire (63 items) was revised and reduced to 29 items in the final version after conducting construct verification in the target group (n = 84 athletes and coaches), evaluating content validity by a panel of nutrition experts (n = 8), verifying face validity by think-out-loud interviews in the target group (n = 7), and conducting classical test theory for item reduction analysis (n = 53). For the final GSNKQ-AC, internal consistency, calculated as Cronbach's alpha, was 0.87. Students with a focus on sports nutrition (n = 31) scored significantly higher than athletes and coaches (n = 53), revealing good construct validity (77% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability (n = 42, matched pairs) showed a Spearman's correlation coefficient of r = 0.61 (p < 0.01). The brief GSNKQ-AC can be used for status quo or longitudinal assessment of nutritional knowledge among athletes and coaches to reveal gaps and ensure purposeful planning of educational interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bauhaus
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (P.M.J.); (M.T.)
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Pia Malin Jensen
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (P.M.J.); (M.T.)
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hans Braun
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (P.M.J.); (M.T.)
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sampson G, Morton JP, Areta JL. Mind the gap: limited knowledge of carbohydrate guidelines for competition in an international cohort of endurance athletes. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e68. [PMID: 37457680 PMCID: PMC10345785 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-documented role of carbohydrate (CHO) in promoting endurance exercise performance, endurance athletes typically fail to meet current recommendations in competition. Adequate nutrition knowledge is key to drive athletes' behaviour, but the current level of knowledge in this population is not known. The present study assessed knowledge of CHO for competition in an international cohort of endurance athletes using the Carbohydrates for Endurance Athletes in Competition Questionnaire (CEAC-Q). The CEAC-Q was completed by 1016 individuals (45 % female), from the United Kingdom (40 %), Australia/New Zealand (22 %), the United States of America/Canada (18 %) and other countries (21 %). Total CEAC-Q scores were 50 ± 20 % (mean ± sd), with no differences in scores between the five subsections (10 ± 5 points, P < 0⋅001). Based on typical knowledge and frequency of correct answers, we defined questions with low (0-39 %), moderate (40-69 %) and high (70-100 %) knowledge at a population level. Knowledge deficiencies were identified in questions related to CHO metabolism (Low: 2 out of 5 questions (2/5), Moderate: 3/5), CHO-loading (Low: 2/5, Moderate: 1/5), pre-event CHO (Low: 2/5, Moderate: 2/5), CHO during exercise (Moderate: 4/5) and CHO for recovery (Low: 3/5, Moderate: 1/5). Current CHO amounts recommendations were identified correctly for CHO-loading, pre-competition meal, during competition >2⋅5 h) and post-competition recovery by 28% (Low), 45 % (Moderate), 48 % (Moderate), and 29 % (Low), respectively. Our findings indicate that endurance athletes typically have limited knowledge of carbohydrate guidelines for competition, and we identify specific knowledge gaps that can guide targeted nutrition education to improve knowledge as an initial step towards optimal dietary practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sampson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jose L. Areta
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Magee MK, Jones MT, Fields JB, Kresta J, Khurelbaatar C, Dodge C, Merfeld B, Ambrosius A, Carpenter M, Jagim AR. Body Composition, Energy Availability, Risk of Eating Disorder, and Sport Nutrition Knowledge in Young Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061502. [PMID: 36986231 PMCID: PMC10052043 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Young athletes may be at risk for low energy availability (LEA) or dietary habits that are indicative of eating disorders. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of LEA among high school athletes and examine those at risk for eating disorders. A secondary aim was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and LEA. METHODS 94 male (n = 42) and female (n = 52) mean ± SD age: 18.09 ± 2.44 y; height: 172.6 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 68.7 ± 14.5 kg; BMI: 22.91 ± 3.3 kg·m-2) athletes completed a body composition assessment and electronic versions of the abridged sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (ASNK-Q), brief eating disorder in athletes questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and the low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q; females only). RESULTS 52.1% of female athletes were classified as being at risk for LEA. Moderate inverse relationships existed for computed LEAF-Q scores and BMI (r = -0.394; p < 0.01). A total of 42.9% of males (n = 18) and 68.6% of females (n = 35) were at risk for eating disorders, with females being at greater risk (p < 0.01). Body fat percentage was a predictor (β = -0.095; p = -0.01) for eating disorder risk status. For every 1 unit increase in body fat percentage, athletes were 0.909 (95% CI: 0.845-0.977) times less likely to be classified as at risk for an eating disorder. Male (46.5 ± 13.9) and female (46.9 ± 11.4) athletes scored poorly on the ASNK-Q, with no differences between sex (p = 0.895). CONCLUSIONS Female athletes were at a greater risk for eating disorders. No relationships existed between sport nutrition knowledge and %BF. Female athletes with a higher %BF had a lower risk for an eating disorder and risk for LEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Magee
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Julie Kresta
- Exercise Physiology and Human Performance, Texas A&M University-Central Texas, Killeen, TX 76549, USA
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Brandon Merfeld
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Abby Ambrosius
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Makenna Carpenter
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Staśkiewicz W, Grochowska-Niedworok E, Zydek G, Grajek M, Krupa-Kotara K, Białek-Dratwa A, Jaruga-Sękowska S, Kowalski O, Kardas M. The Assessment of Body Composition and Nutritional Awareness of Football Players According to Age. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030705. [PMID: 36771410 PMCID: PMC9920210 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal body composition for health is an individual trait and is determined by genetic factors, sex, age, somatotype, physical activity, and individual variability. The present study aims to assess how professional football players' body composition has changed over the training macrocycle in various age groups and to determine the correlation between nutritional awareness and body composition maintenance. Thirty-eight football players participated in the study, with 16 players classified in the younger age group (19-25) and 22 in the older age group (26-31). Using the direct segmented multi-frequency electrical impedance analysis technique, the athletes' body composition was assessed six times across a training macrocycle made up of preparatory, competitive, and transitional periods. The Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire was used to evaluate nutrition knowledge. The above correlations show that both younger and older athletes with higher awareness are better able to adjust their nutrition to meet the goals of the preparation period and can achieve greater gains in muscle mass and greater reductions in body fat. According to the study's results, athletes who are better conscious of their nutritional needs during competition experience less muscle loss and exhibit more consistent body weight and BMI levels. Football players' body composition suffers detrimental alterations throughout the transition period. Higher body mass, lean body mass content, and skeletal muscle mass are traits of older players. Higher nutritional knowledge reduces the negative modifications of body composition consisting of muscle mass reduction and fat gain. Nutritional knowledge influences the stability of body composition in both age groups during all the analyzed periods: Preparation, competition, and transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(0-32)-275-51-95
| | - Elżbieta Grochowska-Niedworok
- Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, Ul. Ujejskiego 12, 48-300 Nysa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Karolina Krupa-Kotara
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaruga-Sękowska
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Staśkiewicz W, Grochowska-Niedworok E, Zydek G, Białek-Dratwa A, Grajek M, Jaruga-Sȩkowska S, Kowalski O, Kardas M. Changes in body composition during the macrocycle of professional football players in relation to sports nutrition knowledge. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981894. [PMID: 36523334 PMCID: PMC9745111 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional football players are obligated to meet the physical demands and maintain the best possible performance throughout the whole macrocycle. It is important to assess the players' nutrition knowledge, identify areas that require increased nutrition awareness and identify the impact of knowledge on changes in body composition as this can affect the players' health and performance. This study aimed to assess changes in the body composition of professional football players during the macrocycle of the spring round of the football championship and to identify the correlation between nutrition knowledge and maintaining body composition. The study included 38 football players. The players' body compositions were analyzed 6 times during the macrocycle consisting of preparatory, competitive, and transition periods using the Direct Segmental Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method. Athletes completed the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire to assess their nutrition knowledge. During the preparatory period, a statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the players' knowledge about the subsections of micronutrients in the diet and the dispersion of the adipose percentage tissue content (r = -0.36, p = 0.03). In the competitive period, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the players' knowledge of sports nutrition and the dispersion of lean body mass (r = -0.46, p = 0.004), and skeletal muscle mass (r = -0.36, p = 0.03). During the transition period, a statistically significant negative correlation between the players' knowledge of weight control and the dispersion of body mass (r = -0.47, p = 0.00) and BMI values (r = -0.48, p = 0.00) was identified. The player's knowledge about the subsection of macronutrients significantly negatively correlated with the dispersion of skeletal muscle mass content (r = -0.33, p = 0.05). Nutrition knowledge has an impact on the stability of body composition during all analyzed periods: preparatory, competitive, and transition periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz
- Department of Food Technology, Quality Evaluation, and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaruga-Sȩkowska
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology, Quality Evaluation, and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A systematic review update of athletes' nutrition knowledge and association with dietary intake. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1156-1169. [PMID: 34706784 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Athletes' dietary intakes sometimes do not meet sports nutrition guidelines. Nutrition knowledge (NK) is one factor that may influence dietary intake, but NK measurement tools are often outdated or unvalidated, and results regarding athletes' NK are equivocal. The aims of this systematic review were to update previous systematic reviews by examining athletes' NK and to assess the relationship between athletes' general NK, sport NK and dietary intake. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched for studies published between November 2015 and November 2020 that provided a quantitative measure of NK and described the NK tool used. Twenty-eight studies were included, study quality was assessed using JBI checklists and data on NK score and diet intake was extracted. Eight studies utilised validated, up-to-date NK measurement tools. Mean general and sport NK% scores varied between 40·2% ± 12·4 and 70 % ± 9. Mean protein and carbohydrate consumption was 1·1-3·4 g/kg.bw/d and 2·4-4·6 g/kg.bw/d, respectively. Weak-to-moderate, positive associations were found between NK and positive dietary behaviours. Due to a wide variety of NK measurement tools used, it is difficult to synthesise results to determine overall NK in athletes. Overall, there appears to be a low standard of knowledge. Quality of measurement tools for NK has improved but remains an issue. Future studies should use relevant, current validated NK tools or validate tools in their study population. More research is needed into the relationship between NK and other modifiable factors influencing dietary intake.
Collapse
|
11
|
Skinner J, Vento KA, Johnston CS, Wardenaar FC. Using Nutrition Knowledge and Diet Quality Questionnaires as Screening Tools to Identify Female Collegiate Athletes in Need of Dietitian Referral. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2022; 83:133-138. [PMID: 35503908 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2022-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrition knowledge and diet quality in collegiate athletes to determine if referral to a sports registered dietitian (RD) is warranted. This cross-sectional study analyzed four sections of the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire and the Rapid Eating Assessment for Patients Questionnaire, both validated in athletic populations. The relationship between nutrition knowledge and diet quality was evaluated. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. One hundred and twenty athletes reported a median nutrition score of 52 (45-61), and a dietary quality score of 53 (46-58), with a weak, positive association between both (r = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.11-0.44), P < 0.01). Fifty-four percent were categorized as needing a referral to a sports RD. Diet quality scores differed between dietitian referral group with 49 (43-54) versus 58 (52-62) for the nonreferral group, respectively (P < 0.01, V = 0.71), with no difference in nutrition knowledge observed, P = 0.73. Overall, nutrition knowledge and diet quality in our sample of collegiate athletes was poor. College athletic departments with limited access to sports RD should use these questionnaires to evaluate knowledge and the need of dietitian referral separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Skinner
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kaila A Vento
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Carol S Johnston
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Floris C Wardenaar
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mitchell L, Lehane P, McCarthy M, O'Shea K, Tracey M, Whyte T, Neville R. Nutrition knowledge of elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:159-163. [PMID: 35475752 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake plays a significant role in athletic performance and is influenced by several factors, including nutrition knowledge. Gaelic footballers are amateur athletes who conduct high-intensity, intermittent activity during training and competition, and have previously demonstrated insufficient dietary intake. This study aimed to examine nutrition knowledge in elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. An online survey was distributed to competitive Gaelic footballers, examining nutrition knowledge using the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire. Total, general, and sport nutrition knowledge were compared between elite and non-elite athletes, and those who had and had not previously received nutrition education, using Mann-Whitney U-tests. A total of 190 participants (15.3% women) completed the survey. No differences between elite and non-elite athletes in nutrition knowledge were identified (p > 0.05). Athletes with previous nutrition education scored higher than those without previous nutrition education in total (54.0 ± 4.9% vs 46.8 ± 9.6%; p = 0.002) and sport (51.9 ± 12.5% vs 43.4 ± 11.8%; p = 0.005) nutrition knowledge. Findings suggest an importance of nutrition education at all levels of athletic competition to improve nutrition knowledge, which may empower athletes to make appropriate dietary decisions to support training and competition demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Mitchell
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Paul Lehane
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark McCarthy
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Kris O'Shea
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark Tracey
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Taylor Whyte
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Ross Neville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elsahoryi NA, Trakman G, Al Kilani A. General and sports nutrition knowledge among Jordanian adult coaches and athletes: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258123. [PMID: 34793475 PMCID: PMC8601468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition knowledge (NK) is a modifiable determinant of diet intake and can positively influence athletic performance. This study aimed to (1) adapt and translate a validated general and sports NK questionnaire into Arabic (2) assess the NK of Jordanian sportspeople, and (3) evaluate the relationship between NK and various sociodemographic factors. METHODS The Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (ANSKQ) was translated into Arabic using forward-backward translation and underwent pilot testing and psychometric validation (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-rater agreement) using a convenience sample of 30 individuals. Following ANSKQ validation, athletes a from 50 sport institutes in Jordan were invited (via email) to complete the Arabic ANSKQ online. Differences in NK based on demographics were analysed using t-test or ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. The ability of demographic factors to predict NK score-category (poor/good/average/excellent) was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The Arabic ANSKQ had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), test-retest reliability (Pearson r = 0.926) and inter-rater agreement (Cohen's k statistic = 0.89). A total of 3636 eligible participants completed the Arabic ANSKQ. Participants were mostly athletes (91.4%), female (68.0%), had normal BMI (50.6%), and played high-intensity sports (59.6%). 88.3% of participants had poor NK (<50%). There were statistically significant differences in NK score based on participant role (athlete vs coach), age, gender, BMI, nationality, smoking, years playing sport, sport frequency, sport intensity, and nutrition training. Multivariate modelling showed participant role, BMI, education level, sport frequency and nutrition training were predictors of NK category. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Jordanian sportspeople have poor NK and may benefit from increased nutrition training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Amin Elsahoryi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
- * E-mail:
| | - Gina Trakman
- La Trobe University, School of Allied Health, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Ayah Al Kilani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carbohydrate for endurance athletes in competition questionnaire (CEAC-Q): validation of a practical and time-efficient tool for knowledge assessment. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Despite unequivocal evidence demonstrating high carbohydrate (CHO) availability improves endurance performance, athletes often report under-eating CHO during competition. Such findings may be related to a lack of knowledge though currently there are no practical or time-efficient tools to assess CHO knowledge in athletes. Accordingly, we aimed to validate a novel questionnaire to rapidly assess endurance athletes’ knowledge of competition CHO guidelines.
Methods
The Carbohydrate for Endurance Athletes in Competition Questionnaire (CEAC-Q) was created by research-active practitioners, based on contemporary guidelines. The CEAC-Q comprised 25 questions divided into 5 subsections (assessing CHO metabolism, CHO loading, pre-event meal, during-competition CHO and recovery) each worth 20 points for a total possible score of 100.
Results
A between-group analysis of variance compared scores in three different population groups to assess construct validity: general population (GenP; n = 68), endurance athletes (EA; n = 145), and sports dietitians/nutritionists (SDN; n = 60). Total scores were different (mean ± SD) in all pairwise comparisons of GenP (17 ± 20%), EA (46 ± 19%) and SDN (76 ± 10%, p < 0.001). Subsection scores were also significantly different between the groups, with mean subsection scores of 3.4 ± 4.7% (GenP), 9.2 ± 5.2% (EA) and 15.2 ± 3.5% (SDN, p < 0.001). Test–retest reliability of the total CEAC-Q was determined in EA (r = 0.742, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Taking ~ 10 min to complete, the CEAC-Q is a new psychometrically valid, practical and time-efficient tool for practitioners to assess athletes’ knowledge of CHO for competition and guide subsequent nutrition intervention.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jagim AR, Fields JB, Magee M, Kerksick C, Luedke J, Erickson J, Jones MT. The Influence of Sport Nutrition Knowledge on Body Composition and Perceptions of Dietary Requirements in Collegiate Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072239. [PMID: 34209814 PMCID: PMC8308384 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport nutrition knowledge has been shown to influence dietary habits of athletes. The purpose of the current study was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge and body composition and examine potential predictors of body weight goals in collegiate athletes. Participants included National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III women (n = 42, height: 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass: 67.1 ± 8.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.3 ± 6.6 kg; body fat percent: 24.2 ± 5.3%) and men (n = 25, height: 180.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass: 89.2 ± 20.5 kg; fat-free mass: 75.9 ± 12.2 kg; body fat percent: 13.5 ± 8.9%) athletes. Body composition was assessed via air displacement plethysmography. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sport nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements, as well as their body weight goal (i.e., lose, maintain, gain weight). Athletes answered 47.98 ± 11.29% of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with no differences observed between sexes (men: 49.52 ± 11.76% vs. women: 47.03 ± 11.04%; p = 0.40). An inverse relationship between sport nutrition knowledge scores and body fat percentage (BF%) (r = −0.330; p = 0.008), and fat mass (r = −0.268; p = 0.032) was observed for all athletes. Fat mass (β = 0.224), BF% (β = 0.217), and body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.421) were all significant (p < 0.05) predictors of body weight goal in women. All athletes significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated daily energy (−1360 ± 610.2 kcal/day), carbohydrate (−301.6 ± 149.2 grams/day [g/day]), and fat (−41.4 ± 34.5 g/day) requirements. Division III collegiate athletes have a low level of sport nutrition knowledge, which was associated with a higher BF%. Women athletes with a higher body weight, BF% and BMI were more likely to select weight loss as a body weight goal. Athletes also significantly underestimated their energy and carbohydrate requirements based upon the demands of their sport, independent of sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA; (C.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.B.F.); (M.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-392-5280
| | - Jennifer B. Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.B.F.); (M.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Meghan Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.B.F.); (M.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Sport Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Chad Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA; (C.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA; (C.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
| | - Jacob Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA; (C.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.B.F.); (M.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Sport Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Turner O, Mitchell N, Ruddock A, Purvis A, Ranchordas M. Elite squash players nutrition knowledge and influencing factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:46. [PMID: 34112186 PMCID: PMC8194110 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a reported mismatch between macronutrient consumption and contemporary macronutrient guidelines in elite standard squash players. Suboptimal dietary practices could be due to a lack of nutrition knowledge among players. Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the sports nutrition knowledge of elite squash players through the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ) and provide an indication of whether players require nutrition support to increase their nutrition knowledge. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the nutrition knowledge of 77 elite squash players via the NSKQ over the period of June 2020 to August 2020. Results Players conveyed average nutrition knowledge with a mean NSKQ score of 48.78 ± 10.06 (56.07% ± 11.56%). There were no significant differences in NSKQ score between male and female players (p = .532). There was found to be a weak positive association between world ranking and NSKQ score (r = .208) and age and NSKQ score (r = .281). Players who had a relevant undergraduate degree (e.g. BSc Sport & Exercise Science) had significantly greater NSKQ score than players with no relevant qualifications (p = .022). Players who consulted a sports nutritionist to obtain their main source of nutrition information were shown to have significantly greater knowledge than those who acquired knowledge from a sports scientist (p = .01) or the internet / social media (p = .007). Conclusions Players should consult with a sports nutritionist to increase their sport nutrition knowledge. Future research should quantify the effectiveness of a nutritional education intervention at increasing nutrition knowledge in players. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Turner
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England. .,English Institute of Sport, Sheffield, England.
| | | | - Alan Ruddock
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Alison Purvis
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Mayur Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Collegiate Women Soccer Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040096. [PMID: 33467311 PMCID: PMC7804888 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = 18, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.3 ± 7.9 kg; body fat %: 24.9 ± 5.6%) had their body composition and sport nutrition knowledge assessed in the pre-season. Energy availability was assessed mid-season using a 4-day dietary log and activity energy expenditure values from a team-based monitoring system. A validated screening tool was used to screen for LEA. (3) Results: The screening tool classified 56.3% of athletes as at risk of LEA (<30 kcal/kg of FFM); however, the actual dietary intake identified 67% as LEA. Athletes identified as non-LEA consumed significantly more absolute (p = 0.040) and relative (p = 0.004) energy than LEA athletes. (4) Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LEA among collegiate women soccer athletes. Although previously validated in women endurance athletes, the LEA screening tool was not effective in identifying those at risk of LEA in this sample of athletes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Renard M, Kelly DT, Chéilleachair NN, Catháin CÓ. Evaluation of Nutrition Knowledge in Female Gaelic Games Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8120154. [PMID: 33260459 PMCID: PMC7760414 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in nutrition knowledge have been associated with increased carbohydrate consumption and greater adherence to dietary recommendations among female athletes. In order to assess whether nutrition knowledge interventions in female Gaelic games players may be beneficial, it is necessary to first of all investigate current levels of nutrition knowledge in this population. Given that many demographic characteristics have been shown to influence nutrition knowledge, it is also important for these to be investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the nutrition knowledge of female Gaelic games players, compare knowledge by players’ characteristics and identify players’ preferences for information and support. A validated 35-item questionnaire was completed by 328 female Gaelic games players (Age: 23.7 ± 5.0 years). Players’ mean nutrition knowledge score was 46.0% ± 11.8% and classified as “poor”. Elite players scored greater (+4.5–5.9%, p < 0.05) than subelite players. Players with higher levels of general education, history of formal nutrition education and previous advice from a nutritionist also presented greater nutrition knowledge (+3.7–7.5%, p < 0.05). Future education interventions with female Gaelic games players may lead to beneficial changes in dietary behaviour and would likely benefit from stratifying content based on athletes’ demographic characteristics, given the differences observed.
Collapse
|
19
|
An investigation of dietary intake, nutrition knowledge and hydration status of Gaelic Football players. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1465-1473. [PMID: 32734346 PMCID: PMC7987599 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the dietary intake, nutrition knowledge and hydration status of Irish Gaelic footballers. Method One hundred and sixty-eight male club/county level Irish Gaelic footballers (median [IQR]; age 23 years [20.0, 27.0]; height 1.79 m [1.74, 1.84]; body mass 78.0 kg [73.5, 84.8]) participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed using a 4-day semi-quantitative food record, with the application of Goldberg cut-offs to define acceptable reporters (n = 62). Nutrition knowledge was assessed using the validated Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire in a sub-group of athletes (n = 24), while hydration status was measured using urine specific gravity pre-exercise (USG) in 142 athletes. Results
Dietary analysis indicated an energy deficit at the group level (485 kcal [IQR 751,6]) (p < 0.001), with carbohydrate intakes (3.6 g/kg [IQR 3.0,4.1]) below current guidelines for athletes participating in one hour moderate intensity exercise per day (5–7 g/kg; p < 0.001). Average vitamin D (3.8 µg [IQR 1.8, 5.5]) and selenium intakes (54.2 µg [47.2, 76.7]) were significantly below the reference nutrient intakes (p < 0.001). A high proportion of individual athletes also had sub-optimal intakes for: vitamin D (95.2%), selenium (72.6%), vitamin A (38.7%), potassium (30.6%), zinc (25.8%), magnesium (19.4%) and calcium (12.9%). Nutrition knowledge was deemed poor (40.2 ± 12.4%), while pre-exercise hydration status (median USG 1.010 [IQR 1.005, 1.017]) was significantly below the cut-off to denote dehydration (1.020; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest that Irish Gaelic footballers have sub-optimal dietary practices and lack nutrition knowledge. Individualised nutrition support may benefit these athletes to meet their nutrition requirements, to support health and performance.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kiss A, Pfeiffer L, Popp J, Oláh J, Lakner Z. A Blind Man Leads a Blind Man? Personalised Nutrition-Related Attitudes, Knowledge and Behaviours of Fitness Trainers in Hungary. Nutrients 2020; 12:E663. [PMID: 32121326 PMCID: PMC7146185 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that fitness trainers could play an important role in the nutrition-related behaviour of their clients based on their personalised nutrition-related counselling activities, but there are considerable concerns all over the world about the level of their knowledge to become nutritional coaches. In the framework of the current study based on qualitative (focus-group interviews) and quantitative (questionnaire and analysis of responses by multivariable methods, as well as structural equation modelling) methods, it has been proven that (1) theoretically, both the trainers and the dietitians acknowledge the importance of cooperation in the optimisation of coaching efficiency and advisory work due to some "professional jealousness" and differences in professional background, as well as in culture, so it is hard to find a common platform for cooperation, especially in market segments characterised by relative low levels of purchasing power; (2) due to lack of regulation, there is a high heterogeneity of professional competences of trainers in general and their nutritional competences, in particular; (3) the majority of trainers do not have an objective picture on his/her effective nutritional knowledge, and they often offer a much wider scope of services (e.g., nutritional counselling for clients with chronic diseases) which are well beyond their professional knowledge and (4) the dietary guidelines have not become an integral part of professional knowledge, even at the level of specialists. To improve the current-in some cases, dangerous-situation, the following steps should be taken: (1) enhancement of the level of professional qualification of future trainers, integrating the practice-oriented approaches and emphasising the role of teamwork by simulation-based practices; (2) highlighting in a clear way the professional and ethical boundaries of the activities of trainers and (3) working out an efficient incentive system for the continuous professional development of trainers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiss
- Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Pfeiffer
- Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - József Popp
- WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
| | - Judit Oláh
- WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
| | - Zoltán Lakner
- Department of Food Economics, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|