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Zhang JB, Li MT, Lin SZ, Cheng YQ, Fan JG, Chen YW. Therapeutic Effect of Prolyl Endopeptidase Inhibitor in High-fat Diet-induced Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1035-1049. [PMID: 37577240 PMCID: PMC10412699 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a serine endopeptidase that participates in many pathological processes including inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Our previous studies found that PREP knockout exhibited multiple benefits in high-fat diet (HFD) or methionine choline-deficient diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, cumulative studies have suggested that PREP performs complex functions during disease development. Therefore, further understanding the role of PREP in MAFLD development is the foundation of PREP intervention. Methods In this study, an HFD-induced MAFLD model at different time points (4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks) was used to explore dynamic changes in the PREP proline-glycine-proline (PGP)/N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) system. To explore its potential value in MAFLD treatment, saline, or the PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, was administered to HFD-induced MAFLD mice from the 10th to 16th weeks. Results PREP activity and expression were increased in HFD-mice compared with control mice from the 12th week onwards, and increased PREP mainly resulted in the activation of the matrix metalloproteinase 8/9 (MMP8/9)-PREP-PGP axis rather than the thymosin β4-meprin α/PREP-AcSDKP axis. In addition, KYP-2047 reduced HFD-induced liver injury and oxidative stress, improved lipid metabolism through the suppression of lipogenic genes and the induction of β-oxidation-related genes, and attenuated hepatic inflammation by decreasing MMP8/9 and PGP. Moreover, KYP2047 restored HFD-induced impaired autophagy and this was verified in HepG2 cells. Conclusions These findings suggest that increased PREP activity/expression during MAFLD development might be a key factor in the transition from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and KYP-2047 might possess therapeutic potential for MAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang-Zhe Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qing Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Santos RPC, Toscano ECDB, Rachid MA. Anti-inflammatory strategies for hepatic encephalopathy: preclinical studies. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023. [PMID: 37487550 PMCID: PMC10371400 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a potentially reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome. Often, HE causes cognitive and motor dysfunctions due to an acute or chronic insufficiency of the liver or a shunting between the hepatic portal vein and systemic vasculature. Liver damage induces peripheral changes, such as in the metabolism and peripheral inflammatory responses that trigger exacerbated neuroinflammation. In experimental models, anti-inflammatory strategies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects, leading to a reduction in HE-related cognitive and motor impairments. In this scenario, a growing body of evidence has shown that peripheral and central nervous system inflammation are promising preclinical targets. In this review, we performed an overview of FDA-approved drugs and natural compounds which are used in the treatment of other neurological and nonneurological diseases that have played a neuroprotective role in experimental HE, at least in part, through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Despite the exciting results from animal models, the available data should be critically interpreted, highlighting the importance of translating the findings for clinical essays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pinto Coelho Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Patologia, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Juiz e Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Han S, Wang S, Fan X, Chen M, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang H, Ma Y, Wang J, Zhang C. Abnormal Expression of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) and Its Catalytic Products Ac-SDKP Contributes to the Ovarian Fibrosis Change in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1927. [PMID: 37509566 PMCID: PMC10377061 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder and metabolic syndrome. Ovarian fibrosis pathological change in PCOS has gradually attracted people's attention. In this study, we constructed a PCOS mouse model through the use of dehydroepiandrosterone. Sirius red staining showed that the ovarian tissues in PCOS mice had obvious fibrosis. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine protease and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is its catalytic product. Studies show that abnormal expression and activity of POP and Ac-SDKP are closely related to tissue fibrosis. It was found that the expression of POP and Ac-SDKP was decreased in the ovaries of PCOS mice. Further studies showed that POP and Ac-SDKP promoted the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) expression and decreased the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in granulosa cells. Hyperandrogenemia is a typical symptom of PCOS. We found that testosterone induced the low expression of POP and MMP2 and high expression of TGF-β1 in granulosa cells. POP overexpression and Ac-SDKP treatment inhibited the effect of testosterone on TGF-β1 and MMP2 in vitro and inhibited ovarian fibrosis in the PCOS mouse model. In conclusion, PCOS ovarian tissue showed obvious fibrosis. Low expression of POP and Ac-SDKP and changes in fibrotic factors contribute to the ovarian pathological fibrosis induced by androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Han
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Center for Drug Inspection of Guizhou Medical Products Administration, Guizhou Medical Products Administration, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Shimeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Mengchi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yingtong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongdan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yinyin Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Lin SZ, Wu WJ, Cheng YQ, Zhang JB, Jiang DX, Ren TY, Ding WJ, Liu M, Chen YW, Fan JG. Prolyl endopeptidase remodels macrophage function as a novel transcriptional coregulator and inhibits fibrosis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01027-8. [PMID: 37394591 PMCID: PMC10394032 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells crucial for host defense and homeostasis maintenance, and their dysregulation is involved in multiple pathological conditions, such as liver fibrosis. The transcriptional regulation in macrophage is indispensable for fine-tuning of macrophage functions, but the details have not been fully elucidated. Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase with both proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions. In this study, we found that Prep knockout significantly contributed to transcriptomic alterations in quiescent and M1/M2-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), as well as aggravated fibrosis in an experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. Mechanistically, PREP predominantly localized to the macrophage nuclei and functioned as a transcriptional coregulator. Using CUT&Tag and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that PREP was mainly distributed in active cis-regulatory genomic regions and physically interacted with the transcription factor PU.1. Among PREP-regulated downstream genes, genes encoding profibrotic cathepsin B and D were overexpressed in BMDMs and fibrotic liver tissue. Our results indicate that PREP in macrophages functions as a transcriptional coregulator that finely tunes macrophage functions, and plays a protective role against liver fibrosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Zhe Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Jie Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Qing Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dai-Xi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Yi Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen-Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Toppila M, Hytti M, Korhonen E, Ranta-Aho S, Harju N, Forsberg MM, Kaarniranta K, Jalkanen A, Kauppinen A. The Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitor KYP-2047 Is Cytoprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Defective Proteasomal Clearance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1279. [PMID: 37372009 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress, dysfunctional cellular clearance, and chronic inflammation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that has numerous cellular functions, including the regulation of oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and inflammation. PREP inhibition by KYP-2047 (4-phenylbutanoyl-L-prolyl1(S)-cyanopyrrolidine) has been associated with clearance of cellular protein aggregates and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, we studied the effects of KYP-2047 on inflammation, oxidative stress, cell viability, and autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with reduced proteasomal clearance. MG-132-mediated proteasomal inhibition in ARPE-19 cells was used to model declined proteasomal clearance in the RPEs of AMD patients. Cell viability was assessed using LDH and MTT assays. The amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCFDA). ELISA was used to determine the levels of cytokines and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases. The autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 and LC3 were measured with the western blot method. MG-132 induced LDH leakage and increased ROS production in the ARPE-19 cells, and KYP-2047 reduced MG-132-induced LDH leakage. Production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was concurrently alleviated by KYP-2047 when compared with cells treated only with MG-132. KYP-2047 had no effect on autophagy in the RPE cells, but the phosphorylation levels of p38 and ERK1/2 were elevated upon KYP-2047 exposure, and the inhibition of p38 prevented the anti-inflammatory actions of KYP-2047. KYP-2047 showed cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on RPE cells suffering from MG-132-induced proteasomal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Toppila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Ranta-Aho
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus M Forsberg
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Diversification of phenolic glucosides by two UDP-glucosyltransferases featuring complementary regioselectivity. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:208. [PMID: 36217200 PMCID: PMC9549646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucoside natural products have been showing great medicinal values and potentials. However, the production of glucosides by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and traditional biotransformation is insufficient to meet the fast-growing pharmaceutical demands. Microbial synthetic biology offers promising strategies for synthesis and diversification of plant glycosides. RESULTS In this study, the two efficient UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) (UGT85A1 and RrUGT3) of plant origin, that are capable of recognizing phenolic aglycons, are characterized in vitro. The two UGTs show complementary regioselectivity towards the alcoholic and phenolic hydroxyl groups on phenolic substrates. By combining a developed alkylphenol bio-oxidation system and these UGTs, twenty-four phenolic glucosides are enzymatically synthesized from readily accessible alkylphenol substrates. Based on the bio-oxidation and glycosylation systems, a number of microbial cell factories are constructed and applied to biotransformation, giving rise to a variety of plant and plant-like O-glucosides. Remarkably, several unnatural O-glucosides prepared by the two UGTs demonstrate better prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory and/or anti-inflammatory activities than those of the clinically used glucosidic drugs including gastrodin, salidroside and helicid. Furthermore, the two UGTs are also able to catalyze the formation of N- and S-glucosidic bonds to produce N- and S-glucosides. CONCLUSIONS Two highly efficient UGTs, UGT85A1 and RrUGT3, with distinct regioselectivity were characterized in this study. A group of plant and plant-like glucosides were efficiently synthesized by cell-based biotransformation using a developed alkylphenol bio-oxidation system and these two UGTs. Many of the O-glucosides exhibited better PEP inhibitory or anti-inflammatory activities than plant-origin glucoside drugs, showing significant potentials for new glucosidic drug development.
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Puris E, Jalkanen A, Auriola S, Loppi S, Korhonen P, Kanninen KM, Malm T, Koistinaho J, Gynther M. Systemic inflammation elevates cytosolic prolyl oligopeptidase protein expression but not peptidase activity in the cerebral cortices of familial Alzheimer`s disease modeling mice. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lindhout IA, Murray TE, Richards CM, Klegeris A. Potential neurotoxic activity of diverse molecules released by microglia. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105117. [PMID: 34186114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the professional immune cells of the brain, which support numerous physiological processes. One of the defensive functions provided by microglia involves secretion of cytotoxins aimed at destroying invading pathogens. It is also recognized that the adverse activation of microglia in diseased brains may lead to secretion of cytotoxic molecules, which could be damaging to the surrounding cells, including neurons. Several of these toxins, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, L-glutamate, and quinolinic acid, are widely recognized and well-studied. This review is focused on a structurally diverse group of less-established microglia neurotoxins, which were selected by applying the two criteria that these molecules 1) can be released by microglia, and 2) have the potential to be directly harmful to neurons. The following 11 molecules are discussed in detail: amyloid beta peptides (Aβ); cathepsin (Cat)B and CatD; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 and CXCL12 (5-67); high mobility group box (HMGB)1; lymphotoxin (LT)-α; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9; platelet-activating factor (PAF); and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP). Molecular mechanisms of their release by microglia and neurotoxicity, as well as available evidence implicating their involvement in human neuropathologies are summarized. Further studies on several of the above molecules are warranted to confirm either their microglial origin in the brain or direct neurotoxic effects. In addition, investigations into the differential secretion patterns of neurotoxins by microglia in response to diverse stimuli are required. This research could identify novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders involving adverse microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Lindhout
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Taryn E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Prolyl endopeptidase disruption reduces hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2021; 270:119131. [PMID: 33516698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a serine endopeptidase widely distributed in the body, and accumulated evidence suggests that PREP participates in inflammation and oxidative stress. Here, we explored the effect of PREP gene disruption on hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress status in a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. MAIN METHODS PREP gene disruption (PREPgt) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were placed on a control or an MCD diet for 4 weeks, respectively. The liver histopathological analysis and the number of inflammatory cells were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical staining. Inflammation-associated genes and cytokine levels in liver tissue were evaluated by quantitative PCR and ELISA. The levels of P53, Sesn2, Nrf2, HO-1, and oxidative stress indicators in mice and the palmitic acid (PA)-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were examined by immunoblotting and commercially available kits, respectively. KEY FINDINGS We found that PREP expression was upregulated in the MCD-induced NASH model. In addition, PREP disruption alleviated MCD-induced hepatic inflammation accompanied by diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells and secretion of inflammatory mediators. More importantly, the results of this study indicate that targeting PREP can improve oxidative stress status in the liver of MCD-diet mice and PA-exposed HepG2 cells. The effect is most likely mediated by the activation of P53 and its downstream signaling pathways (Sesn2/Nrf2/HO-1). SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed that PREP disruption (or inhibition) could decrease oxidative stress and inflammation and improve liver function, indicating that targeting PREP might be a new potential therapeutic option for NAFLD/NASH.
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García-Horsman JA. The role of prolyl oligopeptidase, understanding the puzzle. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:983. [PMID: 32953783 PMCID: PMC7475498 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sobolova K, Hrabinova M, Hepnarova V, Kucera T, Kobrlova T, Benkova M, Janockova J, Dolezal R, Prchal L, Benek O, Mezeiova E, Jun D, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Discovery of novel berberine derivatives with balanced cholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition profile. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112593. [PMID: 32688201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Berberine, a naturally occurring compound, possesses an interesting multipotent pharmacological profile potentially applicable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. In this study, a series of novel 22 berberine derivatives was developed and tested in vitro. Berberine core was substituted at position 9-O of its aromatic ring region. All the hybrids under the study revealed multi-targeted profile inhibiting prolyl oligopeptidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase highlighting 4a, 4g, 4j, 4l and 4s possessing balanced activities in the micromolar range. The top-ranked candidates in terms of the most pronounced potency against POP, AChE and BChE can be classified as 4d, 4u and 4v, bearing 4-methylbenzyl, (naphthalen-2-yl)methylene and 1-phenoxyethyl moieties, respectively. In vitro data were corroborated by detailed kinetic analysis of the selected lead molecules. 4d, 4u and 4v were also inspected for their potential to inhibit aggregation of two abberant proteins in AD, namely amyloid beta and tau, indicating their potential disease-modifying properties. To explain the results of our study, we carried out docking simulation to the active sites of the respective enzyme with the best berberine derivatives, along with QSAR study. We also investigated compounds' potential permeability through blood-brain barrier by applying parallel artificial membrane permeation assay and addressed their cytotoxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sobolova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Department of Military Medical Service Organisation and Management, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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12
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Jiang DX, Zhang JB, Li MT, Lin SZ, Wang YQ, Chen YW, Fan JG. Prolyl endopeptidase gene disruption attenuates high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by improving hepatic steatosis and inflammation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:218. [PMID: 32309365 PMCID: PMC7154388 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a serine endopeptidase that regulates inflammatory responses. PREP inhibitors can reduce hepatocyte lipid accumulation and may participate in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether disruption of PREP regulates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice with NAFLD. Methods Wild-type and PREP gene disrupted mice were randomly divided into low-fat diet wild-type (LFD-WT), high-fat diet wild-type (HFD-WT), low-fat diet PREP disruption (LFD-PREPgt), and high-fat diet PREP disruption (HFD-PREPgt) groups. Animals were euthanized at the endpoint of 32 weeks. The NAFLD activity score and number of inflammatory cells were determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining of liver tissue. The expression levels of inflammation- and lipid metabolism-associated genes in the liver and serum were detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, mass spectrometry, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The body weight and epididymal fat tissue index of the HFD-PREPgt mice were significantly decreased compared with that of the HFD-WT mice. Moreover, the NAFLD activity score and liver function were attenuated in the HFD-PREPgt mice. Fat accumulation and the level of expression of mRNAs associated with lipid metabolism and proinflammatory responses were improved in the HFD-PREPgt mice. The number of CD68-positive cells in liver tissue and the serum levels of inflammation-associated factors were significantly decreased in the HFD-PREPgt mice compared with those in the HFD-WT mice. Further mechanistic investigations indicated that the protective effect of PREP disruption on liver inflammation was associated with the suppressed production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration. Conclusions Loss of PREP lowers the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory responses in a high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model. PREP inhibition may protect against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Xi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuang-Zhe Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, Jin J, Bader M, Myöhänen T, García-Horsman JA, Batlle D. Ang II (Angiotensin II) Conversion to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-Dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-Independent. Hypertension 2019; 75:173-182. [PMID: 31786979 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Angiotensin-(1-7) axis of the Renin Angiotensin System encompasses 3 enzymes that form Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] directly from Ang II: ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), PRCP (prolylcarboxypeptidase), and POP (prolyloligopeptidase). We investigated their relative contribution to Ang-(1-7) formation in vivo and also ex vivo in serum, lungs, and kidneys using models of genetic ablation coupled with pharmacological inhibitors. In wild-type (WT) mice, infusion of Ang II resulted in a rapid increase of plasma Ang-(1-7). In ACE2-/-/PRCP-/- mice, Ang II infusion resulted in a similar increase in Ang-(1-7) as in WT (563±48 versus 537±70 fmol/mL, respectively), showing that the bulk of Ang-(1-7) formation in circulation is essentially independent of ACE2 and PRCP. By contrast, a POP inhibitor, Z-Pro-Prolinal reduced the rise in plasma Ang-(1-7) after infusing Ang II to control WT mice. In POP-/- mice, the increase in Ang-(1-7) was also blunted as compared with WT mice (309±46 and 472±28 fmol/mL, respectively P=0.01), and moreover, the rate of recovery from acute Ang II-induced hypertension was delayed (P=0.016). In ex vivo studies, POP inhibition with ZZP reduced Ang-(1-7) formation from Ang II markedly in serum and in lung lysates. By contrast, in kidney lysates, the absence of ACE2, but not POP, obliterated Ang-(1-7) formation from added Ang II. We conclude that POP is the main enzyme responsible for Ang II conversion to Ang-(1-7) in the circulation and in the lungs, whereas Ang-(1-7) formation in the kidney is mainly ACE2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serfozo
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Gvantca Gulua
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Arndt Schulze
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Pan Liu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Jing Jin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.).,Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (T.M.), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
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Svarcbahs R, Jäntti M, Kilpeläinen T, Julku UH, Urvas L, Kivioja S, Norrbacka S, Myöhänen TT. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition activates autophagy via protein phosphatase 2A. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104558. [PMID: 31759088 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that has been studied particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases for decades but its physiological function has remained unclear. We have previously found that PREP negatively regulates beclin1-mediated macroautophagy (autophagy), and that PREP inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor induces clearance of protein aggregates in Parkinson's disease models. Since autophagy induction has been suggested as a potential therapy for several diseases, we wanted to further characterize how PREP regulates autophagy. We measured the levels of various kinases and proteins regulating beclin1-autophagy in HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cell cultures after PREP inhibition, PREP deletion, and PREP overexpression and restoration, and verified the results in vivo by using PREP knock-out and wild-type mouse tissue where PREP was restored or overexpressed, respectively. We found that PREP regulates autophagy by interacting with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and its endogenous inhibitor, protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME1), and activator (protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator, PTPA), thus adjusting its activity and the levels of PP2A in the intracellular pool. PREP inhibition and deletion increased PP2A activity, leading to activation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), beclin1 phosphorylation and induced autophagy while PREP overexpression reduced this. Lowered activity of PP2A is connected to several neurodegenerative disorders and cancers, and PP2A activators would have enormous potential as drug therapy but development of such compounds has been a challenge. The concept of PREP inhibition has been proved safe, and therefore, our study supports the further development of PREP inhibitors as PP2A activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Svarcbahs
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Jäntti
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Kilpeläinen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika H Julku
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Urvas
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Kivioja
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Norrbacka
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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The development and validation of a combined kinetic fluorometric activity assay for fibroblast activation protein alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:154-160. [PMID: 30981844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast activiation protein alpha (FAP) is considered a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for various types of cancer. FAP shares substrate specificity with prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), studied in (neuro)inflammation and neurodegeneration as well as cancer. Current assays inadequately discriminate between FAP and PREP and there is need for an assay that reliably quantitates the FAP/PREP activity ratio in plasma. METHODS FAP and PREP activities were measured in human EDTA-plasma in presence of well characterized PREP and FAP inhibitors. RESULTS A combined kinetic assay was developed in conditions to optimally measure FAP as well as PREP activity with Z-Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate. Limit of detection was 0.009 U/L and limit of quantitation was 0.027 U/L for the combined FAP-PREP assay. Within-run coefficient of variation was 3% and 4% and between-run precision was 7% and 12% for PREP and FAP, respectively. Accuracy was demonstrated by comparison with established end-point assays. Hemolysis interferes with the assay with 1.5 g/L hemoglobin as cut-off value. PREP (but not FAP) activity can increase upon lysis of platelets and red blood cells during sample preparation. CONCLUSION With this new assay, on average 67% of the Z-Gly-Pro-AMC converting activity in plasma can be attributed to FAP.
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16
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Ali I, Van Eetveldt A, Van Elzen R, Kalathil Raju T, Van Der Veken P, Lambeir A, Dedeurwaerdere S. Spatiotemporal expression and inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase contradict its involvement in key pathologic mechanisms of kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:92-101. [PMID: 30868119 PMCID: PMC6398098 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuroinflammatory processes and neuroplasticity and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this investigation was to explore the involvement of PREP in the neuropathologic mechanisms relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using a PREP inhibitor in a well-established rat model. METHODS PREP activity and expression was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats 2 and 12 weeks following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE). Continuous video-electroencephalography monitoring was performed for 2 weeks in the 12-week cohort to identify a relationship of PREP expression/activity with epileptic seizures. In addition, the animals included in the 2-week time point were treated with a specific inhibitor of PREP, KYP-2047, or saline continuously, starting immediately after SE. PREP activity and its expression were analyzed in rat brain by using enzyme kinetics and western blot. In addition, markers for microglial activation, astrogliosis, cell loss, and cell proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Enzymatic activity of PREP was unchanged following induction of SE after 2 and 12 weeks in rats. PREP activity in epileptic rats did not relate to the number of seizures/day at the 12-week time point. Moreover, continuous inhibition of PREP for 2 weeks after KASE did not alter the SE-mediated neuroinflammatory response, cell loss, or cell proliferation in the hippocampal subgranule zone measured at the 2-week time point. SIGNIFICANCE PREP inhibition does not affect key pathologic mechanisms, including activation of glial cells, cell loss, and neural progenitor cell proliferation, in this KASE model of TLE. The results do not support a direct role of PREP in seizure burden during the chronic epilepsy period in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Translational NeurosciencesUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Tom Kalathil Raju
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | | | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, VaxinfectioUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Present address:
UCB PharmaBraine‐l'AlleudBelgium
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17
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New tricks of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors - A common drug therapy for several neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 161:113-120. [PMID: 30660495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) expression levels, protein distribution, and activity correlate with aging and are reported in many neurodegenerative conditions. Together with decreased neuropeptide levels observed in aging and neurodegeneration, and PREP's ability to cleave only small peptides, PREP was identified as a druggable target. Known PREP non-enzymatic functions were disregarded or attributed to PREP enzymatic activity, and several potent small molecule PREP inhibitors were developed during early stages of PREP research. These showed a lot of potential but with variable results in experimental memory models, however, the initial excitement was short-lived and all of the clinical trials were discontinued in either Phase I or II clinical trials for unknown reasons. Recently, PREP's ability to form protein-protein interactions, alter cell proliferation and autophagy has gained more attention than earlier recognized catalytical activity. Of new findings, particularly the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) that is seen in the presence of PREP is especially interesting because PREP inhibitors are capable of altering aSyn-PREP interaction in a manner that reduces the aSyn dimerization process. Therefore, it is possible that PREP inhibitors that are altering interactions could have different characteristics than those aimed for strong inhibition of catalytic activity. Moreover, PREP co-localization with aSyn, tau, and amyloid-beta hints to PREP's possible role not only in the synucleinopathies but in other neurodegenerative diseases as well. This commentary will focus on less well-acknowledged non-enzymatic functions of PREP that may provide a better approach for the development of PREP inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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18
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Natunen TA, Gynther M, Rostalski H, Jaako K, Jalkanen AJ. Extracellular prolyl oligopeptidase derived from activated microglia is a potential neuroprotection target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:40-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu A. Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Aaro J. Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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19
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Prolyl oligopeptidase and its role in the organism: attention to the most promising and clinically relevant inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), also called prolyl endopeptidase, is a cytosolic enzyme investigated by several research groups. It has been proposed to play an important role in physiological processes such as modulation of the levels of several neuronal peptides and hormones containing a proline residue. Due to its proteolytic activity and physiological role in cell signaling pathways, inhibition of POP offers an emerging approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as other diseases related to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it may also represent an interesting target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and as an antiangiogenesis or antineoplastic agent. In this review paper, we summarized naturally occurring POP inhibitors together with peptide-like inhibitors and their biological effects. Some of them have shown promising results and interesting pharmacological profiles. However, to date, there is no POP inhibitor available on the market although several clinical trials have been undertaken.
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20
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Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28261087 PMCID: PMC5306367 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging brain, the correct balance of neural transmission and its regulation is of particular significance, and neuropeptides have a significant role. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a protein highly expressed in brain, and evidence indicates that it is related to aging and in neurodegenration. Although PREP is regarded as a peptidase, the physiological substrates in the brain have not been defined, and after intense research, the molecular mechanisms where this protein is involved have not been defined. We propose that PREP functions as a regulator of other proteins though peptide gated direct interaction. We speculate that, at least in some processes where PREP has shown to be relevant, the peptidase activity is only a consequence of the interactions, and not the main physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Arturo García-Horsman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Portugal B, Motta FN, Correa AF, Nolasco DO, de Almeida H, Magalhães KG, Atta ALV, Vieira FD, Bastos IMD, Santana JM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Prolyl Oligopeptidase Induces In vitro Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Peritoneal Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28223969 PMCID: PMC5293833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that leads to death over 1 million people per year worldwide and the biological mediators of this pathology are poorly established, preventing the implementation of effective therapies to improve outcomes in TB. Host-bacterium interaction is a key step to TB establishment and the proteases produced by these microorganisms seem to facilitate bacteria invasion, migration and host immune response evasion. We presented, for the first time, the identification, biochemical characterization, molecular dynamics (MDs) and immunomodulatory properties of a prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (POPMt). POP is a serine protease that hydrolyzes substrates with high specificity for proline residues and has already been characterized as virulence factor in infectious diseases. POPMt reveals catalytic activity upon N-Suc-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-AMC, a recognized POP substrate, with optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 37°C. The enzyme presents KM and Kcat/KM values of 108 μM and 21.838 mM-1 s-1, respectively. MDs showed that POPMt structure is similar to that of others POPs, which consists of a cylindrical architecture divided into an α/β hydrolase catalytic domain and a β-propeller domain. Finally, POPMt was capable of triggering in vitro secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by peritoneal macrophages, an event dependent on POPMt intact structure. Our data suggests that POPMt may contribute to an inflammatory response during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Portugal
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília Brazil
| | - Flávia N Motta
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, BrasíliaBrazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Andre F Correa
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, BrasíliaBrazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Diego O Nolasco
- Physics Course and Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hugo de Almeida
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília Brazil
| | - Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana L V Atta
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Distrito Federal Brasília, Brazil
| | - Francisco D Vieira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Distrito Federal Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília Brazil
| | - Jaime M Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília Brazil
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Kang DJ, Betrapally NS, Ghosh SA, Sartor RB, Hylemon PB, Gillevet PM, Sanyal AJ, Heuman DM, Carl D, Zhou H, Liu R, Wang X, Yang J, Jiao C, Herzog J, Lippman HR, Sikaroodi M, Brown RR, Bajaj JS. Gut microbiota drive the development of neuroinflammatory response in cirrhosis in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1232-48. [PMID: 27339732 PMCID: PMC5033692 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms behind the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are unclear, although hyperammonemia and systemic inflammation through gut dysbiosis have been proposed. The aim of this work was to define the individual contribution of hyperammonemia and systemic inflammation on neuroinflammation in cirrhosis using germ-free (GF) and conventional mice. GF and conventional C57BL/6 mice were made cirrhotic using CCl4 gavage. These were compared to their noncirrhotic counterparts. Intestinal microbiota, systemic and neuroinflammation (including microglial and glial activation), serum ammonia, intestinal glutaminase activity, and cecal glutamine content were compared between groups. GF cirrhotic mice developed similar cirrhotic changes to conventional mice after 4 extra weeks (16 vs. 12 weeks) of CCl4 gavage. GF cirrhotic mice exhibited higher ammonia, compared to GF controls, but this was not associated with systemic or neuroinflammation. Ammonia was generated through increased small intestinal glutaminase activity with concomitantly reduced intestinal glutamine levels. However, conventional cirrhotic mice had intestinal dysbiosis as well as systemic inflammation, associated with increased serum ammonia, compared to conventional controls. This was associated with neuroinflammation and glial/microglial activation. Correlation network analysis in conventional mice showed significant linkages between systemic/neuroinflammation, intestinal microbiota, and ammonia. Specifically beneficial, autochthonous taxa were negatively linked with brain and systemic inflammation, ammonia, and with Staphylococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Streptococcaceae. Enterobacteriaceae were positively linked with serum inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Gut microbiota changes drive development of neuroinflammatory and systemic inflammatory responses in cirrhotic animals. (Hepatology 2016;64:1232-1248).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joong Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Siddhartha A Ghosh
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- National Gnotobiotic Rodent Resource Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Daniel Carl
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Runping Liu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- National Gnotobiotic Rodent Resource Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - H Robert Lippman
- Division of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Robert R Brown
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA.
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23
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Höfling C, Kulesskaya N, Jaako K, Peltonen I, Männistö PT, Nurmi A, Vartiainen N, Morawski M, Zharkovsky A, Võikar V, Roßner S, García-Horsman JA. Deficiency of prolyl oligopeptidase in mice disturbs synaptic plasticity and reduces anxiety-like behaviour, body weight, and brain volume. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1048-61. [PMID: 26996375 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and has been considered a drug target to enhance memory in dementia. However, the true physiological role of PREP is not yet understood. In this paper, we report the phenotyping of a mouse line where the PREP gene has been knocked out. This work indicates that the lack of PREP in mice causes reduced anxiety but also hyperactivity. The cortical volumes of PREP knockout mice were smaller than those of wild type littermates. Additionally, we found increased expression of diazepam binding inhibitor protein in the cortex and of the somatostatin receptor-2 in the hippocampus of PREP knockout mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and tail suspension test revealed lack of response of PREP knockout mice to lipopolysaccharide insult. Further analysis revealed significantly increased levels of polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule in PREP deficient mice. These findings might be explained as possible alteration in brain plasticity caused by PREP deficiency, which in turn affect behaviour and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Iida Peltonen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Nurmi
- Charles River Drug Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
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