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Di Battista V, Ribalta C, Vilsmeier K, Singh D, Demokritou P, Günther E, Jensen KA, Dekkers S, Adam V, Wohlleben W. A Screening Approach to the Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design Development of Advanced Insulation Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311155. [PMID: 38516961 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) screening strategy on four different inorganic aerogel mats and two conventional mineral wools for ranking purposes is demonstrated. Given that they do not consist of particles, the release is first simulated, addressing three occupational exposure scenarios, realistic for their intended use as building insulators. No exposure to consumers nor to the environment is foreseen in the use phase, however, aerosols may be released during mat installation, posing an inhalation risk for workers. All four aerogel mats release more respirable dust than the benchmark materials and 60% thereof deposits in the alveolar region according to modelling tools. The collected aerogel dust allows for subsequent screening of hazard implications via two abiotic assays: 1) surface reactivity in human blood serum; 2) biodissolution kinetics in lung simulant fluids. Both aerogels and conventional insulators show similar surface reactivity. Differences in biodissolution are influenced by the specifically designed organic and inorganic structural modifications. Aerogel mats are better-performing insulators (2-fold lower thermal conductivity than the benchmark) However, this work demonstrates how investment decisions can be balanced with safety and sustainability aspects. Concepts of analogy and similarity thus support easily accessible methods to companies for safe and economically viable innovation with advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Di Battista
- Department of Analytical and Material Science and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- DTU, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carla Ribalta
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Klaus Vilsmeier
- Department of Analytical and Material Science and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Eva Günther
- BASF Construction Additives GmbH, Dr.-Albert-Frank-Str. 32, 83033, Trostberg, Germany
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Susan Dekkers
- TNO, Unit Health Living & Work, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Adam
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, Lätterweg 5, Hausen, 5212, Switzerland
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Analytical and Material Science and Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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2
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Okhrimenko DV, Rasmussen KH, Bøtner JA, Ceccato M, Foss M, Solvang M. Dissolution behavior of stone wool fibers in synthetic lung fluids: Impact of iron oxidation state changes induced by heat treatment for binder removal. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:33-46. [PMID: 38232781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Stone wool fiber materials are commonly used for thermal and acoustic insulation, horticulture and filler purposes. Biosolubility of the stone wool fiber (SWF) materials accessed through acellular in vitro dissolution tests can potentially be used in future as an indicator of fiber biopersistence in vivo. To correlate acellular in vitro studies with in vivo and epidemiological investigations, not only a robust dissolution procedure is needed, but fundamental understanding of fiber behavior during sample preparation and dissolution is required. We investigated the influence of heat treatment procedure for binder removal on the SWF iron oxidation state as well as on the SWF dissolution behavior in simulant lung fluids (with and without complexing agents). We used heat treatments at 450 °C for 5 min and 590 °C for 1 h. Both procedures resulted in complete binder removal from the SWF. Changes of iron oxidation state were moderate if binder was removed at 450 °C for 5 min, and there were no substantial changes of SWF's dissolution behavior in all investigated fluids after this heat treatment. In contrast, if binder was removed at 590 °C for 1 h, complete Fe(II) oxidation to Fe(III) was observed and significant increase of dissolution was shown in fluids without complexing agent (citrate). PHREEQC solution speciation modeling showed that in this case, released Fe(III) may form ferrihydrite precipitate in the solution. Precipitation of ferrihydrite solid phase leads to removal of iron cations from the solution, thus shifting reaction towards the dissolution products and increasing total mass loss of fiber samples. This effect is not observed for heat treated fibers if citrate is present in the fluid, because Fe(III) binds with citrate and remains mobile in the solution. Therefore, for developing the most accurate SWF in vitro acellular biosolubility test, SWF heat treatment for binder removal is not recommended in combination with dissolution testing in fluids without citrate as a complexing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K H Rasmussen
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J A Bøtner
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
| | - M Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
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3
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Okhrimenko DV, Ceccato M, Tougaard S, Foss M, Pezennec E, Solvang M. Comment on "Which fraction of stone wool fibre surface remains uncoated by binder? A detailed analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy" by Hirth et al., 2021, RSC Adv., 11, 39545, DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06251d. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16688-16692. [PMID: 37274392 PMCID: PMC10236533 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07959c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The article mentioned in the title of this comment paper reports on an investigation of the organic binder presence and distribution on stone wool fibres with surface sensitive techniques (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), QUASES XPS modelling, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) mapping) and attempts to correlate the results with fibre performance in in vitro acellular biosolubility tests. However, the study has assumptions, hypothesis and results that do not take into account the recognised science and regulations on biopersistence of stone wool fibres, limitations of the utilized surface sensitive techniques and modelling approach and it contains a contradiction with biosolubility experiments. In this comment article, we discuss these points, propose improved QUASES XPS modelling and present recent ToF-SIMS mapping results that reflect biosolubility behaviour of the stone wool fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Denmark
| | | | - Morten Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Denmark
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4
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Solvang M, Okhrimenko DV, Koch C. Investigation of the occurrence of binder material on airborne respirable mineral wool fibers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:240-253. [PMID: 37104114 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral wool fibers can be released into the air during the production and handling of a mineral wool product where a small fraction of fibers will stay airborne and can potentially be inhaled. The aerodynamic fiber diameter determines how far an airborne fiber can pass through the human airway. Respirable fibers with an aerodynamic diameter < 3 µm can reach the deep part of the lungs (i.e., the alveolar region). Binder material (i.e., organic binder and mineral oil) is used in the production of mineral wool products. However, at the current stage, it is unknown if airborne fibers can contain binder material. We explored binder presence on airborne respirable fiber fractions being released and collected during the installation of two mineral wool products (a stone wool product and a glass wool product). Fiber collection was done by pumping a controlled air volume (2, 13, 22, and 32 l/min) through polycarbonate membrane filters during the installation of the mineral wool products. The morphological and chemical composition of the fibers were studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS) analysis. The study demonstrates that binder material is found on the surface of the respirable mineral wool fiber mainly as circular or elongated droplets. Our findings suggest that respirable fibers explored in previous epidemiological studies, which have been used for proving a lack of hazardous effects of mineral wool on humans, may have also contained binder materials on the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Koch
- Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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5
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Zanoni I, Keller JG, Sauer UG, Müller P, Ma-Hock L, Jensen KA, Costa AL, Wohlleben W. Dissolution Rate of Nanomaterials Determined by Ions and Particle Size under Lysosomal Conditions: Contributions to Standardization of Simulant Fluids and Analytical Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:963-980. [PMID: 35593714 PMCID: PMC9215348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution of inhaled engineered nanomaterials (ENM) under physiological conditions is essential to predict the clearance of the ENM from the lungs and to assess their biodurability and the potential effects of released ions. Alveolar macrophage (AM) lysosomes contain a pH 4.5 saline brine with enzymes and other components. Different types of artificial phagolysosomal simulant fluids (PSFs) have been developed for dissolution testing, but the consequence of using different media is not known. In this study, we tested to which extent six fundamentally different PSFs affected the ENM dissolution kinetics and particle size as determined by a validated transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis. Three lysosomal simulant media were consistent with each other and with in vivo clearance. These media predict the quick dissolution of ZnO, the partial dissolution of SiO2, and the very slow dissolution of TiO2. The valid media use either a mix of organic acids (with the total concentration below 0.5 g/L, thereof citric acid below 0.15 g/L) or another organic acid (KH phthalate). For several ENM, including ZnO, BaSO4, and CeO2, all these differences induce only minor modulation of the dissolution rates. Only for TiO2 and SiO2, the interaction with specific organic acids is highly sensitive, probably due to sequestration of the ions, and can lead to wrong predictions when compared to the in vivo behavior. The media that fail on TiO2 and SiO2 dissolution use citric acid at concentrations above 5 g/L (up to 28 g/L). In the present selection of ENM, fluids, and methods, the different lysosomal simulant fluids did not induce changes of particle morphology, except for small changes in SiO2 and BaSO4 particles most likely due to ion dissolution, reprecipitation, and coalescence between neighboring particles. Based on the current evidence, the particle size by TEM analysis is not a sufficiently sensitive analytical method to deduce the rate of ENM dissolution in physiological media. In summary, we recommend the standardization of ENM dissolution testing by one of the three valid lysosomal simulant fluids with determination of the dissolution rate and halftime by the quantification of ions. This recommendation was established for a continuous flow system but may be relevant as well for static (batch) solubility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC-National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Johannes G. Keller
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Ursula G. Sauer
- Scientific
Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Neubiberg 85579, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Keld A. Jensen
- National
Research Centre for Work Environment (NRCWE), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC-National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department
of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF
SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- Department
of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
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6
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Holmfred E, Loeschner K, Sloth JJ, Jensen KA. Validation and Demonstration of an Atmosphere-Temperature-pH-Controlled Stirred Batch Reactor System for Determination of (Nano)Material Solubility and Dissolution Kinetics in Physiological Simulant Lung Fluids. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030517. [PMID: 35159862 PMCID: PMC8838572 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a dissolution test system that allows for the testing of dissolution of nano- and micrometer size materials under highly controlled atmospheric composition (O2 and CO2), temperature, and pH. The system enables dissolution testing in physiological simulant fluids (here low-calcium Gamble’s solution and phagolysosomal simulant fluid) and derivation of the temporal dissolution rates and reactivity of test materials. The system was validated considering the initial dissolution rates and dissolution profiles using eight different materials (γ-Al2O3, TiO2 (NM-104 coated with Al2O3 and glycerin), ZnO (NM-110 and NM-113, uncoated; and NM-111 coated with triethoxycaprylsilane), SiO2 (NM-200—synthetic amorphous silica), CeO2 (NM-212), and bentonite (NM-600) showing high intra-laboratory repeatability and robustness across repeated testing (I, II, and III) in triplicate (replicate 1, 2, and 3) in low-calcium Gamble’s solution. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine the intra-laboratory repeatability in low-calcium Gamble’s solution, where Al2O3 (p = 0.5277), ZnO (NM-110, p = 0.6578), ZnO (NM-111, p = 0.0627), and ZnO (NM-113, p = 0.4210) showed statistical identical repeatability across repeated testing (I, II, and III). The dissolution of the materials was also tested in phagolysosomal simulant fluid to demonstrate the applicability of the ATempH SBR system in other physiological fluids. We further show the uncertainty levels at which dissolution can be determined using the ATempH SBR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Holmfred
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (K.L.); (J.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (K.A.J.)
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (K.L.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jens J. Sloth
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (K.L.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (K.A.J.)
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7
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Wall J, Seleci DA, Schworm F, Neuberger R, Link M, Hufnagel M, Schumacher P, Schulz F, Heinrich U, Wohlleben W, Hartwig A. Comparison of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Nanowires: Solubility, Reactivity, Bioavailability and Cellular Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010147. [PMID: 35010097 PMCID: PMC8746854 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles (NP) has been investigated in an increasing number of studies, little is known about metal-based fibrous materials, so-called nanowires (NWs). Within the present study, the physico-chemical properties of particulate and fibrous nanomaterials based on Cu, CuO, Ni, and Ag as well as TiO2 and CeO2 NP were characterized and compared with respect to abiotic metal ion release in different physiologically relevant media as well as acellular reactivity. While none of the materials was soluble at neutral pH in artificial alveolar fluid (AAF), Cu, CuO, and Ni-based materials displayed distinct dissolution under the acidic conditions found in artificial lysosomal fluids (ALF and PSF). Subsequently, four different cell lines were applied to compare cytotoxicity as well as intracellular metal ion release in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Both cytotoxicity and bioavailability reflected the acellular dissolution rates in physiological lysosomal media (pH 4.5); only Ag-based materials showed no or very low acellular solubility, but pronounced intracellular bioavailability and cytotoxicity, leading to particularly high concentrations in the nucleus. In conclusion, in spite of some quantitative differences, the intracellular bioavailability as well as toxicity is mostly driven by the respective metal and is less modulated by the shape of the respective NP or NW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wall
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Feranika Schworm
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Ronja Neuberger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Martin Link
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Matthias Hufnagel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Schumacher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Okhrimenko DV, Bøtner JA, Riis HK, Ceccato M, Foss M, Solvang M. The dissolution of stone wool fibers with sugar-based binder and oil in different synthetic lung fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105270. [PMID: 34757181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The biopersistence of fiber materials is one of the cornerstones in estimating potential risk to human health upon inhalation. To connect epidemiological and in vivo investigations with in vitro studies, reliable and robust methods of fiber biopersistence determination and understanding of fiber dissolution mechanism are required. We investigated dissolution properties of oil treated stone wool fibers with and without sugar-based binder (SBB) at 37 °C in the liquids representing macrophages intracellular conditions (pH 4.5). Conditions varied from batch to flow of different rates. Fiber morphology and surface chemistry changes caused by dissolution were monitored with scanning electron microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry mapping. Stone wool fiber dissolution rate depends on liquid composition (presence of ligands, such as citrate), pH, reaction products transport and fibers wetting properties. The dissolution rate decreases when: 1) citrate is consumed by the reaction with the released Al cations; 2) the pH increases during a reaction in poorly buffered solutions; 3) the dissolution products are accumulated; 4) fibers are not fully wetted with the fluid. Presence of SBB has no influence on dissolution rate if fiber material was wetted prior to dissolution experiment to avoid poorly wetted fiber agglomerates formation in the synthetic lung fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Okhrimenko
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark.
| | - J A Bøtner
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - H K Riis
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - M Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
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9
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Yliniemi J, Ramaswamy R, Luukkonen T, Laitinen O, de Sousa ÁN, Huuhtanen M, Illikainen M. Characterization of mineral wool waste chemical composition, organic resin content and fiber dimensions: Aspects for valorization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:323-330. [PMID: 34218065 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite mineral wool waste is only a small fraction of total construction and demolition waste (CDW) by mass, it requires large transportation and landfilling capacities due to its low bulk density, and its utilization remains low compared to other CDW types. It is essential to understand the physical and chemical properties of this waste fraction in order to utilize it, e.g. as fiber reinforcement in composites or as supplementary cementitious material. Here, we provide a chemical and physical characterization of 15 glass wool and 12 stone wool samples of different ages collected from various locations across Europe. In addition, the chemical compositions of 61 glass and stone wool samples obtained from the literature are presented. Glass wool samples show little variation in their chemical composition, which resembles the composition of typical soda-lime silicate glass. Stone wool presents a composition similar to basaltic glass but with variability between samples in terms of calcium, magnesium, and iron content. Potentially toxic elements, such as Cr, Ba, and Ni, are present in mineral wools, but in low concentrations (<0.2%). Both wool types contain organic resin, which may decompose into smaller molecular fragments and ammonia upon heating or contact with alkaline solution. Mineral wool wastes have relatively similar length and width distributions, despite the age and type of the mineral wool. Overall, both mineral wool waste types have homogenous chemical and physical properties as compared to many other mineral wastes which makes their utilization as a secondary raw material promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Yliniemi
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300 90014, Finland.
| | - Rajeswari Ramaswamy
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300 90014, Finland
| | - Tero Luukkonen
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300 90014, Finland
| | - Ossi Laitinen
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300 90014, Finland
| | - Álvaro Nunes de Sousa
- CloverStrategy, Lda, Inst, Pedro Nunes, Ed.C, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mika Huuhtanen
- Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirja Illikainen
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300 90014, Finland
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10
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Sauer UG, Werle K, Waindok H, Hirth S, Hachmöller O, Wohlleben W. Reply to the Comment on Critical Choices in Predicting Stone Wool Biodurability: Lysosomal Fluid Compositions and Binder Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1697-1698. [PMID: 34236839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kai Werle
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hirth
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hachmöller
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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11
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Liang Z, Yang Y, Yu G, Zhu H, Xia X, Chen C, Fu D, Li M, Cheng G, Xue C, Shi L, Zeng H, Sun B. Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120960. [PMID: 34147722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum phosphate adjuvants play a critical role in human inactivated and subunit prophylactic vaccines. However, a major challenge is that the underlying mechanism of immune stimulation remains poorly understood, which impedes the further optimal design and application of more effective adjuvants in vaccine formulations. To address this, a library of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles (AAHPs) is engineered with defined surface properties to explore the specific mechanism of adjuvanticity at the nano-bio interface. The results demonstrate that AAHPs could induce cell membrane perturbation and downstream inflammatory responses, with positively-charged particles showing the most significantly enhanced immunostimulation potentials compared to the neutral or negatively-charged particles. In a vaccine using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) recombinant protein as antigens, the positively-charged particles elicit long-lasting and enhanced humoral immunity, and provide protection in S. aureus sepsis mice models. In addition, when formulated with human papillomavirus type 18 virus-like particles, it is demonstrated that particles with positive charges outperform in promoting serum antigen-specific antibody productions. This study shows that engineering AAHPs with well-controlled physicochemical properties enable the establishment of a structure-activity relationship that is critical to instruct the design of suitable engineered nanomaterial-based adjuvants within vaccine formulations for the benefits of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Haoru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Li Shi
- Immune Path Biotechnology (Su Zhou) Co., Ltd., Building A, 8 Chang Ting Road, DaXin Industry Park, 215151, Su Zhou, Jiang Su, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
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12
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Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Sauer UG, Werle K, Waindok H, Hirth S, Hachmöller O, Wohlleben W. Critical Choices in Predicting Stone Wool Biodurability: Lysosomal Fluid Compositions and Binder Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:780-792. [PMID: 33464877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hazard potential, including carcinogenicity, of inhaled man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) is correlated with their biodurability in the lung, as prerequisite for biopersistence. Abiotic dissolution testing serves to predict biodurability. We re-analyzed the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph on MMVFs and found that the correlation between in vivo biopersistence and abiotic dissolution presented therein confounded different simulant fluids and further confounded evaluation of leaching vs structural elements. These are critical choices for abiotic dissolution testing, as are binder removal and the rate of the flow that removes ions during testing. Therefore, we experimentally demonstrated how fluid composition and binder affect abiotic dissolution of a representative stone wool MMVF. We compared six simulant fluids (all pH 4.5, reflecting the environment of alveolar macrophage lysosomes) that differed in organic acids, which have a critical role in their ability to modulate the formation of Si-rich gels on the fiber surfaces. Removing the binder accelerates the average dissolution rate by +104% (max. + 273%) across the fluids by suppression of gel formation. Apart from the high-citrate fluid that predicted a 10-fold faster dissolution than is observed in vivo, none of the five other fluids resulted in dissolution rates above 400 ng/cm2/h, the limit associated with the exoneration from classification for carcinogenicity in the literature. These findings were confirmed with and without binder. For corroboration, five more stone wool MMVFs were assessed with and without binder in one specific fluid. Again, the presence of the binder caused gel formation and reduced dissolution rates. To enhance the reliability and robustness of abiotic predictions of biodurability, we recommend replacing the critically influential citric acid in pH 4.5 fluids with other organic acids. Also, future studies should consider structural transformations of the fibers, including changes in fiber length, fiber composition, and reprecipitation of gel layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kai Werle
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hirth
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hachmöller
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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14
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Hirth S, Waindok H, Wohlleben W. Which fraction of stone wool fibre surface remains uncoated by binder? A detailed analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39545-39552. [PMID: 35492464 PMCID: PMC9044424 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06251d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ToF-SIMS mapping reveals that man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) are fully covered with binder explaining variations in biodurability testing with simulated lung fluid described earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hirth
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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15
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Keller JG, Peijnenburg W, Werle K, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020311. [PMID: 32059359 PMCID: PMC7075195 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartment, including local metal ion saturation. CFSs have two adjustable parameters: the volume flow-rate and the initial particle loading. Here we explore the pulmonary lysosomal dissolution of nanomaterials containing the metals Al, Ba, Zn, Cu over a wide range of volume flow-rates in a single experiment. We identify the ratio of particle surface area (SA) per volume flow-rate (SA/V) as critical parameter that superimposes all dissolution rates of the same material. Three complementary benchmark materials—ZnO (quick dissolution), TiO2 (very slow dissolution), and BaSO4 (partial dissolution)—consistently identify the SA/V range of 0.01 to 0.03 h/cm as predictive for lysosomal pulmonary biodissolution. We then apply the identified method to compare against non-nanoforms of the same substances and test aluminosilicates. For BaSO4 and TiO2, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of their respective nanoform and non-nanoform, governed by the local ion solubility limit at relevant SA/V ranges. For aluminosilicates, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of two Kaolin nanoforms but significant dissimilarity against Bentonite despite the similar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Keller
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment RIVM, 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Werle
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-609-5339
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16
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Sattler T, Pomberger R, Schimek J, Vollprecht D. MINERAL WOOL WASTE IN AUSTRIA, ASSOCIATED HEALTH ASPECTS AND RECYCLING OPTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mineral wool products are man-made vitreous fibres that are used as thermal and acoustic insulation materials and as substrates for horticulture. Mineral wool waste is generated from demolition activities by the building and construction industry. Unfavourable mechanical properties, such as low compressibility, elastic behaviour, high volume and low bulk density, cause problems in landfills when mineral wool waste is disposed of. Mineral wool waste with a certain content of carcinogenic fibres is classified as hazardous waste type 31437 g “Asbestos Waste, Asbestos Dust” in Austria, since some characteristics of such fibres are similar to those of asbestos fibres. An exception is those mineral wool materials that have been tested to be noncarcinogenic due to their characteristics of biological solubility or geometrical dimension. Such noncarcinogenic mineral wool waste is classified as non-hazardous waste type 31416 “Mineral fibres”. Generally, it can be assumed that most of the industrial producers of mineral wool in the EU have not been producing carcinogenic material since 1998; however, carcinogenic mineral wool material has not yet been banned in Austria. Therefore, a segregation between so-called “old” and “new” mineral wool material is not necessarily possible. The medical aspects of mineral wool products are still controversial. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated mineral wool (glass wool and rock wool) as “possibly carcinogenic” in 1988 but revised this evaluation to “inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity” in 2002. Fibrous dusts that reach the alveolar region of the lungs undergo a congruent or incongruent chemical dissolution process. Alveolar macrophages ingest the intruded fibres and fulfil anti-infection and clearance functions. Biosolubility is a key property of this process. The recycling of mineral wool waste has not yet been performed in Austria due to economic inefficiency, technical problems and suspected health issues. However, some recycling and processing options already exist; other options are investigated in the project RecyMin, which compares different concepts with respect to environmental and economic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sattler
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering,Montanuniversitat Leoben,Austria
| | - Roland Pomberger
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering,Montanuniversitat Leoben,Austria
| | | | - Daniel Vollprecht
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering,Montanuniversität Leoben,Austria
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17
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Keller JG, Graham UM, Koltermann-Jülly J, Gelein R, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R, Wiemann M, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Wohlleben W. Predicting dissolution and transformation of inhaled nanoparticles in the lung using abiotic flow cells: The case of barium sulfate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:458. [PMID: 31949204 PMCID: PMC6965653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Barium sulfate (BaSO4) was considered to be poorly-soluble and of low toxicity, but BaSO4 NM-220 showed a surprisingly short retention after intratracheal instillation in rat lungs, and incorporation of Ba within the bones. Here we show that static abiotic dissolution cannot rationalize this result, whereas two dynamic abiotic dissolution systems (one flow-through and one flow-by) indicated 50% dissolution after 5 to 6 days at non-saturating conditions regardless of flow orientation, which is close to the in vivo half-time of 9.6 days. Non-equilibrium conditions were thus essential to simulate in vivo biodissolution. Instead of shrinking from 32 nm to 23 nm (to match the mass loss to ions), TEM scans of particles retrieved from flow-cells showed an increase to 40 nm. Such transformation suggested either material transport through interfacial contact or Ostwald ripening at super-saturating conditions and was also observed in vivo inside macrophages by high-resolution TEM following 12 months inhalation exposure. The abiotic flow cells thus adequately predicted the overall pulmonary biopersistence of the particles that was mediated by non-equilibrium dissolution and recrystallization. The present methodology for dissolution and transformation fills a high priority gap in nanomaterial hazard assessment and is proposed for the implementation of grouping and read-across by dissolution rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Keller
- Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Department Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uschi M Graham
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, USA
| | - Johanna Koltermann-Jülly
- Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Department Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Gelein
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Department Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Department Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Mendelstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Department Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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18
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Barly SHQ, Okhrimenko DV, Solvang M, Yue Y, Stipp SLS. Dissolution of Stone Wool Fibers with Phenol-urea-formaldehyde Binder in a Synthetic Lung Fluid. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2398-2410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mette Solvang
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Susan L. S. Stipp
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Oh HJ, Jeong NN, Sohn JR, Roh JS, Kim J. Exposure to inhalable aerosols and their chemical characteristics from different potential factors in urban office environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21750-21759. [PMID: 31134538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of important issues in indoor environment due to exposure to inhalable aerosol which is affected by indoor and outdoor factors. To demonstrate the effect of indoor and outdoor to the IAQ, this study presents three fractions of particulate matter (PM) (PM2.5, PM4, PM10), characterization of I/O ratios for PM under potential indoor (average occupancy) and outdoor factors (Asian dust, rain, wind, and snow days) and evaluation of chemical components in aerosols. In the chemical characteristics of PM, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and trace elements were analyzed in indoors and outdoors. There was no significant difference of respirable aerosol (PM2.5 and PM4) concentration in different indoor environments. The concentration of OC in PM10 was lower in indoor than outdoor in summer and winter seasons, while the concentration of OC in PM2.5 was higher in indoor than outdoor. Also, the OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 were higher than those in PM10. Further, the ratios of trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were different at various locations within the building. This study demonstrated that the exposure to PM2.5 is greatly affected by outdoor environment. Although there was no difference in inhalable and respirable aerosol concentration at different locations within the building, the impact of outdoor factors is strongly supported by OC/EC ratios and PM2.5/PM10 ratios of trace elements. This study shows that chemical components through the HVAC system affected the exposure to the indoor respirable aerosol, which could lead to adverse effect on the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro (Yangho-Dong), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, South Korea
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Na-Na Jeong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ryeul Sohn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seung Roh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro (Yangho-Dong), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, South Korea
| | - Jongbok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro (Yangho-Dong), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, South Korea.
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20
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Carlander U, Midander K, Hedberg YS, Johanson G, Bottai M, Karlsson HL. Macrophage-Assisted Dissolution of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1006-1016. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda S. Hedberg
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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The Short-Term Inhalation Study (STIS) as a Range Finder and Screening Tool in a Tiered Grouping Strategy. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8433-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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De Jong WH, De Rijk E, Bonetto A, Wohlleben W, Stone V, Brunelli A, Badetti E, Marcomini A, Gosens I, Cassee FR. Toxicity of copper oxide and basic copper carbonate nanoparticles after short-term oral exposure in rats. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:50-72. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1530390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim H. De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Alessandro Bonetto
- DAIS – Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- DAIS – Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- DAIS – Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- DAIS – Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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23
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Wiemann M, Sauer UG, Vennemann A, Bäcker S, Keller JG, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. In Vitro and In Vivo Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity of Differently Sized Colloidal Amorphous SiO₂. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29534009 PMCID: PMC5869651 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro prediction of inflammatory lung effects of well-dispersed nanomaterials is challenging. Here, the in vitro effects of four colloidal amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials that differed only by their primary particle size (9, 15, 30, and 55 nm) were analyzed using the rat NR8383 alveolar macrophage (AM) assay. Data were compared to effects of single doses of 15 nm and 55 nm SiO2 intratracheally instilled in rat lungs. In vitro, all four elicited the release of concentration-dependent lactate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the two smaller materials also released H2O2. All effects were size-dependent. Since the colloidal SiO2 remained well-dispersed in serum-free in vitro conditions, effective particle concentrations reaching the cells were estimated using different models. Evaluating the effective concentration–based in vitro effects using the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials, all four nanomaterials were assigned as “active.” This assignment and the size dependency of effects were consistent with the outcomes of intratracheal instillation studies and available short-term rat inhalation data for 15 nm SiO2. The study confirms the applicability of the NR8383 AM assay to assessing colloidal SiO2 but underlines the need to estimate and consider the effective concentration of such well-dispersed test materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- BASF SE, Human Biomonitoring and Industrial Hygiene, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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24
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Pantano D, Neubauer N, Navratilova J, Scifo L, Civardi C, Stone V, von der Kammer F, Müller P, Sobrido MS, Angeletti B, Rose J, Wohlleben W. Transformations of Nanoenabled Copper Formulations Govern Release, Antifungal Effectiveness, and Sustainability throughout the Wood Protection Lifecycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1128-1138. [PMID: 29373787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we compare the standard European benchmark of wood treatment by molecularly dissolved copper amine (Cu-amine), also referred to as aqueous copper amine (ACA), against two nanoenabled formulations: copper(II)oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in an acrylic paint to concentrate Cu as a barrier on the wood surface, and a suspension of micronized basic copper carbonate (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) for wood pressure treatment. After characterizing the properties of the (nano)materials and their formulations, we assessed their effects in vitro against three fungal species: Coniophora puteana, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Trametes versicolor, finding them to be mediated only partially by ionic transformation. To assess the use phase, we quantify both release rate and form. Cu leaching rates for the two types of impregnated wood (conventional and nanoenabled) are not significantly different at 172 ± 6 mg/m2, with Cu being released predominantly in ionic form. Various simulations of outdoor aging with release sampling by runoff, during condensation, by different levels of mechanical shear, all resulted in comparable form and rate of release from the nanoenabled or the molecular impregnated woods. Because of dissolving transformations, the nanoenabled impregnation does not introduce additional concern over and above that associated with the traditional impregnation. In contrast, Cu released from wood coated with the CuO acrylate contained particles, but the rate was at least 100-fold lower. In the same ranking, the effectiveness to protect against the wood-decaying basidiomycete Coniophora puteana was significant with both impregnation technologies but remained insignificant for untreated wood and wood coated by the acrylic CuO. Accordingly, a lifecycle-based sustainability analysis indicates that the CuO acrylic coating is less sustainable than the technological alternatives, and should not be developed into a commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pantano
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Neubauer
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jana Navratilova
- Deepartment of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorette Scifo
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Chiara Civardi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- ETH, Institute for Building Materials , 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Deepartment of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Müller
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Marcos Sanles Sobrido
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Bernard Angeletti
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jerome Rose
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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25
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Laux P, Tentschert J, Riebeling C, Braeuning A, Creutzenberg O, Epp A, Fessard V, Haas KH, Haase A, Hund-Rinke K, Jakubowski N, Kearns P, Lampen A, Rauscher H, Schoonjans R, Störmer A, Thielmann A, Mühle U, Luch A. Nanomaterials: certain aspects of application, risk assessment and risk communication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:121-141. [PMID: 29273819 PMCID: PMC5773666 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development and market introduction of new nanomaterials trigger the need for an adequate risk assessment of such products alongside suitable risk communication measures. Current application of classical and new nanomaterials is analyzed in context of regulatory requirements and standardization for chemicals, food and consumer products. The challenges of nanomaterial characterization as the main bottleneck of risk assessment and regulation are presented. In some areas, e.g., quantification of nanomaterials within complex matrices, the establishment and adaptation of analytical techniques such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and others are potentially suited to meet the requirements. As an example, we here provide an approach for the reliable characterization of human exposure to nanomaterials resulting from food packaging. Furthermore, results of nanomaterial toxicity and ecotoxicity testing are discussed, with concluding key criteria such as solubility and fiber rigidity as important parameters to be considered in material development and regulation. Although an analysis of the public opinion has revealed a distinguished rating depending on the particular field of application, a rather positive perception of nanotechnology could be ascertained for the German public in general. An improvement of material characterization in both toxicological testing as well as end-product control was concluded as being the main obstacle to ensure not only safe use of materials, but also wide acceptance of this and any novel technology in the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Epp
- Department of Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Laboratoire de Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf Dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kearns
- OECD Environment, Health and Safety Division 2, rue Andre-Pascal, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Reinhilde Schoonjans
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno 1a, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Störmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Axel Thielmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Breslauer Strasse 48, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Mühle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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