1
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Chen Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Chang CH, Jiang S. HIV associated cell death: Peptide-induced apoptosis restricts viral transmission. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1096759. [PMID: 36911666 PMCID: PMC9992636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1096759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a global pandemic and despite the successful use of anti-retroviral therapy, a well-established cure remains to be identified. Viral modulation of cell death has a significant role in HIV pathogenesis. Here we sought to understand the major mechanisms of HIV-induced death of lymphocytes and the effects on viral transmission. Flow cytometry analysis of lymphocytes from five latent HIV-infected patients, and HIV IIIB-infected MT2 cells demonstrated both necrosis and apoptosis to be the major mechanisms of cell death in CD4+ and CD4-/CD8- lymphocytes. Significantly, pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) peptide (P13) was found to inhibit HIV-related cell death and reduced viral transmission. Whereas pro-necrotic TNF peptide (P16) had little effect on HIV-related cell death and viral transmission. Understanding mechanisms by which cell death can be manipulated may provide additional drug targets to reduce the loss of CD4+ cells and the formation of a viral reservoir in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Jianbo Zhang
- The Dermatology & STD Department, The No. 2 People's Hospital of Dali City, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenshu Lu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,R&D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,R&D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Cruz-Lorenzo E, Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Pandhe S, Wang L, Hernandez-Doria J, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Petersen T, Jain MK, Martinez ED, D’Orso I. Host Cell Redox Alterations Promote Latent HIV-1 Reactivation through Atypical Transcription Factor Cooperativity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102288. [PMID: 36298843 PMCID: PMC9612055 DOI: 10.3390/v14102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell state alterations rewire HIV-1 gene expression, thereby influencing viral latency and reactivation, but the mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, using a screen approach on CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency, we revealed Small Molecule Reactivators (SMOREs) with unique chemistries altering the CD4+ T cell state and consequently promoting latent HIV-1 transcription and reactivation through an unprecedented mechanism of action. SMOREs triggered rapid oxidative stress and activated a redox-responsive program composed of cell-signaling kinases (MEK-ERK axis) and atypical transcription factor (AP-1 and HIF-1α) cooperativity. SMOREs induced an unusual AP-1 phosphorylation signature to promote AP-1/HIF-1α binding to the latent HIV-1 proviral genome for its activation. Consistently, latent HIV-1 reactivation was compromised with pharmacologic inhibition of oxidative stress sensing or of cell-signaling kinases, and transcription factor’s loss of expression, thus functionally linking the host redox-responsive program to viral transcriptional rewiring. Notably, SMOREs induced the redox program in primary CD4+ T cells and reactivated latent HIV-1 in aviremic patient samples alone and in combination with known latency-reversing agents, thus providing physiological relevance. Our findings suggest that manipulation of redox-sensitive pathways could be exploited to alter the course of HIV-1 latency, thus rendering host cells responsive to help achieve a sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cruz-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nora-Guadalupe P. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sonali Pandhe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan Hernandez-Doria
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tianna Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mamta K. Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Parkland Health & Hospital System, 5200 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Iván D’Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Lindqvist B, Jütte BB, Love L, Assi W, Roux J, Sönnerborg A, Tezil T, Verdin E, Svensson JP. T cell stimulation remodels the latently HIV-1 infected cell population by differential activation of proviral chromatin. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010555. [PMID: 35666761 PMCID: PMC9203004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of latently HIV-1 infected cells is heterogeneous. To achieve an HIV-1 cure, the reservoir of activatable proviruses must be eliminated while permanently silenced proviruses may be tolerated. We have developed a method to assess the proviral nuclear microenvironment in single cells. In latently HIV-1 infected cells, a zinc finger protein tethered to the HIV-1 promoter produced a fluorescent signal as a protein of interest came in its proximity, such as the viral transactivator Tat when recruited to the nascent RNA. Tat is essential for viral replication. In these cells we assessed the proviral activation and chromatin composition. By linking Tat recruitment to proviral activity, we dissected the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency reversal and the consequences of HIV-1 production. A pulse of promoter-associated Tat was identified that contrasted to the continuous production of viral proteins. As expected, promoter H3K4me3 led to substantial expression of the provirus following T cell stimulation. However, the activation-induced cell cycle arrest and death led to a surviving cell fraction with proviruses encapsulated in repressive chromatin. Further, this cellular model was used to reveal mechanisms of action of small molecules. In a proof-of-concept study we determined the effect of modifying enhancer chromatin on HIV-1 latency reversal. Only proviruses resembling active enhancers, associated with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac and subsequentially recognized by BRD4, efficiently recruited Tat upon cell stimulation. Tat-independent HIV-1 latency reversal of unknown significance still occurred. We present a method for single cell assessment of the microenvironment of the latent HIV-1 proviruses, used here to reveal how T cell stimulation modulates the proviral activity and how the subsequent fate of the infected cell depends on the chromatin context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Lindqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bianca B. Jütte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Love
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Wlaa Assi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julie Roux
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tugsan Tezil
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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4
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Abstract
As already discussed for T cell lines, also myeloid cell lines as served as the earliest models of chronic HIV infection. They were particularly relevant in the late 1980s and early 1990s when most experimental in vitro infections were based on laboratory-adapted "T-cell tropic" strains of HIV-1, such as LAI/IIIB or others, that later were found to rely upon CXCR4 as coreceptor for viral entry in addition to CD4 as primary receptor. Although primary macrophages do express CXCR4 together with CD4, virus replication is much less efficient than that observed with CCR5-using "macrophage-tropic" strains, as discussed separately in this book. Although different myeloid cell lines have been used to generate models of chronic HIV-1 infection that could be used to investigate features of proviral reactivation, as reviewed in (Cassol et al. J Leukoc Biol 80:1018-1030, 2006), two cell lines in particular have been broadly used and will be here discussed: the U937-derived U1 and HL-60-derived OM-10.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology (H.I.V.) Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
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5
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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6
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Wang X, Zhao J, Biswas S, Devadas K, Hewlett I. Components of apoptotic pathways modulate HIV-1 latency in Jurkat cells. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104912. [PMID: 34808347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to establish latent infections serves as a major barrier for its cure. This process could occur when its host cells undergo apoptosis, but it is uncertain whether the components of the apoptotic pathways affect viral latency. Using the susceptible Jurkat cell line, we investigated the relationship of apoptosis-associated components with HIV-1 DNA levels using the sensitive real-time PCR assay. Here, we found that the expression of proapoptotic proteins, including Fas ligand (FasL), FADD, and p53, significantly decreased HIV-1 viral DNA in cells. In contrast, the expression of antiapoptotic molecules, such as FLIP, Bcl2, and XIAP, increased the levels of viral DNA. Furthermore, promoting cellular antiapoptotic state via the knockdown of Bax with siRNA and FADD with antisense mRNA or the treatment with the Caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD, also raised viral DNA. We also simultaneously measured viral RNA from supernatants of these cell cultures and found that HIV-1 latency is inversely proportional to viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HIV-1-infected cells that underwent the transient expression of FLIP- or XIAP-induced viral latency would then produce an increased level of viral RNA upon the reversal of these antiapoptotic effects via PMA treatment compared to LacZ control cells. Taken together, these data suggest that HIV-1 infection could be adapted to employ or even manipulate the cellular apoptotic pathway to its advantage: when the host cell remains in a pro-apoptotic state, HIV-1 favors active replication, while when the host cell prefers an anti-apoptotic state, the virus establishes viral latency and promotes latent reservoir seeding in a way which would enhance viral replication and cytopathogenesis when the cellular conditions shift to encourage the productive infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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7
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Pal VK, Agrawal R, Rakshit S, Shekar P, Murthy DTN, Vyakarnam A, Singh A. Hydrogen sulfide blocks HIV rebound by maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:68487. [PMID: 34792020 PMCID: PMC8660018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication is to understand how the virus establishes latency, maintains stable cellular reservoirs, and promotes rebound upon interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we discovered an unexpected role of the ubiquitous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in HIV latency and reactivation. We show that reactivation of HIV is associated with downregulation of the key H2S producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CTH) and reduction in endogenous H2S. Genetic silencing of CTH disrupts redox homeostasis, impairs mitochondrial function, and remodels the transcriptome of latent cells to trigger HIV reactivation. Chemical complementation of CTH activity using a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, suppressed HIV reactivation and diminished virus replication. Mechanistically, GYY4137 blocked HIV reactivation by inducing the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting NF-κB, and recruiting the epigenetic silencer, YY1, to the HIV promoter. In latently infected CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed human subjects, GYY4137 in combination with ART prevented viral rebound and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, prolonged exposure to GYY4137 exhibited no adverse influence on proviral content or CD4+ T cell subsets, indicating that diminished viral rebound is due to a loss of transcription rather than a selective loss of infected cells. In summary, this work provides mechanistic insight into H2S-mediated suppression of viral rebound and suggests exploration of H2S donors to maintain HIV in a latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Pal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Pooja Shekar
- BMCRI, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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8
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Biswas L, Crain N, Spaeder MC, Gomez RJ, Starolis M, Poulter MD, Zeichner SL. iciHHV-6 in a Patient With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-051297. [PMID: 34078749 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious, sometimes life-threatening late complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with multiorgan involvement and evidence of immune activation. The pathogenesis of MIS-C is not known, nor is the pathogenesis of the severe organ damage that is the hallmark of MIS-C. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), the virus responsible for roseola, is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that causes close to universal infection by the age of 3 years. HHV-6 remains latent for life and can be activated during inflammatory states, by other viruses, and by host cell apoptosis. HHV-6 has been associated with end-organ diseases, including hepatitis, carditis, and encephalitis. In addition, ∼1% of people have inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6), which is HHV-6 that has been integrated into chromosomal telomeric regions and is transmitted through the germ line. iciHHV-6 can be reactivated and has been associated with altered immune responses. We report here a case of MIS-C in which an initial high HHV-6 DNA polymerase chain reaction viral load assay prompted testing for iciHHV-6, which yielded a positive result. Additional research may be warranted to determine if iciHHV-6 is commonly observed in patients with MIS-C and, if so, whether it may play a part in MIS-C pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - Robert J Gomez
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Meghan Starolis
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute Chantilly, Chantilly, Virginia
| | - Melinda D Poulter
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven L Zeichner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Pendleton Pediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, and Child Health Research Center .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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9
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Identification of celastrol as a novel HIV-1 latency reversal agent by an image-based screen. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244771. [PMID: 33914760 PMCID: PMC8084242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral therapies (ART) are successful in controlling HIV-1 infection, a stable viral reservoir reactivates when ART is discontinued. Consequently, there is a major research effort to develop approaches to disrupt the latent viral reservoir and enhance the immune system’s ability to clear HIV-1. A number of small molecules, termed latency reversal agents (LRAs), have been identified which can reactivate latent HIV-1 in cell lines and patients’ cells ex vivo. However, clinical trials have suggested that combinations of LRAs will be required to efficiently reactivate HIV-1 in vivo, especially LRAs that act synergistically by functioning through distinct pathways. To identify novel LRAs, we used an image-based assay to screen a natural compound library for the ability to induce a low level of aggregation of resting primary CD4+ T cells from healthy donors. We identified celastrol as a novel LRA. Celastrol functions synergistically with other classes of LRA to reactivate latent HIV-1 in a Jurkat cell line, suggesting a novel mechanism in its LRA activity. Additionally, celastrol does not appear to activate resting CD4+ T cells at levels at which it can reactivate latent HIV-1. Celastrol appears to represent a novel class of LRAs and it therefore can serve as a lead compound for LRA development.
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10
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Singh S, Ghosh S, Pal VK, Munshi M, Shekar P, Narasimha Murthy DT, Mugesh G, Singh A. Antioxidant nanozyme counteracts HIV-1 by modulating intracellular redox potential. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13314. [PMID: 33793064 PMCID: PMC8103102 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) during infection. However, the application of this knowledge to develop therapeutic strategies remained unsuccessful due to the harmful consequences of manipulating cellular antioxidant systems. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets functionally mimic natural glutathione peroxidase activity to mitigate ROS associated with HIV‐1 infection without adversely affecting cellular physiology. Using genetic reporters of glutathione redox potential and hydrogen peroxide, we showed that V2O5 nanosheets catalyze ROS neutralization in HIV‐1‐infected cells and uniformly block viral reactivation and replication. Mechanistically, V2O5 nanosheets suppressed HIV‐1 by affecting the expression of pathways coordinating redox balance, virus transactivation (e.g., NF‐κB), inflammation, and apoptosis. Importantly, a combination of V2O5 nanosheets with a pharmacological inhibitor of NF‐κB (BAY11‐7082) abrogated reactivation of HIV‐1. Lastly, V2O5 nanosheets inhibit viral reactivation upon prostratin stimulation of latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Our data successfully revealed the usefulness of V2O5 nanosheets against HIV and suggested nanozymes as future platforms to develop interventions against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Shekar
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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11
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Okamoto M, Chono H, Hidaka A, Toyama M, Mineno J, Baba M. Induction of E. coli-derived endonuclease MazF suppresses HIV-1 production and causes apoptosis in latently infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:597-602. [PMID: 32747090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current antiretroviral therapy cannot cure the patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) due to the existence of latently infected cells capable of virus production from harboring proviral DNA. MazF is an ACA nucleotide sequence-specific endoribonuclease derived from Escherichia coli. The conditional expression of MazF by binding of HIV-1 Tat to the promoter region of a MazF-expression vector has previously been shown to selectively inhibit HIV-1 replication in acutely infected cells. The expression of MazF significantly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced HIV-1 production and viral RNA expression in the HIV-1 latently infected cell line OM-10.1 transduced with the MazF-expression vector (OM-10.1/MFR). Moreover, the viability of OM-10.1/MFR cells decreased with increasing concentrations of TNF-α, whereas such decrease was not observed for HL-60 cells transduced with the MazF-expression vector (HL-60/MFR), the uninfected parental cell line of OM-10.1. TNF-α increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in OM-10.1/MFR cells, indicating that the cell death was caused by the induction of apoptosis. TNF-α-induced expression of MazF mRNA was detected in OM-10.1/MFR but not HL-60/MFR cells, suggesting that TNF-α-induced apoptosis of latently infected cells was due to the expression of MazF. Thus, the anti-HIV-1 gene therapy using the MazF-expression vector may have potential for the cure of HIV-1 infection in combination with suitable latency reversing agents through reducing the size of latently infected cells without viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Okamoto
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | | | - Akemi Hidaka
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyama
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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12
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Shytaj IL, Lucic B, Forcato M, Penzo C, Billingsley J, Laketa V, Bosinger S, Stanic M, Gregoretti F, Antonelli L, Oliva G, Frese CK, Trifunovic A, Galy B, Eibl C, Silvestri G, Bicciato S, Savarino A, Lusic M. Alterations of redox and iron metabolism accompany the development of HIV latency. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102209. [PMID: 32157726 PMCID: PMC7196916 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in a latent form during antiretroviral therapy, mainly in CD4+ T cells, thus hampering efforts for a cure. HIV-1 infection is accompanied by metabolic alterations, such as oxidative stress, but the effect of cellular antioxidant responses on viral replication and latency is unknown. Here, we show that cells survive retroviral replication, both in vitro and in vivo in SIVmac-infected macaques, by upregulating antioxidant pathways and the intertwined iron import pathway. These changes are associated with remodeling of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs), an important constituent of nuclear architecture and a marker of HIV-1 latency. We found that PML NBs are hyper-SUMOylated and that PML protein is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in productively infected cells, before latency establishment and after reactivation. Conversely, normal numbers of PML NBs were restored upon transition to latency or by decreasing oxidative stress or iron content. Our results highlight antioxidant and iron import pathways as determinants of HIV-1 latency and support their pharmacologic inhibition as tools to regulate PML stability and impair latency establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iart Luca Shytaj
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bojana Lucic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - James Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mia Stanic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Laura Antonelli
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Oliva
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research CentreHeidelbergGermany
| | - Clarissa Eibl
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
- Institute of BiologyCellular BiophysicsHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - Marina Lusic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
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13
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Li BX, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zheng JJ, Li WX, Feng K, Sun M, Dai SX. Novel pathways of HIV latency reactivation revealed by integrated analysis of transcriptome and target profile of bryostatin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3511. [PMID: 32103135 PMCID: PMC7044323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of HIV latency cell will be necessary to curing HIV infection. Although many latency-reversal agents (LRAs) have proven effective to reactivate the latency cell, there is a lack of any systematic analysis of the molecular targets of these LRAs and related pathways in the context of transcriptome. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of the target profile of bryostatin and transcriptome of the reactivated CD4+ T cells after exposing to bryostatin. The result showed a distinct gene expression profile between latency cells and bryostatin reactivated cells. We found bryostatin can target multiple types of protein other than only protein kinase C. Functional network analysis of the target profile and differential expressed genes suggested that bryostatin may activate a few novel pathways such as pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism and p53 signaling pathway, besides commonly known pathways DNA replication, cell cycle and so on. The results suggest that bryostatin may reactivate the HIV-latent cells through up-regulation of pyrimidine and purine metabolism or through starting the cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by up-regulation of p53 signaling pathway. Our study provides some novel insights into the role of bryostatin and its affected pathways in controlling HIV latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xiang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yubin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun-Juan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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14
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Chromatin maturation of the HIV-1 provirus in primary resting CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008264. [PMID: 31999790 PMCID: PMC6991963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a chronic condition, where viral DNA integrates into the genome. Latently infected cells form a persistent, heterogeneous reservoir that at any time can reactivate the integrated HIV-1. Here we confirmed that latently infected cells from HIV-1 positive study participants exhibited active HIV-1 transcription but without production of mature spliced mRNAs. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this we employed primary HIV-1 latency models to study latency establishment and maintenance. We characterized proviral transcription and chromatin development in cultures of resting primary CD4+ T-cells for four months after ex vivo HIV-1 infection. As heterochromatin (marked with H3K9me3 or H3K27me3) gradually stabilized, the provirus became less accessible with reduced activation potential. In a subset of infected cells, active marks (e.g. H3K27ac) and elongating RNAPII remained detectable at the latent provirus, despite prolonged proviral silencing. In many aspects, latent HIV-1 resembled an active enhancer in a subset of resting cells. The enhancer chromatin actively promoted latency and the enhancer-specific CBP/P300-inhibitor GNE049 was identified as a new latency reversal agent. The division of the latent reservoir according to distinct chromatin compositions with different reactivation potential enforces the notion that even though a relatively large set of cells contains the HIV-1 provirus, only a discrete subset is readily able to reactivate the provirus and spread the infection. HIV infection is a devastating disease affecting 35 million people worldwide. Current anti-retroviral treatment is highly effective and has made the HIV infection chronic. However, despite more effective treatments, the prospects of a cure are distant. The problem for an HIV cure is that, even though the virus particles are eradicated, the infected cells maintain the information of remake the virus. This information is integrated in the host cell as a provirus. The provirus switches between active and inactive states. Thereby, the infected cells evade both the immune system and death associated with massive viral production. We have characterized the composition of proviral chromatin and how it connects with transcription and viral production. In resting primary CD4+ T-cells, we follow the fate of the provirus starting at infection until latency is firmly established. Only in a fraction of intact proviruses were we able to reverse latency and that this was highly regulated by the chromatin composition. Whereas the proviruses encompassed in heterochromatin were refractory to activation, latent proviruses with “enhancer” characteristics were readily activated. Our study provides key insights as to detect the remaining HIV-1 infected cells capable of reseeding the infection, and the mechanisms whereby they are maintained.
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15
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Kandi MR, Mohammadnejad J, Abdoli A, Amiran MR, Soleymani S, Aghasadeghi MR, Zabihollahi R, Baesi K. In vitro effect of branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) on cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus: enhancement of viral replication. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3019-3026. [PMID: 31598843 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a chemical compound that used is as a carrier in gene therapy/delivery. Some studies have investigated the microbicidal potential and antiviral activity (prophylactic or therapeutic) of PEI and its derivatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Infected cells were treated with bPEI for 36 hours, and the concentration of the viral protein P24 (as a virus replication marker) was determined in cell culture supernatants. This study indicated that bPEI increased HIV replication and decreased the viability of infected cells through cytotoxicity. The toxicity of bPEI its association with and cell death (apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis) have been reported in several studies. To investigate bPEI-induced cytotoxicity, we examined apoptosis and autophagy in cells treated with bPEI, and a significant increase in HIV viral load, the P24 antigen level, autophagy, and necrosis observed. Thus, treatment with bPEI leads to cytotoxicity and higher HIV virus yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Kandi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Life science engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life science engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amiran
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Cat and Mouse: HIV Transcription in Latency, Immune Evasion and Cure/Remission Strategies. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030269. [PMID: 30889861 PMCID: PMC6466452 DOI: 10.3390/v11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is broad scientific and societal consensus that finding a cure for HIV infection must be pursued. The major barrier to achieving a cure for HIV/AIDS is the capacity of the HIV virus to avoid both immune surveillance and current antiretroviral therapy (ART) by rapidly establishing latently infected cell populations, termed latent reservoirs. Here, we provide an overview of the rapidly evolving field of HIV cure/remission research, highlighting recent progress and ongoing challenges in the understanding of HIV reservoirs, the role of HIV transcription in latency and immune evasion. We review the major approaches towards a cure that are currently being explored and further argue that small molecules that inhibit HIV transcription, and therefore uncouple HIV gene expression from signals sent by the host immune response, might be a particularly promising approach to attain a cure or remission. We emphasize that a better understanding of the game of "cat and mouse" between the host immune system and the HIV virus is a crucial knowledge gap to be filled in both cure and vaccine research.
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17
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Ojeda DS, Grasso D, Urquiza J, Till A, Vaccaro MI, Quarleri J. Cell Death Is Counteracted by Mitophagy in HIV-Productively Infected Astrocytes but Is Promoted by Inflammasome Activation Among Non-productively Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2633. [PMID: 30515154 PMCID: PMC6255949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 30 years of extensive research efforts, a complete understanding of the neurological consequences of HIV central nervous system (CNS) infection remains elusive. HIV is not only able to establish a viral reservoir in the CNS but also to initiate manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. These neurological disorders may arise because of virus-induced activation of the inflammasome in CNS cells, including astrocytes. Nevertheless, in some productive viral infection scenarios, selective autophagy may reduce inflammation through mitochondrial degradation ("mitophagy") to counteract inflammasome activation. In this study, using cultured human astrocytes, we demonstrate that-depending on the HIV infection outcome-cells may resist death, or succumb by inflammasome activation when viral infection is productive or abortive, respectively. Cells productively infected with HIV were able to attenuate both mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, thus exhibiting cell death resistance. Interestingly, mitochondrial injury was counteracted by increasing the autophagic flux and by activating mitophagy. Conversely, astrocytes exposed to HIV in an abortive scenario showed prominent mitochondrial damage, inflammasome activation, and cell death. This bystander effect occurred after cell-to-cell contact with HIV-productively infected astrocytes. In summary, we demonstrate a tight functional crosstalk between viral infection mode, inflammasome activation, autophagy pathways and cell fate in the context of HIV infection. Moreover, mitophagy is crucial for cell death resistance in HIV-productively infected astrocytes, but its impairment may favor inflammasome-mediated cell death in abortively infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego S Ojeda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Urquiza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Life and Brain GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - María Inés Vaccaro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Quarleri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Raja R, Lata S, Trivedi S, Banerjea AC. Serum deprivation/starvation leads to reactivation of HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes via activating ERK/JNK pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14496. [PMID: 30262819 PMCID: PMC6160481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high success rate, antiretroviral therapy does not cure the disease completely due to presence of latent viral reservoirs. Although several studies have addressed this issue earlier, the role of serum starvation/deprivation in HIV-1 latency has not been studied. So, we investigated the role of serum starvation in regulating HIV-1 latency. The impact of serum starvation on HIV-1 latency was assessed in latently infected monocytes U1 and T-cells J1.1. Serum starvation breaks HIV-1 latency in U1 cells. Under similar conditions, J1.1 cells failed to show reactivation of virus. We investigated the involvement of cell death pathway and autophagy during the serum starvation in viral reactivation. Inhibition of these pathways did not affect viral reactivation. Furthermore, other crucial factors like NF-κB, SP1 and AKT did not play any role in regulating viral latency. Here, we report that serum deprivation up-regulates ERK/JNK pathway. This leads to phosphorylation of c-Jun which plays an important role in viral reactivation. Treatment of cells with U0126, an ERK kinase inhibitor, potently inhibited viral replication. In summary, we show that serum starvation leads to reactivation of HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes through the ERK/JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Raja
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - Sneh Lata
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhendu Trivedi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Hattori SI, Matsuda K, Tsuchiya K, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H, Maeda K. Combination of a Latency-Reversing Agent With a Smac Mimetic Minimizes Secondary HIV-1 Infection in vitro. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2022. [PMID: 30283406 PMCID: PMC6156138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are considered a potential tool to cure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but when they are taken alone, virus production by reactivated cells and subsequent infection will occur. Hence, it is crucial to simultaneously take appropriate measures to prevent such secondary HIV-1 infection. In this regard, a strategy to minimize the production of infectious viruses from LRA-reactivated cells is worth pursuing. Here, we focused on a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic, birinapant, to induce apoptosis in latent HIV-1-infected cells. When birinapant was administered alone, it only slightly increased the expression of caspase-3. However, in combination with an LRA (e.g., PEP005), it strongly induced the expression of caspase-3 followed by enhanced apoptosis. Importantly, the combination eliminated reactivated cells and drastically reduced HIV-1 production. Finally, we found that birinapant decreased the mRNA expression of HIV-1 that was induced by PEP005 in the primary CD4+ T-cells from HIV-1-carrying patients as well. These results suggest that the combination of an LRA and an “apoptosis-inducing” agent, such as a Smac mimetic, is a possible treatment option to decrease HIV-1 reservoirs without the occurrence of HIV-1 production by reactivated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Liu H, Hu PW, Couturier J, Lewis DE, Rice AP. HIV-1 replication in CD4 + T cells exploits the down-regulation of antiviral NEAT1 long non-coding RNAs following T cell activation. Virology 2018; 522:193-198. [PMID: 30036787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The related NEAT1_1 and NEAT1_2 long noncoding RNAs (lnc RNAs) have been recently implicated in innate immunity against viral infection. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate Jurkat CD4+ T cell lines with a knockout (KO) of the NEAT1 gene. Viabilities of NEAT1 KO Jurkat lines were indistinguishable from parental Jurkat cells, as was the induction of CD69 after T cell activation. The KO lines were however more sensitive to the induction of apoptosis than parental Jurkat cells. HIV-1 replication was higher in the KO lines than parental Jurkat cells, demonstrating an anti-HIV function of NEAT1 lncRNAs. We observed a strong down-regulation of NEAT1 lncRNAs following activation of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified CD4+ T cells. These findings indicate that HIV-1 infection exploits the normal down-regulation of anti-viral NEAT1 lncRNAs in activated CD4+ T cells to enhance viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Hu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Couturier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew P Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Khoury G, Darcis G, Lee MY, Bouchat S, Van Driessche B, Purcell DFJ, Van Lint C. The Molecular Biology of HIV Latency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1075:187-212. [PMID: 30030794 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV remains incurable due to the existence of a reservoir of cells that harbor intact integrated genomes of the virus in the absence of viral replication. This population of infected cells remains invisible to the immune system and is not targeted by the drugs used in the current antiretroviral therapies (cART). Reversal of latency by the use of inhibitors of chromatin-remodeling enzymes has been studied extensively in an attempt to purge this reservoir of latent HIV but has thus far not shown any success in clinical trials. The full complexity of latent HIV infection has still not been appreciated, and the gaps in knowledge prevent development of adequate small-molecule compounds that can effectively perturb this reservoir. In this review, we will examine the role of epigenetic silencing of HIV transcription, posttranscriptional regulation, and mRNA processing in promoting HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michelle Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Van Driessche
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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22
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Wills QF, Mellado-Gomez E, Nolan R, Warner D, Sharma E, Broxholme J, Wright B, Lockstone H, James W, Lynch M, Gonzales M, West J, Leyrat A, Padilla-Parra S, Filippi S, Holmes C, Moore MD, Bowden R. The nature and nurture of cell heterogeneity: accounting for macrophage gene-environment interactions with single-cell RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:53. [PMID: 28061811 PMCID: PMC5219790 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell RNA-Seq can be a valuable and unbiased tool to dissect cellular heterogeneity, despite the transcriptome's limitations in describing higher functional phenotypes and protein events. Perhaps the most important shortfall with transcriptomic 'snapshots' of cell populations is that they risk being descriptive, only cataloging heterogeneity at one point in time, and without microenvironmental context. Studying the genetic ('nature') and environmental ('nurture') modifiers of heterogeneity, and how cell population dynamics unfold over time in response to these modifiers is key when studying highly plastic cells such as macrophages. RESULTS We introduce the programmable Polaris™ microfluidic lab-on-chip for single-cell sequencing, which performs live-cell imaging while controlling for the culture microenvironment of each cell. Using gene-edited macrophages we demonstrate how previously unappreciated knockout effects of SAMHD1, such as an altered oxidative stress response, have a large paracrine signaling component. Furthermore, we demonstrate single-cell pathway enrichments for cell cycle arrest and APOBEC3G degradation, both associated with the oxidative stress response and altered proteostasis. Interestingly, SAMHD1 and APOBEC3G are both HIV-1 inhibitors ('restriction factors'), with no known co-regulation. CONCLUSION As single-cell methods continue to mature, so will the ability to move beyond simple 'snapshots' of cell populations towards studying the determinants of population dynamics. By combining single-cell culture, live-cell imaging, and single-cell sequencing, we have demonstrated the ability to study cell phenotypes and microenvironmental influences. It's these microenvironmental components - ignored by standard single-cell workflows - that likely determine how macrophages, for example, react to inflammation and form treatment resistant HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin F Wills
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Esther Mellado-Gomez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Damien Warner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Michael Gonzales
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Jay West
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Anne Leyrat
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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The Multifaceted Contributions of Chromatin to HIV-1 Integration, Transcription, and Latency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:197-252. [PMID: 28069134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to establish latent infections constitutes a major barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1. In latent infection, replication competent HIV-1 provirus is integrated within the host genome but remains silent, masking the infected cells from the activity of the host immune response. Despite the progress in elucidating the molecular players that regulate HIV-1 gene expression, the mechanisms driving the establishment and maintenance of latency are still not fully understood. Transcription from the HIV-1 genome occurs in the context of chromatin and is subjected to the same regulatory mechanisms that drive cellular gene expression. Much like in eukaryotic genes, the nucleosomal landscape of the HIV-1 promoter and its position within genomic chromatin are determinants of its transcriptional activity. Understanding the multilayered chromatin-mediated mechanisms that underpin HIV-1 integration and expression is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pool of latently infected cells. In this review, we discuss the impact of chromatin structure on viral integration, transcriptional regulation and latency, and the host factors that influence HIV-1 replication by regulating chromatin organization. Finally, we describe therapeutic strategies under development to target the chromatin-HIV-1 interplay.
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Shin Y, Lim H, Choi BS, Kim KC, Kang C, Bae YS, Yoon CH. Highly activated p53 contributes to selectively increased apoptosis of latently HIV-1 infected cells upon treatment of anticancer drugs. Virol J 2016; 13:141. [PMID: 27527606 PMCID: PMC4986278 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the successful inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by combination antiretroviral therapy, cells latently infected with HIV-1 remaining in patients are a major obstacle for eradication of HIV-1 infection. The tumor suppressor factor p53 is activated by HIV-1 infection, and restricts HIV-1 replication. However, a therapeutic strategy based on p53 activity has not been considered for elimination of latently infected cells. Methods Apoptotic cells were analyzed using flow cytometry with anti-annexin A5-FITC Ab and PI staining upon treatment of anticancer drugs. The expression and activation of p53 and apoptotic molecules in latently HIV-1-infected T cells were compared using Western blot analysis. The role of p53 in the anticancer drug treatment-induced apoptosis of cells latently infected with HIV-1 was determined by knock-down experiment using siRNA against p53. Results Upon treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), apoptosis was increased in latently infected ACH2 cells encoding competent p53 compared with uninfected parent A3.01 cells, while the apoptosis of latently infected p53 null J1.1 cells was less than that of uninfected cells. Treatment with 5-FU increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP in ACH2 cells compared with uninfected and latently infected p53 null J1.1 cells. The levels of expression and activation of p53 were higher in both latently infected ACH2 and NCHA2 cells than in uninfected cells. Furthermore, the activation levels of p53 in both cells were further increased upon 5-FU treatment. Consistent with p53 status, apoptosis was markedly increased in ACH2 and NCHA2 cells compared with uninfected and latently infected J1.1 cells upon treatment with other anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and etoposide. Inhibition of p53 in cells with latent HIV-1 infection diminished apoptosis upon 5-FU treatment. Conclusion Evidence described here indicate that when treated with anticancer drugs, apoptosis of cells with latent HIV-1 infection was increased via the p53 activation pathway and may provide information for application of anticancer drugs to selectively eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHyun Shin
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Hoyong Lim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea.
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Pei J, Deng J, Ye Z, Wang J, Gou H, Liu W, Zhao M, Liao M, Yi L, Chen J. Absence of autophagy promotes apoptosis by modulating the ROS-dependent RLR signaling pathway in classical swine fever virus-infected cells. Autophagy 2016; 12:1738-1758. [PMID: 27463126 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1196318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have demonstrated that both macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are important inner mechanisms of cell to maintain homeostasis and participate in the host response to pathogens. We have previously reported that a functional autophagy pathway is trigged by infection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and is required for viral replication and release in host cells. However, the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis in CSFV-infected cells has not been clarified. In the present study, we demonstrated that autophagy induction with rapamycin facilitates cellular proliferation after CSFV infection, and that autophagy inhibition by knockdown of essential autophagic proteins BECN1/Beclin 1 or MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) promotes apoptosis via fully activating both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms in CSFV-infected cells. We also found that RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling was amplified in autophagy-deficient cells during CSFV infection, which was closely linked to the activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, we discovered that virus infection of autophagy-impaired cells results in an increase in copy number of mitochondrial DNA and in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays a significant role in enhanced RLR signaling and the activated extrinsic apoptosis pathway in cultured cells. Collectively, these data indicate that CSFV-induced autophagy delays apoptosis by downregulating ROS-dependent RLR signaling and thus contributes to virus persistent infection in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jieru Deng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zuodong Ye
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ming Liao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lin Yi
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jinding Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
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Rao PSS, Ande A, Sinha N, Kumar A, Kumar S. Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Cell Death, and HIV Replication in Human Monocytic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155791. [PMID: 27203850 PMCID: PMC4874604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While cigarette smoking is prevalent amongst HIV-infected patients, the effects of cigarette smoke constituents in cells of myeloid lineage are poorly known. Recently, we have shown that nicotine induces oxidative stress through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6-mediated pathway in U937 monocytic cells. The present study was designed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which contains majority of tobacco constituents, on oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, expression of CYP1A1, and/or HIV-1 replication in HIV-infected (U1) and uninfected U937 cells. The effects of CSC on induction of CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages were also analyzed. The results showed that the CSC-mediated increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U937 cells is dose- and time-dependent. Moreover, CSC treatment was found to induce cytotoxicity in U937 cells through the apoptotic pathway via activation of caspase-3. Importantly, pretreatment with vitamin C blocked the CSC-mediated production of ROS and induction of caspase-3 activity. In U1 cells, acute treatment of CSC increased ROS production at 6H (>2-fold) and both ROS (>2 fold) and HIV-1 replication (>3-fold) after chronic treatment. The CSC mediated effects were associated with robust induction in the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA upon acute CSC treatment of U937 and U1 cells (>20-fold), and upon chronic CSC treatment to U1 cells (>30-fold). In addition, the CYP1A1 induction in U937 cells was mediated through the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Lastly, CSC, which is known to increase viral replication in primary macrophages, was also found to induce CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages. While mRNA levels of both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were elevated following CSC treatment, only CYP1B1 protein levels were increased in HIV-infected primary macrophages. In conclusion, these results suggest a possible association between oxidative stress, CYP1 expression, and viral replication in CSC-treated cells of myeloid lineage. This study warrants a closer examination of the role of CYP1B1 in smoking-mediated enhanced HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- PSS Rao
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anusha Ande
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Benhar M, Shytaj IL, Stamler JS, Savarino A. Dual targeting of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in cancer and HIV. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1630-9. [PMID: 27135880 PMCID: PMC4855928 DOI: 10.1172/jci85339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the use of antioxidants for the treatment of cancer and HIV/AIDS has been proposed for decades, new insights gained from redox research have suggested a very different scenario. These new data show that the major cellular antioxidant systems, the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, actually promote cancer growth and HIV infection, while suppressing an effective immune response. Mechanistically, these systems control both the redox- and NO-based pathways (nitroso-redox homeostasis), which subserve innate and cellular immune defenses. Dual inhibition of the Trx and GSH systems synergistically kills neoplastic cells in vitro and in mice and decreases resistance to anticancer therapy. Similarly, the population of HIV reservoir cells that constitutes the major barrier to a cure for AIDS is exquisitely redox sensitive and could be selectively targeted by Trx and GSH inhibitors. Trx and GSH inhibition may lead to a reprogramming of the immune response, tilting the balance between the immune system and cancer or HIV in favor of the former, allowing elimination of diseased cells. Thus, therapies based on silencing of the Trx and GSH pathways represent a promising approach for the cure of both cancer and AIDS and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Benhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Iordanskiy S, Kashanchi F. Potential of Radiation-Induced Cellular Stress for Reactivation of Latent HIV-1 and Killing of Infected Cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:120-4. [PMID: 26765533 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 for last two decades has reduced mortality of patients through extension of nonsymptomatic phase of infection. However, HIV-1 can be preserved in long-lived resting CD4(+) T cells, which form a viral reservoir in infected individuals, and potentially in macrophages and astrocytes. Reactivation of viral replication is critical since the host immune response in combination with antiretroviral therapy may eradicate the virus (shock and kill strategy). In this opinion piece, we consider potential application of therapeutic doses of irradiation, the well-known and effective stress signal that induces DNA damage and activates cellular stress response, to resolve two problems: activate HIV-1 replication and virion production in persistent reservoirs under cART and deplete infected cells through selective cell killing using DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Iordanskiy
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
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29
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Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency - an axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:813-824. [PMID: 26764023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the deadly disease AIDS, which is characterized by the progressive decline of CD4(+)T-cells. HIV-1-encoded proteins such as envelope gp120 (glycoprotein gp120), Tat (trans-activator of transcription), Nef (negative regulatory factor), Vpr (viral protein R), Vpu (viral protein unique) and protease are known to be effective in modulating host cell signalling pathways that lead to an alteration in apoptosis of both HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells. Depending on the stage of the virus life cycle and host cell type, these viral proteins act as mediators of pro- or anti-apoptotic signals. HIV latency in viral reservoirs is a persistent phenomenon that has remained beyond the control of the human immune system. To cure HIV infections completely, it is crucial to reactivate latent HIV from cellular pools and to drive these apoptosis-resistant cells towards death. Several previous studies have reported the role of HIV-encoded proteins in apoptosis modulation, but the molecular basis for apoptosis evasion of some chronically HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently HIV-infected cells still needs to be elucidated. The current review summarizes our present understanding of apoptosis modulation in HIV-infected cells, uninfected bystander cells and latently infected cells, with a focus on highlighting strategies to activate the apoptotic pathway to kill latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
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30
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Iordanskiy S, Van Duyne R, Sampey GC, Woodson CM, Fry K, Saifuddin M, Guo J, Wu Y, Romerio F, Kashanchi F. Therapeutic doses of irradiation activate viral transcription and induce apoptosis in HIV-1 infected cells. Virology 2015; 485:1-15. [PMID: 26184775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The highly active antiretroviral therapy reduces HIV-1 RNA in plasma to undetectable levels. However, the virus continues to persist in the long-lived resting CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and astrocytes which form a viral reservoir in infected individuals. Reactivation of viral transcription is critical since the host immune response in combination with antiretroviral therapy may eradicate the virus. Using the chronically HIV-1 infected T lymphoblastoid and monocytic cell lines, primary quiescent CD4(+) T cells and humanized mice infected with dual-tropic HIV-1 89.6, we examined the effect of various X-ray irradiation (IR) doses (used for HIV-related lymphoma treatment and lower doses) on HIV-1 transcription and viability of infected cells. Treatment of both T cells and monocytes with IR, a well-defined stress signal, led to increase of HIV-1 transcription, as evidenced by the presence of RNA polymerase II and reduction of HDAC1 and methyl transferase SUV39H1 on the HIV-1 promoter. This correlated with the increased GFP signal and elevated level of intracellular HIV-1 RNA in the IR-treated quiescent CD4(+) T cells infected with GFP-encoding HIV-1. Exposition of latently HIV-1infected monocytes treated with PKC agonist bryostatin 1 to IR enhanced transcription activation effect of this latency-reversing agent. Increased HIV-1 replication after IR correlated with higher cell death: the level of phosphorylated Ser46 in p53, responsible for apoptosis induction, was markedly higher in the HIV-1 infected cells following IR treatment. Exposure of HIV-1 infected humanized mice with undetectable viral RNA level to IR resulted in a significant increase of HIV-1 RNA in plasma, lung and brain tissues. Collectively, these data point to the use of low to moderate dose of IR alone or in combination with HIV-1 transcription activators as a potential application for the "Shock and Kill" strategy for latently HIV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Iordanskiy
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gavin C Sampey
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Caitlin M Woodson
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Kelsi Fry
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Fabio Romerio
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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