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Almeida PP, Brito ML, Thomasi B, Mafra D, Fouque D, Knauf C, Tavares-Gomes AL, Stockler-Pinto MB. Is the enteric nervous system a lost piece of the gut-kidney axis puzzle linked to chronic kidney disease? Life Sci 2024; 351:122793. [PMID: 38848938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates numerous functional and immunological attributes of the gastrointestinal tract. Alterations in ENS cell function have been linked to intestinal outcomes in various metabolic, intestinal, and neurological disorders. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a challenging intestinal environment due to gut dysbiosis, which further affects patient quality of life. Although the gut-related repercussions of CKD have been thoroughly investigated, the involvement of the ENS in this puzzle remains unclear. ENS cell dysfunction, such as glial reactivity and alterations in cholinergic signaling in the small intestine and colon, in CKD are associated with a wide range of intestinal pathways and responses in affected patients. This review discusses how the ENS is affected in CKD and how it is involved in gut-related outcomes, including intestinal permeability, inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hopitalier Lyon Sud, INSERM 1060, CENS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Neurosciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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2
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Zhang L, Zhou T, Su Y, He L, Wang Z. Involvement of histone methylation in the regulation of neuronal death. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:685-693. [PMID: 37544979 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal death occurs in various physiological and pathological processes, and apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis are three major forms of neuronal death. Neuronal apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis are widely identified to involve the progress of stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. A growing body of evidence has pointed out that neuronal death is tightly associated with expression of related genes and alteration of signaling molecules. In addition, recently, epigenetics has been increasingly focused on as a vital regulatory mechanism for neuronal apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis, providing a new direction for treating nervous system diseases. Moreover, growing researches suggest that histone methylation or demethylation is involved in the processes of neuronal apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis. These researches may imply that studying the potential roles of histone methylation is essential for treating the nervous system diseases. Here, we review potential roles of histone methylation and demethylation in neuronal death, which may give us a new direction in treating the nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tai Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongcheng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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3
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Shu LZ, Ding YD, Xue QM, Cai W, Deng H. Direct and indirect effects of pathogenic bacteria on the integrity of intestinal barrier. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231176427. [PMID: 37274298 PMCID: PMC10233627 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231176427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation is a pathological process involving migration of pathogenic bacteria across the intestinal barrier to enter the systemic circulation and gain access to distant organs. This phenomenon has been linked to a diverse range of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and cancer. The intestinal barrier is an innate structure that maintains intestinal homeostasis. Pathogenic infections and dysbiosis can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier, increasing its permeability, and thereby facilitating pathogen translocation. As translocation represents an essential step in pathogenesis, a clear understanding of how barrier integrity is disrupted and how this disruption facilitates bacterial translocation could identify new routes to effective prophylaxis and therapy. In this comprehensive review, we provide an in-depth analysis of bacterial translocation and intestinal barrier function. We discuss currently understood mechanisms of bacterial-enterocyte interactions, with a focus on tight junctions and endocytosis. We also discuss the emerging concept of bidirectional communication between the intestinal microbiota and other body systems. The intestinal tract has established 'axes' with various organs. Among our regulatory systems, the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems have been shown to play pivotal roles in barrier regulation. A mechanistic understanding of intestinal barrier regulation is crucial for the development of personalized management strategies for patients with bacterial translocation-related disorders. Advancing our knowledge of barrier regulation will pave the way for future research in this field and novel clinical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zhen Shu
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Dan Ding
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing-Ming Xue
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated
Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated
Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 133 South Guangchang Road, Nanchang
330003, Jiangxi Province, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang
University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Souza RF, Caetano MAF, Magalhães HIR, Castelucci P. Study of tumor necrosis factor receptor in the inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2733-2746. [PMID: 37274062 PMCID: PMC10237104 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are part of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and have pathophysiological processes such as bowel necrosis and enteric neurons and enteric glial cells. In addition, the main inflammatory mediator is related to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α is a me-diator of the intestinal inflammatory processes, thus being one of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, however, its levels, when measured, are present in the serum of patients with IBD. In addition, TNF-α plays an important role in promoting inflammation, such as the production of interleukins (IL), for instance IL-1β and IL-6. There are two receptors for TNF as following: The tumor necrosis factor 1 receptor (TNFR1); and the tumor necrosis factor 2 receptor (TNFR2). They are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their receptors have been detected in IBD and their expression is correlated with disease activity. The soluble TNF form binds to the TNFR1 receptor with, and its activation results in a signaling cascade effects such as apoptosis, cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. In contrast, the transmembrane TNF form can bind both to TNFR1 and TNFR2. Recent studies have suggested that TNF-α is one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, since TNF levels are present in the serum of both patients with UC and CD. Intravenous and subcutaneous biologics targeting TNF-α have revolutionized the treatment of IBD, thus becoming the best available agents to induce and maintain IBD remission. The application of antibodies aimed at neutralizing TNF-α in patients with IBD that induce a satisfactory clinical response in up to 60% of patients, and also induced long-term maintenance of disease remission in most patients. It has been suggested that anti-TNF-α agents inactivate the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α by direct neutralization, i.e., resulting in suppression of inflammation. However, anti-TNF-α antibodies perform more complex functions than a simple blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Figueiroa Souza
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Castelucci
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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5
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Barta BP, Onhausz B, AL Doghmi A, Szalai Z, Balázs J, Bagyánszki M, Bódi N. Gut region-specific TNFR expression: TNFR2 is more affected than TNFR1 in duodenal myenteric ganglia of diabetic rats. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:48-61. [PMID: 36684383 PMCID: PMC9850801 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are essential in autoimmune inflammatory processes that accompany type 1 diabetes. Tumor necrosis factor alpha plays a key role among others in modulating enteric neuroinflammation, however, it has a dual role in cell degeneration or survival depending on different TNFRs. In general, TNFR1 is believed to trigger apoptosis, while TNFR2 promotes cell regeneration. The importance of the neuronal microenvironment has been recently highlighted in gut region-specific diabetic enteric neuropathy, however, the expression and alterations of different TNFRs in the gastrointestinal tract has not been reported.
AIM To investigate the TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression in myenteric ganglia and their environment in different intestinal segments of diabetic rats.
METHODS Ten weeks after the onset of hyperglycemia, gut segments were taken from the duodenum, ileum and colon of streptozotocin-induced (60 mg/body weight kg i.p.) diabetic (n = 17), insulin-treated diabetic (n = 15) and sex- and age-matched control (n = 15) rats. Myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations were prepared from different gut regions for TNFR1/HuCD or TNFR2/HuCD double-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry. TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression was evaluated by post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of myenteric ganglia. TNFRs levels were measured by enzyme-linked immun-osorbent assay in muscle/myenteric plexus-containing (MUSCLE-MP) tissue homogenates from different gut segments and experimental conditions.
RESULTS A distinct region-dependent TNFRs expression was detected in controls. The density of TNFR1-labeling gold particles was lowest, while TNFR2 density was highest in duodenal ganglia and a decreased TNFRs expression from proximal to distal segments was observed in MUSCLE-MP homogenates. In diabetics, the TNFR2 density was only significantly altered in the duodenum with decrease in the ganglia (0.32 ± 0.02 vs 0.45 ± 0.04, P < 0.05), while no significant changes in TNFR1 density was observed. In diabetic MUSCLE-MP homogenates, both TNFRs levels significantly decreased in the duodenum (TNFR1: 4.06 ± 0.65 vs 20.32 ± 3.1, P < 0.001; TNFR2: 11.72 ± 0.39 vs 15.91 ± 1.04, P < 0.01), which markedly influenced the TNFR2/TNFR1 proportion in both the ganglia and their muscular environment. Insulin treatment had controversial effects on TNFR expression.
CONCLUSION Our findings show diabetes-related region-dependent changes in TNFR expression and suggest that TNFR2 is more affected than TNFR1 in myenteric ganglia in the duodenum of type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Pál Barta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Benita Onhausz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Afnan AL Doghmi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zita Szalai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - János Balázs
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
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6
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Li N, Xu J, Gao H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chang H, Tan S, Li S, Wang Q. Effect of Reactive EGCs on Intestinal Motility and Enteric Neurons During Endotoxemia. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1831-1845. [PMID: 35773377 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic ileus is common in patients with septic shock, causing high morbidity and mortality. Enteric neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) regulate intestinal motility. However, little is known about their interaction in endotoxemia. This study aimed to investigate whether reactive EGCs had harmful effects on enteric neurons and participated in intestinal motility disorder in mice during endotoxemia. Endotoxemia was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Fluorocitrate (FC) was administered before LPS injection to inhibit the reactive EGCs. The effects of reactive EGCs on intestinal motility were analyzed by motility assays in vivo and colonic migrating motor complexes ex vivo. The number of enteric neurons was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of HuCD, nNOS, and ChAT in vivo. In addition, we stimulated EGCs with IL-1β and TNF-α in vitro and cultured the primary enteric neurons in the conditioned medium, detecting the apoptosis and morphology of neurons through staining TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3 protein, and anti-β-III tubulin. Intestinal motility and peristaltic reflex were improved by inhibiting reactive EGCs in vivo. The density of the neuronal population in the colonic myenteric plexus increased significantly, while the reactive EGCs were inhibited, especially the nitrergic neurons. In vitro, the enteric neurons cultured in the conditioned medium of reactive EGCs had a considerably higher apoptotic rate, less dendritic complexity, and fewer primary neurites. Reactive enteric glial cells probably participated in paralytic ileus by damaging enteric neurons during endotoxemia. They might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for intestinal motility disorders during endotoxemia or sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yansong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Docsa T, Sipos A, Cox CS, Uray K. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Development of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136917. [PMID: 35805922 PMCID: PMC9266627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding intolerance and the development of ileus is a common complication affecting critically ill, surgical, and trauma patients, resulting in prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, increased infectious complications, a higher rate of hospital readmission, and higher medical care costs. Medical treatment for ileus is ineffective and many of the available prokinetic drugs have serious side effects that limit their use. Despite the large number of patients affected and the consequences of ileus, little progress has been made in identifying new drug targets for the treatment of ileus. Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the development of ileus, but surprisingly little is known about the direct effects of inflammatory mediators on cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and many of the studies are conflicting. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the development of ileus will facilitate the early identification of patients who will develop ileus and the identification of new drug targets to treat ileus. Thus, herein, we review the published literature concerning the effects of inflammatory mediators on gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhang L, Wang R, Chen Y, Yang P, Bai T, Song J, Hou X. EphrinB2/ephB2 activation facilitates colonic synaptic potentiation and plasticity contributing to long-term visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Life Sci 2022; 295:120419. [PMID: 35183555 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Neuronal ApoE4 stimulates C/EBPβ activation, promoting Alzheimer’s disease pathology in a mouse model. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 209:102212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome-Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010065. [PMID: 35010940 PMCID: PMC8746684 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is no conclusive evidence that affected individuals suffer from systemic low-grade inflammation as in many psychological and psychiatric diseases. However, neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune abnormalities are observed within ASD-affected individuals. Rebalancing human gut microbiota to treat disease has been widely investigated with inconclusive and contradictory findings. These observations strongly suggest that the forms of dysbiosis encountered in ASD-affected individuals could also originate from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning abnormalities, a common neuro-anatomical alteration underlying ASD. According to this hypothesis, overactivation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, due to the fact of an ASD-specific parasympathetic activity deficit, induces deregulation of the gut-brain axis, attenuating intestinal immune and osmotic homeostasis. This sets-up a dysbiotic state, that gives rise to immune and osmotic dysregulation, maintaining dysbiosis in a vicious cycle. Here, we explore the mechanisms whereby ANS imbalances could lead to alterations in intestinal microbiome-host interactions that may contribute to the severity of ASD by maintaining the brain-gut axis pathways in a dysregulated state.
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11
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Cheng N, Zhang L, Liu L. Understanding the Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptors in the Gastrointestinal System: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:786579. [PMID: 34987401 PMCID: PMC8721002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.786579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is of interest due to its involvement in inflammation and mediating immune cell responses. P2X7R is particularly implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the extent of the actions of P2X7R in the gastrointestinal (GI) system under physiological and pathophysiological conditions remains to be elucidated. This systematic review aimed to identify, summarize and evaluate the evidence for a critical role of P2X7R in the GI system. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and Scopus with search terms pertained to P2X7R in the GI system in disease or physiological state, including “P2X7 or P2X7 receptor or purinergic signaling” in combination with any of the terms “intestine or colon or gut or gastrointestinal,” “pathology or inflammation or disease or disorder,” and “physiology or expression.” Titles and abstracts were screened for potentially eligible full texts, and animal and human studies published in English were included in this study. Data were extracted from papers meeting inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was not feasible given the study diversity. Results: There were 48 papers included in this review. We identified 14 experimental colitis models, three sepsis models and one ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Among them, 11 studies examined P2X7R in GI infections, six studies on immune cell regulation, four studies on GI inflammation, two studies on GI malignancies, three studies involving intestinal injury due to various causes, two studies on ATP-activated P2X7R in the GI system and two studies on metabolic regulation. Conclusion: Evidence supports P2X7R mediating inflammation and immune cell responses in GI inflammation, infections and injury due to IBD and other challenges to the intestinal wall. P2X7R inhibition by gene knockout or by application of P2X7R antagonists can reduce tissue damage by suppressing inflammation. P2X7R is also implicated in GI malignancies and glucose and lipid homeostasis. P2X7R blockade, however, did not always lead to beneficial outcomes in the various pathological models of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lu Liu,
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12
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Kociszewska D, Chan J, Thorne PR, Vlajkovic SM. The Link between Gut Dysbiosis Caused by a High-Fat Diet and Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13177. [PMID: 34947974 PMCID: PMC8708400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a conceptual and theoretical overview of the association between gut dysbiosis and hearing loss. Hearing loss is a global health issue; the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 2.5 billion people will be living with some degree of hearing loss by 2050. The aetiology of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is complex and multifactorial, arising from congenital and acquired causes. Recent evidence suggests that impaired gut health may also be a risk factor for SNHL. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 2 diabetes, diet-induced obesity (DIO), and high-fat diet (HFD) all show links to hearing loss. Previous studies have shown that a HFD can result in microangiopathy, impaired insulin signalling, and oxidative stress in the inner ear. A HFD can also induce pathological shifts in gut microbiota and affect intestinal barrier (IB) integrity, leading to a leaky gut. A leaky gut can result in chronic systemic inflammation, which may affect extraintestinal organs. Here, we postulate that changes in gut microbiota resulting from a chronic HFD and DIO may cause a systemic inflammatory response that can compromise the permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the inner ear, thus inducing cochlear inflammation and hearing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srdjan M. Vlajkovic
- Department of Physiology and The Eisdell Moore Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.K.); (J.C.); (P.R.T.)
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13
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Bódi N, Chandrakumar L, al Doghmi A, Mezei D, Szalai Z, Barta BP, Balázs J, Bagyánszki M. Intestinal Region-Specific and Layer-Dependent Induction of TNFα in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and after Insulin Replacement. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092410. [PMID: 34572059 PMCID: PMC8466257 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to reveal the effects of chronic hyperglycaemia and insulin treatment on TNFα expression in different gut segments and intestinal wall layers. TNFα expression was mapped by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy in myenteric ganglia of duodenum, ileum and colon. Tissue TNFα levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in muscle/myenteric plexus-containing (MUSCLE-MP) and mucosa/submucosa/submucous plexus-containing (MUC-SUBMUC-SP) homogenates. Increasing density of TNFα-labelling gold particles is observed in myenteric ganglia from proximal to distal segments and TNFα tissue levels are much more elevated in MUSCLE-MP homogenates than in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples in healthy controls. In the diabetics, the number of TNFα gold labels is significantly increased in the duodenum, decreased in the colon and remained unchanged in the ileal ganglia, while insulin does not prevent these diabetes-related TNFα changes. TNFα tissue concentration is also increased in MUSCLE-MP homogenates of diabetic duodenum, while decreased in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples of diabetic ileum and colon. These findings support that type 1 diabetes has region-specific and intestinal layer-dependent effects on TNFα expression, contributing to the regional damage of myenteric neurons and their intestinal milieu.
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14
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Stavely R, Abalo R, Nurgali K. Targeting Enteric Neurons and Plexitis for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1428-1439. [PMID: 32416686 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200516173242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are pathological conditions with an unknown aetiology that are characterised by severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current treatments are mostly ineffective due to their limited efficacy or toxicity, necessitating surgical resection of the affected bowel. The management of IBD is hindered by a lack of prognostic markers for clinical inflammatory relapse. Intestinal inflammation associates with the infiltration of immune cells (leukocytes) into, or surrounding the neuronal ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) termed plexitis or ganglionitis. Histological observation of plexitis in unaffected intestinal regions is emerging as a vital predictive marker for IBD relapses. Plexitis associates with alterations to the structure, cellular composition, molecular expression and electrophysiological function of enteric neurons. Moreover, plexitis often occurs before the onset of gross clinical inflammation, which may indicate that plexitis can contribute to the progression of intestinal inflammation. In this review, the bilateral relationships between the ENS and inflammation are discussed. These include the effects and mechanisms of inflammation-induced enteric neuronal loss and plasticity. Additionally, the role of enteric neurons in preventing antigenic/pathogenic insult and immunomodulation is explored. While all current treatments target the inflammatory pathology of IBD, interventions that protect the ENS may offer an alternative avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences,
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Fecal Supernatant from Adult with Autism Spectrum Disorder Alters Digestive Functions, Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, and Enteric Nervous System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081723. [PMID: 34442802 PMCID: PMC8399841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by impaired social interactions and communication with repetitive behaviors, activities, or interests. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis are frequently associated with ASD in childhood. However, it is not known whether microbiota dysbiosis in ASD patients also occurs in adulthood. Further, the consequences of altered gut microbiota on digestive functions and the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unexplored. Therefore, we studied, in mice, the ability offecal supernatant (FS) from adult ASD patients to induce GI dysfunctions and ENS remodeling. First, the analyses of the fecal microbiota composition in adult ASD patients indicated a reduced α-diversity and increased abundance of three bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants compared to healthy controls (HC). The transfer of FS from ASD patients (FS-ASD) to mice decreased colonic barrier permeability by 29% and 58% compared to FS-HC for paracellular and transcellular permeability, respectively. These effects are associated with the reduced expression of the tight junction proteins JAM-A, ZO-2, cingulin, and proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β. In addition, the expression of glial and neuronal molecules was reduced by FS-ASD as compared to FS-HC in particular for those involved in neuronal connectivity (βIII-tubulin and synapsin decreased by 31% and 67%, respectively). Our data suggest that changes in microbiota composition in ASD may contribute to GI alterations, and in part, via ENS remodeling.
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16
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Impact of chemotherapy-induced enteric nervous system toxicity on gastrointestinal mucositis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2021; 14:293-300. [PMID: 32769620 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chemotherapy is a first-line treatment for many cancers; however, its use is hampered by a long list of side-effects. Gastrointestinal mucositis is a common and debilitating side-effect of anticancer therapy contributing to dose reductions, delays and cessation of treatment, greatly impacting clinical outcomes. The underlying pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucositis is complex and likely involves several overlapping inflammatory, secretory and neural mechanisms, yet research investigating the role of innervation in gastrointestinal mucositis is scarce. This review provides an overview of the current literature surrounding chemotherapy-induced enteric neurotoxicity and discusses its implications on gastrointestinal mucositis. RECENT FINDINGS Damage to the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, the enteric nervous system (ENS), occurs following chemotherapeutic administration, leading to altered gastrointestinal functions. Chemotherapeutic drugs have various mechanisms of actions on the ENS. Oxidative stress, direct toxicity and inflammation have been identified as mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced ENS damage. Enteric neuroprotection has proven to be beneficial to reduce gastrointestinal dysfunction in animal models of oxaliplatin-induced enteric neuropathy. SUMMARY Understanding of the ENS role in chemotherapy-induced mucositis requires further investigation and might lead to the development of more effective therapeutic interventions for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal side-effects.
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17
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Kneusels J, Kaehler M, Cascorbi I, Wedel T, Neunlist M, Lucius R, Cossais F. Limited Impact of 6-Mercaptopurine on Inflammation-Induced Chemokines Expression Profile in Primary Cultures of Enteric Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1781-1793. [PMID: 33864170 PMCID: PMC8187225 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences indicate that the enteric nervous system (ENS) and enteric glial cells (EGC) play important regulatory roles in intestinal inflammation. Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a cytostatic compound clinically used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. However, potential impacts of 6-MP on ENS response to inflammation have not been evaluated yet. In this study, we aimed to gain deeper insights into the profile of inflammatory mediators expressed by the ENS and on the potential anti-inflammatory impact of 6-MP in this context. Genome-wide expression analyses were performed on ENS primary cultures exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-MP alone or in combination. Differential expression of main hits was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using a cell line for EGC. ENS cells expressed a broad spectrum of cytokines and chemokines of the C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) family under inflammatory stress. Induction of Cxcl5 and Cxcl10 by inflammatory stimuli was confirmed in EGC. Inflammation-induced protein secretion of TNF-α and Cxcl5 was partly inhibited by 6-MP in ENS primary cultures but not in EGC. Further work is required to identify the cellular mechanisms involved in this regulation. These findings extend our knowledge of the anti-inflammatory properties of 6-MP related to the ENS and in particular of the EGC-response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kneusels
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Meike Kaehler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Borsom EM, Lee K, Cope EK. Do the Bugs in Your Gut Eat Your Memories? Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E814. [PMID: 33153085 PMCID: PMC7693835 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is composed of trillions of microbial cells inhabiting the oral cavity, skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, airways, and reproductive organs. The gut microbiota is composed of dynamic communities of microorganisms that communicate bidirectionally with the brain via cytokines, neurotransmitters, hormones, and secondary metabolites, known as the gut microbiota-brain axis. The gut microbiota-brain axis is suspected to be involved in the development of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. AD is an irreversible, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Microglia and astrocytes, the resident immune cells of the CNS, play an integral role in AD development, as neuroinflammation is a driving factor of disease severity. The gut microbiota-brain axis is a novel target for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics to modulate critical neuroimmune and metabolic pathways. Potential therapeutics include probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary intervention. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of the gut microbiota-brain axis and neuroinflammation in the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease, limitations of current research, and potential for gut microbiota-brain axis targeted therapies.
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19
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Popov J, Bandura J, Markovic F, Borojevic R, Anipindi VC, Pai N, Ratcliffe EM. Influence of bacterial components on the developmental programming of enteric neurons. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14611. [PMID: 33185323 PMCID: PMC7663985 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal bacteria have been increasingly shown to be involved in early postnatal development. Previous work has shown that intestinal bacteria are necessary for the structural development and intrinsic function of the enteric nervous system in early postnatal life. Furthermore, colonization with a limited number of bacteria appears to be sufficient for the formation of a normal enteric nervous system. We tested the hypothesis that common bacterial components could influence the programming of developing enteric neurons. METHODS The developmental programming of enteric neurons was studied by isolating enteric neural crest-derived cells from the fetal gut of C57Bl/6 mice at embryonic day 15.5. After the establishment of the cell line, cultured enteric neuronal precursors were exposed to increasing concentrations of a panel of bacterial components including lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and components of peptidoglycan. KEY RESULT Exposure to bacterial components consistently affected proportions of enteric neuronal precursors that developed into nitrergic neurons. Furthermore, flagellin and D-gamma-Glu-mDAP were found to promote the development of serotonergic neurons. Proportions of dopaminergic neurons remained unchanged. Proliferation of neuronal precursor cells was significantly increased upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, while no significant changes were observed in the proportion of apoptotic neuronal precursors compared to baseline with exposure to any bacterial component. CONCLUSIONS AND INTERFACES These findings suggest that bacterial components may influence the development of enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Graduate ProgramMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Julia Bandura
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Filip Markovic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Rajka Borojevic
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Nikhil Pai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Elyanne M. Ratcliffe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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20
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Pabois J, Durand T, Le Berre C, Gonzales J, Neunlist M, Bourreille A, Naveilhan P, Neveu I. T cells show preferential adhesion to enteric neural cells in culture and are close to neural cells in the myenteric ganglia of Crohn's patients. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577422. [PMID: 33068972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plexitis in the proximal margin of intestinal resections are associated with post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease. To understand their formation, in vitro analyzes were performed. T cells adhered preferentially to neuron and glial cells in mixed primary cultures of enteric nervous system and T cell activation increased their adhesion capacity. Higher number of T lymphocytes in close proximity to enteric glial cells was also observed in the myenteric ganglia of Crohn's patients as compared to control. These data show that close proximity between lymphocytes and enteric neural cells exists and may contribute to the formation of plexitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pabois
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France.
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
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21
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Yarandi SS, Kulkarni S, Saha M, Sylvia KE, Sears CL, Pasricha PJ. Intestinal Bacteria Maintain Adult Enteric Nervous System and Nitrergic Neurons via Toll-like Receptor 2-induced Neurogenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:200-213.e8. [PMID: 32234538 PMCID: PMC7387157 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enteric nervous system (ENS) exists in close proximity to luminal bacteria. Intestinal microbes regulate ENS development, but little is known about their effects on adult enteric neurons. We investigated whether intestinal bacteria or their products affect the adult ENS via toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mice. METHODS We performed studies with conventional C57/BL6, germ-free C57/BL6, Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato, Nestin-GFP, and ChAT-cre:tdTomato. Mice were given drinking water with ampicillin or without (controls). Germ-free mice were given drinking water with TLR2 agonist or without (controls). Some mice were given a blocking antibody against TLR2 or a TLR4 inhibitor. We performed whole gut transit, bead latency, and geometric center studies. Feces were collected and analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) tissues were collected, analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and levels of nitric oxide were measured. Cells were isolated from colonic LMMP of Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato mice and incubated with agonists of TLR2 (receptor for gram-positive bacteria), TLR4 (receptor for gram-negative bacteria), or distilled water (control) and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Stool from mice given ampicillin had altered composition of gut microbiota with reduced abundance of gram-positive bacteria and increased abundance of gram-negative bacteria, compared with mice given only water. Mice given ampicillin had reduced colon motility compared with mice given only water, and their colonic LMMP had reduced numbers of nitrergic neurons, reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase production, and reduced colonic neurogenesis. Numbers of colonic myenteric neurons increased after mice were switched from ampicillin to plain water, with increased markers of neurogenesis. Nestin-positive enteric neural precursor cells expressed TLR2 and TLR4. In cells isolated from the colonic LMMP, incubation with the TLR2 agonist increased the percentage of neurons originating from enteric neural precursor cells to approximately 10%, compared with approximately 0.01% in cells incubated with the TLR4 agonist or distilled water. Mice given an antibody against TLR2 had prolonged whole gut transit times; their colonic LMMP had reduced total neurons and a smaller proportion of nitrergic neurons per ganglion, and reduced markers of neurogenesis compared with mice given saline. Colonic LMMP of mice given the TLR4 inhibitor did not have reduced markers of neurogenesis. Colonic LMMP of germ-free mice given TLR2 agonist had increased neuronal numbers compared with control germ-free mice. CONCLUSIONS In the adult mouse colon, TLR2 promotes colonic neurogenesis, regulated by intestinal bacteria. Our findings indicate that colonic microbiota help maintain the adult ENS via a specific signaling pathway. Pharmacologic and probiotic approaches directed towards specific TLR2 signaling processes might be developed for treatment of colonic motility disorders related to use of antibiotics or other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi S. Yarandi
- Center for Neurogastroenterology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristyn E. Sylvia
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Sears
- Departments of Medicine, Oncology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Beraldi EJ, Borges SC, de Almeida FLA, Dos Santos A, Saad MJA, Buttow NC. Colonic neuronal loss and delayed motility induced by high-fat diet occur independently of changes in the major groups of microbiota in Swiss mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13745. [PMID: 31721393 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked to gastrointestinal disorders, and the loss of myenteric neurons in the intestine caused by high-fat diets (HFD) has been attributed to changes in microbiota and lipotoxicity. We investigated whether the prebiotic inulin modulates bacterial populations and alleviates neuronal loss in mice fed HFD. METHODS Swiss mice were fed purified rodent diet or HFD (59% kcal fat), or both diets supplemented with inulin for 17 weeks. Intestinal motility was assessed and a metagenome analysis of the colonic microbiota was performed. The gene expression of inflammatory markers was evaluated, and immunofluorescence was performed for different types of myenteric neurons and glial cells in the distal colon. KEY RESULTS The HFD caused obesity and delayed colonic motility. The loss of myenteric neurons and glial cells in obese mice affected all of the studied neuronal populations, including neurons positive for myosin-V, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and calretinin. Although obese mice supplemented with inulin exhibited improvements in colonic motility, neuronal, and glial cell loss persisted. The HFD did not altered the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine or the prevalence of the major groups in microbiota, but inulin increased the proportion of the genus Akkermansia in the obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES In Swiss mice, the HFD-induced neuronal loss but did not change the major groups in microbiota. This suggests that, despite the increase in the beneficial bacteria, other factors that are directly linked to excess dietary lipid intake affect the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro José Beraldi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (PBC), State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrey Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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23
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Rytel L, Wojtkiewicz J, Snarska A, Mikołajczyk A. Changes in the Neurochemical Characterization of Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum After Administration of Low-Dose Salmonella Enteritidis Lipopolysaccharides. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1556-1566. [PMID: 31939106 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans or endotoxins, form part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies have described the various harmful impacts of LPS on humans and animals. Nevertheless, many aspects of these effects are still not fully explained. One of them is the influence of endotoxins on the neurochemical characterization of neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is found in the intestinal wall and plays important adaptive roles during pathological processes and exposures. In this study, the impact of a low single dose of Salmonella Enteritidis LPS on the duodenal enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP-27), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was studied using a double immunofluorescence technique. During the study, it was shown that even a low dose of LPS affects the number of enteric neurons containing the neuropeptides studied, and these changes were dependent on the type of the enteric plexus. The most visible changes concerned the SP-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons in the outer submucous plexus (LPS caused an increase in the percentage of these neurons from15.74 ± 0.61 to 21.72 ± 0.79%). Furthermore, the VIP-LI neurons in the inner submucous plexus were seen to decrease from 12.64 ± 0.83 to 5.96 ± 0.58%. The mechanisms behind these noted fluctuations are not clear, but it may be connected with the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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24
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Jarret A, Jackson R, Duizer C, Healy ME, Zhao J, Rone JM, Bielecki P, Sefik E, Roulis M, Rice T, Sivanathan KN, Zhou T, Solis AG, Honcharova-Biletska H, Vélez K, Hartner S, Low JS, Qu R, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Ring AM, Weber A, Moor AE, Kluger Y, Nowarski R, Flavell RA. Enteric Nervous System-Derived IL-18 Orchestrates Mucosal Barrier Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:50-63.e12. [PMID: 31923399 PMCID: PMC7339937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal barrier immunity is essential for the maintenance of the commensal microflora and combating invasive bacterial infection. Although immune and epithelial cells are thought to be the canonical orchestrators of this complex equilibrium, here, we show that the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an essential and non-redundant role in governing the antimicrobial protein (AMP) response. Using confocal microscopy and single-molecule fluorescence in situ mRNA hybridization (smFISH) studies, we observed that intestinal neurons produce the pleiotropic cytokine IL-18. Strikingly, deletion of IL-18 from the enteric neurons alone, but not immune or epithelial cells, rendered mice susceptible to invasive Salmonella typhimurium (S.t.) infection. Mechanistically, unbiased RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing revealed that enteric neuronal IL-18 is specifically required for homeostatic goblet cell AMP production. Together, we show that neuron-derived IL-18 signaling controls tissue-wide intestinal immunity and has profound consequences on the mucosal barrier and invasive bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Coco Duizer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marc E Healy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph M Rone
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyler Rice
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kisha N Sivanathan
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Angel G Solis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hanna Honcharova-Biletska
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Karelia Vélez
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Hartner
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, Wien 1010, Austria
| | - Jun Siong Low
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roni Nowarski
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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25
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Knauf C, Abot A, Wemelle E, Cani PD. Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:139-146. [PMID: 31280267 DOI: 10.1159/000500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is of crucial importance for controlling glucose homeostasis. Alteration of this axis promotes the type 2 diabetes (T2D) phenotype (hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance). Recently, a new concept has emerged to demonstrate the crucial role of the enteric nervous system in the control of glycaemia via the hypothalamus. In diabetic patients and mice, modification of enteric neurons activity in the proximal part of the intestine generates a duodenal hyper-contractility that generates an aberrant message from the gut to the brain. In turn, the hypothalamus sends an aberrant efferent message that provokes a state of insulin resistance, which is characteristic of a T2D state. Targeting the enteric nervous system of the duodenum is now recognized as an innovative strategy for treatment of diabetes. By acting in the intestine, bioactive gut molecules that we called "enterosynes" can modulate the function of a specific type of neurons of the enteric nervous system to decrease the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle cells. Here, we focus on the origins of enterosynes (hormones, neurotransmitters, nutrients, microbiota, and immune factors), which could be considered therapeutic factors, and we describe their modes of action on enteric neurons. This unsuspected action of enterosynes is proposed for the treatment of T2D, but it could be applied for other therapeutic solutions that implicate communication between the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France,
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France,
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Wemelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
- UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Hu S, Wang J, Xu Y, Yang H, Wang J, Xue C, Yan X, Su L. Anti-inflammation effects of fucosylated chondroitin sulphate from Acaudina molpadioides by altering gut microbiota in obese mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:1736-1746. [PMID: 30855043 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the possible prebiotic effects of dietary fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Acaudina molpadioides (Am-CHS) on the modulation of the gut microbiota and the improvement in the risk factors for chronic inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice. The results showed that the Am-CHS treatment greatly modified the gut microbiota, including the decrease in Bacteroidetes, increase in Firmicutes, elevation in Lactobacillus (intestinal barrier protector) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group), and reduction in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) producer (Escherichia coli). This modulation inhibited inflammatory response, manifesting the decreases in circulating proinflammatory cytokines and their mRNA expression, and the increases in interleukin-10. Dietary Am-CHS caused reductions in serum and fecal LPS concentrations and inhibition of transcription of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream proteins. In addition, there were increases in the portal levels of fecal SCFAs, which probably contributed to an increase in the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein in Am-CHS-treated mice. These results suggest that modulation of gut microbiota by Am-CHS can improve chronic inflammation by reducing LPS levels and TLR4 signaling. Modulation also appears to increase the levels of fecal SCFAs, which activates AMPK and finally leads to inflammation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Hu
- Innovation Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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27
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Fernandez-Lizarbe S, Civera-Tregón A, Cantarero L, Herrer I, Juarez P, Hoenicka J, Palau F. Neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease caused by lack of GDAP1. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:113004. [PMID: 31271761 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the GDAP1 mitochondrial outer membrane gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy. Reduction or absence of GDAP1 has been associated with abnormal changes in the mitochondrial morphology and dynamics, oxidative stress and changes in calcium homeostasis. Neuroinflammation has been described in rodent models of genetic demyelinating CMT neuropathies but not in CMT primarily associated with axonopathy. Inflammatory processes have also been related to mitochondrial changes and oxidative stress in central neurodegenerative disorders. Here we investigated the presence of neuroinflammation in the axonal neuropathy of the Gdap1-/- mice. We showed by transcriptome profile of spinal cord and the in vivo detection of activated phagocytes that the absence of GDAP1 is associated with upregulation of inflammatory pathways. We observed reactive gliosis in spinal cord with increase of the astroglia markers GFAP and S100B, and the microglia marker IBA1. Additionally, we found significant increase of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and pERK, and C1qa and C1qb proteins of the complement system. Importantly, we observed an increased expression of CD206 and CD86 as M2 and M1 microglia and macrophage response markers, respectively, in Gdap1-/- mice. These inflammatory changes were also associated with abnormal molecular changes in synapses. In summary, we demonstrate that inflammation in spinal cord and sciatic nerve, but not in brain and cerebellum, is part of the pathophysiology of axonal GDAP1-related CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azahara Civera-Tregón
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine - IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Cantarero
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine - IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Herrer
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Juarez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine - IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBESAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine - IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine - IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Clinic Institute of Medicine and Dermatology (ICMiD), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Filippone RT, Sahakian L, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1140-1151. [PMID: 30856253 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical investigations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have provided increasing evidence that eosinophils contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation. Accumulation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract correlates with the variations of eosinophil regulatory molecules; however, their role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in IBD has not been fully elucidated. This review will describe the development and characterization of gastrointestinal eosinophils, mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the eosinophil-induced changes to the enteric nervous system associated with disease severity and gastrointestinal dysfunction will be analyzed with suggestive molecular pathways for enteric neuronal injury. Current and potential therapeutic interventions targeting eosinophils will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon T Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Prigent A, Gonzales J, Durand T, Le Berre-Scoul C, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Acute inflammation down-regulates alpha-synuclein expression in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 148:746-760. [PMID: 30589944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein whose expression is strongly implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not only expressed in the CNS but also in the enteric nervous system (ENS). The growing body of evidence suggesting that gastrointestinal inflammation is involved in the development of PD led us to investigate the effects of inflammation on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat ENS and in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Using western blot and qPCR, we found that both lipopolysaccharide and a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-β decreased the expression levels of alpha-synuclein in primary culture of rat ENS, an effect that was prevented in the presence of the p38 inhibitors SB203580 and BIRB 796. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin 1-β had no effect on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat CNS and in human erythroid leukemia cells. In mice, acute but not chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was associated with a decreased expression of colonic alpha-synuclein. As a whole, our findings indicate that acute inflammatory insults down-regulate alpha-synuclein expression in the ENS via a p38 pathway. They provide new insights into the widely discussed concepts of alpha-synuclein expression and aggregation in the ENS in PD and raise issues about the possible role of gastrointestinal inflammation in the development of PD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Prigent
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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30
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Chesné J, Cardoso V, Veiga-Fernandes H. Neuro-immune regulation of mucosal physiology. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:10-20. [PMID: 30089849 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal barriers constitute major body surfaces that are in constant contact with the external environment. Mucosal sites are densely populated by a myriad of distinct neurons and immune cell types that sense, integrate and respond to multiple environmental cues. In the recent past, neuro-immune interactions have been reported to play central roles in mucosal health and disease, including chronic inflammatory conditions, allergy and infectious diseases. Discrete neuro-immune cell units act as building blocks of this bidirectional multi-tissue cross-talk, ensuring mucosal tissue health and integrity. Herein, we will focus on reciprocal neuro-immune interactions in the airways and intestine. Such neuro-immune cross-talk maximizes sensing and integration of environmental aggressions, which can be considered an important paradigm shift in our current views of mucosal physiology and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chesné
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisboa, Portugal
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31
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Grover M, Gibbons SJ, Nair AA, Bernard CE, Zubair AS, Eisenman ST, Wilson LA, Miriel L, Pasricha PJ, Parkman HP, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW, Koch KL, Abell TL, Snape WJ, Kuo B, Shulman RJ, McKenzie TJ, Kellogg TA, Kendrick ML, Tonascia J, Hamilton FA, Farrugia G. Transcriptomic signatures reveal immune dysregulation in human diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:62. [PMID: 30086735 PMCID: PMC6081936 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular changes described in human gastroparesis have revealed a role for immune dysregulation, however, a mechanistic understanding of human gastroparesis and the signaling pathways involved are still unclear. METHODS Diabetic gastroparetics, diabetic non-gastroparetic controls, idiopathic gastroparetics and non-diabetic non-gastroparetic controls underwent full-thickness gastric body biopsies. Deep RNA sequencing was performed and pathway analysis of differentially expressed transcripts was done using Ingenuity®. A subset of differentially expressed genes in diabetic gastroparesis was validated in a separate cohort using QT-PCR. RESULTS 111 genes were differentially expressed in diabetic gastroparesis and 181 in idiopathic gastroparesis with a log2fold difference of | ≥ 2| and false detection rate (FDR) < 5%. Top canonical pathways in diabetic gastroparesis included genes involved with macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis pathway and differential regulation of cytokine production in macrophages and T helper cells by IL-17A and IL-17F. Top canonical pathways in idiopathic gastroparesis included genes involved in granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, and role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty-five differentially expressed genes (log2fold difference | ≥ 2|, FDR < 5%) were common in both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis with genes in the top 5 canonical pathways associated with immune signaling. 4/5 highly differentially expressed genes (SGK1, APOLD1, CXCR4, CXCL2, and FOS) in diabetic gastroparesis were validated in a separate cohort of patients using RT-PCR. Immune profile analysis revealed that genes associated with M1 (pro inflammatory) macrophages were enriched in tissues from idiopathic gastroparesis tissues compared to controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis have both unique and overlapping transcriptomic signatures. Innate immune signaling likely plays a central role in pathogenesis of human gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Grover
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Asha A Nair
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl E Bernard
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Adeel S Zubair
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Seth T Eisenman
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laura A Wilson
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Miriel
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Braden Kuo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Tonascia
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank A Hamilton
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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32
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Lionnet A, Wade MA, Corbillé AG, Prigent A, Paillusson S, Tasselli M, Gonzales J, Durieu E, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Coron E, Duchalais E, Neunlist M, Perkinton MS, Hanger DP, Noble W, Derkinderen P. Characterisation of tau in the human and rodent enteric nervous system under physiological conditions and in tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:65. [PMID: 30037345 PMCID: PMC6055332 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is normally a highly soluble phosphoprotein found predominantly in neurons. Six different isoforms of tau are expressed in the adult human CNS. Under pathological conditions, phosphorylated tau aggregates are a defining feature of neurodegenerative disorders called tauopathies. Recent findings have suggested a potential role of the gut-brain axis in CNS homeostasis, and therefore we set out to examine the isoform profile and phosphorylation state of tau in the enteric nervous system (ENS) under physiological conditions and in tauopathies. Surgical specimens of human colon from controls, Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients were analyzed by Western Blot and immunohistochemistry using a panel of anti-tau antibodies. We found that adult human ENS primarily expresses two tau isoforms, localized in the cell bodies and neuronal processes. We did not observe any difference in the enteric tau isoform profile and phosphorylation state between PSP, PD and control subjects. The htau mouse model of tauopathy also expressed two main isoforms of human tau in the ENS, and there were no apparent differences in ENS tau localization or phosphorylation between wild-type and htau mice. Tau in both human and mouse ENS was found to be phosphorylated but poorly susceptible to dephosphorylation with lambda phosphatase. To investigate ENS tau phosphorylation further, primary cultures from rat enteric neurons, which express four isoforms of tau, were pharmacologically manipulated to show that ENS tau phosphorylation state can be regulated, at least in vitro. Our study is the first to characterize tau in the rodent and human ENS. As a whole, our findings provide a basis to unravel the functions of tau in the ENS and to further investigate the possibility of pathological changes in enteric neuropathies and tauopathies.
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33
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Cardoso SM, Empadinhas N. The Microbiome-Mitochondria Dance in Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:471. [PMID: 29867531 PMCID: PMC5954091 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is an immunologically active organ where neurons and glia cells orchestrate complex innate immune responses against infections and injuries. Neuronal responses involve Toll-like or Nod-like receptors and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines. The endosymbiotic theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria from primitive bacteria, suggests that they may have also retained the capacity to activate neuronal innate immunity. In fact, it was shown that mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns could signal and activate innate immunity and inflammation. Moreover, the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis for sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) argues that altered mitochondrial metabolism and function can drive neurodegeneration. Additionally, a neuroinflammatory signature with increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in PD affected brain areas was recently detected. Herein, we propose that a cascade of events initiating in a dysbiotic gut microbiome drive the production of toxins or antibiotics that target and damage mitochondria. This in turn activates neuronal innate immunity and triggers sterile inflammation phenomena that culminate in the neurodegenerative processes observed in the enteric and in the central nervous systems and that ultimately lead to Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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34
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Schneider LCL, do Nascimento JCP, Trevizan AR, Góis MB, Borges SC, Beraldi EJ, Garcia JL, Sant'Ana DMG, Buttow NC. Toxoplasma gondii promotes changes in VIPergic submucosal neurons, mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and goblet cells during acute infection in the ileum of rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13264. [PMID: 29266818 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosa plays an important role in the mechanical barrier against pathogens. During Toxoplasma gondii infection, however, the parasites invade the epithelial cells of the small intestine and initiate a local immune response. In the submucosal plexus, this response promotes an imbalance of neurotransmitters and induces neuroplasticity, which can change the integrity of the epithelium and its secretory function. This study evaluated the submucosal neurons throughout acute T. gondii infection and the relationship between possible alterations and the epithelial and immune defense cells of the mucosa. METHODS Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 5): 1 control group, uninfected, and 7 groups infected with an inoculation of 5000 sporulated T. gondii oocysts (ME-49 strain, genotype II). Segments of the ileum were collected for standard histological processing, histochemical techniques, and immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS The infection caused progressive neuronal loss in the submucosal general population and changed the proportion of VIPergic neurons throughout the infection periods. These changes may be related to the observed reduction in goblet cells that secret sialomucins and increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes after 24 hours, and the increase in immune cells in the lamina propria after 10 days of infection. The submucosa also presented fibrogenesis, characterizing injury and tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The acute T. gondii infection in the ileum of rats changes the proportion of VIPergic neurons and the epithelial cells, which can compromise the mucosal defense during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C L Schneider
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J C P do Nascimento
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A R Trevizan
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M B Góis
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - S C Borges
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E J Beraldi
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J L Garcia
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D M G Sant'Ana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N C Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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35
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Brun P, Qesari M, Marconi PC, Kotsafti A, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Schwendener RA, Scarpa M, Giron MC, Palù G, Calistri A, Castagliuolo I. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infects Enteric Neurons and Triggers Gut Dysfunction via Macrophage Recruitment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:74. [PMID: 29600197 PMCID: PMC5862801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic pathogen widespread in human population, infects the enteric nervous system (ENS) in humans and rodents and causes intestinal neuromuscular dysfunction in rats. Although infiltration of inflammatory cells in the myenteric plexus and neurodegeneration of enteric nerves are common features of patients suffering from functional intestinal disorders, the proof of a pathogenic link with HSV-1 is still unsettled mainly because the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study we demonstrated that following intragastrical administration HSV-1 infects neurons within the myenteric plexus resulting in functional and structural alterations of the ENS. By infecting mice with HSV-1 replication-defective strain we revealed that gastrointestinal neuromuscular anomalies were however independent of viral replication. Indeed, enteric neurons exposed to UV-inactivated HSV-1 produced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) to recruit activated macrophages in the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus. Infiltrating macrophages produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and directly harmed enteric neurons resulting in gastrointestinal dysmotility. In HSV-1 infected mice intestinal neuromuscular dysfunctions were ameliorated by in vivo administration of (i) liposomes containing dichloromethylene bisphosphonic acid (clodronate) to deplete tissue macrophages, (ii) CCR2 chemokine receptor antagonist RS504393 to block the CCL2/CCR2 pathway, (iii) Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and AR-C 102222 to quench production of nitrogen reactive species produced via iNOS. Overall these data demonstrate that HSV-1 infection makes enteric neurons recruit macrophages via production of a specific chemoattractant factor. The resulting inflammatory reaction is mandatory for intestinal dysmotility. These findings provide insights into the neuro-immune communication that occurs in the ENS following HSV-1 infection and allow recognition of an original pathophysiologic mechanism underlying gastrointestinal diseases as well as identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marsela Qesari
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Peggy C Marconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Scarpa
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria C Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Makowska K, Mikolajczyk A, Calka J, Gonkowski S. Neurochemical characterization of nerve fibers in the porcine gallbladder wall under physiological conditions and after the administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:73-83. [PMID: 30090564 PMCID: PMC6062139 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, bacterial endotoxin) are a component of the cellular membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which is known as an important pathological factor. In spite of many previous studies describing multidirectional negative effects of LPS on living organisms, the knowledge concerning the influence of bacterial endotoxins on the gallbladder innervation is extremely scarce. The present study, based on the immunofluorescence technique, describes the changes in the neurochemical characterization of nerves within various parts of the porcine gallbladder (neck, body and fundus) after the administration of low doses of LPS. The obtained results show that even low doses of bacterial endotoxins affect the nerve structures within the gallbladder wall and the intensity of fluctuations in immunoreactivity to particular substances clearly depends on the part of the investigated organ. The most evident changes were observed in the case of fibers exhibiting the presence of neuropeptide Y (an increase from 7.84 ± 0.17 to 14.66 ± 0.37) in the neck, substance P (an increase from 0.88 ± 0.1 to 8.4 ± 0.3) in the body and the vesicular acetylocholine transporter in the gallbladder's fundus (an increase from 4.29 ± 0.18 to 11.01 ± 0.26). The mechanisms of the observed changes still remain unclear, but probably they are connected with the pro-inflammatory and/or neurodegenerative activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Anita Mikolajczyk
- Department of Public Health , Epidemiology and Microbiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Calka
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
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37
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Lai NY, Mills K, Chiu IM. Sensory neuron regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and bacterial host defence. J Intern Med 2017; 282:5-23. [PMID: 28155242 PMCID: PMC5474171 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal tract have multifaceted roles in maintaining homeostasis, detecting danger and initiating protective responses. The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by three types of sensory neurons: dorsal root ganglia, nodose/jugular ganglia and intrinsic primary afferent neurons. Here, we examine how these distinct sensory neurons and their signal transducers participate in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and host defence. Sensory neurons are equipped with molecular sensors that enable neuronal detection of diverse environmental signals including thermal and mechanical stimuli, inflammatory mediators and tissue damage. Emerging evidence shows that sensory neurons participate in host-microbe interactions. Sensory neurons are able to detect pathogenic and commensal bacteria through specific metabolites, cell-wall components, and toxins. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of bacterial detection by distinct subtypes of gut-innervating sensory neurons. Upon activation, sensory neurons communicate to the immune system to modulate tissue inflammation through antidromic signalling and efferent neural circuits. We discuss how this neuro-immune regulation is orchestrated through transient receptor potential ion channels and sensory neuropeptides including substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Recent studies also highlight a role for sensory neurons in regulating host defence against enteric bacterial pathogens including Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Understanding how sensory neurons respond to gastrointestinal flora and communicate with immune cells to regulate host defence enhances our knowledge of host physiology and may form the basis for new approaches to treat gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lai
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Mills
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Chiu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Caputi V, Marsilio I, Cerantola S, Roozfarakh M, Lante I, Galuppini F, Rugge M, Napoli E, Giulivi C, Orso G, Giron MC. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Modulates Small Intestine Neuromuscular Function through Nitrergic and Purinergic Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28642706 PMCID: PMC5463746 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the homeostatic microflora-host crosstalk. TLR4-mediated modulation of both motility and enteric neuronal survival has been reported mainly for colon with limited information on the role of TLR4 in tuning structural and functional integrity of enteric nervous system (ENS) and in controlling small bowel motility. Methods: Male TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-, 9 ± 1 weeks old) and sex- and age-matched wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were used for the experiments. Alterations in ENS morphology and neurochemical code were assessed by immunohistochemistry whereas neuromuscular function was evaluated by isometric mechanical activity of ileal preparations following receptor and non-receptor-mediated stimuli and by gastrointestinal transit. Results: The absence of TLR4 induced gliosis and reduced the total number of neurons, mainly nNOS+ neurons, in ileal myenteric plexus. Furthermore, a lower cholinergic excitatory response with an increased inhibitory neurotransmission was found together with a delayed gastrointestinal transit. These changes were dependent on increased ileal non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxations mediated by a complex neuronal-glia signaling constituted by P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors, and NO produced by nNOS and iNOS. Conclusion: We provide novel evidence that TLR4 signaling is involved in the fine-tuning of P2 receptors controlling ileal contractility, ENS cell distribution, and inhibitory NANC neurotransmission via the combined action of NO and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP). For the first time, this study implicates TLR4 at regulating the crosstalk between glia and neurons in small intestine and helps to define its role in gastrointestinal motor abnormalities during dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marsilio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of PadovaPadova, Italy.,San Camillo HospitalTreviso, Italy
| | - Mona Roozfarakh
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich at MedwayKent, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, United States
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, United States.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (M.I.N.D.), University of California, Davis, SacramentoCA, United States
| | - Genny Orso
- IRCCS "E. Medea" Bosisio PariniLecco, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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Reichardt F, Chassaing B, Nezami BG, Li G, Tabatabavakili S, Mwangi S, Uppal K, Liang B, Vijay-Kumar M, Jones D, Gewirtz AT, Srinivasan S. Western diet induces colonic nitrergic myenteric neuropathy and dysmotility in mice via saturated fatty acid- and lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 signalling. J Physiol 2017; 595:1831-1846. [PMID: 28000223 PMCID: PMC5330876 DOI: 10.1113/jp273269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A high-fat diet (60% kcal from fat) is associated with motility disorders inducing constipation and loss of nitrergic myenteric neurons in the proximal colon. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, which occurs in response to HFD, contributes to endotoxaemia. High levels of lipopolysaccharide lead to apoptosis in cultured myenteric neurons that express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Consumption of a Western diet (WD) (35% kcal from fat) for 6 weeks leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with altered bacterial metabolites and increased levels of plasma free fatty acids. These disorders precede the nitrergic myenteric cell loss observed in the proximal colon. Mice lacking TLR4 did not exhibit WD-induced myenteric cell loss and dysmotility. Lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro enteric neurodegeneration requires the presence of palmitate and may be a result of enhanced NO production. The present study highlights the critical role of plasma saturated free fatty acids that are abundant in the WD with respect to driving enteric neuropathy and colonic dysmotility. ABSTRACT The consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with myenteric neurodegeneration, which in turn is associated with delayed colonic transit and constipation. We examined the hypothesis that an inherent increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in the HFD together with an HFD-induced alteration in gut microbiota contributes to the pathophysiology of these disorders. C57BL/6 mice were fed a Western diet (WD) (35% kcal from fat enriched in palmitate) or a purified regular diet (16.9% kcal from fat) for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. Gut microbiota dysbiosis was investigated by fecal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) measurement and metabolomics (linear trap quadrupole-Fourier transform mass spectrometer) analysis. Plasma FFA and LPS levels were assessed, in addition to colonic and ileal nitrergic myenteric neuron quantifications and motility. Compared to regular diet-fed control mice, WD-fed mice gained significantly more weight without blood glucose alteration. Dysbiosis was exhibited after 6 weeks of feeding, as reflected by increased fecal LPS and bacterial metabolites and concomitant higher plasma FFA. The numbers of nitrergic myenteric neurons were reduced in the proximal colon after 9 and 12 weeks of WD and this was also associated with delayed colonic transit. WD-fed Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-/- mice did not exhibit myenteric cell loss or dysmotility. Finally, LPS (0.5-2 ng·ml-1 ) and palmitate (20 and 30 μm) acted synergistically to induce neuronal cell death in vitro, which was prevented by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. In conclusion, WD-feeding results in increased levels of FFA and microbiota that, even in absence of hyperglycaemia or overt endotoxaemia, synergistically induce TLR4-mediated neurodegeneration and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Reichardt
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sahar Tabatabavakili
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Simon Mwangi
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Bill Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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40
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Chow AK, Gulbransen BD. Potential roles of enteric glia in bridging neuroimmune communication in the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G145-G152. [PMID: 28039160 PMCID: PMC5338608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of neurons and glia that controls ongoing gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Damage or injury to the ENS can lead to functional GI disorders. Current data support the conclusion that many functional GI disorders are caused by an imbalance between gut microbes and the immune system, but how the ENS is involved in these interactions is less understood. Because of the proximity of the ENS to bacteria and other foreign antigens in the GI tract, it is important to prevent the passage of these antigens through the GI epithelium. If any foreign compounds manage to pass through the GI epithelium, an immune response is triggered to prevent injury to the ENS and underlying structures. However, careful modulation of the inflammatory response is required to allow for adequate elimination of foreign antigens while avoiding inappropriate overactivation of the immune system as in autoimmune disorders. Enteric neurons and glial cells are capable of performing these immunomodulatory functions to provide adequate protection to the ENS. We review recent studies examining the interactions between the ENS and the immune system, with specific focus on enteric glial cells and their ability to modulate inflammation in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Chow
- 1Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- 1Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and ,2Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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41
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da Cunha Franceschi R, Nardin P, Machado CV, Tortorelli LS, Martinez-Pereira MA, Zanotto C, Gonçalves CA, Zancan DM. Enteric glial reactivity to systemic LPS administration: Changes in GFAP and S100B protein. Neurosci Res 2017; 119:15-23. [PMID: 28063977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used to induce inflammation and promotes nervous system activation. Different regions of the brain present heterogeneous glial responses; thus, in order to verify whether systemic LPS-induced inflammation affects the enteric glia differently across the intestinal segments, we evaluated the expressions of two glial activity markers, GFAP and S100B protein, in different intestine segments, at 1h, 24h and 7days after acute systemic LPS administration (0.25 or 2.5mgkg-1) in rats. Histological inflammatory analysis indicated that the cecum was most affected when compared to the duodenum and proximal colon at the highest doses of LPS. LPS induced an increased S100B content after 24h in all three regions, which decreased at 7days after the highest dose in all regions. Moreover, at 24h, this dose of LPS increased ex-vivo S100B secretion only in the cecum. The highest dose of LPS also increased GFAP in all regions at 24h, but earlier in the cecum, where LPS-induced enteric S100B and GFAP alterations were dependent on dose, time and intestine region. No associated changes in serum S100B were observed. Our results indicate heterogeneous enteric glial responses to inflammatory insult, as observed in distinct brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela da Cunha Franceschi
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Clivia Valle Machado
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caroline Zanotto
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil; Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil.
| | - Denise Maria Zancan
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
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42
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Burgueño JF, Barba A, Eyre E, Romero C, Neunlist M, Fernández E. TLR2 and TLR9 modulate enteric nervous system inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:187. [PMID: 27538577 PMCID: PMC4990868 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggest that the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays important roles in gastrointestinal inflammatory responses, which could be in part mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression and functionality of TLR2/4/9 in the ENS. METHODS TLR2/4/9 expression was assessed in the plexuses of adult rats and embryonic ENS cultures by immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR. Following stimulation with TLR2/4/9 ligands or their combinations, activation of NF-kB, production of TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 and chemoattraction of RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by means of Western blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence and migration assays in transwell inserts. RESULTS TLR2/4/9 staining colocalised with enteric neuronal markers, whereas their presence in enteroglial processes was low to inexistent. Stimulation of ENS cultures with selective ligands induced NF-kB activation and release of cytokines and chemokines by neurons and resident immunocytes. TLR2 neutralisation before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge reduced production of inflammatory mediators, whereas combination of TLR2/4 ligands promoted macrophage migration. Combined stimulation of cultures with LPS and the CpG oligonucleotide 1826 (TLR4/9 ligands) caused a synergic increase in chemoattraction and cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ENS, and particularly enteric neurons, can integrate a variety of microbial signals and respond in a relatively selective fashion, depending on the particular TLRs stimulated. These findings additionally suggest that the ENS is capable of initiating a defensive response against pathogens and expanding inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan F Burgueño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Albert Barba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elena Eyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Carolina Romero
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | | | - Ester Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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43
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Margolis KG, Gershon MD, Bogunovic M. Cellular Organization of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:487-501. [PMID: 27289177 PMCID: PMC5003109 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest immune organ; in vertebrates, it is the only organ whose function is controlled by its own intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), but it is additionally regulated by extrinsic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation. The GI nervous and immune systems are highly integrated in their common goal, which is to unite digestive functions with protection from ingested environmental threats. This review discusses the physiological relevance of enteric neuroimmune integration by summarizing the current knowledge of evolutionary and developmental pathways, cellular organization, and molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael David Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Di Liddo R, Bertalot T, Schuster A, Schrenk S, Müller O, Apfel J, Reischmann P, Rajendran S, Sfriso R, Gasparella M, Parnigotto PP, Conconi MT, Schäfer KH. Fluorescence-based gene reporter plasmid to track canonical Wnt signaling in ENS inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G337-46. [PMID: 26767983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00191.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In several gut inflammatory or cancer diseases, cell-cell interactions are compromised, and an increased cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin is observed. Over the last decade, numerous studies provided compelling experimental evidence that the loss of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion can promote β-catenin release and signaling without any specific activation of the canonical Wnt pathway. In the present work, we took advantage of the ability of lipofectamine-like reagent to cause a synchronous dissociation of adherent junctions in cells isolated from the rat enteric nervous system (ENS) for obtaining an in vitro model of deregulated β-catenin signaling. Under these experimental conditions, a green fluorescent protein Wnt reporter plasmid called ΔTop_EGFP3a was successfully tested to screen β-catenin stabilization at resting and primed conditions with exogenous Wnt3a or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ΔTop_EGFP3a provided a reliable and strong fluorescent signal that was easily measurable and at the same time highly sensitive to modulations of Wnt signaling following Wnt3a and LPS stimulation. The reporter gene was useful to demonstrate that Wnt3a exerts a protective activity in the ENS from overstimulated Wnt signaling by promoting a downregulation of the total β-catenin level. Based on this evidence, the use of ΔTop_EGFP3a reporter plasmid could represent a more reliable tool for the investigation of Wnt and cross-talking pathways in ENS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy;
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anne Schuster
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrenk
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oliver Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Johanna Apfel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patricia Reischmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Senthilkumar Rajendran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sfriso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Gasparella
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Tissue Engineering and Signaling-Onlus, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, Padova, Italy; and
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Cipriani G, Gibbons SJ, Kashyap PC, Farrugia G. Intrinsic Gastrointestinal Macrophages: Their Phenotype and Role in Gastrointestinal Motility. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:120-130.e1. [PMID: 27047989 PMCID: PMC4817106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the role of macrophages in the regulation and maintenance of gastrointestinal function in health and disease. This work has proceeded in the context of an increased understanding of the complex phenotypic variation in macrophages throughout the body and has revealed previously un-identified roles for macrophages in diseases like gastroparesis, post-operative ileus and inflammatory bowel disease. Opportunities for exploiting the phenotypic modulation of tissue resident macrophages have been identified as possible therapies for some of these diseases. In addition, macrophages are an established component of the innate immune system that can respond to variations and changes in the intestinal microbiome and potentially mediate part of the impact of the microbiota on intestinal health. We reviewed the latest work on novel concepts in defining macrophage phenotype, discuss possible mechanisms of action for tissue-resident macrophages in the gut, address the significance of microbiome effects on macrophage phenotype and review the known and possible roles of macrophages in motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cipriani
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Anitha M, Reichardt F, Tabatabavakili S, Nezami BG, Chassaing B, Mwangi S, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz A, Srinivasan S. Intestinal dysbiosis contributes to the delayed gastrointestinal transit in high-fat diet fed mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:328-339. [PMID: 27446985 PMCID: PMC4945127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS High-fat diet (HFD) feeding is associated with gastrointestinal motility disorders. We recently reported delayed colonic motility in mice fed a HFD mice for 11 weeks. In this study, we investigated the contributing role of gut microbiota in HFD-induced gut dysmotility. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD (60% kcal fat) or a regular/control diet (RD) (18% kcal fat) for 13 weeks. Serum and fecal endotoxin levels were measured, and relative amounts of specific gut bacteria in the feces assessed by real time PCR. Intestinal transit was measured by fluorescent-labeled marker and bead expulsion test. Enteric neurons were assessed by immunostaining. Oligofructose (OFS) supplementation with RD or HFD for 5 weeks was also studied. In vitro studies were performed using primary enteric neurons and an enteric neuronal cell line. RESULTS HFD-fed mice had reduced numbers of enteric nitrergic neurons and exhibited delayed gastrointestinal transit compared to RD-fed mice. HFD-fed mice had higher fecal Firmicutes and Escherichia coli and lower Bacteroidetes compared to RD-fed mice. OFS supplementation protected against enteric nitrergic neurons loss in HFD-fed mice, and improved intestinal transit time. OFS supplementation resulted in a reductions in fecal Firmicutes and Escherichia coli and serum endotoxin levels. In vitro, palmitate activation of TLR4 induced enteric neuronal apoptosis in a p-JNK1 dependent pathway. This apoptosis was prevented by a JNK inhibitor and in neurons from TLR4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Together our data suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in HFD fed mice contribute to the delayed intestinal motility by inducing a TLR4-dependant neuronal loss. Manipulation of gut microbiota with OFS improved intestinal motility in HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallappa Anitha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - François Reichardt
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Sahar Tabatabavakili
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Simon Mwangi
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Shanthi Srinivasan, MD, Division of Digestive Diseases, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Suite 201A, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. fax: (404) 727-5767.Division of Digestive DiseasesWhitehead Biomedical Research Building615 Michael StreetSuite 201AAtlantaGeorgia 30322
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Le Loupp AG, Bach-Ngohou K, Bourreille A, Boudin H, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Denis MG, Neunlist M, Masson D. Activation of the prostaglandin D2 metabolic pathway in Crohn's disease: involvement of the enteric nervous system. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 26338799 PMCID: PMC4558965 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent works provide evidence of the importance of the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) metabolic pathway in inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated the expression of PGD2 metabolic pathway actors in Crohn’s disease (CD) and the ability of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to produce PGD2 in inflammatory conditions. Methods Expression of key actors involved in the PGD2 metabolic pathway and its receptors was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in colonic mucosal biopsies of patients from three groups: controls, quiescent and active CD patients. To determine the ability of the ENS to secrete PGD2 in proinflammatory conditions, Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) expression by neurons and glial cells was analyzed by immunostaining. PGD2 levels were determined in a medium of primary culture of ENS and neuro-glial coculture model treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results In patients with active CD, inflamed colonic mucosa showed significantly higher COX2 and L-PGDS mRNA expression, and significantly higher PGD2 levels than healthy colonic mucosa. On the contrary, peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma (PPARG) expression was reduced in inflamed colonic mucosa of CD patients with active disease. Immunostaining showed that L-PGDS was expressed in the neurons of human myenteric and submucosal plexi. A rat ENS primary culture model confirmed this expression. PGD2 levels were significantly increased on primary culture of ENS treated with LPS. This production was abolished by AT-56, a specific competitive L-PGDS inhibitor. The neuro-glial coculture model revealed that each component of the ENS, ECG and neurons, could contribute to PGD2 production. Conclusions Our results highlight the activation of the PGD2 metabolic pathway in Crohn’s disease. This study supports the hypothesis that in Crohn’s disease, enteric neurons and glial cells form a functional unit reacting to inflammation by producing PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaelle Le Loupp
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Kalyane Bach-Ngohou
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Hélène Boudin
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Marc G Denis
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Damien Masson
- INSERM Unité 913, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Université Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, Nantes, F-44035, France. .,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France. .,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, F-44093, France.
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