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Lin Y, Liu S, Sun Y, Chen C, Yang S, Pei G, Lin M, Yu J, Liu X, Wang H, Long J, Yan Q, Liang J, Yao J, Yi F, Meng L, Tan Y, Chen N, Yang Y, Ai Q. CCR5 and inflammatory storm. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102286. [PMID: 38561044 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Chemokines and their corresponding receptors play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammatory and immune responses, particularly in the context of pathological conditions disrupting the internal environment. Among these receptors, CCR5 has garnered considerable attention due to its significant involvement in the inflammatory cascade, serving as a pivotal mediator of neuroinflammation and other inflammatory pathways associated with various diseases. However, a notable gap persists in comprehending the intricate mechanisms governing the interplay between CCR5 and its ligands across diverse and intricate inflammatory pathologies. Further exploration is warranted, especially concerning the inflammatory cascade instigated by immune cell infiltration and the precise binding sites within signaling pathways. This study aims to illuminate the regulatory axes modulating signaling pathways in inflammatory cells by providing a comprehensive overview of the pathogenic processes associated with CCR5 and its ligands across various disorders. The primary focus lies on investigating the pathomechanisms associated with CCR5 in disorders related to neuroinflammation, alongside the potential impact of aging on these processes and therapeutic interventions. The discourse culminates in addressing current challenges and envisaging potential future applications, advocating for innovative research endeavors to advance our comprehension of this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Hospital for Matemal&Child Health Care Affiliated to Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Gang Pei
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Technology Innovation Center/National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Chinese Medicine Powders and Innovative Drugs, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Junpeng Long
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jinping Liang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Nephrology Department, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan 411100, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yantao Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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Garg A, Lim JK. A Pocket Guide to CCR5-Neurotropic Flavivirus Edition. Viruses 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38257729 PMCID: PMC10820758 DOI: 10.3390/v16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is among the most studied chemokine receptors due to its profound significance in human health and disease. The notion that CCR5 is a functionally redundant receptor was challenged through the demonstration of its unique protective role in the context of West Nile virus in both mice and humans. In the nearly two decades since this initial discovery, numerous studies have investigated the role of CCR5 in the context of other medically important neurotropic flaviviruses, most of which appear to support a broad neuroprotective role for this receptor, although how CCR5 exerts its protective effect has been remarkably varied. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which CCR5 controls neurotropic flaviviruses, as well as results from human studies evaluating a genetic link to CCR5, and propose unexplored areas of research that are needed to unveil even more exciting roles for this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Worku DA. Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6859. [PMID: 37959323 PMCID: PMC10650904 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33-60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. Importantly, the incidence of TBE is increasing, and due to global warming, its epidemiology is evolving, with new foci of transmission reported across Europe and in the UK. As such, a better understanding of the symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of TBE is required to inform healthcare professionals going forward, which this review addresses in detail. To this end, the need for robust national surveillance data and randomised control trial data regarding the use of various antivirals (e.g., Galidesivir and 7-deaza-2'-CMA), monoclonal antibodies, and glucocorticoids is required to improve the management and outcomes of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Adam Worku
- Infectious Diseases, Morriston Hospital, Heol Maes Eglwys, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK;
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
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Bogovič P, Kastrin A, Lotrič-Furlan S, Ogrinc K, Avšič Županc T, Korva M, Knap N, Resman Rus K, Strle K, Strle F. Comparison of laboratory and immune characteristics of the initial and second phase of tick-borne encephalitis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1647-1656. [PMID: 35657098 PMCID: PMC9225760 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2086070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) usually has a biphasic course which begins with unspecific febrile illness, followed by central nervous system involvement. Because TBE is not yet suspected during the initial phase, knowledge of early TBE pathogenesis is incomplete. Herein we evaluated laboratory and immune findings in the initial and second (meningoencephalitic) phase of TBE in 88 well-defined adult patients. Comparison of nine laboratory blood parameters in both phases of TBE revealed that laboratory abnormalities, consisting of low leukocyte and platelet counts and increased liver enzymes levels, were predominately associated with the initial phase of TBE and resolved thereafter. Assessment of 29 immune mediators in serum during the initial phase, and in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the second phase of TBE revealed highly distinct clustering patterns among the three groups. In the initial phase of TBE, the primary finding in serum was a rather heterogeneous immune response involving innate (CXCL11), B cell (CXCL13, BAFF), and T cell mediators (IL-27 and IL-4). During the second phase of TBE, growth factors associated with angiogenesis (GRO-α and VEGF-A) were the predominant characteristic in serum, whereas innate and Th1 mediators were the defining feature of immune responses in CSF. These findings imply that distinct immune processes play a role in the pathophysiology of different phases of TBE and in different compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bogovič
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Kastrin
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanka Lotrič-Furlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Ogrinc
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Knap
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Resman Rus
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Strle
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chiffi G, Grandgirard D, Stöckli S, Valente LG, Adamantidis A, Leib SL. Tick-borne encephalitis affects sleep–wake behavior and locomotion in infant rats. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:121. [PMID: 35918749 PMCID: PMC9344439 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a disease affecting the central nervous system. Over the last decade, the incidence of TBE has steadily increased in Europe and Asia despite the availably of effective vaccines. Up to 50% of patients after TBE suffer from post-encephalitic syndrome that may develop into long-lasting morbidity. Altered sleep–wake functions have been reported by patients after TBE. The mechanisms causing these disorders in TBE are largely unknown to date. As a first step toward a better understanding of the pathology of TBEV-inducing sleep dysfunctions, we assessed parameters of sleep structure in an established infant rat model of TBE. Methods 13-day old Wistar rats were infected with 1 × 106 FFU Langat virus (LGTV). On day 4, 9, and 21 post infection, Rotarod (balance and motor coordination) and open field tests (general locomotor activity) were performed and brains from representative animals were collected in each subgroup. On day 28 the animals were implanted with a telemetric EEG/EMG system. Sleep recording was continuously performed for 24 consecutive hours starting at day 38 post infection and visually scored for Wake, NREM, and REM in 4 s epochs. Results As a novelty of this study, infected animals showed a significant larger percentage of time spend awake during the dark phase and less NREM and REM compared to the control animals (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Furthermore, it was seen, that during the dark phase the wake bout length in infected animals was prolonged (p = 0.043) and the fragmentation index decreased (p = 0.0085) in comparison to the control animals. LGTV-infected animals additionally showed a reduced rotarod performance ability at day 4 (p = 0.0011) and day 9 (p = 0.0055) and day 21 (p = 0.0037). A lower locomotor activity was also seen at day 4 (p = 0.0196) and day 9 (p = 0.0473). Conclusion Our data show that experimental TBE in infant rats affects sleep–wake behavior, leads to decreased spontaneous locomotor activity, and impaired moto-coordinative function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00859-7.
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Soltani Khaboushan A, Pahlevan-Fallahy MT, Shobeiri P, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Cytokines and chemokines profile in encephalitis patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273920. [PMID: 36048783 PMCID: PMC9436077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis is caused by autoimmune or infectious agents marked by brain inflammation. Investigations have reported altered concentrations of the cytokines in encephalitis. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between encephalitis and alterations of cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. METHODS We found possibly suitable studies by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, systematically from inception to August 2021. 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis. To investigate sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted. The protocol of the study has been registered in PROSPERO with a registration ID of CRD42021289298. RESULTS A total of 23 met our eligibility criteria to be included in the meta-analysis. A total of 12 cytokines were included in the meta-analysis of CSF concentration. Moreover, 5 cytokines were also included in the serum/plasma concentration meta-analysis. According to the analyses, patients with encephalitis had higher CSF amounts of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10, and TNF-α than healthy controls. The alteration in the concentration of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL13, and IFN-γ was not significant. In addition, the serum/plasma levels of the TNF-α were increased in encephalitis patients, but serum/plasma concentration of the IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, and CXCL13 remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence for higher CSF concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10, and TNF-α in encephalitis patients compared to controls. The diagnostic and prognostic value of these cytokines and chemokines should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Soltani Khaboushan
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taha Pahlevan-Fallahy
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Non–Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antônio L. Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Grygorczuk S, Dunaj-Małyszko J, Sulik A, Toczyłowski K, Czupryna P, Żebrowska A, Parczewski M. The Lack of the Association of the CCR5 Genotype with the Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the Polish Population. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030318. [PMID: 35335642 PMCID: PMC8955457 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The host factors influencing the susceptibility to and the severity of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are poorly defined. The loss-of-function Δ32 mutation in the chemokine receptor gene CCR5 was identified as a risk factor for West Nile encephalitis and possibly for TBE, suggesting a protective role of CCR5 in Flavivirus encephalitis. Methods: We studied the CCR5 genotype in 205 TBE patients stratified by a clinical presentation and 257 controls from the same endemic area (Podlasie, Poland). The genotype distribution between the groups and differences between TBE patients with different genotypes were analyzed. Results: There were 36 (17.6%) CCR5Δ32 heterozygotes and 3 (1.5%) homozygotes in the TBE group, with no statistically significant difference in comparison with the controls. The CCR5Δ32 allele did not associate with the clinical presentation or the severity of TBE. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory parameters did not differ between the wild-type (wt/wt) and wt/Δ32 genotype patients. The TBE clinical presentation and CSF parameters in three Δ32/Δ32 homozygotes were unremarkable. Conclusions: The lack of association of CCR5Δ32 with the risk and clinical presentation of TBE challenges the suspected CCR5 protective role. CCR5 is not indispensable for the effective immune response against the TBE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (J.D.-M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Justyna Dunaj-Małyszko
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (J.D.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Artur Sulik
- Department of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Jerzego Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland; (A.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Kacper Toczyłowski
- Department of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Jerzego Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland; (A.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (J.D.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Żebrowska
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 23, 15-950 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of the Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Arkońska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
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Grygorczuk S, Czupryna P, Pancewicz S, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Siemieniako A, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. The increased intrathecal expression of the monocyte-attracting chemokines CCL7 and CXCL12 in tick-borne encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:452-462. [PMID: 33876413 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a relatively severe and clinically variable central nervous system (CNS) disease with a significant contribution of a secondary immunopathology. Monocytes/macrophages play an important role in the CNS inflammation, but their pathogenetic role and migration mechanisms in flavivirus encephalitis in humans are not well known. We have retrospectively analyzed blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monocyte counts in 240 patients with TBE presenting as meningitis (n = 110), meningoencephalitis (n = 114), or meningoencephalomyelitis (n = 16), searching for associations with other laboratory parameters, clinical presentation, and severity. We have measured concentrations of selected monocytes-attracting chemokines (CCL7, CXCL12, CCL20) in serum and CSF of the prospectively recruited patients with TBE (n = 15), with non-TBE aseptic meningitis (n = 6) and in non-infected controls (n = 8). The data were analyzed with non-parametric tests, p < 0.05 considered significant. Monocyte CSF count correlated with other CSF inflammatory parameters, but not with the peripheral monocytosis, consistent with an active recruitment into CNS. The monocyte count did not correlate with a clinical presentation. The median CSF concentration of CCL7 and CXCL12 was increased in TBE, and that of CCL7 was higher in TBE than in non-TBE meningitis. The comparison of serum and CSF concentrations pointed to the intrathecal synthesis of CCL7 and CXCL12, but with no evident concentration gradients toward CSF. In conclusion, the monocytes are recruited into the intrathecal compartment in concert with other leukocyte populations in TBE. CCL7 and CXCL12 have been found upregulated intrathecally but are not likely to be the main monocyte chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siemieniako
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department, of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
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Analysis of CCL-4, CCL-17, CCL-20 and IL-8 concentrations in the serum of patients with tick-borne encephalitis and anaplasmosis. Cytokine 2019; 125:154852. [PMID: 31561102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tick-borne co-infections are a serious epidemiological and clinical problem. Only a few studies aimed to investigate the effect of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) co-infection in the course of the inflammatory process and the participation of chemokines in the pathomechanism of these diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate CCL-4, CCL-17, CCL-20, and IL-8 serum concentrations in patients with HGA, TBE and HGA + TBE co-infection. METHODS Eighty-seven patients with HGA (n = 20), TBE (n = 49) and HGA + TBE (n = 18) were included to the study. The control group (CG) consisted of 20 healthy people. Concentrations of cytokines were measured in serum using commercial ELISA assays. In patients with TBE and HGA + TBE inflammatory markers were assessed during the acute and convalescent period. The results were analyzed using non-parametric tests with p < 0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS Before treatment, significantly higher concentrations of IL-8, CCL-4 and CCL-20 were observed in HGA patients. CCL-4 and CCL-20 concentrations were significantly higher in TBE patients compared to CG. Concentrations of IL-8, CCL-4, and CCL-20 were significantly higher in HGA + TBE than in CG. After treatment, a significant reduction of IL-8, CCL-4, and CCL-20 concentrations in TBE patients and IL-8 in HGA + TBE co-infection was observed. CCL-4 concentration was higher in HGA + TBE co-infection in comparison to patients with TBE after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that concentrations of IL-8, CCL-4, and CCL-20 are increased in the course of HGA and TBE. Their concentrations in serum may be used to monitor the course of TBE and HGA, as well as possibly detect co-infections with the diseases.
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Wang X, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Xu H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8 + T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation. FASEB J 2019; 33:8905-8912. [PMID: 31034775 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an essential role in HIV pathogenesis as the major coreceptor on CD4+ T cells used by HIV, yet the function of CCR5 on CD8 T cells is not well understood. Furthermore, the immunologic effects of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc (MVC), despite approval for clinical use, have not yet been well evaluated for their potential effects on cytotoxic T-cell responses. In this study, we characterized the development and function of CCR5+CD8+ T cells in rhesus macaques with or without Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. We also investigated the effects of the CCR5 antagonist MVC on functional CCR5+CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. The data show that CCR5+CD8+ T cells have an effector memory phenotype and increase with age in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues as a heterogeneous population of polyfunctional CD8 T cells. In addition, CCR5 is highly expressed on SIV gag-specific (CM9+) CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques, yet CCR5+CD8+ T cells are significantly reduced in mucosal lymphoid tissues with disease progression. Furthermore, in vitro MVC treatment reduced activation and cytokine secretion of CD8+ T cells via a CCR5-independent pathway. These findings suggest that surface CCR5 protein plays an important role in differentiation and activation of CD8+ T cells. Although MVC may be helpful in reducing chronic inflammation and activation, it may also inhibit virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Thus optimal use of CCR5 antagonists either alone or in combination with other drugs should be defined by further investigation.-Wang, X., Russell-Lodrigue, K. E., Ratterree, M. S., Veazey, R. S., Xu, H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Host immunogenetics in tick-borne encephalitis virus infection-The CCR5 crossroad. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:729-741. [PMID: 30879988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection is a complex event encompassing factors derived from the virus itself, the vectors, the final host, and the environment as well. Classically, genetic traits stand out among the human factors that modify the susceptibility and progression of infectious diseases. However, and although this is a changing scenario, studies evaluating the genetic factors that affect the susceptibility specifically to TBEV infection and TBEV-related diseases are still scarce. There are already some interesting pieces of evidence showing that some genes and polymorphisms have a real impact on TBEV infection. Also, the inflammatory processes involving tick-human interactions began to be understood in greater detail. This review focuses on the immunogenetic and inflammatory aspects concerning tick-host interactions, TBEV infections, and tick-borne encephalitis. Of note, it has been described that polymorphisms in CD209, GSTM1, IL-10, IL-28B, MMP9, OAS2, OAS3, and TLR3 have a statistically significant impact on TBEV infection. Besides, CCR5, its ligands, and the CCR5Δ32 genetic variant seem to have a very important influence on the infection and its immune responses. Taking this information into consideration, a special discussion regarding the effects of CCR5 on TBEV infection and tick-borne encephalitis will be presented. Emerging topics (such as exosomes, evasins, and CCR5 blockers) involving immunological and inflammatory aspects of TBEV-human interactions will also be addressed. Lastly, the current picture of TBEV infection and the importance to address the TBEV-associated problems through the One Health perspective will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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12
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Abstract
The tick-borne pathogen Powassan virus is a rare cause of encephalitis in North America and the Russian Far East. The number of documented cases described since the discovery of Powassan virus in 1958 may be <150, although detection of cases has increased over the past decade. In the United States, the incidence of Powassan virus infections expanded from the estimated 1 case per year prior to 2005 to 10 cases per year during the subsequent decade. The increased detection rate may be associated with several factors, including enhanced surveillance, the availability of improved laboratory diagnostic methods, the expansion of the vector population, and, perhaps, altered human activities that lead to more exposure. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether Powassan virus is indeed an emerging threat or if enzootic cycles in nature remain more-or-less stable with periodic fluctuations of host and vector population sizes. Despite the low disease incidence, the approximately 10% to 15% case fatality rate of neuroinvasive Powassan virus infection and the temporary or prolonged sequelae in >50% of survivors make Powassan virus a medical concern requiring the attention of public health authorities and clinicians. The medical importance of Powassan virus justifies more research on developing specific and effective treatments and prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kemenesi
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Liu Q, Gao Y, Zhang B, Sun F, Yang Q, Liu Y, Wu J, Chen K, Weng X, Zhang W, Huang R, Shao L. Cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis at a tertiary general hospital in China. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 53:216-224. [PMID: 30448438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a great deal of evidence indicating that cytokines participate in meningeal inflammation. Different cytokine profiles may be presented in central nervous system (CNS) infection due to different pathogens. We have attempted to investigate cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with CNS infection. METHODS Forty-three patients with CNS infection including tuberculous meningitis, purulent meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis were enrolled and 11 patients with normal CSF were enrolled as control group. The concentrations of Th1-, Th2- and Th17-type cytokines in CSF were detected using multiplex cytokine assay. Furthermore, the correlation between CSF cytokines and CSF parameters in CNS infection was analyzed. RESULTS The CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, IL-33, IFN-γ, TNF-α and sCD40L among the patients with CNS infection were all higher than control group (all P < 0.05). A remarkable elevation of CSF IL-6 in the patients with CNS infection was observed with the least overlap of the CSF concentrations compared to controls. Moreover, CSF IL-6 levels were strongly negatively correlated with CSF glucose and the CSF/blood glucose ratio (r = -0.4375, P = 0.0042; r = -0.4991, P = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS The excessive activation of immune response characterized by elevated levels of CSF Th1-, Th2- and Th17-type cytokines has been observed during CNS infection. Furthermore, we observed negative correlations between CSF IL-6 levels and CSF glucose and CSF/blood glucose ratio in CNS infection. And we suggested that combined CSF IL-6 levels with CSF glucose may serve as a novel biomarker pool for the differential of CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bingyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qingluan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xinhua Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruofan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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14
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Intrathecal expression of IL-5 and humoral response in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:896-911. [PMID: 29602685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the role of an early specific humoral response in human infection with a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and the role of IL-5 as its potential mediator and marker. MATERIALS AND METHODS The retrospective study involved a cohort of 199 patients diagnosed with TBE, in whom anti-TBEV IgM and IgG antibody titers were analyzed on admission and compared with clinical presentation and basic laboratory parameters. The prospective study included 50 TBE patients in whom IL-5 serum and CSF concentration was measured with ELISA on admission in the TBE neurologic phase and in selected patients before discharge, at follow-up or in samples obtained before the neurologic phase onset. RESULTS The serum anti-TBEV IgM correlated with good clinical outcome and the CSF anti-TBEV IgM with more pronounced CSF inflammation on admission, but also with its more complete resolution on follow-up. The serum anti-TBEV IgG correlated with milder presentation and better outcome. Concentration of IL-5 was increased in CSF but not in the serum of TBE patients. IL-5 concentration index on admission favored its intrathecal synthesis. IL-5 did not correlate significantly with clinical presentation and specific IgM and IgG titers. CONCLUSIONS Specific anti-TBEV IgM systemic and intrathecal response and IgG systemic response are protective, together favoring milder presentation, better outcome and resolution of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. IL-5 is expressed intrathecally in TBE, but its pathogenetic role remains unclear.
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15
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Galgani I, Bunge EM, Hendriks L, Schludermann C, Marano C, De Moerlooze L. Systematic literature review comparing rapid 3-dose administration of the GSK tick-borne encephalitis vaccine with other primary immunization schedules. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:919-932. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1358620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eveline M. Bunge
- Pallas Health research and consultancy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hendriks
- Pallas Health research and consultancy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Palus M, Vancova M, Sirmarova J, Elsterova J, Perner J, Ruzek D. Tick-borne encephalitis virus infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells without compromising blood-brain barrier integrity. Virology 2017; 507:110-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Ou C, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Kong X, Liu X. Chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 might influence virus replication during IBDV infection. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:122-128. [PMID: 28351707 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both CCR5 and CXCR4 are important chemokine receptors and take vital role in migration, development and distribution of T cells, however, whether they will influence the process of T cell infiltration into bursa of Fabricius during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection is unclear. In the current study, CCR5 and CXCR4 antagonists, Maraviroc and AMD3100, were administrated into chickens inoculated with IBDV, and the gene levels of IBDV VP2, CCR5, CXCR4 and related cytokines were determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that large number of T cells began to migrate into the bursae on Day 3 post infection with IBDV and the mRNA of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 began to increase on Day 1. Moreover, antagonist treatments have increased the VP2, CCR5 and CXCR4 gene transcriptions and influenced on the gene levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TGF-β4, MHC-I and MDA5. In conclusion, the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 might influence virus replication during IBDV infection and further study would focus on the interaction between chemokine receptors and their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Ou
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
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18
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Shevtsova AS, Motuzova OV, Kuragina VM, Akhmatova NK, Gmyl LV, Kondrat'eva YI, Kozlovskaya LI, Rogova YV, Litov AG, Romanova LI, Karganova GG. Lethal Experimental Tick-Borne Encephalitis Infection: Influence of Two Strains with Similar Virulence on the Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2172. [PMID: 28163697 PMCID: PMC5247635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a tick-transmitted arbovirus that causes serious diseases in humans in Europe and Northern Asia. About 6000–10,000 cases are registered annually, and one-third of them lead to sequela with different degrees of severity. Two TBEV strains (Absettarov and EK-328) similar in virulence rate in laboratory mice were used to study pathogenesis and immune response upon lethal infection in mice. The strains differed in the dynamics of appearance of virus, IFNs and other cytokines in blood of mice, and ability to induce a cytokine storm in the terminal stages of disease and a non-sterile immunity. Moreover, the TBEV strains differed in characteristics of their interactions with DCs: level of reproduction in these cells, virus dose triggering IFN-α production, and impact on DCs' maturation. Infection of DCs with Absettarov strain led to IFN-α induction only at high multiplicity of infection (MOI), and an increased amount of the mature DCs with high adhesion activity and low-level of MHCII positive cells. While reproduction of the EK-328 strain in DCs was less efficient, a low dose of the virus induced IFN-α production and stimulated maturation of DCs with relatively low adhesive capacity, but with the high percentage of cells expressing MHCII molecules. Thus, the studied strains differed significantly in the impact on DCs' maturation and antigen presentation to CD4+ lymphocytes. Injection of low (103 PFU) and high (106 PFU) doses of both TBEV strains caused a lethal infection in mice. At the same time, the dose of the virus in the inoculum, regardless of the strain properties, affected the following virulence characteristics: the time of virus appearance in brain (day 4–5 vs. day 1 p.i.), time of IFN-α appearance in blood (10 h vs. 5 h p.i.), concentration of IFN-α in blood, and induction of IFN-α during infection of DCs. Therefore, virulent TBEV strains during lethal infection can interact differently with the host immune system, and the infectious dose has an impact on both: virus spread in the infected organism and immune response activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oxana V Motuzova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera M Kuragina
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli K Akhmatova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera" Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa V Gmyl
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Yulia V Rogova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Litov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidiya Iu Romanova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G Karganova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides Moscow, Russia
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19
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Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Shu B, Mao P, Bai B, Hu Q, Luo M, Ma X, Cui Z, Wang H. Tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine RANTES expression via activation of IRF-3 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:209. [PMID: 27576490 PMCID: PMC5004318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (CNS) and causes encephalitides in humans. Although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in TBEV-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. Methods BALB/c mice were intracerebrally injected with TBEV, followed by evaluation of chemokine and cytokine profiles using protein array analysis. The virus-infected mice were treated with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES or anti-RANTES mAb to determine the role of RANTES in affecting TBEV-induced neurological disease. The underlying signaling mechanisms were delineated using RANTES promoter luciferase reporter assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in human brain-derived cell culture models. Results In a mouse model, pathological features including marked inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in brain sections, which correlated with a robust up-regulation of RANTES within the brain but not in peripheral tissues and sera. Antagonizing RANTES within CNS extended the survival of mice and reduced accumulation of infiltrating cells in the brain after TBEV infection. Through in vitro studies, we show that virus infection up-regulated RANTES production at both mRNA and protein levels in human brain-derived cell lines and primary progenitor-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, IRF-3 pathway appeared to be essential for TBEV-induced RANTES production. Site mutation of an IRF-3-binding motif abrogated the RANTES promoter activity in virus-infected brain cells. Moreover, IRF-3 was activated upon TBEV infection as evidenced by phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3, while blockade of IRF-3 activation drastically reduced virus-induced RANTES expression. Conclusions Our findings together provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RANTES production induced by TBEV, highlighting its potential importance in the process of neuroinflammatory responses to TBEV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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20
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Michlmayr D, Bardina SV, Rodriguez CA, Pletnev AG, Lim JK. Dual Function of Ccr5 during Langat Virus Encephalitis: Reduction in Neutrophil-Mediated Central Nervous System Inflammation and Increase in T Cell-Mediated Viral Clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4622-31. [PMID: 27183602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a vector-transmitted flavivirus that causes potentially fatal neurologic infection. There are thousands of cases reported annually, and despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the incidence of TBEV is increasing worldwide. Importantly, up to 30% of affected individuals develop long-term neurologic sequelae. We investigated the role of chemokine receptor Ccr5 in a mouse model of TBEV infection using the naturally attenuated tick-borne flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV). Ccr5-deficient mice presented with an increase in viral replication within the CNS and decreased survival during LGTV encephalitis compared with wild-type controls. This enhanced susceptibility was due to the temporal lag in lymphocyte migration into the CNS. Adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells, but not Ccr5-deficient T cells, significantly improved survival outcome in LGTV-infected Ccr5-deficient mice. Concomitantly, a significant increase in neutrophil migration into the CNS in LGTV-infected Ccr5(-/-) mice was documented at the late stage of infection. Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils in Ccr5(-/-) mice resulted in a significant improvement in mortality, a decrease in viral load, and a decrease in overall tissue damage in the CNS compared with isotype control-treated mice. Ccr5 is crucial in directing T cells toward the LGTV-infected brain, as well as in suppressing neutrophil-mediated inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Susana V Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Carlos A Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
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