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Haley SA, O'Hara BA, Schorl C, Atwood WJ. JCPyV infection of primary choroid plexus epithelial cells reduces expression of critical junctional proteins and increases expression of barrier disrupting inflammatory cytokines. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0062824. [PMID: 38874395 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00628-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus, JCPyV, establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the peripheral organs of a majority of the human population worldwide. Patients who are immunocompromised due to underlying infections, cancer, or to immunomodulatory treatments for autoimmune disease are at risk for developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) when the virus invades the CNS and infects macroglial cells in the brain parenchyma. It is not yet known how the virus enters the CNS to cause disease. The blood-choroid plexus barrier is a potential site of virus invasion as the cells that make up this barrier are known to be infected with virus both in vivo and in vitro. To understand the effects of virus infection on these cells we challenged primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells with JCPyV and profiled changes in host gene expression. We found that viral infection induced the expression of proinflammatory chemokines and downregulated junctional proteins essential for maintaining blood-CSF and blood-brain barrier function. These data contribute to our understanding of how JCPyV infection of the choroid plexus can modulate the host cell response to neuroinvasive pathogens. IMPORTANCE The human polyomavirus, JCPyV, causes a rapidly progressing demyelinating disease in the CNS of patients whose immune systems are compromised. JCPyV infection has been demonstrated in the choroid plexus both in vivo and in vitro and this highly vascularized organ may be important in viral invasion of brain parenchyma. Our data show that infection of primary choroid plexus epithelial cells results in increased expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and downregulation of critical junctional proteins that maintain the blood-CSF barrier. These data have direct implications for mechanisms used by JCPyV to invade the CNS and cause neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- Department of Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Han S, Ji W, Duan G, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y. Emerging concerns of blood-brain barrier dysfunction caused by neurotropic enteroviral infections. Virology 2024; 591:109989. [PMID: 38219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), comprise a genus in the Picornaviridae family, which have been shown to be neurotropic and can cause various neurological disorders or long-term neurological condition, placing a huge burden on society and families. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective barrier that prevents dangerous substances from entering the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, numerous EVs have been demonstrated to have the ability to disrupt BBB, and further lead to severe neurological damage. However, the precise mechanisms of BBB disruption associated with these EVs remain largely unknown. In this Review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction caused by EVs, emphasizing the invasiveness of enterovirus A71 (EVA71), which will provide a research direction for further treatment and prevention of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Han
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Liang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Yu B, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174410. [PMID: 37485505 PMCID: PMC10359910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses invade susceptible cells through a complex mechanism before injecting their genetic material into them. This causes direct damage to the host cell, as well as resulting in disease in the corresponding system. Echovirus type 30 (E30) is a member of the Enterovirus B group and has recently been reported to cause central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. In this review, we aim to help in improving the understanding of the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by E30 for the subsequent development of relevant drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Mamana J, Humber GM, Espinal ER, Seo S, Vollmuth N, Sin J, Kim BJ. Coxsackievirus B3 infects and disrupts human induced-pluripotent stem cell derived brain-like endothelial cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171275. [PMID: 37139492 PMCID: PMC10149843 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a significant human pathogen that is commonly found worldwide. CVB3 among other enteroviruses, are the leading causes of aseptic meningo-encephalitis which can be fatal especially in young children. How the virus gains access to the brain is poorly-understood, and the host-virus interactions that occur at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is even less-characterized. The BBB is a highly specialized biological barrier consisting primarily of brain endothelial cells which possess unique barrier properties and facilitate the passage of nutrients into the brain while restricting access to toxins and pathogens including viruses. To determine the effects of CVB3 infection on the BBB, we utilized a model of human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells (iBECs) to ascertain if CVB3 infection may alter barrier cell function and overall survival. In this study, we determined that these iBECs indeed are susceptible to CVB3 infection and release high titers of extracellular virus. We also determined that infected iBECs maintain high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) during early infection despite possessing high viral load. TEER progressively declines at later stages of infection. Interestingly, despite the high viral burden and TEER disruptions at later timepoints, infected iBEC monolayers remain intact, indicating a low degree of late-stage virally-mediated cell death, which may contribute to prolonged viral shedding. We had previously reported that CVB3 infections rely on the activation of transient receptor vanilloid potential 1 (TRPV1) and found that inhibiting TRPV1 activity with SB-366791 significantly limited CVB3 infection of HeLa cervical cancer cells. Similarly in this study, we observed that treating iBECs with SB-366791 significantly reduced CVB3 infection, which suggests that not only can this drug potentially limit viral entry into the brain, but also demonstrates that this infection model could be a valuable platform for testing antiviral treatments of neurotropic viruses. In all, our findings elucidate the unique effects of CVB3 infection on the BBB and shed light on potential mechanisms by which the virus can initiate infections in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mamana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Gabrielle M. Humber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Eric R. Espinal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Soojung Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Nadine Vollmuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Jon Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jon Sin, ; Brandon J. Kim,
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jon Sin, ; Brandon J. Kim,
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Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of species B enterovirus, is associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis and has become a global health emergency. However, the pathogenesis of E30 remains poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In this study, we established a mouse infection model to explore the pathogenicity of E30. The 2-day-old IFNAR-/- mice infected with E30 strain WZ16 showed lethargy and paralysis, and some died. Obvious pathological changes were observed in the skeletal muscle, brain tissue, and other tissues, with the highest viral load in the skeletal muscles. Transcriptome analysis of brain and skeletal muscle tissues from infected mice showed that significant differentially expressed genes were enriched in complement response and neuropathy-related pathways. Using immunofluorescence assay, we found that the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was detected in the mouse brain region and could infect human glioma (U251) cells. These results indicated that E30 affects the nervous system, and they provide a theoretical basis for understanding its pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Echovirus 30 (E30) infection causes a wide spectrum of diseases with mild symptoms, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), acute flaccid paralysis, and aseptic meningitis and other diseases, especially one of the most common pathogens causing aseptic meningitis outbreaks. We established a novel mouse model of E30 infection by inoculating neonatal mice with clinical isolates of E30 and observed the pathological changes induced by E30. Using the E30 infection model, we found complement responses and neuropathy-related genes in the mice tissues at the transcriptome level. Moreover, we found that the viral dsRNA localized in the mouse brain and could replicate in human glioma cell line U251 rather than in the neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH.
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Multiscale Electron Microscopy for the Study of Viral Replication Organelles. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020197. [PMID: 33525547 PMCID: PMC7912242 DOI: 10.3390/v13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection with positive-strand RNA viruses, viral RNA synthesis associates with modified intracellular membranes that form unique and captivating structures in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. These viral replication organelles (ROs) play a key role in the replicative cycle of important human pathogens like coronaviruses, enteroviruses, or flaviviruses. From their discovery to date, progress in our understanding of viral ROs has closely followed new developments in electron microscopy (EM). This review gives a chronological account of this progress and an introduction to the different EM techniques that enabled it. With an ample repertoire of imaging modalities, EM is nowadays a versatile technique that provides structural and functional information at a wide range of scales. Together with well-established approaches like electron tomography or labeling methods, we examine more recent developments, such as volume scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ cryotomography, which are only beginning to be applied to the study of viral ROs. We also highlight the first cryotomography analyses of viral ROs, which have led to the discovery of macromolecular complexes that may serve as RO channels that control the export of newly-made viral RNA. These studies are key first steps towards elucidating the macromolecular complexity of viral ROs.
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Haas J, Rudolph H, Costa L, Faller S, Libicher S, Würthwein C, Jarius S, Ishikawa H, Stump-Guthier C, Tenenbaum T, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Wildemann B. The Choroid Plexus Is Permissive for a Preactivated Antigen-Experienced Memory B-Cell Subset in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618544. [PMID: 33574821 PMCID: PMC7870993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasingly recognized. B cells undergo compartmentalized redistribution in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during active MS, whereby memory B cells accumulate in the CSF. While B-cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier has been intensely investigated, cellular diapedesis through the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) is incompletely understood. To investigate how B cells interact with the choroid plexus to transmigrate into the CSF we isolated circulating B cells from healthy donors (HC) and MS patients, utilized an inverted cell culture filter system of human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells to determine transmigration rates of B-cell subsets, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy to analyze migration routes, and qRT-PCR to determine cytokines/chemokines mediating B-cell diapedesis. We also screened the transcriptome of intrathecal B cells from MS patients. We found, that spontaneous transmigration of HC- and MS-derived B cells was scant, yet increased significantly in response to B-cell specific chemokines CXCL-12/CXCL-13, was further boosted upon pre-activation and occurred via paracellular and transcellular pathways. Migrating cells exhibited upregulation of several genes involved in B-cell activation/migration and enhanced expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4/CXCR5, and were predominantly of isotype class switched memory phenotype. This antigen-experienced migratory subset displayed more pronounced chemotactic activities in MS than in HC and was retrieved in intrathecal B cells from patients with active MS. Trafficking of class-switched memory B cells was downscaled in a small cohort of natalizumab-exposed MS patients and the proportions of these phenotypes were reduced in peripheral blood yet were enriched intrathecally in patients who experienced recurrence of disease activity after withdrawal of natalizumab. Our findings highlight the relevance of the BCSFB as important gate for the entry of potentially harmful activated B cells into the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Costa
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Faller
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Libicher
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Würthwein
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Echovirus-30 Infection Alters Host Proteins in Lipid Rafts at the Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121958. [PMID: 33321840 PMCID: PMC7764136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus-30 (E-30) is a non-polio enterovirus responsible for meningitis outbreaks in children worldwide. To gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), E-30 first has to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). E-30 may use lipid rafts of the host cells to interact with and to invade the BCSFB. To study enteroviral infection of the BCSFB, an established in vitro model based on human immortalized brain choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells has been used. Here, we investigated the impact of E-30 infection on the protein content of the lipid rafts at the BCSFB in vitro. Mass spectrometry analysis following E-30 infection versus uninfected conditions revealed differential abundancy in proteins implicated in cellular adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and endocytosis/vesicle budding. Further, we evaluated the blocking of endocytosis via clathrin/dynamin blocking and its consequences for E-30 induced barrier disruption. Interestingly, blocking of endocytosis had no impact on the capacity of E-30 to induce loss of barrier properties in HIBCPP cells. Altogether, these data highlight the impact of E-30 on HIBCPP cells microdomain as an important factor for host cell alteration.
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Wiatr M, Figueiredo R, Stump-Guthier C, Winter P, Ishikawa H, Adams O, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Rudolph H, Tenenbaum T. Polar Infection of Echovirus-30 Causes Differential Barrier Affection and Gene Regulation at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6268. [PMID: 32872518 PMCID: PMC7503638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus-30 (E-30) is responsible for the extensive global outbreaks of meningitis in children. To gain access to the central nervous system, E-30 first has to cross the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Several meningitis causing bacteria preferentially infect human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells in a polar fashion from the basolateral cell side. Here, we investigated the polar infection of HIBCPP cells with E-30. Both apical and basolateral infections caused a significant decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance of HIBCPP cells. However, to reach the same impact on the barrier properties, the multiplicity of infection of the apical side had to be higher than that of the basolateral infection. Furthermore, the number of infected cells at respective time-points after basolateral infection was significantly higher compared to apical infection. Cytotoxic effects of E-30 on HIBCPP cells during basolateral infection were observed following prolonged infection and appeared more drastically compared to the apical infection. Gene expression profiles determined by massive analysis of cDNA ends revealed distinct regulation of specific genes depending on the side of HIBCPP cells' infection. Altogether, our data highlights the polar effects of E-30 infection in a human in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier leading to central nervous system inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wiatr
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
| | - Ricardo Figueiredo
- GenXpro GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.F.); (P.W.)
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXpro GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.F.); (P.W.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan;
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; or (C.S.-G.); (C.S.); (H.S.); or
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Genetic characterization of a novel recombinant echovirus 30 strain causing a regional epidemic of aseptic meningitis in Hokkaido, Japan, 2017. Arch Virol 2019; 165:433-438. [PMID: 31828510 PMCID: PMC7223842 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A regional epidemic of aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus 30 (E30) occurred in Hokkaido, Japan, during the period of August-December 2017. To investigate their phylogenetic relationship to other human enteroviruses, we determined the complete genomic nucleotide sequences of isolates from this outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral capsid protein 1 gene showed that the strains were most closely related to E30 strains detected in Germany, France, and Russia in 2013. In contrast, the region encoding the viral protease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase had a close phylogenetic relationship to non-E30 enteroviruses detected in the United Kingdom and Switzerland in 2015-2017, suggesting that a recombination event had occurred.
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Wiatr M, Stump-Guthier C, Latorre D, Uhlig S, Weiss C, Ilonen J, Engelhardt B, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Distinct migratory pattern of naive and effector T cells through the blood-CSF barrier following Echovirus 30 infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:232. [PMID: 31752904 PMCID: PMC6868812 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echovirus 30 (E-30) is one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in aseptic meningitis worldwide. To gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), E-30 and immune cells have to cross one of the two main barriers of the CNS, the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) or the endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB). In an in vitro model of the BCSFB, it has been shown that E-30 can infect human immortalized brain choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells. Methods In this study we investigated the migration of different T cell subpopulations, naive and effector T cells, through HIBCPP cells during E-30 infection. Effects of E-30 infection and the migration process were evaluated via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis, as well as transepithelial resistance and dextran flux measurement. Results Th1 effector cells and enterovirus-specific effector T cells migrated through HIBCPP cells more efficiently than naive CD4+ T cells following E-30 infection of HIBCPP cells. Among the different naive T cell populations, CD8+ T cells crossed the E-30-infected HIBCPP cell layer in a significantly higher number than CD4+ T cells. A large amount of effector T cells also remained attached to the basolateral side of the HIBCPP cells compared with naive T cells. Analysis of HIBCPP barrier function showed significant alteration after E-30 infection and trans- as well as paracellular migration of T cells independent of the respective subpopulation. Morphologic analysis of migrating T cells revealed that a polarized phenotype was induced by the chemokine CXCL12, but reversed to a round phenotype after E-30 infection. Further characterization of migrating Th1 effector cells revealed a downregulation of surface adhesion proteins such as LFA-1 PSGL-1, CD44, and CD49d. Conclusion Taken together these results suggest that naive CD8+ and Th1 effector cells are highly efficient to migrate through the BCSFB in an inflammatory environment. The T cell phenotype is modified during the migration process through HIBCPP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wiatr
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Latorre
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Uhlig
- Flowcore Mannheim, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13 - 17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, and Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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