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Yin Z, Wan B, Gong G, Yin J. ROS: Executioner of regulating cell death in spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330678. [PMID: 38322262 PMCID: PMC10844444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The damage to the central nervous system and dysfunction of the body caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) are extremely severe. The pathological process of SCI is accompanied by inflammation and injury to nerve cells. Current evidence suggests that oxidative stress, resulting from an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalance in its clearance, plays a significant role in the secondary damage during SCI. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial regulatory molecule for cellular redox. This review summarizes recent advancements in the regulation of ROS-Nrf2 signaling and focuses on the interaction between ROS and the regulation of different modes of neuronal cell death after SCI, such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Furthermore, we highlight the pathways through which materials science, including exosomes, hydrogels, and nanomaterials, can alleviate SCI by modulating ROS production and clearance. This review provides valuable insights and directions for reducing neuronal cell death and alleviating SCI through the regulation of ROS and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Bowen Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University/Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangning Clinical Teaching Hospitals of Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Guha L, Kumar H. Drug Repurposing for Spinal Cord Injury: Progress Towards Therapeutic Intervention for Primary Factors and Secondary Complications. Pharmaceut Med 2023; 37:463-490. [PMID: 37698762 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-023-00499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) encompasses a plethora of complex mechanisms like the involvement of major cell death pathways, neurodegeneration of spinal cord neurons, overexpression of glutaminergic transmission and inflammation cascade, along with different co-morbidities like neuropathic pain, urinary and sexual dysfunction, respiratory and cardiac failures, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, aspirin and ibuprofen are the first-line treatment options for SCI, inhibiting primary and secondary progression by preventing inflammation and action of reactive oxygen species. However, they are constrained by a short effective drug administration window and their pharmacological action being limited to symptomatic relief of the secondary effects related to spinal cord injury only. Although post-injury rehabilitation treatments may enable functional recovery, they take a long time to show results. Drug repurposing might be an innovative method for expanding therapy alternatives, utilising drugs that are already approved by various esteemed federal agencies throughout the world. Reutilising a drug molecule to treat SCI can eliminate the need for expensive and lengthy drug discovery processes and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches in SCI. This review summarises marketed drugs that could be repurposed based on their safety and efficacy data. We also discuss their mechanisms of action and provide a list of repurposed drugs under clinical trials for SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahanya Guha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, P.O-382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, P.O-382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang H. Rodent Models of Spinal Cord Injury: From Pathology to Application. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:340-361. [PMID: 36303082 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often has devastating consequences for the patient's physical, mental and occupational health. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, and appropriate animal models are very important for studying the pathological manifestations, injury mechanisms, and corresponding treatment. However, the pathological changes in each injury model are different, which creates difficulties in selecting appropriate models for different research purposes. In this article, we analyze various SCI models and introduce their pathological features, including inflammation, glial scar formation, axon regeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each model, which is convenient for selecting suitable models for different injury mechanisms to study therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuze Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Wang D, Li Y, Xu X, Zhao S, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhang X, Pan J, Wang Y, Liu M. FTO knockdown alleviates hypoxia-induced PC12 cell injury by stabilizing GADD45B in an IGF2BP2-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:166-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Yang K, Mao R, Zhong D, Xu Z, Xu J, Xiong M. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with spinal cord injury via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2022; 33:81-89. [PMID: 34954769 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, our objective was to investigate the underlying mechanism of the neuroprotective role of ginsenoside Rg1 in attenuating spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A rat SCI model was established and treated with ginsenoside Rg1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2(Nrf2) inhibitor all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 were evaluated by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, hematoxylin/eosin staining, ELISA assay, western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviated neuronal edema and bleeding in the injured spinal cord, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and cell necrosis, further repaired the injured spinal cord structure, improved BBB motor score in the SCI rat model and improved hind limb motor function. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly increased the content of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and inhibited the production of oxidative marker malondialdehyde. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1also significantly inhibits the activities of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to reduce the inflammatory response after trauma. Furthermore, western blot and RT-qPCR also suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 could activate the protein expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) after SCI, and the inhibition of ATRA on these improvements further verified the neuroprotective effect of Nrf2 and HO-1 in ginsenoside Rg1 on SCI. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1 has a neuroprotective effect on SCI and can improve motor dysfunction caused by injury. The underlying mechanism may play antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Mao
- Neurology, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital
| | | | | | - Jie Xu
- Department of Institute of Clinical Medcine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Namwong A, Kumphune S, Seenak P, Chotima R, Nernpermpisooth N, Malakul W. Pineapple fruit improves vascular endothelial dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Food Funct 2022; 13:9988-9998. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a significant risk factor for developing vascular disease and fatty liver. Pineapple (Ananas comosus), a tropical fruit widely cultivated in Asia, is reported to exhibit antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering...
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Lukacova N, Kisucka A, Kiss Bimbova K, Bacova M, Ileninova M, Kuruc T, Galik J. Glial-Neuronal Interactions in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13577. [PMID: 34948371 PMCID: PMC8708227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits an acute inflammatory response which comprises numerous cell populations. It is driven by the immediate response of macrophages and microglia, which triggers activation of genes responsible for the dysregulated microenvironment within the lesion site and in the spinal cord parenchyma immediately adjacent to the lesion. Recently published data indicate that microglia induces astrocyte activation and determines the fate of astrocytes. Conversely, astrocytes have the potency to trigger microglial activation and control their cellular functions. Here we review current information about the release of diverse signaling molecules (pro-inflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory) in individual cell phenotypes (microglia, astrocytes, blood inflammatory cells) in acute and subacute SCI stages, and how they contribute to delayed neuronal death in the surrounding spinal cord tissue which is spared and functional but reactive. In addition, temporal correlation in progressive degeneration of neurons and astrocytes and their functional interactions after SCI are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the time-dependent transformation of reactive microglia and astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes (M2a, M2c and A2) which are crucial for spontaneous post-SCI locomotor recovery. We also provide suggestions on how to modulate the inflammation and discuss key therapeutic approaches leading to better functional outcome after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Lukacova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4–6, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (A.K.); (K.K.B.); (M.B.); (M.I.); (T.K.); (J.G.)
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Rizzo SA, Bartley O, Rosser AE, Newland B. Oxygen-glucose deprivation in neurons: implications for cell transplantation therapies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102126. [PMID: 34339808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies hold the potential to restore neuronal networks compromised by neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease), or focal tissue damage (via a stroke or spinal cord injury). Despite some promising results achieved to date, transplanted cells typically exhibit poor survival in the central nervous system, thus limiting therapeutic efficacy of the graft. Although cell death post-transplantation is likely to be multifactorial in causality, growing evidence suggests that the lack of vascularisation at the graft site, and the resulting ischemic host environment, may play a fundamental role in the fate of grafted cells. Herein, we summarise data showing how the deprivation of either oxygen, glucose, or both in combination, impacts the survival of neurons and review strategies which may improve graft survival in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and B.R.A.I.N Unit, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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Gao Y, Li L, Yu J, Zhang Z. Rosuvastatin protects PC12 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1189. [PMID: 34475979 PMCID: PMC8406900 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response serves an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, to the best of the our knowledge, the effect of rosuvastatin on the ERS response in CIRI has not yet been studied. In the present study, the effect of rosuvastatin on cell damage in CIRI was investigated; furthermore, the effect of rosuvastatin on the ERS response was explored. Firstly, a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell damage model was established in PC12 cells. Cell viability was subsequently detected by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. A lactate dehydrogenase kit was used to detect cytotoxicity. TUNEL assay was then used to measure the extent of cell apoptosis, and western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. In addition, western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of ERS-associated proteins, including phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and other proteins. Treatment with rosuvastatin led to an increased activity of H/R-induced PC12 cells and a decrease in their cytotoxicity. Rosuvastatin also led to an inhibition in apoptosis and ERS in H/R-induced PC12 cells. After administration of the ERS response activator thapsigargin (TG), TG was found to reverse the protective effect of rosuvastatin on injury of H/R-induced PC12 cells. Taken together, these findings have shown that rosuvastatin is able to protect PC12 cells from H/R-induced injury via inhibiting ERS-induced apoptosis, providing a strong theoretical basis for the use of rosuvastatin in the clinical treatment of CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Jianbai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
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Nguyen V, Ameri K, Huynh K, Fredkin M, Grona R, Larpthaveesarp A, Gonzalez F, Yeghiazarians Y. Interleukin-15 modulates the response of cortical neurons to ischemia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103658. [PMID: 34343628 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the United States. Current acute stroke therapy consists of clot-dissolving drugs, catheter-based interventions and physical rehabilitation. To date, there are no therapies that directly enhance neuronal survival after a stroke. Previous work from our lab demonstrated that Interleukin-15 (IL-15) peptide could rescue cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia. We sought to extend these findings to cortical neurons since IL-15 has been implicated to have an important role in neuronal homeostasis. METHODS We have evaluated the effect of IL-15 peptide on primary cortical neurons derived from embryonic rats in vitro under conditions of anoxia and glucose deprivation, and in vivo following middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS IL-15 administration rescued neuronal cells subjected to anoxia coupled with glucose deprivation (AGD), as well as with reoxygenation. A hallmark of stroke is the ischemic microenvironment and associated oxidative stress, which results in DNA damage and ER stress, both of which contribute to neuronal cell damage and death. The expression of anoxia, ER stress, and DNA damage factors/markers was evaluated via western blot and correlated with the cellular survival effects of IL-15 in vitro. In addition, IL-15 effect of alleviating ER stress and increasing cell survival was also observed in vivo. INTERPRETATION Our data indicate, for the first time, that administration of the pleiotropic factor IL-15 reduces neuronal cell death during AGD, which correlates with modulation of multiple cellular stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | - Kurosh Ameri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Maxwell Fredkin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Reinier Grona
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | | | | | - Yerem Yeghiazarians
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, USA
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Srivastava E, Singh A, Kumar A. Spinal cord regeneration: A brief overview of the present scenario and a sneak peek into the future. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100167. [PMID: 34080314 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) portrays appreciable complexity in developing from a neural tube to controlling major functions of the body and orchestrated co-ordination in maintaining its homeostasis. Any insult or pathology to such an organized tissue leads to a plethora of events ranging from local hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress to reactive gliosis and scarring. Despite unravelling the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and linked cellular and molecular mechanism, the over exhaustive inflammatory response at the site of injury, limited intrinsic regeneration capability of CNS, and the dual role of glial scar halts the expected accomplishment. The review discusses major current treatment approaches for traumatic SCI, addressing their limitation and scope for further development in the field under three main categories- neuroprotection, neuro-regeneration, and neuroplasticity. We further propose that a multi-disciplinary combinatorial treatment approach exploring any two or all three heads simultaneously might alleviate the inhibitory milieu and ameliorate functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Srivastava
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Centre for Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lan W, Lin J, Liu W, Wang F, Xie Y. Sulfiredoxin-1 protects spinal cord neurons against oxidative stress in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model through the bax/cytochrome c/caspase 3 apoptosis pathway. Neurosci Lett 2021; 744:135615. [PMID: 33421493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a common clinical, pathophysiological phenomenon with complex molecular mechanisms. Currently, there are no therapeutics available to alleviate the same. This study investigates the protective effects of sulfiredoxin-1 (Srxn 1) on spinal cord neurons following exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary spinal cord neurons were cultured, detected by anti-tubulin βⅢ, and transfected with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Srxn 1 to overexpress Srxn 1. They were identified by their morphology and CCK-8 assay. The superoxide dismutase level was measured by superoxide dismutase assay. Malondialdehyde level was measured by malondialdehyde assay. The apoptosis ratio was calculated by Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) was detected by tetramethylrhodamine-methyl ester-perchlorate (TMRM) staining. The mRNA expression levels of Srxn 1 and caspase 3 were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expression levels of Srxn 1, bax, bcl-2, cytosolic cytochrome c, and caspase 3 were detected by western blotting. RESULTS AAV-Srxn 1 up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of Srxn 1 in spinal cord neurons. Following exposure to OGD/R, overexpression of Srxn 1 improved the neuronal viability, alleviated the neuron apoptosis, enhanced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increased the SOD level, decreased the MDA level, inhibited the expression of cytosolic cytochrome c, bax, and caspase 3, and promoted the expression of bcl-2. CONCLUSION Srxn 1 plays a significant role in anti-apoptosis of spinal cord neurons, and Srxn 1 may be a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Lan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Weinan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China
| | - Fasheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
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Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Razmi R, Zampogna G, Taylor R. Statins and Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther 2020; 9:97-111. [PMID: 32020545 PMCID: PMC7203325 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequently prescribed drug class of statins have pleiotropic effects and have been implicated in neuropathic pain syndromes. This narrative review examines studies of statin-induced neuropathic pain which to date have been conducted only in animal models. However, the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy in humans may shed some light on the etiology of neuropathic pain. Statins have exhibited a paradoxical effect in that statins appear to reduce neuropathic pain in animals but have been associated with neuropathic pain in humans. While there are certain postulated mechanisms offering elucidation as to how statins might be associated with neuropathic pain, there is, as the American Heart Association stated, to date no definitive association between statins and neuropathic pain. Statins are important drugs that reduce cardiovascular risk factors and should be prescribed to appropriate patients with these risk factors but some of this population is also at elevated risk for neuropathic pain from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Magnusson
- Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Research and Development, Region Gävleborg/Uppsala University, Gävle, Sweden
| | | | - Robin Razmi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Region Gävleborg/Uppsala University, Gävle, Sweden
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Wang S, Ran Y, Chen X, Li C, Cheng S, Liu J. Pleiotropic Effects of Simvastatin on the Regulation of Potassium Channels in Monocytes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:101. [PMID: 32153409 PMCID: PMC7046754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The underlying mechanism of pleiotropic effects of statins on atherosclerosis is still unclear. Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 are two potassium channels that might be involved in monocyte migration and atherosclerosis formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin on the Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 in monocyte. Methods and Results In human monocytic THP-1 cells, simvastatin significantly inhibited Kv1.3 mRNA and protein expression by real-time quantitative PCR analysis and western blotting. However, simvastatin had no effects on KCa3.1 mRNA and protein expression. By whole-cell patch clamp, simvastatin (10 μM) remarkably inhibited the current intensity of Kv1.3, but had no effect on KCa3.1. Simvastatin (10 μM) treatment significantly reduced the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)-induced monocyte migration. This inhibition was only partially reversed by mevalonate (1mM). In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), both Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 mRNA expression were increased in patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD) (n = 20) compared to healthy controls (n = 22). However, simvastatin (40 mg per day) significantly inhibited the Kv1.3 but not KCa3.1 mRNA expression after 1 month and 3 months therapy in CAD patients. Conclusion Our data suggested Kv1.3 in monocytes was a potential molecular target of the pleiotropic effects of statins. KCa3.1 might be another marker of CAD, but not associated with statins treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Ran
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology Medical Courtermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, China
| | - Chungang Li
- No. 926 Hospital, Joint Logistics Support, Force of PLA, Yunan, China
| | - Shujuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Liu L, Zhou J, Wang Y, Qi T, Wang Z, Chen L, Suo N. Imatinib inhibits oxidative stress response in spinal cord injury rats by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:597-602. [PMID: 31897102 PMCID: PMC6923749 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of imatinib on rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) was investigated through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=12), model group (n=12), imatinib group (n=12) and inhibitor group (n=12). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that in comparison with sham operation group, the other three groups had overtly increased positive expression level of Bax and evidently reduced positive expression level of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Compared with those in model group and inhibitor group, the positive expression level of Bax was distinctly lower, while that of Bcl-2 was notably increased in imatinib group (P<0.05). According to western blot analysis, the protein expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were obviously higher in the other three groups than those in sham operation group (P<0.05), and they were remarkably higher in imatinib group than those in model group and inhibitor group (P<0.05). The results of qPCR assay revealed that the Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expression levels were markedly elevated in the other three groups compared with those in sham operation group (P<0.05). Based on ELISA, the other three groups exhibited notably raised content of IL-6, TNF-α, ROS and SOD compared with sham operation group (P<0.05), and imatinib group displayed remarkably decreased content of IL-6, TNF-α and ROS and markedly elevated SOD content in comparison with model group and inhibitor group (P<0.05). The results of TUNEL assay demonstrated that the rate of apoptosis was significantly raised in the other three groups compared with that in sham operation group (P<0.05), and it declined obviously in imatinib group compared with that in model group and inhibitor group (P<0.05). Imatinib inhibits oxidative stress response in SCI rats by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus repressing apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Tengmin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Zengshun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Linxu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Nananxiu Suo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
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Simvastatin Mitigates Apoptosis and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Upregulation in Stretch-Induced Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6026051. [PMID: 31934265 PMCID: PMC6942893 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6026051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Portal hypertension is a common clinical symptom of digestive disorders. With an increase in portal pressure, the portal vein will continue to dilate. We aimed to determine whether continuous stretch induced by portal hypertension may impair the function of endothelial cells (ECs) in the portal vein and aggravate the progress of portal hypertension and explore its mechanism. ECs were cultured on an elastic silicone membrane and subjected to continuous uniaxial stretch. Apoptosis and expression of TGF-β in ECs under stretch were measured. We found that sustained stretch induced the apoptosis of ECs in a stretch length-dependent manner. Compared with the control, continuous stretch increased the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and damaged the mitochondria, resulting in an evident increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; pretreatment with gp91ds-tat or MitoTEMPO decreased the ROS level in the intracellular levels. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) treatment before stretch not only reduced ROS levels but also mitigated the apoptosis of ECs; simvastatin had similar effects through targeting NOX2 and mitochondria. During the stretch, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was obviously increased; pretreatment with P38MAPK or JNK inhibitors decreased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and TGF-β expression. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) treatment before stretch also reduced TGF-β expression. After pretreatment with NAC, the phosphorylation of P38MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB and TGF-β expressions in ECs under stretch was suppressed; similar results were observed in simvastatin-treated ECs. This study demonstrated that simvastatin could mitigate EC apoptosis and TGF-β upregulation induced by continuous stretch by reducing the level of ROS.
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Ibrahim AB, Zaki HF, Wadie W, Omran MM, Shouman SA. Simvastatin Evokes An Unpredicted Antagonism For Tamoxifen In MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:10011-10028. [PMID: 31819634 PMCID: PMC6886548 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s218668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tamoxifen (TAM) is a non-steroidal antiestrogen drug, used in the prevention and treatment of all stages of hormone-responsive breast cancer. Simvastatin (SIM) is a lipid-lowering agent and has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of TAM and SIM in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and in mice-bearing Ehrlich solid tumors. Methods MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of TAM or/and SIM for 72 hours and the effects of the combination treatment on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis were investigated using different techniques. In addition, tumor volume, oxidative markers, and inflammatory markers of the combined therapy were explored in mice bearing solid EAC tumors. Results The results showed that treatment of MCF-7 cells with the combination of 10 µM TAM, and 2 µM SIM significantly inhibited the increase in oxidative stress markers, LDH, and NF-kB induced by TAM. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the total apoptotic ratio, caspase-3 activity, and glucose uptake, while there was a non-significant change in Bax/bcl-2 ratio compared to the TAM-treated group. Using the isobologram equation, the drug interaction was antagonistic with combination index, CI=1.18. On the other hand, the combination regimen decreased VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinases, MMP 2&9 compared to TAM-treated cells. Additionally, in vivo, the combination regimen resulted in a non-significant decrease in the tumor volume, decreased oxidative markers, and the protein expression of TNF-α, and NF-κB compared to the TAM treated group. Conclusion Although the combination regimen of TAM and SIM showed an antagonistic drug interaction in MCF-7 breast cancer, it displayed favorable antiangiogenic, anti-metastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel B Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Zawiya, Libya
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Wadie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat M Omran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
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Ibrahim AB, Zaki HF, Ibrahim WW, Omran MM, Shouman SA. Evaluation of tamoxifen and simvastatin as the combination therapy for the treatment of hormonal dependent breast cancer cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1114-1126. [PMID: 31788433 PMCID: PMC6880098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen drug, used in the prevention and treatment of all stages of hormone-responsive breast cancer. Simvastatin (SIM), a lipid-lowering agent, has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. The study aimed at investigating the impact of using SIM with TAM in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, T47D, as well as in mice-bearing Ehrlich solid tumor. The cell line was treated with different concentrations of TAM or/and SIM for 72 h. The effects of treatment on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis were investigated. Our results showed that the combination treatment decreased the oxidative stress markers, glucose uptake, VEGF, and MMP 2 &9 in the cell line compared to TAM- treated cells. Drug interaction of TAM and SIM was synergistic in T47D by increasing the apoptotic makers Bax/BCL-2 ratio and caspase 3 activity. Additionally, in vivo, the combination regimen resulted in a non-significant decrease in the tumor volume compared to TAM treated group. Moreover, the combined treatment decreased the protein expression of TNF-α, NF-kB compared to control. In conclusion, our results suggest that SIM may serve as a promising treatment with TAM for improving the efficacy against estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax/Bcl-2, ratio Bcl-2-AssociatedXprotein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio
- Cytotoxicity
- EAC, ehrlich ascites carcinoma
- ER+, estrogen receptor-positive
- GSH, glutathione
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, 2&9 metalloproteinases-2and9
- NF-KB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NOx, nitric oxide
- Oxidative stress
- SIM, simvastatin
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Simvastatin
- TAM, tamoxifen
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tamoxifen
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel B. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya
| | - Hala F. Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Walaa W. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mervat M. Omran
- Department of Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Samia A. Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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Niu Y, Xia X, Song P, Fang H, Dong F, Tao H, Yang C, Shen C. Bone mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium attenuates the effect of oxidative stress injury on NSCs by inhibiting the Notch1 signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1267-1275. [PMID: 30839137 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells on spinal cord injury (SCI), especially on neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the predominant mechanisms of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are unclear. Recently, some researchers have found that paracrine signaling plays a key role in the therapeutic capacity of BMSCs and emphasized that the protective effect of BMSCs may be due to paracrine factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of BMSCs to protect NSCs. NSCs were identified by immunocytochemistry. The oxidative stress environment was simulated by H2 O2 (50, 100, 200 μM) for 2 h. The apoptotic rate of the NSCs was detected via flow cytometry. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated via corresponding assay kits. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Notch1, HES1, caspase-3, cleave caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. We found that H2 O2 could significantly induce the apoptosis of NSCs, increase LDH, MDA levels, and decrease SOD activity by activating the Notch1 signaling pathway. DAPT (the specific blocker of Notch1) and BMSC-conditioned medium (BMSC-CM) could significantly prevent the apoptotic effect and oxidative stress injury on NSCs that were treated with H2 O2 . We also revealed that BMSC-CM could decrease the expression of Notch1, Hes1, cleave caspase-3, Bax, and increases the expression of Bcl-2 in NSCs, which was induced by H2 O2 . These results have revealed that BMSC-CM can neutralize the effect against oxidative stress injury on the apoptosis of NSCs by inhibiting the Notch1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Xiang Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, LUAN Affiliated Houspital of AnHui Medical University, No. 21 Wanxi Road, Jinan District, Luan, Anhui Province, 237005, China
| | - PeiWen Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - FuLong Dong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department Emergency Surgery, ANHUI No. 2 Provincial People's Housptial, No.1868 Tangshan Road, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - CaiLiang Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
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Zhang T, Gillies M, Wang Y, Shen W, Bahrami B, Zeng S, Zhu M, Yao W, Zhou F, Murray M, Wang K, Zhu L. Simvastatin protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress induced by all-trans-retinal, through the up-regulation of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2063-2078. [PMID: 30825184 PMCID: PMC6534793 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor with multiple targets and effects. It protects neurons in the brain, but its protective effects on photoreceptors are unclear. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of simvastatin on photoreceptors exposed to stress induced by all-trans-retinal (atRAL). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AlamarBlue and LDH assays were used to evaluate the viability and metabolic activity of Y79 cells (a retinoblastoma cell line) exposed to atRAL-induced stress with or without simvastatin pretreatment. Changes in cellular ROS were evaluated using flow cytometry and mitochondrial stress markers JC-1 and HSP60. Changes in levels of two photoreceptor-specific markers, cone-rod homeobox protein (CRX) and interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), were evaluated with western blot. The results were validated in ex vivo human retinal explants and a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin improved mitochondrial function, alleviated oxidative stress and up-regulated the photoreceptor-specific markers IRBP and its upstream regulator CRX in Y79 cells and ex vivo human retinal explants under atRAL-induced stress. Simvastatin attenuated photoreceptor degeneration in association with up-regulation of IRBP and CRX expression after knockdown of IRBP in a murine model. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that simvastatin has a novel role in protecting photoreceptors from atRAL-induced stress. Simvastatin treatment resulted in up-regulation of IRBP and its upstream transcription factor CRX in Y79 cells, ex vivo human retinal explants, and murine retinas in vivo. Further studies of simvastatin to treat photoreceptor degeneration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark Gillies
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ying Wang
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Weiyong Shen
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bobak Bahrami
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Meidong Zhu
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation ServiceNew South Wales Tissue Bank, Sydney Eye HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- School of PharmacyThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of PharmacologyNantong University Medical CollegeNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- School of PharmacyThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Murray
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear MedicineJiangsu Institute of Nuclear MedicineWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Qi W, Yan L, Liu Y, Zhou X, Li R, Wang Y, Bai L, Chen J, Nie X. Simvastatin aggravates impaired autophagic flux in NSC34-hSOD1G93A cells through inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis. Neuroscience 2019; 409:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Attenuate Neuronal Damage by Suppressing Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Activated Microglial Cells. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:7675496. [PMID: 30911291 PMCID: PMC6397982 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7675496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is usually followed by inflammatory responses mediated by microglia. However, the effect of statins on directly preventing posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding healthy neurons is unclear. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, which have different physical properties regarding their lipid and water solubility, are the most common HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and might directly block posthypoxia microglia inflammatory factors to prevent injury to surrounding neurons. Neuronal damage and microglial activation of the peri-infarct areas were investigated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence after 24 hours in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. The decrease in neurons was in accordance with the increase in microglia, which could be reversed by both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. The effects of statins on blocking secretions from posthypoxia microglia and reducing the secondary damage to surrounding normal neurons were studied in a coculture system in vitro. BV2 microglia were cultured under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 hours and then cocultured following reperfusion for 24 hours in the upper wells of transwell plates with primary neurons being cultured in the bottom wells. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which are activated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in OGD-induced BV2 microglia, promoted decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and apoptosis of neurons in the coculture systems according to ELISA and Western blotting. However, pretreatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin significantly reduced neuronal death, synaptic injury, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, which might lead to increased low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) in BV2 microglia. We concluded that the proinflammatory mediators released from postischemia damage could cause damage to surrounding normal neurons, while HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevented neuronal apoptosis and synaptic injury by inactivating microglia through blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Liang H, Feng Y, Cui R, Qiu M, Zhang J, Liu C. Simvastatin protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:916-924. [PMID: 29421861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of simvastatin on acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in a mouse model. Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into the following groups: control, APAP, APAP+SIM10, APAP+SIM20, APAP+SIM100 and APAP+SIM200 groups. The mice in the APAP group were treated with saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) 72 h before and 24 h or 72 h after APAP challenge (i.p., 400 mg/kg of APAP). The simvastatin-treated groups were treated with different doses of simvastatin i.p. (10, 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) as in the APAP group. After 24 h or 72 h of APAP challenge, blood and liver samples were collected to detect hepatic injury and liver regeneration. The results showed that low doses of simvastatin (10 and 20 mg/kg) could significantly reverse the histological change and decrease hepatic injury. Simvastatin also reduced the serum cytokine levels and transcriptional levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the liver. The malonyldialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels significantly decreased in the simvastatin treatment groups compared with the APAP group. Simvastatin restored the decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities induced by APAP hepatotoxicity. In addition, simvastatin inhibited hepatic C/EBP-homologous protein expression and hepatocyte apoptosis. However, simvastatin had no effect on liver regeneration after APAP hepatotoxicity. Moreover, high doses could aggravate APAP-induced liver injury. In conclusion, low doses of simvastatin had a significant therapeutic effect in APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. However, high doses of simvastatin had adverse hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Immunology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglong Qiu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Carroll CB, Wyse RKH. Simvastatin as a Potential Disease-Modifying Therapy for Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Rationale for Clinical Trial, and Current Progress. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:545-568. [PMID: 29036837 PMCID: PMC5676977 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many now believe the holy grail for the next stage of therapeutic advance surrounds the development of disease-modifying approaches aimed at intercepting the year-on-year neurodegenerative decline experienced by most patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on recommendations of an international committee of experts who are currently bringing multiple, potentially disease-modifying, PD therapeutics into long-term neuroprotective PD trials, a clinical trial involving 198 patients is underway to determine whether Simvastatin provides protection against chronic neurodegeneration. Statins are widely used to reduce cardiovascular risk, and act as competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. It is also known that statins serve as ligands for PPARα, a known arbiter for mitochondrial size and number. Statins possess multiple cholesterol-independent biochemical mechanisms of action, many of which offer neuroprotective potential (suppression of proinflammatory molecules & microglial activation, stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of α-synuclein aggregation, modulation of adaptive immunity, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors). We describe the biochemical, physiological and pharmaceutical credentials that continue to underpin the rationale for taking Simvastatin into a disease-modifying trial in PD patients. While unrelated to the Simvastatin trial (because this conducted in patients who already have PD), we discuss conflicting epidemiological studies which variously suggest that statin use for cardiovascular prophylaxis may increase or decrease risk of developing PD. Finally, since so few disease-modifying PD trials have ever been launched (compared to those of symptomatic therapies), we discuss the rationale of the trial structure we have adopted, decisions made, and lessons learnt so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille B Carroll
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
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25
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Shimizu EN, Seifert JL, Johnson KJ, Romero-Ortega MI. Prophylactic Riluzole Attenuates Oxidative Stress Damage in Spinal Cord Distraction. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1319-1328. [PMID: 29295647 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) without radiographical abnormalities (SCIWORA) presents a significant challenge because of the loss of function despite an apparent normal anatomy. The cause of dysfunction is not understood, and specific treatment options are lacking. Some scoliosis corrective surgeries result in SCIWORA, where stretching of the spinal cord can lead to vascular compromise and hypoxia. The iatrogenic nature of this injury allows for the implantation of neuroprotective strategies that are designed to prevent damage. We utilized a model of atraumatic SCI to evaluate the efficacy of the sodium-channel blocker, riluzole, as a prophylactic neuroprotectant. As expected, the stretch injury caused a significant reduction in intraparenchymal oxygen in distraction (-53.09 ± 22.23%) and riluzole pre-treated distraction animals (-43.04 ± 22.86%). However, in contrast to the oxidative stress and metabolic impairments observed in vehicle-treated distraction animals, in which protein carbonylation increased significantly (5.88 ± 1.3 nmol/mL), riluzole kept these levels within the normal range (1.8 ± 1.0 nmol/mL). This neurprotection also prevented ventral motor neuron hypoplasia and pyknosis, characteristic features of this atraumatic SCI model, and maintained normal gait function (e.g., stride length and stance time). This study provides evidence for the use of prophylactic neuroprotective strategies in which thoracic or spine surgeries present the risk of causing atraumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen N Shimizu
- 1 Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas
| | - Jennifer L Seifert
- 1 Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas
| | - Kevin J Johnson
- 1 Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas
| | - Mario I Romero-Ortega
- 1 Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas.,2 Surgery Department, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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Cui X, Fu Z, Wang M, Nan X, Zhang B. Pitavastatin treatment induces neuroprotection through the BDNF-TrkB signalling pathway in cultured cerebral neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurol Res 2018; 40:391-397. [PMID: 29544396 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1447318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Along with their lipid-lowering effect, statins have been reported to have neuroprotective function in both in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases. We conducted this study in order to uncover the he neuroprotective effect of the lipophilic statin pitavastatin (PTV) and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms using primary cultured cerebral neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). METHODS The primary cultured cerebral neurons were randomly assigned into four groups: the control group, the pitavastatin treatment group, the OGD group and the OGD + pitavastatin treatment group. The pitavastatin's concentration were set as follows: 1μM, 15μM, 30μM. After 3 hours OGD treatment, we use MTT method to assessment cell viability, immunofluorescence to observe neuron morphology and western blot method analysis the BDNF, TrkB. RESULTS PTV at concentrations of 1 μM and 15 μM elevated the survival rate of cortical neurons exposed to OGD, whereas 30 μM PTV did not show such an effect. Moreover, PTV promoted neuronal dendrite growth at concentrations of 1 μM and 15 μM. Increased expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were observed in both of the following two scenarios: when neurons were treated with PTV for 48 hours and when PTV was added after the OGD procedure. CONCLUSION Pitavastatin treatment induces neuroprotection in cultured cerebral neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation this neuroprotection induced by PTV involves the BDNF-TrkB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Zhenqiang Fu
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Menghan Wang
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Xiaofei Nan
- c School of Information and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Boai Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China.,b Institute of Clinical Medical Research , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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