1
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Maity S, Santra A, Vardhan Hebbani A, Pulakuntla S, Chatterjee A, Rao Badri K, Damodara Reddy V. Targeting cytokine storm as the potential anti-viral therapy: Implications in regulating SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Gene 2023:147612. [PMID: 37423400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The latest global pandemic corona virus disease - 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 is still a matter of worrying concern both for the scientific communities and health care organizations. COVID-19 disease is proved to be a highly contagious disease transmitted through respiratory droplets and even close contact with affected individuals. COVID-19 disease is also understood to exhibit diverse symptoms of ranging severities i.e., from mild fatigue to death. Affected individuals' susceptibility to induce immunologic dysregulation phenomena termed 'cytokine storm' seems to be playing the damaging role of escalating the disease manifestation from mild to severe. Cytokine storm in patients with severe symptoms is understood to be characterized by enhanced serum levels of many cytokines including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, IL-10, TNF, interferon-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and VEGF. Since cytokine production in general is the most important antiviral defense response, understanding the COVID-19 associated cytokine storm in particular and differentiating it from the regular cytokine production response becomes crucial in developing an effective therapeutic strategy.This review focuses on the potential targeting of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm and its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashish Maity
- Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ayantika Santra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College, Bengaluru, 560 043, India
| | | | - Swetha Pulakuntla
- Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Kameswara Rao Badri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, GA, Atlanta-30310, USA; Clinical Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, COVID-19 Testing Laboratory, Morehouse School of Medicine, GA, Atlanta-30310, USA.
| | - Vaddi Damodara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahluwalia SK, Rajalingam R. Potential treatments of COVID-19: Drug repurposing and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:1-21. [PMID: 37059487 PMCID: PMC9930377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection is caused when Spike-protein (S-protein) present on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cell surface receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This binding facilitates SARS-CoV-2 genome entry into the human cells, which in turn causes infection. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many different therapies have been developed to combat COVID-19, including treatment and prevention. This review is focused on the currently adapted and certain other potential therapies for COVID-19 treatment, which include drug repurposing, vaccines and drug-free therapies. The efficacy of various treatment options is constantly being tested through clinical trials and in vivo studies before they are made medically available to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Olejnik A, Goscianska J. On the importance of physicochemical parameters of copper and aminosilane functionalized mesoporous silica for hydroxychloroquine release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112438. [PMID: 34702523 PMCID: PMC8445882 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, great attention has been paid to hydroxychloroquine which after promising in vitro studies has been proposed to treat the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2. The clinical trials have shown that hydroxychloroquine was not as effective as was expected and additionally, several side effects were observed in patients cured with this medicament. In order to reduce them, it is suggested to deliver hydroxychloroquine in a controlled manner. Therefore, in this study non-modified (SBA-15, SBA-16) and modified with copper and aminosilane mesoporous silica materials were applied as novel nanocarriers for hydroxychloroquine. First, pristine and functionalized samples were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, laser diffraction. Then the influence of physicochemical parameters of materials obtained on the adsorption and release processes of hydroxychloroquine was analyzed. The mechanism of hydroxychloroquine binding to non-modified silicas was based on the formation of hydrogen bonds, while in the case of copper and aminosilane functionalized materials the complexes with drug molecules were generated. The release behavior of hydroxychloroquine from silica samples obtained was determined by different factors including pH conditions, textural parameters, surface charge, and presence of surface functional groups. The greatest differences in hydroxychloroquine release profiles between materials were observed at pH 7.2. The amount of drug desorbed from silica decreased in the following order: functionalized SBA-15 (84%) > functionalized SBA-16 (79%) > SBA-15 (59%) > SBA-16 (33%). It proved that a higher amount of drug was released from materials of hexagonal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olejnik
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Goscianska
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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4
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Das S, Ramachandran AK, Birangal SR, Akbar S, Ahmed B, Joseph A. The controversial therapeutic journey of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the battle against SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 10:100085. [PMID: 33846702 PMCID: PMC8026171 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pandemic outbreak of a novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), indicated by a pulmonary infection in humans, has become one of the most significant challenges for public health. In the current fight against coronavirus disease-2019, the medical and health authorities across the world focused on quick diagnosis and isolation of patients; meanwhile, researchers worldwide are exploring the possibility of developing vaccines and novel therapeutic options to combat this deadly disease. Recently, based on various small clinical observations, uncontrolled case studies and previously reported antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-1 chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have attracted exceptional consideration as possible therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. However, there are reports on little to no effect of CQ or HCQ against SARS-CoV-2, and many reports have raised concerns about their cardiac toxicity. Here, in this review, we examine the chemistry, molecular mechanism, and pharmacology, including the current scenario and future prospects of CQ or HCQ in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.,Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Saleem Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bahar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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5
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Choudhary J, Dheeman S, Sharma V, Katiyar P, Karn SK, Sarangi MK, Chauhan AK, Verma G, Baliyan N. Insights of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: a current review. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 33526007 PMCID: PMC7849622 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of the 21st century caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was originated from China and shallowed world economy and human resource. The medical cures via herbal treatments, antiviral drugs, and vaccines still in progress, and studying rigorously. SARS-CoV-2 is more virulent than its ancestors due to evolution in the spike protein(s), mediates viral attachment to the host's membranes. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding spike domain associates itself with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors. It causes respiratory ailments with irregularities in the hepatic, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, as reported in humans suffering from COVID-19 and reviewed in the present article. There are several approaches, have been put forward by many countries under the world health organization (WHO) recommendations and some trial drugs were introduced for possible treatment of COVID-19, such as Lopinavir or Ritonavir, Arbidol, Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and most important Remdesivir including other like Tocilizumab, Oritavancin, Chlorpromazine, Azithromycin, Baricitinib, etc. RT-PCR is the only and early detection test available besides the rapid test kit (serodiagnosis) used by a few countries due to unreasonable causes. Development of vaccine by several leader of pharmaceutical groups still under trial or waiting for approval for mass inoculation. Management strategies have been evolved by the recommendations of WHO, specifically important to control COVID-19 situations, in the pandemic era. This review will provide a comprehensive collection of studies to support future research and enhancement in our wisdom to combat COVID-19 pandemic and to serve humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Chinmaya Degree College (Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand), Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249401 India
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Vipin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Faculty of Ayurvedic and Medicinal Sciences, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Prashant Katiyar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Ankit Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Deaprtment of Microbiology, Shri Dev Suman Subharti Medical College, Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Nitin Baliyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
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6
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Alyami MH, Alyami HS, Warraich A. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): From causes to preventions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1481-1491. [PMID: 32994704 PMCID: PMC7513931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that has been affected by COVID-19. At the beginning of March 2020, it revealed a steadily rising number of laboratory-confirmed cases. By 20th May 2020, 59,854 infected cases had been confirmed, with 329 deaths. To prevent a further outbreak of COVID-19, this article discusses the current understanding of COVID-19 and compares it with the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. It also discusses the causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and prevention measures to identify an applicable measure to control COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad S. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ansaar Warraich
- Life and Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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7
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Yehualashet AS, Belachew TF. ACEIs and ARBs and Their Correlation with COVID-19: A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3217-3224. [PMID: 32982336 PMCID: PMC7502385 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s264882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some animal studies suggested that the use of ACEIs/ARBs could contribute for the prevention and treatment of the effects of the COVID-19 infection, there are also contradictory scenarios indicating that their use may exacerbate the deleterious conditions of the infection. As a result of the paradoxical issue of using ACEIs/ARBs during COVID-19, it is still an area requiring extended investigation to prove. Additionally, a trial evidence of their efficacy and the possible benefit risk analysis of these conventional drugs during COVID-19 in connection with other comorbidities like hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease associated with diabetes should also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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8
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Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes. Life Sci 2020; 257:118054. [PMID: 32663575 PMCID: PMC7832727 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current world health concern, presenting a public health dilemma with ascending morbidity and mortality rates exceeding any previous viral spread, without a standard effective treatment yet. SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinguished with multiple epidemiological and pathological features, one of them being the elevated levels of cytokine release, which in turn trigger an aberrant uncontrolled response known as "cytokine storm". This phenomenon contributes to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to pneumonia and respiratory failure, which is considered a major contributor to COVID-19-associated fatality rates. Taking into account that the vast majority of the COVID-19 cases are aggravated by the respiratory and multiorgan failure triggered by the sustained release of cytokines, implementing therapeutics that alleviate or diminish the upregulated inflammatory response would provide a therapeutic advantage to COVID-19 patients. Indeed, dexamethasone, a widely available and inexpensive corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory effects, has shown a great promise in reducing mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we have critically compared the clinical impact of several potential therapeutic agents that could block or interfere with the cytokine storm, such as IL-1 inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, mast cell targeting agents, and corticosteroids. This work focused on highlighting and contrasting the current success and limitations towards the involvement of these agents in future treatment protocols.
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9
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The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (ORLANDO, FLA.) 2020. [PMID: 32222466 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all over the world. Reports from China showed that about 20% of patients developed severe disease, resulting in a fatality of 4%. In the past two months, we clinical immunologists participated in multi-rounds of MDT (multidiscipline team) discussion on the anti-inflammation management of critical COVID-19 patients, with our colleagues dispatched from Chinese leading PUMC Hospital to Wuhan to admit and treat the most severe patients. Here, from the perspective of clinical immunologists, we will discuss the clinical and immunological characteristics of severe patients, and summarize the current evidence and share our experience in anti-inflammation treatment, including glucocorticoids, IL-6 antagonist, JAK inhibitors and choloroquine/hydrocholoroquine, of patients with severe COVID-19 that may have an impaired immune system.
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10
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Zeng X, Zhang S. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol 2020; 214:108393. [PMID: 32222466 PMCID: PMC7102614 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 205.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all over the world. Reports from China showed that about 20% of patients developed severe disease, resulting in a fatality of 4%. In the past two months, we clinical immunologists participated in multi-rounds of MDT (multidiscipline team) discussion on the anti-inflammation management of critical COVID-19 patients, with our colleagues dispatched from Chinese leading PUMC Hospital to Wuhan to admit and treat the most severe patients. Here, from the perspective of clinical immunologists, we will discuss the clinical and immunological characteristics of severe patients, and summarize the current evidence and share our experience in anti-inflammation treatment, including glucocorticoids, IL-6 antagonist, JAK inhibitors and choloroquine/hydrocholoroquine, of patients with severe COVID-19 that may have an impaired immune system. The epidemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread all over the world. Inflammatory cytokine storm was common in patients with severe COVID-19. The immune system was impaired in critical COVID-19 patients A timely anti-inflammation treatment at the right window time is of pivotal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Clinical Immunology Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China
| | - Zhengyin Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China
| | - Jinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19, Wu Han Tong Ji Hospital, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 200065, China.
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11
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Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R. Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2019; 5:22. [PMID: 31798936 PMCID: PMC6884859 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a leading cause of global morbidity with the highest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). For reasons that are incompletely understood, the likelihood of HIV transmission is several fold higher in SSA than in higher income countries, and most of these infections are acquired by young women. Residents of SSA are also exposed to a variety of endemic infections, such as malaria and various helminthiases that could influence mucosal and systemic immunology. Since these immune parameters are important determinants of HIV acquisition and progression, this review explores the possible effects of endemic infections on HIV susceptibility and summarizes current knowledge of the epidemiology and underlying immunological mechanisms by which endemic infections could impact HIV acquisition. A better understanding of the interaction between endemic infections and HIV may enhance HIV prevention programs in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2Department of Pedagogical Mathematics and Natural Science, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Suleyman Demirel University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Vineet Joag
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ronald M Galiwango
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- 4Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON Canada.,5Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,7Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Herrera C. The Pre-clinical Toolbox of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: in vitro and ex vivo Models. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:578. [PMID: 31178736 PMCID: PMC6543330 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention strategies against sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are essential to curb the rate of new infections. In the absence of a correlate of protection against HIV infection, pre-clinical evaluation is fundamental to facilitate and accelerate prioritization of prevention candidates and their formulations in a rapidly evolving clinical landscape. Characterization of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties for candidate inhibitors is the main objective of pre-clinical evaluation. in vitro and ex vivo systems for pharmacological assessment allow experimental flexibility and adaptability at a relatively low cost without raising as significant ethical concerns as in vivo models. Applications and limitations of pre-clinical PK/PD models and future alternatives are reviewed in the context of HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Efforts in developing an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been challenging as HIV strains are highly variable and exhibit extraordinary mutability. Despite condom usage and pre-exposure prophylaxis as excellent prevention strategies, lack of accessibility in some developing countries and low adherence due to sociocultural factors continue to act as barriers in reducing the HIV epidemic. Microbicides are topical therapies developed to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections during intercourse. Microbicides applied vaginally or rectally are intended to prevent HIV infection at the site of transmission by either inhibiting its entry into immune cells or prevent viral replication. This review will summarize some of the current state-of-the-art microbicide formulations that are in preclinical and clinical stages of development and discuss some of the challenges associated with microbicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick L Traore
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Yufei Chen
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
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Ghosh M, Daniels J, Pyra M, Juzumaite M, Jais M, Murphy K, Taylor TN, Kassaye S, Benning L, Cohen M, Weber K. Impact of chronic sexual abuse and depression on inflammation and wound healing in the female reproductive tract of HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198412. [PMID: 29894487 PMCID: PMC5997353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence is associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition/transmission in women. Forced sex can result in physical trauma to the reproductive tract as well as severe psychological distress. However, immuno-biological mechanisms linking sexual violence and HIV susceptibility are incompletely understood. Using the Women’s Interagency HIV Study repository, a total of 77 women were selected to form 4 groups, stratified by HIV serostatus, in the following categories: 1) no sexual abuse history and low depressive symptom score (below clinically significant cut-off, scores <16) (Control); 2) no sexual abuse history but high depressive symptom score, ≥16 (Depression); 3) chronic sexual abuse exposure and low depressive symptom score (Abuse); 4) chronic sexual abuse exposure and high depressive symptom score (Abuse+Depression). Inflammation-associated cytokines/chemokines/proteases (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, TGF-β MIP-3α, IP-10, MCP-1, Cathepsin B), anti-inflammatory/anti-HIV mediators (Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), Elafin, beta defensin 2 (HBD2), alpha defensins (HNP 1–3), Thrombospondin (TSP-1), Serpin A1, A5, Cystatin A, B), and wound-healing mediators (Gro-α, VEGF, PDGF, EGF, FGF, IGF), were measured in cervical-vaginal lavage (CVL) using ELISA. Linear regression was used to model association of biomarkers with depression and abuse as predictor variables; the interaction between depression and abuse was also tested. Anti-HIV activity in CVL was tested using TZM-bl indicator cell line. In HIV-uninfected women, median levels of IL-6 (p = 0.04), IL-1α (p<0.01), TGF-β (p = 0.01), IP-10 (p = <0.01), PDGF (p<0.01) and FGF (p<0.01), differed significantly between groups. Specifically, an association was found between chronic sexual abuse and increased IL-1α (p<0.01), MIP-3α (p = 0.04), IP-10 (p<0.01), Serpin B1 (p = 0.01), FGF (p = 0.04) and decreased TGF-β (p<0.01), MCP-1 (p = 0.02), PDGF (p<0.01). Further, there was evidence of significant interactions between chronic sexual abuse and current depression for IL-1α, IP-10, Serpin A1, Cystatin B, and FGF. In HIV-infected women, median levels of TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-6 (p = 0.05), MIP-3α (p<0.01), and MCP-1 (p = 0.01), differed significantly between groups. Specifically, an association was found between chronic sexual abuse and increased MCP-1 (p = 0.03), Gro-α (p = 0.01) and decreased TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-1α (p = 0.02), MIP-3α (p<0.01) and Cathepsin B (p = 0.03). Current depressive symptoms were associated with significantly decreased MIP-3α (p<0.01). There was evidence of significant interactions between chronic sexual abuse and current depression for MCP-1 and FGF. No significant differences were observed in anti-HIV activity among all eight groups. Heat-map analyses revealed distinct immune network patterns, particularly in the Abuse groups for both HIV-infected and uninfected women. Our data indicates a complex relationship between chronic sexual abuse exposure, depressive symptoms, and FRT immune mediators that are also affected by HIV status. Association of chronic sexual abuse with increase in inflammation-associated cytokine/chemokine expression, along with impaired wound-healing associated growth-factors can create a microenvironment that can facilitate HIV infection. Evaluation of longitudinal changes in exposures and biomarkers are needed to untangle the immuno-biological mechanisms that may put women who endure life-long sexual abuse at increased risk for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Maria Pyra
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Monika Juzumaite
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Mariel Jais
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Kerry Murphy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Tonya N. Taylor
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Lorie Benning
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mardge Cohen
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Weber
- Cook County Health and Hospitals System/ Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Shattock R. HIV vaccine research in Canada. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:54. [PMID: 28893293 PMCID: PMC5594529 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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