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Belete D, Fekadie E, Kassaw M, Fenta M, Jegnie A, Mulu T, Adane G, Abebe W, Amare A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Guhala Primary Hospital, Northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:512. [PMID: 39075410 PMCID: PMC11285531 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections are global issues that disproportionately affect developing countries. Pregnancy-related HBV and HCV infections are associated with a high risk of vertical transmission and complications for the mother as well as the newborn. Therefore, this study aims to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Guhala Primary Hospital, Northwestern Ethiopia. METHODS A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted from July to September 2022 on HBV and HCV registered books from September 1, 2017, to August 30, 2019, for a year. The presence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in serum was detected using the One Step Cassette Style HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody test kit. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. RESULTS In this study, a total of 2252 participants for HBsAg and 538 participants for ant-HCV rapid tests of records in the laboratory logbook were included. The mean age of the study participants was 25.6years (± 5.8SD). The overall prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV was 6.0% (134/2252) and 2.4% (13/538), respectively. There were 0.4% (2/538) coinfection results between HBV and HCV among pregnant women. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION In this study, intermediate seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection was detected among pregnant women attending antenatal care. The Hepatitis B virus was predominantly higher among pregnant women aged between 25 and 34 years. To manage and stop the potential vertical transmission of these viral agents during the early stages of pregnancy, routine prenatal testing for HBV and HCV infections should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaka Belete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Engidayehu Fekadie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Kassaw
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Fenta
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azanu Jegnie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Mulu
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Adane
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Abebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azanaw Amare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Yirsaw BG, Agimas MC, Alemu GG, Tesfie TK, Derseh NM, Abuhay HW, Alemayehu MA, Yismaw GA. Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and its determinants among pregnant women in East Africa: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307102. [PMID: 38995928 PMCID: PMC11244773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major public health problems globally and needs an urgent response. It is one of the most responsible causes of mortality among the five hepatitis viruses, and it affects almost every class of individuals. Different studies were conducted on the prevalence of HBV among pregnant women in East African countries, but none of them showed the pooled prevalence of HBV among the pregnant women. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence and its determinants among pregnant women in East Africa. METHODS We searched studies using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and grey literature that were published between January 01/2020 to January 30/2024. The studies were assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) quality assessment scale. The random-effect (DerSimonian) model was used to determine the pooled prevalence and associated factors of HBV among pregnant women. Heterogeneity were assessed by I2 statistic, sub-group analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was assessed by Egger test, and the analysis was done using STATA version 17. RESULT A total of 45 studies with 35639 pregnant women were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of HBV among pregnant women in East Africa was 6.0% (95% CI: 6.0%-7.0%, I2 = 89.7%). The highest prevalence of 8% ((95% CI: 6%, 10%), I2 = 91.08%) was seen in 2021, and the lowest prevalence 5% ((95% CI: 4%, 6%) I2 = 52.52%) was observed in 2022. A pooled meta-analysis showed that history of surgical procedure (OR = 2.14 (95% CI: 1.27, 3.61)), having multiple sexual partners (OR = 3.87 (95% CI: 2.52, 5.95), history of body tattooing (OR = 2.55 (95% CI: 1.62, 4.01)), history of tooth extraction (OR = 2.09 (95% CI: 1.29, 3.39)), abortion history(OR = 2.20(95% CI: 1.38, 3.50)), history of sharing sharp material (OR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.07, 3.31)), blood transfusion (OR = 2.41 (95% CI: 1.62, 3.57)), family history of HBV (OR = 4.87 (95% CI: 2.95, 8.05)) and history needle injury (OR = 2.62 (95% CI: 1.20, 5.72)) were significant risk factors associated with HBV infection among pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The pooled prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in East Africa was an intermediate level and different across countries ranging from 1.5% to 22.2%. The result of this pooled prevalence was an indication of the need for screening, prevention, and control of HBV infection among pregnant women in the region. Therefore, early identification of risk factors, awareness creation on the mode of transmission HBV and implementation of preventive measures are essential in reducing the burden of HBV infection among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bantie Getnet Yirsaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Chanie Agimas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebrie Getu Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigabu Kidie Tesfie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Mekonnen Derseh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Wagnew Abuhay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meron Asmamaw Alemayehu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getaneh Awoke Yismaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Chonka T, Endashaw G, Zerihun E, Beyene Shashamo B. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B and C virus infection and associated factors among adults living at selected woredas in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:995. [PMID: 38594686 PMCID: PMC11005261 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver tissue. It is one of the serious public health problems. Though an individuals' knowledge, attitude, and practice level is very vital in order to ensure the control of its adverse health impacts, little is known regarding these issues in the community level. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B and C virus infection and associated factors among adults living at selected woredas in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS Community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 633 adults living at selected woredas in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected by pretested, well-structured questionnaire. The collected data were checked, coded and entered into Epi-data version 4.6.0.2 and were exported to SPSS version 25 for analyses. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were done to identify independent factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B and C virus infection. RESULTS According to this study, 366(58.1%), 95% CI: (54.23-61.96) of the participants had good knowledge. 381(60.5%), 95% CI: (56.65-64.30) of the participants had favourable attitude. 317(50.3%), 95% CI: (46.40-54.23) of the participants had good practice. From factor analysis, sex, number of sexual partners, sharing sharp material, and vaccination status were significantly associated with knowledge; residence, occupational status, income level, sharing sharp material, and vaccination status were significantly associated with attitude; and residence, occupational status, and vaccination status were identified to be significantly associated with practice towards Hepatitis B and C virus infection. CONCLUSION Based on the study findings, it could be observed that good knowledge, favourable attitude, and good practice were indicated nearly above the half, only by half, and nearly above the half of the study participants respectively. Implementing actions that could increase awareness regarding limiting the number of sexual partner, not sharing sharp materials, and urbanization is recommended. Moreover, woreda administrators, and other related authorities should consider knowledge, attitude, and practice as an implementation area, and also it would be better to create an opportunities to promote vaccination practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Chonka
- School of Nursing, Department of Comprehensive Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Gesila Endashaw
- School of Nursing, Department of Comprehensive Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Zerihun
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Beyene Shashamo
- School of Nursing, Department of Comprehensive Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Asgedom YS, Kassie GA, Woldegeorgis BZ, Meskele Koyira M, Kebede TM. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 20:17455057241235881. [PMID: 38444072 PMCID: PMC10916469 DOI: 10.1177/17455057241235881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem among pregnant women worldwide. Hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women, and evidence is scarce on the pooled seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the pooled seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated with pregnant women in Ethiopia. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis was employed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. DATA SOURCES Searches were carried out in biomedical databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Hinari, and the Cochrane Library published in English until June 2023. METHODS Observational study designs were selected. Endnote citation manager was used to collect and organize the search outcomes and remove duplicate articles. The data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA 16.0 software for the analysis. RESULTS A total of 48 research articles were included in the final analysis. The pooled estimated sero prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 5.78% (95% confidence interval = 5.14, 6.43). History of abortion (odds ratio = 6.56, 95% confidence interval = 4.88, 8.90), history of blood transfusion (odds ratio = 5.74, 95% confidence interval = 4.04, 8.16), history of hospitalization (odds ratio = 5.40, 95% confidence interval = 3.68, 7.94), history of multiple sexual partner (odds ratio = 5.80, 95% confidence interval = 3.71, 9.05), history of surgical procedure (odds ratio = 7.39, 95% confidence interval = 4.16, 13.14), history of tattooing (odds ratio = 4.59, 95% confidence interval = 2.83, 7.43), and history of tooth extraction (odds ratio = 4.46, 95% confidence interval = 2.42, 8.22) were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. CONCLUSION The overall pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia is relatively high. Having a history of abortion, blood transfusion, hospitalization, multiple sexual partners, surgical procedures, tattooing, and tooth extraction were found to be risk factors for hepatitis B virus. Therefore, extensive screening programs for hepatitis B virus in all pregnant women in Ethiopia are needed to prevent further infection and decrease the vertical transmission caused by the disease. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD: 42023438522.
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Assefa A, Kiros T, Delelegn B. Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of HBV and HCV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:2282673. [PMID: 37576850 PMCID: PMC10413223 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2282673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are worldwide problems that particularly place a heavy burden on developing nations. HBV and HCV infections during pregnancy have a high rate of vertical transmission and harmful consequences for both the mother and the child. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the seroprevalence and associated factors of HBV and HCV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15th to September 16th, 2022, at the Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital antenatal care clinic. Five milliliters of venous blood were collected from 422 pregnant women selected using a simple random sampling method. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using a prestructured questionnaire. A chi-square test, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the association between dependent and independent variables. p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was found to be 13% and 0.5%, respectively. Undertaking blood transfusion (AOR = 14.2, CI = 5.81-34.526, p = 0.001), tattooing (AOR = 3.99, CI = 1.1-14.36, p = 0.034), and dental therapy (AOR = 4.9, CI = 1.41-17.025, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with HBV infection. Conclusion HBV infection in pregnant women was shown to have a high endemicity (13%) in this investigation, whereas the seroprevalence of HCV infection was low (0.5%). HBV infection was significantly associated with a history of blood transfusions, tattooing, and dental therapy. Screening pregnant women for HBV and HCV infections and providing effective therapy would ensure better outcomes for the newborn. In addition, health education must be used to increase knowledge of screening and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayenew Assefa
- Unit of Immunology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Teklehaimanot Kiros
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Delelegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Borumeda General Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1395238. [PMID: 36072475 PMCID: PMC9441365 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1395238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis are considered as the cause of solemn health problem for the human kind, particularly among pregnant women in the 21th century. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women attending at Borumeda General Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Borumeda General Hospital from April to May, 2020. A consecutive total of 124 pregnant women who were attending at the antenatal clinic (ANC) of the hospital were included. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the associated factors and some sociodemographic characteristics. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each study participant, and a laboratory test using a rapid HBsAg and anti-HCV kit was done. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results The mean age of the study subjects was 25.81 (±5.967) years. The overall seroprevalence of either HBV or HCV infections among the study participants was 14 (11.3%). HBsAg and anti-HCV were positive among 10 (8.1%) and 4 (3.2%) study participants, respectively. There was no coinfection result between HBV and HCV among pregnant women. Pregnant women who had abortion history [AOR 5.723; 95% CI 1.100-29.785, P value = 0.038] and hospitalization history with IV medication [AOR 6.939; 95% CI 1.017-47.322, P value = 0.048] exhibited statistically significant association with HBV infection. Conclusions Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections among pregnant women was high, and the rate of HBV particularly can be considered in the high endemic category of the WHO classification scheme. Continuous screening of pregnant mothers, provision of hepatitis B vaccine for females at the child-bearing age, and health education to create awareness about HBV and HCV should be implemented.
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Argaw B, Kedir S, Mustefa A, Yesse M, Hussen L, Abdella B, Muze M, Jemal M. Sero-Prevalence, Infectivity, and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Sankura Primary Hospital, Silte Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2206030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Hepatitis B (HBV) infection causes a major public health problem around the globe. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the Seroprevalence, infectivity, and associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Sankura Primary Hospital, Southern Ethiopia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study design was conducted in Sankura Primary Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, from April to June 2020. A total of 338 pregnant women were recruited using systematic random sampling. Sociodemographic and associated risk factors were collected through a structured questionnaire. Blood samples and plasma analysis were performed for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) using the rapid test strip method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20, and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
The overall Seroprevalence of HBsAg was 11 (3.3%) [95% CI 1.5% - 5.0%], of whom 2 (18.2%) were positive for HBeAg. In multivariate analysis, a history of blood transfusion [AOR=4.8 95% CI (1.25-6.69)] and contact with a family history of the liver [AOR=5.7 95% CI (1.28-7.9)] was found to be significant predictors of HBV infections.
Conclusion:
The Seroprevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in the study area was intermediate. Family history of liver disease and blood transfusion were risk factors associated with HBV infection. Hence, improving the screening of blood, increasing awareness about the transmission of HBV infection, and screening pregnant women for HBV infection should be implemented. The government will build efficient service delivery models equipped with an appropriate and well-trained workforce.
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Mohammed H, Eshetie A, Melese D. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among adults patients at Dessie referral and Kemise general hospitals in northeastern Ethiopia. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e659. [PMID: 35620544 PMCID: PMC9125169 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can reason a variety of health problems and can be fatal. According to the most recent estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study and WHO, viral hepatitis is accountable for around 1.34 million deaths yearly, which is comparable to the yearly number of deaths from HIV/AIDS (1.3 million), malaria (0.9 million), and tuberculosis (1.3 million). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the Hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among adults patients at Dessie Referral and Kemise General Hospitals. Methods The source for the data on Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was all adults aged≥18 years that were admitted and tested for HBV from September 2020 to February 2021 were included in the study. A total of 1283 adults were admitted out of which, 1080 adults have completed measurements and had been taken into consideration for this examination, and others had been excluded from the examination because of exclusion criteria. To meet our objective descriptive statistics, the χ 2 test and multiple logistic regression statistical models were used for data analysis. Results In this study, a total of 1080 adults were included out of which 631 (58.4%) female and 449 (41.6%) were male with a mean age of 34(SD ±± 12.56) years. The overall prevalence of HBV among adults was 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI];24.8-30.2). The results of this study showed that age 25-34(odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, p-value = 0.005), 35-44 (OR = 6.67, p-value <0.001), ≥45 (OR = 3.85, p-value = 0.005), male (OR = 4.36, p-value < 0.001), history of hospitalization (OR = 0.644, p-value = 0.04), family history of HBV (OR = 1.96, p-value = 0.005), and jaundice (OR = 2.50, p-value = 0.005) were significant risk factors of HBV. Conclusion The prevalence of HBV in this study is 27.4%. The results of this study showed that age, male, history of hospitalization, family history of HBV, and jaundice were significant risk factors for Hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammed
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational ScienceSamara UniversitySamaraEthiopia
| | - Aragaw Eshetie
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational ScienceUniversity of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Dessie Melese
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational ScienceUniversity of GondarGondarEthiopia
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Al-Amad SH. Willingness of dentists in the United Arab Emirates to perform restorative and surgical treatments for patients infected with hepatitis C. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:230. [PMID: 34933688 PMCID: PMC8692077 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentists' refusal to treat patients infected with hepatitis C (HCV) continues to raise ethical concerns, particularly in countries where HCV is prevalent. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess dentists' willingness to treat patients infected with HCV and the socio-demographic variables that influence their decision. METHODS An online questionnaire was disseminated to dentists practicing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and enquired about their willingness to perform two dental treatments: restorative and surgical, to patients infected with HCV, while hypothetically being equipped with optimal personal protective equipment. Binary logistic regression test was used to assess socio-demographic factors that predict dentists' unwillingness decision. RESULTS Two-hundred and forty-five dentists participated in this survey. Among those, 25.6 and 19.3% were unwilling to perform dental extractions and aerosol-generating restorative dental treatments for patients infected with HCV, respectively. Dentists' clinical experience was a significant predictor of their unwillingness decision, with those of shorter clinical experience expressing greater reluctance than their counterparts (OR:1.61; 95% CI: 1.02-2.54; p = 0.042). CONCLUSION Patients infected with HCV who need dental care could face rejection by early career dentists, particularly if that treatment is a surgical one. Fresh dental graduates should be made aware of their ethical and legal responsibilities towards patients with infectious diseases, particularly HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail H Al-Amad
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Vueba AN, Almendra R, Santana P, Faria C, do Céu Sousa M. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Luanda (Angola): geospatial distribution and its association with socio-demographic and clinical-obstetric determinants. Virol J 2021; 18:239. [PMID: 34863183 PMCID: PMC8642931 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV and HBV infections remain responsible for high rate of morbidity and mortality in many African Countries, affecting women and newborns. This study aims to analyze the spatial pattern of HIV and HBV infections in pregnant women in Luanda, Angola, and the statistical association between HIV and HBV and socio-economic characteristics, hygiene, and health status. Methods Detection of anti-HIV antibodies (total anti-HIV-1, anti-HIV-2 and HIV-1 p24 antigen) and Hepatitis B antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg) and antibodies (anti-HBc Total II, HBc IgM, Anti-HBsT II) was performed by Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) in serum samples of 878 pregnant women attended at the Lucrecia Paim Maternity Hospital (LPMH). Data were collected by questionnaire after written consent, and spatial distribution was assessed through a Kernel Density Function. The potential risk factors associated with HIV HBV infection were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. Results Anti-HIV antibodies were positive in 118 samples (13.4%) and HBV infection were positive in 226 (25.7%). The seroprevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection was of 6.3%. The results showed that the seroprevalence of HBV was similar in most municipalities: 25.8% in Belas; 26.6% in Viana; 27.6% in Luanda; 19.2% in Cacuaco; and 15.6% Cazenga. For HIV, the seroprevalence was also close ranges among the municipalities: 10.0% in Belas; 14.5% in Viana 14.9% in Luanda and 12.5% in Cazenga. However, the seroprevalence in municipality of in Cacuaco was lower (5.8%) and bivariate and multivariate analysis showed a lower risk for HIV in this area (OR 0.348, CI 0.083–0.986; OR 0.359, CI 0.085–1.021). The multivariate analysis had also showed a significant increased risk for HIV in women with 2 or 3 births (OR 1.860, CI 1.054–3.372). Conclusions Our results underlined the need to improve the screening and clinical follow-up of HIV and HBV in Angola, as well the educational campaigns to prevent not only the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, but also their transmission, mainly in women in reproductive age and pregnant, encouraging the pre-natal consultations in order to avoid mother-to-child transmission. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01698-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Almendra
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Santana
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Faria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Beykaso G, Mulu A, Giday M, Berhe N, Selamu M, Mihret A, Teklehaymanot T. Burden and Transmission Risks of Viral Hepatitis in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence Needed for Prevention and Control Measures. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4843-4852. [PMID: 34880693 PMCID: PMC8646867 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s336776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are significant causes of liver-associated morbidity and mortality for millions of people globally. Ethiopia is one of the viral hepatitis-endemic countries with no national strategy for surveillance and limited data. As such, this study aimed to investigated the extent and associated risk factors of HBV and HCV among community members in southern Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to August 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect behavioral and sociodemographic data. Serum samples were collected and assayed for seromarkers of HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs) and HCV (anti-HCV) using ELISAs. In HBsAg-positive samples, HBV DNA was further quantified using RT-PCR. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed. RESULTS The study included 693 participants. Seromarkers for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs were found to be 9.5%, 1.4%, 31.1%, and 14.3%, respectively. In 66 HBsAg positives, 57 (86.4%) had quantifiable HBV DNA. Prevalence of current HBV infection (HBsAg+, anti-HBc+, anti-HBs-) and lifetime exposure (positive for either HBsAg or anti-HBc) to HBV were 8.7% and 31.9%, respectively, and 63.1% of participants were vulnerable or had no evidence of prior HBV infection (HBsAg-, anti-HBc-, anti-HBs-). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, multiple sexual contacts, family history of hepatitis infection, alcohol consumption, and khat chewing were significantly associated with HBV. The seroprevalence of HBV was relatively high in this study area. CONCLUSION This study showed high prevalence of HBV infection, but low prevalence of HCV. This indicates that HBV is a major health problem in this community. Population-based surveillance, care, and treatment, as well as behavioral change and education programs, should be enhanced to minimize risk exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Beykaso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Department of Virology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mirutse Giday
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Selamu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Virology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Teklehaymanot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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SARIÇAM E, İNCE YUSUFOĞLU S. Comparison of hepatitis B-infected and healthy individuals in terms of DMFT scores, endodontic treatment and extraction numbers: a cross-sectional study. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA TURCICA 2021. [DOI: 10.17214/gaziaot.833326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Israr M, Ali F, Nawaz A, Idrees M, Khattak A, Ur Rehman S, Azizullah A, Ahmad B, Bano SA, Iqbal R. Seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections among pregnant women attending maternity wards at two hospitals in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255189. [PMID: 34415906 PMCID: PMC8384242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Hepatitis B and C infections are global issues that are associated with a massive financial burden in developing countries where vertical transmission is the major mode and remains high. This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among 375 pregnant women attending antenatal care health facilities at Bacha Khan Medical Complex (BKMC) Shahmansoor and District Head Quarter (DHQ) Hospital Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY From a total of 375 pregnant women selected using systematic random sampling from both hospitals, 10 ml of blood samples were collected and alienated serum was examined for indicators identification through the Immuno-Chromatographic Test (ICT) and 3rd Generation Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic data and possible risk factors. The data was analyzed via SPSS 23.0 statistical software. A chi-square analysis was performed to determine the association between variables. P-value < 0.05 was set statistically significant. RESULTS The overall frequency of HBV and HCV among 375 pregnant women involved in the study was 3.7% and 2.1% respectively. None of the pregnant women were co-infected with HBV and HCV. Dental extraction (P = 0.001) and blood transfusion (P = 0.0005) were significantly allied with HBV infection while surgical procedure (P = 0.0001) was significantly associated with HCV infection. Moreover the sociodemographic characteristics: residential status (P = 0.017) and educational level (P = 0.048) were found significant risk factors of HBsAg and maternal age (P = 0.033) of anti-HCV, respectively. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION HBV and HCV infections are intermediary endemic in the study area. A higher prevalence of HBV was detected among pregnant mothers with a history of dental extraction, history of blood transfusion, resident to the urban area and low educational level. The age and surgical procedures were the potential risk factors found significantly associated with HCV positivity among pregnant mothers in our setup. Future negotiations to control vertical transmission should include routine antenatal screening for these infections early in pregnancy and the requirement of efficient preventive tools including the birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine in combination with hepatitis B immune globulins to the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Israr
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR
China
| | - Fawad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Arif Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Asma Bano
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Islamia
University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Andes A, Ellenberg K, Vakos A, Collins J, Fryer K. Hepatitis C Virus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am J Perinatol 2021; 38:e1-e13. [PMID: 32323289 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to summarize recent demographic characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection during pregnancy and the efficacy of risk-based versus universal screening. STUDY DESIGN PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant studies. Studies that recognized hepatitis C as a primary or secondary outcome, with pregnant women as the population and written in English, were included. Studies were excluded if they were abstracts only, written in foreign language, or published prior to 1992. Two researchers independently screened all the studies by titles, abstracts, and full text. Conflicts were settled by a third researcher. RESULTS A total of 698 studies were identified with 78 fitting inclusion criteria. In total, 69 epidemiologic and 9 comparison studies were found. Identified risk factors for HCV infection include intravenous or illicit drug use, sexually transmitted coinfection, high-risk behaviors in the partners, high parity, and history of miscarriages or abortions. Demographic characteristics associated with HCV include non-Hispanic white race, American Indian or Alaskan Native ethnicity, and increasing age. Providers may fail to adequately screen for each risk factor, and up to two-thirds of women with a known risk factor are not screened under current guidelines. Finally, up to 27% of HCV+ women have no identifiable risk factors for infection. CONCLUSION There is evidence that risk-based screening fails to identify a large proportion of HCV positive women in pregnancy and that pregnant women with HCV risk factors and consistent with current screening guidelines fail to be tested. We urge for the adoption of universal screening to identify these women and offer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Andes
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kerry Ellenberg
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda Vakos
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - James Collins
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kimberly Fryer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Geda YF, Desse H, Gesesse MM, Berhe TM. Hepatitis B surface antigen and associated factors among mothers who had antenatal care contact in Attat Hospital, southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211024462. [PMID: 34178340 PMCID: PMC8202263 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211024462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus is a viral infection which can cause both acute and chronic liver disease. Predominately, this virus transmitted through the mother-to-child route. It is an endemic disease in low-resource setting countries like Ethiopia. Objective: Therefore, this study was used to assess magnitude and associated factors of hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant mothers, who had antenatal care in Attat Hospital. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2019 to 30 January 2020. The data were collected from serological testing in laboratory and interview in antenatal care on 422 pregnant mothers. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 24.0 for further analysis. Variables on bivariate analysis at p < 0.25 were taken to multivariate analysis. A p value of less than 0.05 on multivariate analysis was considered significant. Result: From 438 total samples, 422 respondents were participated and the mean age of the participants was 25.4 years (standard deviation ± 4.85). Magnitude of hepatitis B surface antigen was 10.9% (95% confidence interval: 8.3, 14.0). Respondents whose occupation was in government or self-employed were 67% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.91) and whose number of gravidity was 3 and below were 79% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.68) less likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Respondents who respond that hepatitis B surface antigen has cured were 1.52 times (adjusted odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.7, 9.4) more likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Respondents who answered hepatitis B surface antigen has vaccine were 57% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.75) less likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Conclusion: Magnitude of hepatitis B surface antigen among mothers who were on antenatal care in Attat Hospital was high compared to other studies. Being employed in government or self-employed, gravida 3 and below, those who think that the disease has vaccine and those who think hepatitis B surface antigen was curable were statistically significant factors. Health promotion should be an important recommendation to be done by the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailu Desse
- Laboratory Department, Attat Hospital, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Prev Med 2021; 2021:6615008. [PMID: 34136287 PMCID: PMC8177971 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6615008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus infection during pregnancy is associated with a high risk of maternal complications and poor birth outcomes. There are variable reports on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar was conducted from April 03, 2020, to May 03, 2020. The quality of included article was evaluated by the JBI. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using Cochrane Q and I2 test. The presence of publication bias was tested by funnel plots and Egger's test. A random-effects meta-analysis was computed to determine the pooled prevalence of HCV infection among pregnant women. Results Of 502 studies, 6 studies with a total of 2117 pregnant women were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 1.83% (95% CI: 0.61, 3.06). Besides, subgroup analysis revealed that the highest HCV prevalence among pregnant women was observed in Oromia region, 5.10% (95% CI: −0.53, 10.73). Conclusions This study shows an intermediate level of HCV infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. The finding suggests the need of implementing a routine hepatitis C virus screening program for all pregnant women, which enables women to access HCV antiviral treatment to minimize vertical transmission to the newborn infants. Moreover, national and regional health programs should mandate and monitor the screening procedures so as to reduce the risk of hepatitis C virus infection.
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Hepatitis B virus infection and its determinants among HIV positive pregnant women: Multicenter unmatched case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251084. [PMID: 33930097 PMCID: PMC8087076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) kills millions of people globally; it is worse in pregnant women. HBV and Human Immune Virus (HIV) co-infection is associated with increased liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed at identifying the determinants of HBV infection among HIV-positive pregnant women. Methods A multicentre unmatched case-control study was conducted among 109 cases (HBV/HIV co-infected) and 327 controls (HIV positive) pregnant women in seven hospitals of the Eastern Amhara region. Interview and chart review data collection techniques were employed by trained personnel. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of hepatitis B virus infection. Variables with a p-value of <0.05 and 95% confidence interval for odds ratio not containing 1 considered independent predictors of HBV infection. Results The findings of this study revealed that history of STI [AOR, 1.97, 95%CI, 1.09–3.56], hospital admission [AOR, 3.08, 95%CI, 1.69–5.61], traditional delivery care [AOR, 3.31, 95%CI, 1.72–6.37], family history of HBV [AOR, 3.33, 95%CI, 1.72–6.37], presence of opportunistic infections [AOR, 0.23, 95%CI, 0.12–0.58], viral load [AOR, 7.58, 95%CI, 3.18–8.01], CD4 count [AOR, 2.15, 95% CI, 1.01–4.59], anaemia [AOR, 3.07, 95% CI, 1.71–5.51] and unsafe sex [AOR, 1.98, 95%CI, 1.09–3.61] had a statistically significant association with HBV infection. Conclusions Several exposure variables had statistically significant association with HBV infection. High Viral Load appeared to be the largest predictor of HBV infection in HIV patients. Therefore, targeted interventions such as behavioral change intervention for unsafe sex and STI should be in place, and screening tests and treatment at the early stage of conception for both partners is necessary.
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Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among cervical cancer suspected women at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-west Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:378. [PMID: 33888090 PMCID: PMC8063310 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Syphilis have continued a significant public health problem, especially in areas with substandard infection prevention and control programs. It is known that STIs are largely associated with the increased occurrence of cervical cancer. To date, little is known about the burden of STIs among cervical cancer suspected women in Ethiopia. Objectives To assess the seroprevalence of STIs and associated risk factors among cervical cancer suspected women with special emphasis on HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among cervical cancer suspected women at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from February to April 2017. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data on patients’ characteristics. The patient’s serum or plasma samples were tested for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In all aspects, the standard operational procedure was strictly followed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and presented using tables. Statistical associations were measured using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. A p-value of below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result A total of 403 cervical cancer suspected women with the mean age of 42.54 (SD + 11. 24) years were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of STIs was 16.6% (67/403) and the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis was 36/403 (8.9%), 10/403 (2.5%), 4/403 (1%), and 29/403 (7.2%) respectively. History of multiple sexual partners (Adjusted OR = 3.02, 95%CI 1.57–5.79, P = 0.001), alcohol addiction (Adjusted OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.07–4.5, P = 0.031), history of STI (Adjusted OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.76–6.47, P = 0.00) and not use of condom (Adjusted OR = 4.99; 95% CI: 1.5–16.16, P = 0.007) were significantly associated with STIs. Conclusion The prevalence of STIs was generally higher among cervical cancer suspected patients. Health education is encouraged to promote awareness about the prevention of STIs.
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Deress T, Million Y, Belachew T, Jemal M, Girma M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Viral Infection in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:8873389. [PMID: 33897305 PMCID: PMC8052182 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8873389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus is a highly genetically heterogenous bloodborne pathogen that is responsible for acute and chronic hepatitis. Globally, an estimated 71 million population is chronically infected with this virus from which 399,000 people die every year. Its prevalence is high in Ethiopia and varies from region to region, even among different studies within a region. METHODS Electronic databases, including Science Direct, Medline, HINARI, African Journals Online, TRIP database, African Index Medicus, and Directory of Open Access Journals, searched from 2010 to 2020 and published articles were included. Due to evidence of considerable heterogeneity, the pooled prevalence of anti-HCV was analyzed using the random-effects model. The possible sources of heterogeneity were analyzed through subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. Funnel plots and Egger's test statistics were used to determine the presence of publication bias. RESULTS The analysis of 56 articles showed that the prevalence of anti-HCV in Ethiopia ranged from 0% to 22%. The pooled prevalence estimated was 2% (95% CI 2.0-3.0), and the meta-regression statistics indicated that the diagnostic method (p=0.037), study group (p=0.005), and level of bias (p=0.035) showed statistically significant association with the outcome variable. The sensitivity analysis claims no influence on the overall effect estimate while removing a single study from the analysis at a time. Egger's test statistics (p ≤ 0.001) declare the presence of publication bias that is handled using time and fill analysis. CONCLUSIONS The pooled prevalence of anti-HCV in Ethiopia was high. Predictor variables, including the diagnostic method, study group, and level of bias, showed a statistically significant relationship with the outcome variable. Strengthening the scope of existing prevention and control programs and implementing novel approaches, including screen-and-treat, could significantly help to tackle this critical public health issue. The study provides a current estimate which is valuable for policymakers and other responsible bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshiwal Deress
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Million
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohabaw Jemal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Girma
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Roble AK, Roba KT, Mengistie B, Abdurke Kure M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Public Health Facilities in Jigjiga Town, Eastern Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health 2021; 12:1299-1310. [PMID: 33447090 PMCID: PMC7801816 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s276526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health problem affecting millions of people across the world. The risk of developing a chronic hepatitis B virus infection is affected by the age at the time of acquiring infection. For instance, around 95% of these infections are acquired during the perinatal period. Although evidences indicate the wider effects of hepatitis B virus and its negative consequences, there are limited studies and a scarcity of data in Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining seroprevalence of HBV and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the public health facilities of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia, from March 4 to April 4, 2019. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed among pregnant women in the public health facilities of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 589 pregnant women were enrolled in the study using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Five milliliters of venous blood samples was collected and tested for HBV using ELISA diagnostic test. The collected data were entered in to Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was carried out using frequency tables and summary measures. Multivariable analysis was done to identify the true effects of the selected predictor variables on the outcome variable after controlling for possible confounders. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. Results Overall, 8.5% (95% CI: 6.5–10.7) of the study participants were seropositive for HBsAg. Having any surgical history [AOR = 3.41, 95% CI (1.26–9.24)], family history of HBV [AOR = 4.96, 95% CI (2.11–10.60)], history of sharing sharps [AOR = 2.78, 95% CI (1.13–6.83)] and having multiple sexual partners [AOR = 6.12, 95% CI (2.12–17.64)] were significant predictors of HBV infection. Conclusion The seroprevalence of HBV was relatively high in this study area. Having a history of surgery, family history of hepatitis, history of sharing sharps and multiple sexual partners were significantly associated with HBV infection. Therefore, health information dissemination and awareness creation on mode of transmission of HBV are very crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurahman Kedir Roble
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bizatu Mengistie
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdurke Kure
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Hepatitis B and C Viruses' Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Hospitals in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8848561. [PMID: 33133191 PMCID: PMC7568777 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8848561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis virus infection is a major public health burden and silent killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in three tertiary hospitals in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1121 pregnant women. Data on sociodemographic and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) using ELISA. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between factors associated with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis virus C infection. Results A total of 1121 pregnant women were included in the study. The mean age of study participants was 27.2 ± 4.8 yrs. The majority of pregnant women (895 (79.8%)) were from urban areas. The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody was 52 (4.6%) and 18 (1.6%), respectively. The coinfection rate of HBV/HCV was 1.4% (1/69). Ten (19.2%) of HBV positive cases were coinfected with HIV. There were no coinfections of HCV and HIV. Interestingly, pregnant women with a history of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), blood transfusion (AOR = 7.6, 95% CI, 2.9–16.9), family history of HBV (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI, 1.7–7.6), being HIV-positive (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1–5.9), and tattooing (AOR = 2, 95% CI, 1–3.8) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Similarly, young age (17–25 yrs) (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.8–8.6) and no educational background (AOR = 5, 95 CI, 1.7–14.8) were significant predictors of HCV infection. Conclusions Hepatitis B and C viruses' infection was intermediate among pregnant women; some risk factors were significantly associated with the majority of cases. Infants born from these infected mothers are at risk of infection. This calls for screening and integration of HBV prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) into HIV. Thus, the provision of health education on hepatitis B and C viruses' transmission, vaccination, and screening of all pregnant women routinely are essential for the prevention of these viruses.
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Kiros KG, Goyteom MH, Tesfamichael YA, Mekonen HH, Gebru TH, Gebrehiwot TG, Teka YH, Abrha WA, Tadesse DB. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Mother-To-Child Transmission, and Associated Risk Factors Among Delivering Mothers in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: a Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:901-911. [PMID: 32929689 PMCID: PMC7680472 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction High prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women is the primary source of infection for their children and the general population. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the primary mode of transmission in endemic areas like Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection, rate of MTCT, and associated risk factors among delivering mothers. Methods This health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four public hospitals of the Eastern zone of Tigray among 473 delivering mothers. Structured questionnaires and laboratory results were used to collect the data. The data were checked for completeness and entered into EpiData manager version 4.6.0.0. Then the data were exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The odds ratio, along with a 95% confidence interval, was estimated to identify predictors of HBV infection using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Significant association was considered at p < 0.05. Results A total of 473 mothers were enrolled, and the response rate was 100%. The prevalence of HBV infection among the mothers and the rate of MTCT of the infection were 11.6% and 30.9%, respectively. History of home delivery [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2, 10.6)], history of hospital admission [AOR = 5, 95% CI (2.2, 11.5)], working at health facility [AOR = 5.4, 95% CI (1.4, 20.7)], body tattoos [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI (2.4, 13.6)], sharing personal care materials [AOR = 3.8, 95% CI (1.4, 9.9)], insufficient knowledge [AOR = 5.6, 95% CI (1.6, 19)], and having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [AOR = 5.1, 95% CI (1, 26.2)] were significantly associated with HBV infection. Conclusion HBV infection among delivering women is becoming highly endemic, and the rate of MTCT was high. Therefore, administering hepatitis B vaccine to all neonates within 24 h of birth is mandatory to prevent MTCT of HBV infection and related complications. Furthermore, health education and dissemination of information about HBV for the pregnant mothers are needed to reduce HBV infection and vertical transmission in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Woldu Aberhe Abrha
- School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Belay AS, Abateneh DD, Yehualashet SS, Kebede KM. Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors Among Adults in Southwest Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:323-332. [PMID: 32606897 PMCID: PMC7319518 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s259375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ethiopia is grouped with countries with no national strategy for surveillance of viral hepatitis. Hence, data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population are limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of HBV infection among adults in Southwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Southwest Ethiopia, from November 1, 2017–January 30, 2018. A total of 612 individuals were included in the study using a multistage sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and a whole blood sample was aseptically collected and tested for HBsAg using a commercially available rapid serological test kit. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was retrieved. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Among 612 participants, half of them, 310 (50.7%), were in the age range of 25–34 years. The mean age of the respondents was 32.5 [SD ±7.5] years. Seroprevalence of HBsAg among adults was 55/612 (9.0%). Tattooing on gums (AOR=23.9, 95% CI (2.2–26.3)), tattooing on the body (AOR=6.8, 95% CI (1.1–43.1)), and contact with a jaundiced person (AOR=20.7, 95% CI (6.7–63.8)) were significantly associated with seroprevalence of HBsAg. Conclusion Hepatitis B virus infection in adults at the community level is highly endemic. Modifiable risk factors such as tattooing on gums, tattooing on body, and contact with a jaundiced person account for the high HBV infection. Hence, behavioral education and communication programs designed to reduce HBV infection need to address these modifiable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dejene Derseh Abateneh
- Mizan Tepi University, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.,Kotebe Metropolitan University, Menelik II College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet
- Mizan Tepi University, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.,Debre Berhan University, Institute of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Its Determinants among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2020; 2020:9418475. [PMID: 32577077 PMCID: PMC7305536 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9418475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an infectious and a global public health problem. The prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women is between 2.3% and 7.9%. HBV infection during pregnancy is associated with prenatal transmission to the fetus. HBV has an effective vaccine which reduces up to 96% of the transmission. Although different studies were conducted in Ethiopia, none of them showed the national prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the pooled prevalence of HBV and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for articles. All observational published studies were retrieved using relevant search terms in Google Scholar, African Online Journal, CINAHL, and PubMed databases. Newcastle-Ottawa assessment checklist for observational studies was used for critical appraisal of the included articles. The meta-analysis was done with STATA version 14 software. The I 2 statistics were used to test heterogeneity whereas Begg's and Egger's tests were used to assess publication bias. Odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented using the forest plot. Results A total of twenty-three studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of HBV in Ethiopia was 4.75% (95% CI: 4.06, 5.44). The subgroup analysis showed a higher prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in Gambella (7.9%) and the lowest in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) (2.3%). Associated factors with HBV infection include history of multiple sexual partner (OR = 6.02 (95%CI = 3.86, 9.36)), blood transfusion history (OR = 5.71 (95%CI = 3.25, 10.04)), abortion history (OR = 3.58 (95%CI = 2.10, 6.09)), and history of body tattoo (OR = 2.83 (95%CI = 1.55, 5.17)). Conclusions HBV infection among pregnant women is a common public health problem in Ethiopia. Multiple sexual partners, abortion history, blood transfusion history, and body tattoo were significantly associated with HBV infection. Policies and strategies should focus on factors identified in this study to improve the prevention of HBV among pregnant women.
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Bafa TA, Egata AD. Seroepidemiological patterns and predictors of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic of Atat Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312119900870. [PMID: 32002184 PMCID: PMC6963336 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Viral hepatitis is a serious blood-borne and sexually transmitted systemic communicable disease affecting the liver. Commonly, it is caused by hepatitis B and C viruses. HIV infection has been one of the largest public health challenges that can also be transmitted vertically. Objective To determine seroepidemiological patterns and predictors of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Atat Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 pregnant women from May to July, 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and predicators of hepatitis B, C and HIV infections through face-to-face interview. Venous blood sample of 5 mL was collected from study participants, and serum was tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV using rapid test kits and further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of hepatitis and HIV infections. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV infections were 4.5%, 1.8% and 2.7%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infections was significantly higher among patients having history of poly-sexual practices (adjusted odds ratio = 11.31; 95% confidence interval = 1.24-28.69, p = 0.003), history of abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 8.64; 95% confidence interval = 5.5-30.36, p = 0.034), home delivery by traditional birth attendants (adjusted odds ratio = 9.06; 95% confidence interval = 2.01-13.36, p = 0.005) and blood transfusion (adjusted odds ratio = 18.1; 95% confidence interval = 2.63-114.24, p = 0.001). HIV co-infection was present in 40% and 100% of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus positive pregnant women, respectively. All hepatitis C virus positive women had a history of ear piercing, abortion and home delivery. Conclusion Hepatitis B, C and HIV were all uncommon infections in this population, with hepatitis B virus the most common. All hepatitis C virus positive pregnant women were co-infected with HIV. Significant association was found between hepatitis B virus infection and predictors. Therefore, continuous screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B and C infections should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Abera Bafa
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Andamlak Dendir Egata
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Woldegiorgis AE, Erku W, Medhin G, Berhe N, Legesse M. Community-based sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226890. [PMID: 31887192 PMCID: PMC6936792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The magnitude of HBV and HCV infections in Ethiopia has not been well studied at community level. This study aimed at investigating the sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV and HCV among HBV unvaccinated community members in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts from March to May 2018. Structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant clinical and socio-demographic data. Three milliliter of blood sample was collected from each study participant and screened for HBV and HCV using one step hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test strip and one step HCV test strip, respectively. Samples found positive for HBsAg were further tested using immunoassay of Alere DetermineTM HBsAg (Alere Inc., USA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results A total of 625 (51.4% males, age 6–80 years, mean age ± SD = 30.83 ± 13.51 years) individuals participated in the study. The sero-prevalence for HBV infection was 8.0% as detected using one step HBsAg test strip, while it was 7.2% using Alere DetermineTM HBsAg test. The sero-prevalence for HCV infection was 1.9%. Two (0.3%) of the participants were seropositive for both HBV and HCV infections. High sero-prevalence for HBV infection was associated with weakness and fatigue (AOR = 5.20; 95% CI: 1.58, 17.15), while high sero-prevalence of HCV infection was associated with age group between 46 and 65 years (AOR = 13.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 152.41). Conclusion This study revealed higher-intermediate endemicity level of HBV infection and low to intermediate endemicity level of HCV infection in the study area. Clinical symptoms like weakness and fatigue were found to be indictors for HBV infection, while individuals in the age group between 46 and 65 years were at higher risk for HCV infection. Provision of community- based health education; vaccination, mass screening and providing treatment would have utmost importance in reducing the transmission of these diseases in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale Woldegiorgis
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Woldearegay Erku
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abiye S, Yitayal M, Abere G, Adimasu A. Health professionals' acceptance and willingness to pay for hepatitis B virus vaccination in Gondar City Administration governmental health institutions, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:796. [PMID: 31690313 PMCID: PMC6833239 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. The burden of the disease is high in low and middle income countries like Ethiopia. However, for highly vulnerable groups such as health professionals, vaccination coverage is a major issue in the developing countries where health professionals are expected to pay for vaccination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess health professionals' acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) and associated factors for vaccination against HBV. METHODS Cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2017 in Gondar city administration governmental health institutions among 423 health professionals. Simple random sampling method was employed to select the study participants. Data were collected using self- administered questionnaire. Tobit model was used to analyze the determinants of WTP and the maximum amount of money the individuals might pay for HBV vaccination. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT A total of 423 health professionals (physicians, nurses, midwives, laboratory technicians/technologists, and others) participated in the study with a response rate of 100, and 62.4% of them were willing to pay for HBV vaccination. The mean amount of money the participants might pay for HBV vaccination was 325.83 ± 283.46 ETB (US$ 14.39 ± 12.52). The study indicated that the WTP for HBV vaccination of health professionals from health centers was 179.41 ETB less compared to health professionals from hospital. The WTP for HBV vaccination of the participants who had no experience of seeing previous patients with HBV was 157.87 ETB less compared to participants who had experience of seeing previous patients with HBV. As monthly income of the study participants increased by one ETB, the WTP was increased by 0.027 ETB. CONCLUSION The study revealed that the mean amount of money the participants might pay for HBV vaccination was much less than the market price for HBV vaccination. Type of workplace and experience of seeing/observing patients with HBV, and income were the predictors of WTP for HBV vaccination. Availing the vaccine with affordable cost in governmental health institutions may increase WTP of health professionals for HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwule Abiye
- University of Gondar Referral Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mezgebu Yitayal
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Giziew Abere
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asefa Adimasu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Taye BW. A Path to Ending Hepatitis C in Ethiopia: A Phased Public Health Approach to Achieve Micro-Elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:963-972. [PMID: 31516107 PMCID: PMC6838594 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia's hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is predicted to rise by 2030. To halt this increasing trend, a suitable approach to the elimination of HCV is needed. This review explores the current status, challenges, and opportunities and outlines a strategy for the micro-elimination approach in Ethiopia. I searched PubMed and EMBASE using combined Medical Subject Heading databases for the literature on HCV micro-elimination. A phased public health approach to HCV micro-elimination, including preparation/capacity building (phase I), implementation (phase II), and rollout and scale-up (phase III), targeting people living with HIV, prisoners, chronic hepatitis and cancer patients, blood donors, and pregnant women is a pragmatic strategy to Ethiopia. This can be implemented at general and tertiary care referral hospitals with a future scale-up to district hospitals through task-shifting by training general practitioners, nurses, laboratory technologists, and pharmacists. Availability of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can be ensured by expanding the existing program that provides highly subsidized DAAs through an agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc. and eventually aiming at domestic generic manufacturing. The significant enablers to HCV micro-elimination in Ethiopia include the control of healthcare-associated HCV infection, blood safety, access to affordable testing and pan-genotypic DAAs, task-shifting, multisectoral partnership, and regulatory support. General population-based HCV screening and treatment are not cost-effective for Ethiopia because of high cost, program complexity, and disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaynew Wasie Taye
- Address correspondence to Belaynew Wasie Taye, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Rd., Brisbane 4006, Australia. E-mails: or
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Yazie TD, Tebeje MG. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:917. [PMID: 31664923 PMCID: PMC6820955 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus is one of the major public health concerns globally. It is highly infectious and can be transmitted from person to person through vertically or horizontally via contaminated body fluids. Despite the provision of an effective vaccine, it remains a major problem worldwide, particularly among the developing countries. Methods Online electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, and WHO Afro Library were searched and published articles from 2010 to June 8, 2019, were considered. Both authors independently screened articles and extracted the data. Funnel-Plots and Egger’s test statistics were used to determine the presence of small-study effects and publication bias. The pooled prevalence of HBV was analyzed using the random-effects model. The possible sources of heterogeneity was analyzed through subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. Results The overall pooled prevalence of HBV was 6% and among subgroups, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and HIV positive patients accounted for 5% for each group. Relatively low prevalence (4%) was obtained among blood donors. The Egger’s test statistics (p = 0.747) indicated the absence of publication bias. In addition, from the sensitivity analysis, there was no influence on the overall effect estimate while removing a single study at a time. The level of heterogeneity was reduced among pregnant women, HIV positive and studies with unknown sampling techniques. After conducting meta-regression, province, study group, screening method, and quality of papers were identified as sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions The overall pooled prevalence of HBV in Ethiopia was high. Strengthening and scaling up of the scope of the existing vaccination program and implementing novel approaches including screen-and-treat could be implemented to reduce the burden of the disease. Generally, the study can provide current prevalence estimate of HBV that could vital for intervention to tackle the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshiwal Deress Yazie
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mekonnen Girma Tebeje
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Selected Health Facilities in East Wollega Zone, West Oromia, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4792584. [PMID: 30643809 PMCID: PMC6311240 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4792584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections are a public health problem worldwide. It is highly endemic in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Horizontal and perinatal transmissions are thought to be the major modes of transmission in these countries. Objective. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiology and possible risk factors for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted from July to September 2014 among 421 pregnant women attending antenatal care services in randomly selected health facilities, East Wollega Zone, West Oromia, Ethiopia. Blood sample was collected from each woman and separated serum was tested for the presence of markers. A prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and risk factors. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used as measures of the strength of association. Result The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 2.4% ranging from 0.0% to 5.2%. It was the highest in Sire Health Center and the lowest/nil in others. The prevalence of HCV ranged from 6.7% to 20% with an average of 8.07% in this study area where it was highest in the Getema Health Center Antenatal Care Attendants. Only address (p=0.020) and area of the health institution (p=0.021) are significantly the associated factors for HBsAg and serostatus of HCV, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of HBsAg carrier rate of pregnant women in the study area falls within the medium endemic prevalence and HCV prevalence was higher than HBsAg. Study participants who were from urban areas were significantly affected with HBV while study institution affects the prevalence of HCV infection so that initiating screening tests during follow up period for antenatal care services is mandatory.
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Al-Amad SH. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and HIV among patients attending a teaching dental hospital. A 7-year retrospective study from the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:500-505. [PMID: 29738011 PMCID: PMC6118177 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.5.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the seroprevalence and case characteristics of hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and their transmissibility from patients to dental personnel following percutaneous and mucocutaneous injuries. Methods All incidents of sharp and splash injuries reported between January 2010 and January 2017 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were calculated using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Prevalence was calculated as percentages, and chi-square test was used to assess categorical variables where a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results Among the 436 reported incidents, 372 patients underwent serological screening. Fourteen patients (3.8%) had antibodies against hepatitis C virus, and 8 patients (2.2%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigens. All positive cases were clinically asymptomatic. There were no positive cases for HIV. Three of the 14 hepatitis C positive patients were actively infectious upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, but none of the injured dental personnel seroconverted upon a 6-month follow up. Approximately 88% of dental personnel were vaccinated against hepatitis B. Female personnel showed better vaccination rate by comparison to male personnel (p=0.005). Among the 5 different categories of professional status, cleaners showed a significantly low hepatitis B vaccination rate (p<0.000). Conclusion The prevalence of hepatitis B and C is higher than that previously reported from the United Arab Emirates, but transmissibility of viral hepatitis seems to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail H Al-Amad
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. E-mail.
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Prevalence, Infectivity, and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus among Pregnant Women in Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia: Implication of Screening to Control Mother-to-Child Transmission. J Pregnancy 2018; 2018:8435910. [PMID: 30174956 PMCID: PMC6098924 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8435910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mother has up to 90% likelihood of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to newborns in the absence of any prophylaxis or antiviral therapy utilization. However, routine antenatal screening and intervention strategies are not yet practiced in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, infectivity, and associated risk factors of HBV among pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 in Yirgalem Hospital. A total of 475 pregnant women were recruited, and data on sociodemography and potential risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. In addition, blood samples were tested for HBsAg, and HBsAg positive samples were retested for HBeAg using commercially available strip test. The status of HIV was collected from the records. Results The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 34 (7.2%), of whom 13 (38.8%) were positive for HBeAg. The prevalence of HIV infection was 10.1% (48/475). Ten out of 34 HBV positive cases (29.4%) were coinfected with HIV. The overall HBV/HIV coinfection rate was 2.1% (10/475). Women with history of multiple sexual partners and being HIV positive were significantly associated with HBsAg positivity. Among the study participants, 35.4% were aware of MTCT of HBV and only 12 (2.5%) have taken HBV vaccine. Conclusions High prevalence of HBsAg and HBeAg as well as low awareness and practices of HBV prevention methods suggests that perinatal transmission of HBV might be the prevailing mode of HBV transmission in the study area. Thus, screening of all pregnant women, particularly those who had history of multiple sexual partners and HIV coinfection, and provision of health education about HBV prevention methods are inevitable.
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Kebede KM, Abateneh DD, Belay AS. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prevalence studies. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:322. [PMID: 29996785 PMCID: PMC6042274 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several epidemiological studies available on hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Ethiopia. These individual studies revealed wide variation over time and across geographical areas. The aim of this systematic review and Meta-analysis is to estimate the overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, Popline, Lalicus, Ovid, MedNar, African Journal Online (AJOL) and advanced Google Scholar was conducted regardless of publication year from August 30, 2017 to September 25, 2017. The search was updated on January 02, 2018 to minimize time-lag bias. The methodological qualities of included studies were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instruments. RESULTS Out of 103 studies, 17 studies with a total of 5629 pregnant women were included in the Meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women using random-effect model was 4.7%(95% CI 4.0-5.4%). The I2 statistics was I2 = 37.9%(p = 0.0575). Even though significant heterogeneity among studies was not detected, the I2 = 37.9% suggests medium heterogeneity. A subgroup Meta-analysis showed that study site, region, mean/median sample size, hepatitis B virus screening methods and methodological quality were not source of heterogeneity (p-difference > 0.05). CONCLUSION This review shows an intermediate level of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. In addition to the current practice of child vaccination, routine and universal antenatal hepatitis B virus screening program need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindie Mitiku Kebede
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, PO.box 260, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Derseh Abateneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Sayih Belay
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
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Shimelis T, Tassachew Y, Tadewos A, Hordofa MW, Amsalu A, Tadesse BT, Tadesse E. Coinfections with hepatitis B and C virus and syphilis among HIV-infected clients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2017; 9:203-210. [PMID: 29238229 PMCID: PMC5716329 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s150795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are hepatotropic viruses of public health significance worldwide. Despite their severe clinical impact in HIV-infected patients, there is inadequate information regarding the epidemiology of hepatitis/HIV coinfections in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among HIV-infected patients at a tertiary hospital in Southern Ethiopia. Methods Stored sera, which were originally collected for the investigation of syphilis among HIV-infected clients, were analyzed in this study. Samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen using rapid diagnostic tests. Those samples that tested positive for HBsAg were further analyzed for hepatitis B e antigen. All sera were tested for antibody to HCV infection using rapid diagnostic test. Results HBsAg was positive for 6.3% of the participants; of whom, 10% were positive for hepatitis B e antigen. The exposure rates to HBV (antibody to hepatitis B core antigen) and HCV (anti-HCV) infections were 22.4 and 3.1%, respectively. The rates of coinfections with HBV-syphilis, HCV-syphilis, and HBV-HCV were found to be 3.1, 0.6, and 1.3%, respectively. HBV exposure rate was significantly higher among participants in the age range 40–49 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.01–3.88) and those who had a CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/μL (AOR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.13–5.10) and 200–349 cells/μL (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.28–4.35). Conclusion The rates of HBV and HCV infections were found to be similar to other subpopulations in Ethiopia. Age and CD4+ T cell level influenced the rate of HBV exposure. As human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis coinfections are clinically consequential in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the need to screen this population for HBV and HCV infections is critically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techalew Shimelis
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Yayheyirad Tassachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Agete Tadewos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Mesfin Worku Hordofa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Anteneh Amsalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Tadesse
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
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Araya Mezgebo T, Niguse S, Gebrekidan Kahsay A, Hailekiros H, Berhe N, Asmelash Dejene T. Hepatitis B virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in health facilities of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Med Virol 2017; 90:503-509. [PMID: 29077204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver disease in the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Northern Ethiopia using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 328 pregnant women were included in this study. Clinical and socio-demographic data of the pregnant women were collected using a structured questionnaire by nurses or midwives during their ANC visit. For the detection of HBsAg, 5 mL of venous blood was collected from the pregnant women; serum was separated in the health facilities from the whole blood and was transported to Tigray Public Health Research Institute for analysis using. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0. (IBM). Association of variables with HBV infection was determined with multivariate analysis and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the study participants was 25.45 ± 5.067. The overall prevalence rate of HBV infection among the pregnant women was 5.5%. A statistical association of HBV infection with risk factors was seen on participants, who were making unprotected sexual practices with multiple partners (AoR = 6.4, 95%CI, 2-21, P = 0.03), on those who had HBV-infected person in their family (AoR = 8, 95%CI, 1-58, P = 0.02), and on those who had undergone surgical procedures (AoR = 6.8, 95%CI, 1-32, P = 0.022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Araya Mezgebo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Niguse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Haftamu Hailekiros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Axum University, Axum, Ethiopia
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Breakwell L, Tevi-Benissan C, Childs L, Mihigo R, Tohme R. The status of hepatitis B control in the African region. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:17. [PMID: 29296152 PMCID: PMC5745934 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.27.3.11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region has approximately 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This review describes the status of hepatitis B control in the Region. We present hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) coverage data and from available data in the published literature, the impact of HepB vaccination on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence, a marker of chronic infection, among children, HBsAg prevalence in pregnant women, and risk of perinatal transmission. Lastly, we describe challenges with HepB birth dose (HepB-BD) introduction reported in the Region, and propose strategies to increase coverage. In 2015, regional three dose HepB coverage was 76%, and 16(34%) of 47 countries reported ≥ 90% coverage. Overall, 11 countries introduced HepB-BD; only nine provide universal HepB-BD, and of these, five reported ≥ 80% coverage. From non-nationally representative serosurveys among children, HBsAg prevalence was lower among children born after HepB introduction compared to those born before HepB introduction. However, some studies still found HBsAg prevalence to be above 2%. From limited surveys among pregnant women, the median HBsAg prevalence varied by country, ranging from 1.9% (Madagascar) to 16.1% (Niger); hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) prevalence among HBsAg-positive women ranged from 3.3% (Zimbabwe) to 28.5% (Nigeria). Studies in three countries indicated that the risk of perinatal HBV transmission was associated with HBeAg expression or high HBV DNA viral load. Major challenges for timely HepB-BD administration were poor knowledge of or lack of national HepB-BD vaccination guidelines, high prevalence of home births, and unreliable vaccine supply. Overall, substantial progress has been made in the region. However, countries need to improve HepB3 coverage and some countries might need to consider introducing the HepB-BD to help achieve the regional hepatitis B control goal of < 2% HBsAg prevalence among children < 5 years old by 2020. To facilitate HepB-BD introduction and improve timely coverage, strategies are needed to reach both facility-based and home births. Strong political commitment, clear policy recommendations and staff training on HepB-BD administration are also required. Furthermore, high quality nationally representative serosurveys among children are needed to inform decision makers about progress towards the regional control goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Breakwell
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carol Tevi-Benissan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Lana Childs
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Mihigo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Rania Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abera B, Adem Y, Yimer M, Mulu W, Zenebe Y, Mekonnen Z. Community seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus in adult population in gojjam zones, northwest Ethiopia. Virol J 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28166829 PMCID: PMC5294870 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, there is lack of data on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infections in adult population at community level. This study aimed at determining the HBV, HCV and HIV seroprevalence in adult population at community level in East and West Gojjam zones in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 01 and November 30, 2015. The Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV were detected using the standard serological tests. The antibody to HIV infection was tested using the national HIV rapid tests algorithms. Results A total of 481 adults comprised of 51% females with median age of 25 years took part in the study. Overall, 7.5% (95% CI: 5.5–10.2%) of adult population were infected either with HBV, HCV and HIV. The prevalence of HBV was 15 (3.1%) and for HIV was 16 (3.3%). The seroprevalence of HCV was five (1.0%). HIV-HCV co-infection was found to be two (0.4%). HIV prevalence was higher in non-educated population than their counter parts (P = 0.001). HIV prevalence was high in housewives (6.0%) and merchants (4.7%). Conclusions This study revealed an intermediate HBV prevalence and low prevalence of HCV in adult population at community level. HIV prevalence is still a major public health problem in the area. To have the national data, we recommend further study on genotypes of HBV and HCV including local risk factors for transmissions. Moreover, health education on HBV, HCV and HIV transmission should be an intervention measure in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayeh Abera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Yesuf Adem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Zenebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Mekonnen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,Department of Biomedical research, Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Belyhun Y, Maier M, Mulu A, Diro E, Liebert UG. Hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:761. [PMID: 27993129 PMCID: PMC5168848 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing seroepidemiological data on viral hepatitis in Ethiopia showed a wide variation in prevalence pattern and the clinical and public health burden have been underestimated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a clear and comprehensive estimation of viral hepatitis epidemiology and the potential clinical burdens in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out from five decades (1968-2015) published studies from biomedical databases; PubMed, Google scholar, Medline and Web of Science. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was 7.4% (95%CI: 6.5-8.4). The pooled prevalence among subgroups showed 5.2% (95%CI: 3.7-7.4) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, 8.0% (95%CI: 5.9-10.7) in community based studies, 8.4% (95%CI: 5.4-12.7) in blood donors, 11.0% (95%CI: 7.5-15.9) in immigrants and 6.9% (95%CI: 5.6-8.5) in other groups. Among study parameters considered during meta-regression analysis, only study years were associated with a decreasing HBV prevalence rate over time. The overall pooled prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) was 3.1% (95%CI: 2.2-4.4). Unlike HBV, the anti-HCV prevalence in HIV infected individuals was higher (5.5%, 95%CI: 3.8-7.8%, p = 0.01) than the prevalence observed in the other subgroup of study population. Although relatively few data were available, hepatitis virus A (HAV), D (HDV) and E (HEV) were also circulated in Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS This review indicates that all types of viral hepatitis origins are endemic in Ethiopia. Adapting a recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithm of viral hepatitis in the routine healthcare systems and implementing prevention and control policies in the general population needs an urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshambel Belyhun
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melanie Maier
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Umare A, Seyoum B, Gobena T, Haile Mariyam T. Hepatitis B Virus Infections and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at Deder Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166936. [PMID: 27898721 PMCID: PMC5127527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem worldwide. Reports have shown that 68,600 people die of HBV infection and more than 300,000 deaths due to liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B every year globally. Women who are infected with HBV can vertically transmit the infection to their infants. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HBV infection and associated factors among pregnant women. Methods and Findings A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who attended antenatal care clinic (ANC) for routine pregnancy check-up between 18 March 2015 and 15 May 2015. Data were collected by face to face interview using a pre-tested questionnaire. Serum was withdrawn for each study subject and used to test for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between explanatory variables and outcome variable. The prevalence of HBV infection was found to be 6.9%. Interestingly, the history of abortion (AOR 10.9; 95% CI: 2.2–53.9), nose piercing (AOR 9.1; 95% CI: 1.34–61.79), surgical procedure (AOR 12.8; 95% CI: 1.68–97.06) and history of multiple sexual partners (AOR 16.8; 95% CI: 3.18–89.06) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Conclusions This study determined that the prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women was 6.9%, implying that it is high-intermediate endemic area, which is important public health issue needs to be addressed. History of abortion, nose piercing, surgical procedures and multiple sexual partners were significantly associated with this viral infection. Accordingly we advocate that health education programs on the mode of HBV transmission, high-risk behaviors and methods of preventions should be instituted at antenatal care clinics to raise the awareness of mothers and limit the spread of infection. It is also advisable to implement nosocomial infection prevention strategies to prevent the transmissions of HBV through health care related activities such as surgical procedures. Furthermore, all pregnant women should be screened for HBV, treated if necessary to reduce their viral loads and their children vaccinated at birth with the single-dose hepatitis B vaccine to break the cycle of mother-to-child transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Umare
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Deder Hospital, Deder, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Berhanu Seyoum
- Department of Microbiology Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Hilda AE, Kola OJ, Kolawole OE. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody among pregnant women and blood donors at Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 38:221-234. [PMID: 27673429 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1241264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is one of the emerging infectious diseases that can be transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among potential blood donors and pregnant women attending Bowen University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Ogbomoso, Oyo State. This hospital-based study was conducted from December 2014 to September 2015. The study group (N = 279) included potential blood donors and pregnant women. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies in serum samples of the studied subjects were detected using third-generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (WKEA Med Supplies Corp, China). Chisquare test was utilized to assess the association between the socio-demographic variables and HCV status. Logistic regression was done to determine the strength of association between risk factors and HCV status. Statistical significance was set at P ˂ 0.05. Overall seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection was found to be 1.79% consisting 0.36% of pregnant women and 1.43% of blood donors. None of the socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors among the study groups were significantly associated with hepatitis C virus infection. This study found a seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibody to be 1.79%, thus, screening of pregnant women and blood donors for HCV infections with the use of ELISA is recommended because of its important role in detecting the presence of anti-HCV antibody with utmost specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoyelu E Hilda
- a Department of Pure and Applied Biology , Microbiology/Virology Unit, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomoso , Nigeria
| | - Oloke Julius Kola
- a Department of Pure and Applied Biology , Microbiology/Virology Unit, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomoso , Nigeria
| | - Oladipo E Kolawole
- a Department of Pure and Applied Biology , Microbiology/Virology Unit, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomoso , Nigeria
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Desalegn Z, Wassie L, Beyene HB, Mihret A, Ebstie YA. Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among pregnant women in resource-limited high endemic setting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: implications for prevention and control measures. Eur J Med Res 2016; 21:16. [PMID: 27075475 PMCID: PMC4831185 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-016-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis, a highly contagious viral infection, is one of the leading killer diseases globally caused by hepatitis virus. Among the existing viral causes for hepatic failure, hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a significant role with devastating implications, especially when combined with other viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Co-infection with hepatitis B virus and HIV leads to increased morbidity and mortality as compared to independent HIV and HBV infections. In this study, we aimed to assess the seroprevalence of HBV and HIV coinfection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in a selected hospital facility around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 215 pregnant women were recruited between July and October 2014 from Tirunesh Beijing General Hospital. A pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and possible risk factors. In addition, 5 ml venous blood was collected and centrifuged to estimate the seroprevalence of HBV and HIV. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were done and a P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection was 13 (6%). This positivity was different across different age categories: 1 (11.1%), 3 (4.5%), 6 (6%), 1 (3.2%), and 2 (25%) among those between 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 years, respectively. However, a statistically significant association was not established between age and HBV. Among the total, 9 (4.2%) of the positive cases were detected among primary school completed. Multivariate analyses indicated that history of abortion (p = 0.003), history of surgery (p = 0.0.022), and tattooing (p = 0.033) were significantly associated with HBV infection. A total of 9 (4.2%) women were found to be HIV seropositive, of whom 2 (22.2%) were co-infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS We observed a relatively higher seroprevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in the study area, in which majority of the cases had underlying risk factors for acquiring the infection. Since none of the mothers were vaccinated for HBV, the possibility of perinatal transmission is inevitable. Hence, routine screening and immunization against HBV during pregnancy and health education are highly warranted to alleviate the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Desalegn
- />Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Wassie
- />Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Bedimo Beyene
- />Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- />Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- />Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yehenew A. Ebstie
- />Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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