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Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhang S, Wu J, Tang Y. Identification and characterization of novel genetic variants in the first Chinese family of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC (Sanfilippo C syndrome). J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18307. [PMID: 38613342 PMCID: PMC11015392 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPS IIIC) is one of inherited lysosomal storage disorders, caused by deficiencies in lysosomal hydrolases degrading acidic mucopolysaccharides. The gene responsible for MPS IIIC is HGSNAT, which encodes an enzyme that catalyses the acetylation of the terminal glucosamine residues of heparan sulfate. So far, few studies have focused on the genetic landscape of MPS IIIC in China, where IIIA and IIIB were the major subtypes. In this study, we utilized whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify novel compound heterozygous variants in the HGSNAT gene from a Chinese patient with typical MPS IIIC symptoms: c.743G>A; p.Gly248Glu and c.1030C>T; p.Arg344Cys. We performed in silico analysis and experimental validation, which confirmed the deleterious pathogenic nature of both variants, as evidenced by the loss of HGSNAT activity and failure of lysosomal localization. To the best of our knowledge, the MPS IIIC is first confirmed by clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic findings in China. Our study thus expands the spectrum of MPS IIIC pathogenic variants, which is of importance to dissect the pathogenesis and to carry out clinical diagnosis of MPS IIIC. Moreover, this study helps to depict the natural history of Chinese MPS IIIC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lijing Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Geriatrics, Aging Research Center, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Geriatrics, Aging Research Center, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Huakun Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Geriatrics, Aging Research Center, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Sizhe Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Junjiao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yu Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Geriatrics, Aging Research Center, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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2
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da Palma MM, Marra M, Igelman AD, Ku CA, Burr A, Andersen K, Everett LA, Porto FBO, Sallum JMF, Yang P, Pennesi ME. Expanding the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of patients with HGSNAT-related retinopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:167-174. [PMID: 37592806 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2245035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in HGSNAT have historically been associated with syndromic mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPSIIIC) but more recent studies demonstrate cases of HGSNAT-related non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. We describe and expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, observational, case series of 11 patients with pericentral retinitis pigmentosa due to variants in HGSNAT gene without a syndromic diagnosis of MPSIIIC. We reviewed ophthalmologic data extracted from medical records, genetic testing, color fundus photos, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS Of the 11 patients, the mean age was 52 years (range: 26-78). The mean age of ophthalmologic symptoms onset was 45 years (range: 15-72). The visual acuity varied from 20/20 to 20/80 (mean 20/30 median 20/20). We described five novel variants in HGSNAT: c.715del (p.Arg239Alafs *37), c.118 G>A (p.Asp40Asn), c.1218_1220delinsTAT, c.1297A>G (p.Asn433Asp), and c.1726 G>T (p.Gly576*). CONCLUSIONS HGSNAT has high phenotypic heterogeneity. Data from our cohort showed that all patients who had at least one variant of c.1843 G>A (p.Ala615Thr) presented with the onset of ocular symptoms after the fourth decade of life. The two patients with onset of ocular symptoms before the fourth decade did not carry this variant. This may suggest that c.1843 G>A variant is associated with a later onset of retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matioli da Palma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Ocular, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery & Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Molly Marra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Austin D Igelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cristy A Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Amanda Burr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine Andersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lesley A Everett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Juliana Maria Ferraz Sallum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Ocular, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
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Alyazidi AS, Muthaffar OY, Baaishrah LS, Shawli MK, Jambi AT, Aljezani MA, Almaghrabi MA. Current Concepts in the Management of Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS III): A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e58023. [PMID: 38738088 PMCID: PMC11087936 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome is a childhood-onset (1-4 years) autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that presents as a neurodegenerative disease by targeting the brain and spinal cord. It is also known as mucopolysaccharidosis III. Mucopolysaccharidosis III is divided into four subtypes (A, B, C, or D). It can cause delayed speech, behavior problems, and features of autism spectrum disorder. Sanfilippo syndrome is of a higher prevalence within consanguineous families that carry its gene alteration. If both parents have a nonfunctional copy of a gene linked to this condition, their children will have a 25% (1 in 4) chance of developing the disease. In Saudi Arabia, the incidence rate is estimated at 2 per 100,000 live births. Recent research focused on promising treatment approaches, such as gene therapy, modified enzyme replacement therapy, and stem cells. These approaches work by exogenous administration of the proper version of the mutant enzyme (enzyme replacement therapy), cleaning the defective enzyme in individuals with glycolipid storage disorders (substrate reduction therapy), or using a pharmacological chaperone to target improperly folded proteins. However, there is currently no approved curative medication for Sanfilippo syndrome that can effectively halt or reverse the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas S Alyazidi
- Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Osama Y Muthaffar
- Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Layan S Baaishrah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mohammed K Shawli
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulaziz T Jambi
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Maram A Aljezani
- Pediatric Neurology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
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Rouse CJ, Jensen VN, Heldermon CD. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB: a current review and exploration of the AAV therapy landscape. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:355-359. [PMID: 37488890 PMCID: PMC10503619 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.377606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses type IIIB is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes for N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase. This results in the aggregation of heparan sulfate polysaccharides within cell lysosomes that leads to progressive and severe debilitating neurological dysfunction. Current treatment options are expensive, limited, and presently there are no approved cures for mucopolysaccharidoses type IIIB. Adeno-associated virus gene therapy has significantly advanced the field forward, allowing researchers to successfully design, enhance, and improve potential cures. Our group recently published an effective treatment using a codon-optimized triple mutant adeno-associated virus 8 vector that restores N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase levels, auditory function, and lifespan in the murine model for mucopolysaccharidoses type IIIB to that seen in healthy mice. Here, we review the current state of the field in relation to the capsid landscape, adeno-associated virus gene therapy and its successes and challenges in the clinic, and how novel adeno-associated virus capsid designs have evolved research in the mucopolysaccharidoses type IIIB field.
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Gonçalves M, Santos JI, Coutinho MF, Matos L, Alves S. Development of Engineered-U1 snRNA Therapies: Current Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14617. [PMID: 37834063 PMCID: PMC10572768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Splicing of pre-mRNA is a crucial regulatory stage in the pathway of gene expression. The majority of human genes that encode proteins undergo alternative pre-mRNA splicing and mutations that affect splicing are more prevalent than previously thought. Targeting aberrant RNA(s) may thus provide an opportunity to correct faulty splicing and potentially treat numerous genetic disorders. To that purpose, the use of engineered U1 snRNA (either modified U1 snRNAs or exon-specific U1s-ExSpeU1s) has been applied as a potentially therapeutic strategy to correct splicing mutations, particularly those affecting the 5' splice-site (5'ss). Here we review and summarize a vast panoply of studies that used either modified U1 snRNAs or ExSpeU1s to mediate gene therapeutic correction of splicing defects underlying a considerable number of genetic diseases. We also focus on the pre-clinical validation of these therapeutic approaches both in vitro and in vivo, and summarize the main obstacles that need to be overcome to allow for their successful translation to clinic practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gonçalves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.G.); (J.I.S.); (M.F.C.); (L.M.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.G.); (J.I.S.); (M.F.C.); (L.M.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.G.); (J.I.S.); (M.F.C.); (L.M.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.G.); (J.I.S.); (M.F.C.); (L.M.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.G.); (J.I.S.); (M.F.C.); (L.M.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Las Heras M, Szenfeld B, Ballout RA, Buratti E, Zanlungo S, Dardis A, Klein AD. Understanding the phenotypic variability in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC): a need for precision medicine. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:21. [PMID: 37567876 PMCID: PMC10421955 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by the buildup of endo-lysosomal cholesterol and glycosphingolipids due to loss of function mutations in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes. NPC patients can present with a broad phenotypic spectrum, with differences at the age of onset, rate of progression, severity, organs involved, effects on the central nervous system, and even response to pharmacological treatments. This article reviews the phenotypic variation of NPC and discusses its possible causes, such as the remaining function of the defective protein, modifier genes, sex, environmental cues, and splicing factors, among others. We propose that these factors should be considered when designing or repurposing treatments for this disease. Despite its seeming complexity, this proposition is not far-fetched, considering the expanding interest in precision medicine and easier access to multi-omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Las Heras
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile
| | - Benjamín Szenfeld
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile
| | - Rami A Ballout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330033, Chile
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile.
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Swirski S, May O, Ahlers M, Wissinger B, Greschner M, Jüschke C, Neidhardt J. In Vivo Efficacy and Safety Evaluations of Therapeutic Splicing Correction Using U1 snRNA in the Mouse Retina. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060955. [PMID: 36980294 PMCID: PMC10047704 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacy and safety considerations constitute essential steps during development of in vivo gene therapies. Herein, we evaluated efficacy and safety of splice factor-based treatments to correct mutation-induced splice defects in an Opa1 mutant mouse line. We applied adeno-associated viruses to the retina. The viruses transduced retinal cells with an engineered U1 snRNA splice factor designed to correct the Opa1 splice defect. We found the treatment to be efficient in increasing wild-type Opa1 transcripts. Correspondingly, Opa1 protein levels increased significantly in treated eyes. Measurements of retinal morphology and function did not reveal therapy-related side-effects supporting the short-term safety of the treatment. Alterations of potential off-target genes were not detected. Our data suggest that treatments of splice defects applying engineered U1 snRNAs represent a promising in vivo therapeutic approach. The therapy increased wild-type Opa1 transcripts and protein levels without detectable morphological, functional or genetic side-effects in the mouse eye. The U1 snRNA-based therapy can be tailored to specific disease gene mutations, hence, raising the possibility of a wider applicability of this promising technology towards treatment of different inherited retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Swirski
- Human Genetics, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver May
- Human Genetics, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Malte Ahlers
- Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Greschner
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Jüschke
- Human Genetics, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Hatch ST, Smargon AA, Yeo GW. Engineered U1 snRNAs to modulate alternatively spliced exons. Methods 2022; 205:140-148. [PMID: 35764245 PMCID: PMC11185844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing accounts for a considerable portion of transcriptomic diversity, as most protein-coding genes are spliced into multiple mRNA isoforms. However, errors in splicing patterns can give rise to mis-splicing with pathological consequences, such as the congenital diseases familial dysautonomia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and spinal muscular atrophy. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) components of the U snRNP family have been proposed as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of mis-splicing. U1 snRNAs offer great promise, with prior studies demonstrating in vivo efficacy, suggesting additional preclinical development is merited. Improvements in enabling technologies, including screening methodologies, gene delivery vectors, and relevant considerations from gene editing approaches justify further advancement of U1 snRNA as a therapeutic and research tool. With the goal of providing a user-friendly protocol, we compile and demonstrate a methodological toolkit for sequence-specific targeted perturbation of alternatively spliced pre-mRNA with engineered U1 snRNAs. We observe robust modulation of endogenous pre-mRNA transcripts targeted in two contrasting splicing contexts, SMN2 exon 7 and FAS exon 6, exhibiting the utility and applicability of engineered U1 snRNA to both inclusion and exclusion of targeted exons. We anticipate that these demonstrations will contribute to the usability of U1 snRNA in investigating splicing modulation in eukaryotic cells, increasing accessibility to the broader research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Hatch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron A Smargon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Pan X, Taherzadeh M, Bose P, Heon-Roberts R, Nguyen AL, Xu T, Pará C, Yamanaka Y, Priestman DA, Platt FM, Khan S, Fnu N, Tomatsu S, Morales CR, Pshezhetsky AV. Glucosamine amends CNS pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC mouse expressing misfolded HGSNAT. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211860. [PMID: 35704026 PMCID: PMC9204472 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC (MPS IIIC) patients have missense variants causing misfolding of heparan sulfate acetyl-CoA:α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT), which are potentially treatable with pharmacological chaperones. To test this approach, we generated a novel HgsnatP304L mouse model expressing misfolded HGSNAT Pro304Leu variant. HgsnatP304L mice present deficits in short-term and working/spatial memory 2-4 mo earlier than previously described constitutive knockout Hgsnat-Geo mice. HgsnatP304L mice also show augmented severity of neuroimmune response, synaptic deficits, and neuronal storage of misfolded proteins and gangliosides compared with Hgsnat-Geo mice. Expression of misfolded human Pro311Leu HGSNAT protein in cultured hippocampal Hgsnat-Geo neurons further reduced levels of synaptic proteins. Memory deficits and majority of brain pathology were rescued in mice receiving HGSNAT chaperone, glucosamine. Our data for the first time demonstrate dominant-negative effects of misfolded HGSNAT Pro304Leu variant and show that they are treatable by oral administration of glucosamine. This suggests that patients affected with mutations preventing normal folding of the enzyme can benefit from chaperone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Pan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahsa Taherzadeh
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Poulomee Bose
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie L.A. Nguyen
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - TianMeng Xu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Camila Pará
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Shaukat Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Nidhi Fnu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Carlos R. Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Splicing Modulation as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: The Mucopolysaccharidoses Example. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050608. [PMID: 35629276 PMCID: PMC9146820 DOI: 10.3390/life12050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, the many functions of RNA have become more evident. This molecule has been recognized not only as a carrier of genetic information, but also as a specific and essential regulator of gene expression. Different RNA species have been identified and novel and exciting roles have been unveiled. Quite remarkably, this explosion of novel RNA classes has increased the possibility for new therapeutic strategies that tap into RNA biology. Most of these drugs use nucleic acid analogues and take advantage of complementary base pairing to either mimic or antagonize the function of RNAs. Among the most successful RNA-based drugs are those that act at the pre-mRNA level to modulate or correct aberrant splicing patterns, which are caused by specific pathogenic variants. This approach is particularly tempting for monogenic disorders with associated splicing defects, especially when they are highly frequent among affected patients worldwide or within a specific population. With more than 600 mutations that cause disease affecting the pre-mRNA splicing process, we consider lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) to be perfect candidates for this type of approach. Here, we introduce the overall rationale and general mechanisms of splicing modulation approaches and highlight the currently marketed formulations, which have been developed for non-lysosomal genetic disorders. We also extensively reviewed the existing preclinical studies on the potential of this sort of therapeutic strategy to recover aberrant splicing and increase enzyme activity in our diseases of interest: the LSDs. Special attention was paid to a particular subgroup of LSDs: the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). By doing this, we hoped to unveil the unique therapeutic potential of the use of this sort of approach for LSDs as a whole.
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11
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Abstract
Mutations affecting constitutive splice donor sites (5'ss) are among the most frequent genetic defects that disrupt the normal splicing process. Pre-mRNA splicing requires the correct identification of a number of cis-acting elements in an ordered fashion. By disrupting the complementarity of the 5'ss with the endogenous small nuclear RNA U1 (U1 snRNA), the key component of the spliceosomal U1 ribonucleoprotein, 5'ss mutations may result in exon skipping, intron retention or activation of cryptic splice sites. Engineered modification of the U1 snRNA seemed to be a logical method to overcome the effect of those mutations. In fact, over the last years, a number of in vitro studies on the use of those modified U1 snRNAs to correct a variety of splicing defects have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Furthermore, recent reports on its applicability in vivo are adding up to the principle that engineered modification of U1 snRNAs represents a valuable approach and prompting further studies to demonstrate the clinical translatability of this strategy.Here, we outline the design and generation of U1 snRNAs with different degrees of complementarity to mutated 5'ss. Using the HGSNAT gene as an example, we describe the methods for a proper evaluation of their efficacy in vitro, taking advantage of our experience to share a number of tips on how to design U1 snRNA molecules for splicing rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA) - Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana I Santos
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mª Francisca Coutinho
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA) - Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (CECA) - Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Schneider N, Sundaresan Y, Gopalakrishnan P, Beryozkin A, Hanany M, Levanon EY, Banin E, Ben-Aroya S, Sharon D. Inherited retinal diseases: Linking genes, disease-causing variants, and relevant therapeutic modalities. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101029. [PMID: 34839010 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically complex and heterogenous group of visual impairment phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in at least 277 nuclear and mitochondrial genes, affecting different retinal regions, and depleting the vision of affected individuals. Genes that cause IRDs when mutated are unique by possessing differing genotype-phenotype correlations, varying inheritance patterns, hypomorphic alleles, and modifier genes thus complicating genetic interpretation. Next-generation sequencing has greatly advanced the identification of novel IRD-related genes and pathogenic variants in the last decade. For this review, we performed an in-depth literature search which allowed for compilation of the Global Retinal Inherited Disease (GRID) dataset containing 4,798 discrete variants and 17,299 alleles published in 31 papers, showing a wide range of frequencies and complexities among the 194 genes reported in GRID, with 65% of pathogenic variants being unique to a single individual. A better understanding of IRD-related gene distribution, gene complexity, and variant types allow for improved genetic testing and therapies. Current genetic therapeutic methods are also quite diverse and rely on variant identification, and range from whole gene replacement to single nucleotide editing at the DNA or RNA levels. IRDs and their suitable therapies thus require a range of effective disease modelling in human cells, granting insight into disease mechanisms and testing of possible treatments. This review summarizes genetic and therapeutic modalities of IRDs, provides new analyses of IRD-related genes (GRID and complexity scores), and provides information to match genetic-based therapies such as gene-specific and variant-specific therapies to the appropriate individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yogapriya Sundaresan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Prakadeeswari Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Avigail Beryozkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Mor Hanany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shay Ben-Aroya
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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13
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Zhu F, Zhang F, Hu L, Liu H, Li Y. Integrated Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing to Solve a Neuromuscular Puzzle: Miyoshi Muscular Dystrophy and Early Onset Primary Dystonia in Siblings of the Same Family. Front Genet 2021; 12:672906. [PMID: 34276779 PMCID: PMC8283672 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular disorders (NMD), many of which are hereditary, affect muscular function. Due to advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, the diagnosis of hereditary NMDs has dramatically improved in recent years. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we report an family with two siblings exhibiting two different NMD, Miyoshi muscular dystrophy (MMD) and early onset primary dystonia (EOPD). Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified a novel monoallelic frameshift deletion mutation (dysferlin: c.4404delC/p.I1469Sfs∗17) in the Dysferlin gene in the index patient who suffered from MMD. This deletion was inherited from his unaffected father and was carried by his younger sister with EOPD. However, immunostaining staining revealed an absence of dysferlin expression in the proband's muscle tissue and thus suggested the presence of the second underlying mutant allele in dysferlin. Using integrated RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of muscle tissue, a novel deep intronic mutation in dysferlin (dysferlin: c.5341-415A > G) was discovered in the index patient. This mutation caused aberrant mRNA splicing and inclusion of an additional pseudoexon (PE) which we termed PE48.1. This PE was inherited from his unaffected mother. PE48.1 inclusion altered the Dysferlin sequence, causing premature termination of translation. CONCLUSION Using integrated genome and transcriptome sequencing, we discovered hereditary MMD and EOPD affecting two siblings of same family. Our results added further weight to the combined use of RNA-seq and WGS as an important method for detection of deep intronic gene mutations, and suggest that integrated sequencing assays are an effective strategy for the diagnosis of hereditary NMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haowen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yahua Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Seker Yilmaz B, Davison J, Jones SA, Baruteau J. Novel therapies for mucopolysaccharidosis type III. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:129-147. [PMID: 32944950 PMCID: PMC8436764 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) or Sanfilippo disease is an orphan inherited lysosomal storage disease and one of the most common MPS subtypes. The classical presentation is an infantile-onset neurodegenerative disease characterised by intellectual regression, behavioural and sleep disturbances, loss of ambulation, and early death. Unlike other MPS, no disease-modifying therapy has yet been approved. Here, we review the numerous approaches of curative therapy developed for MPS III from historical ineffective haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and substrate reduction therapy to the promising ongoing clinical trials based on enzyme replacement therapy or adeno-associated or lentiviral vectors mediated gene therapy. Preclinical studies are presented alongside the most recent translational first-in-man trials. In addition, we present experimental research with preclinical mRNA and gene editing strategies. Lessons from animal studies and clinical trials have highlighted the importance of an early therapy before extensive neuronal loss. A disease-modifying therapy for MPS III will undoubtedly mandate development of new strategies for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Seker Yilmaz
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic MedicineMersin UniversityMersinTurkey
| | - James Davison
- Metabolic Medicine DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Metabolic MedicineManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Metabolic Medicine DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- National Institute of Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
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15
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Splicing mutations in inherited retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100874
expr 921883647 + 833887994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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16
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Benetó N, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Canals I. Sanfilippo Syndrome: Molecular Basis, Disease Models and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7819. [PMID: 33105639 PMCID: PMC7659972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis III is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan located in the extracellular membrane. Undegraded heparan sulfate molecules accumulate within lysosomes leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology in several organs, with severe central nervous system degeneration as the main phenotypical feature. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms by which impaired degradation and storage lead to cellular dysfunction and neuronal degeneration are still not fully understood. Here, we compile the knowledge on this issue and review all available animal and cellular models that can be used to contribute to increase our understanding of Sanfilippo syndrome disease mechanisms. Moreover, we provide an update in advances regarding the different and most successful therapeutic approaches that are currently under study to treat Sanfilippo syndrome patients and discuss the potential of new tools such as induced pluripotent stem cells to be used for disease modeling and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Benetó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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17
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La Cognata V, Guarnaccia M, Polizzi A, Ruggieri M, Cavallaro S. Highlights on Genomics Applications for Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1902. [PMID: 32824006 PMCID: PMC7465195 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare multisystem genetic disorders occurring mostly in infancy and childhood, characterized by a gradual accumulation of non-degraded substrates inside the lysosome. Although the cellular pathogenesis of LSDs is complex and still not fully understood, the approval of disease-specific therapies and the rapid emergence of novel diagnostic methods led to the implementation of extensive national newborn screening (NBS) programs in several countries. In the near future, this will help the development of standardized workflows aimed to more timely diagnose these conditions. Hereby, we report an overview of LSD diagnostic process and treatment strategies, provide an update on the worldwide NBS programs, and discuss the opportunities and challenges arising from genomics applications in screening, diagnosis, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.L.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Guarnaccia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.L.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Agata Polizzi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Via Casa Nutrizione, 39, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, AOU “Policlinico”, PO “G. Rodolico”, Via S. Sofia, 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.L.C.); (M.G.)
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18
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Coutinho MF, Santos JI, S. Mendonça L, Matos L, Prata MJ, S. Jurado A, Pedroso de Lima MC, Alves S. Lysosomal Storage Disease-Associated Neuropathy: Targeting Stable Nucleic Acid Lipid Particle (SNALP)-Formulated siRNAs to the Brain as a Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165732. [PMID: 32785133 PMCID: PMC7461213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two thirds of Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs) present central nervous system involvement. Nevertheless, only one of the currently approved therapies has an impact on neuropathology. Therefore, alternative approaches are under development, either addressing the underlying enzymatic defect or its downstream consequences. Also under study is the possibility to block substrate accumulation upstream, by promoting a decrease of its synthesis. This concept is known as substrate reduction therapy and may be triggered by several molecules, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). siRNAs promote RNA interference, a naturally occurring sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism, and may target virtually any gene of interest, inhibiting its expression. Still, naked siRNAs have limited cellular uptake, low biological stability, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Thus, their translation into clinics requires proper delivery methods. One promising platform is a special class of liposomes called stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs), which are characterized by high cargo encapsulation efficiency and may be engineered to promote targeted delivery to specific receptors. Here, we review the concept of SNALPs, presenting a series of examples on their efficacy as siRNA nanodelivery systems. By doing so, we hope to unveil the therapeutic potential of these nanosystems for targeted brain delivery of siRNAs in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-(223)-401-113
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Liliana S. Mendonça
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.S.M.); (M.C.P.d.L.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Prata
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S—Institute of Research and Innovation in Health/IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amália S. Jurado
- University of Coimbra, CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.S.M.); (M.C.P.d.L.)
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Suñé-Pou M, Limeres MJ, Moreno-Castro C, Hernández-Munain C, Suñé-Negre JM, Cuestas ML, Suñé C. Innovative Therapeutic and Delivery Approaches Using Nanotechnology to Correct Splicing Defects Underlying Disease. Front Genet 2020; 11:731. [PMID: 32760425 PMCID: PMC7373156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA contributes strongly to the diversity of cell- and tissue-specific protein expression patterns. Global transcriptome analyses have suggested that >90% of human multiexon genes are alternatively spliced. Alterations in the splicing process cause missplicing events that lead to genetic diseases and pathologies, including various neurological disorders, cancers, and muscular dystrophies. In recent decades, research has helped to elucidate the mechanisms regulating alternative splicing and, in some cases, to reveal how dysregulation of these mechanisms leads to disease. The resulting knowledge has enabled the design of novel therapeutic strategies for correction of splicing-derived pathologies. In this review, we focus primarily on therapeutic approaches targeting splicing, and we highlight nanotechnology-based gene delivery applications that address the challenges and barriers facing nucleic acid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suñé-Pou
- Drug Development Service (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Limeres
- Institute of Research in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Moreno-Castro
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández-Munain
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Josep M Suñé-Negre
- Drug Development Service (SDM), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L Cuestas
- Institute of Research in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Suñé
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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20
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Splicing mutations in inherited retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100874. [PMID: 32553897 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations which induce aberrant transcript splicing represent a distinct class of disease-causing genetic variants in retinal disease genes. Such mutations may either weaken or erase regular splice sites or create novel splice sites which alter exon recognition. While mutations affecting the canonical GU-AG dinucleotides at the splice donor and splice acceptor site are highly predictive to cause a splicing defect, other variants in the vicinity of the canonical splice sites or those affecting additional cis-acting regulatory sequences within exons or introns are much more difficult to assess or even to recognize and require additional experimental validation. Splicing mutations are unique in that the actual outcome for the transcript (e.g. exon skipping, pseudoexon inclusion, intron retention) and the encoded protein can be quite different depending on the individual mutation. In this article, we present an overview on the current knowledge about and impact of splicing mutations in inherited retinal diseases. We introduce the most common sub-classes of splicing mutations including examples from our own work and others and discuss current strategies for the identification and validation of splicing mutations, as well as therapeutic approaches, open questions, and future perspectives in this field of research.
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21
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Balestra D, Scalet D, Ferrarese M, Lombardi S, Ziliotto N, C. Croes C, Petersen N, Bosma P, Riccardi F, Pagani F, Pinotti M, van de Graaf SFJ. A Compensatory U1snRNA Partially Rescues FAH Splicing and Protein Expression in a Splicing-Defective Mouse Model of Tyrosinemia Type I. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2136. [PMID: 32244944 PMCID: PMC7139742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of aberrant splicing mechanisms, frequently associated with disease has led to the development of RNA therapeutics based on the U1snRNA, which is involved in 5' splice site (5'ss) recognition. Studies in cellular models have demonstrated that engineered U1snRNAs can rescue different splicing mutation types. However, the assessment of their correction potential in vivo is limited by the scarcity of animal models with the targetable splicing defects. Here, we challenged the U1snRNA in the FAH5961SB mouse model of hepatic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency (Hereditary Tyrosinemia type I, HT1) due to the FAH c.706G>A splicing mutation. Through minigene expression studies we selected a compensatory U1snRNA (U1F) that was able to rescue this mutation. Intriguingly, adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of U1F (AAV8-U1F), but not of U1wt, partially rescued FAH splicing in mouse hepatocytes. Consistently, FAH protein was detectable only in the liver of AAV8-U1F treated mice, which displayed a slightly prolonged survival. Moreover, RNA sequencing revealed the negligible impact of the U1F on the splicing profile and overall gene expression, thus pointing toward gene specificity. These data provide early in vivo proof-of-principle of the correction potential of compensatory U1snRNAs in HTI and encourage further optimization on a therapeutic perspective, and translation to other splicing-defective forms of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniela Scalet
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Mattia Ferrarese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Silvia Lombardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Chrystal C. Croes
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.C.); (N.P.); (P.B.); (S.F.J.v.d.G.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Petersen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.C.); (N.P.); (P.B.); (S.F.J.v.d.G.)
| | - Piter Bosma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.C.); (N.P.); (P.B.); (S.F.J.v.d.G.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Riccardi
- Human Molecular Genetics, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Franco Pagani
- Human Molecular Genetics, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.S.); (M.F.); (S.L.); (N.Z.); (M.P.)
- LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stan F. J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.C.C.); (N.P.); (P.B.); (S.F.J.v.d.G.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Pearse Y, Iacovino M. A Cure for Sanfilippo Syndrome? A Summary of Current Therapeutic Approaches and their Promise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 8. [PMID: 32733997 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i2.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses III (MPS III, Sanfilippo syndrome) is a subtype of the Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of inherited lysosomal disorders caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes responsible for catabolizing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although MPS III is rare, MPS diseases as a group are relatively frequent with an overall incidence of approximately 1 in 20,000 - 25,000 births. MPS III are paediatric diseases, which cause learning difficulties, behavioural disorders and dementia, as well as skeletal deformities and ultimately result in premature death. There are currently no approved treatments for MPS III, but a number of therapeutic approaches are under development. In the past 30 years, research using cellular and animal models have led to clinical trials involving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and gene therapy, while stem cells approaches remain at the pre-clinical stage. Although safety and clinical efficacy in animal models have shown promise, the results of clinical trials have proved costly and shown limited therapeutic effects. In this review, we describe the most recent results from clinical trials. While ERT and gene therapy are the most developed therapies for MPS III, we highlight the work that needs to be done to bring us closer to a real treatment for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewande Pearse
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
| | - Michelina Iacovino
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
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23
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Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are caused by deficiencies of specific lysosomal enzymes that affect the degradation of mucopolysaccharides or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Enzyme replacement therapies are available for an increasing number of MPSs since more than 15 years. Together with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, these enzyme therapies are currently the gold standard of causal treatment in MPS. Both treatments can improve symptoms and prognosis, but they do not cure these severe conditions. The limitations of intravenous enzyme replacement and cell therapy can be summarized as the development of immune reactions against the therapeutic molecules/cells and failure to restore enduring and sufficient drug exposures in all relevant tissues. Thus innovative approaches include small molecules and encapsulated cells that do not induce immune reactions, gene therapy approaches that aim for sustained enzyme expression, and new enzymes that are able to penetrate barriers to drug distribution like the blood-brain barrier. This chapter provides an update on the state of development of these new therapies and highlights current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian B Lagler
- Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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24
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Coutinho MF, Matos L, Santos JI, Alves S. RNA Therapeutics: How Far Have We Gone? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1157:133-177. [PMID: 31342441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19966-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the RNA molecule became one of the most promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Currently, a large number of RNA-based therapeutics are being investigated both at the basic research level and in late-stage clinical trials. Some of them are even already approved for treatment. RNA-based approaches can act at pre-mRNA level (by splicing modulation/correction using antisense oligonucleotides or U1snRNA vectors), at mRNA level (inhibiting gene expression by siRNAs and antisense oligonucleotides) or at DNA level (by editing mutated sequences through the use of CRISPR/Cas). Other RNA approaches include the delivery of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA or the use of oligonucleotides aptamers. Here we review these approaches and their translation into clinics trying to give a brief overview also on the difficulties to its application as well as the research that is being done to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Martins C, de Medeiros PFV, Leistner-Segal S, Dridi L, Elcioglu N, Wood J, Behnam M, Noyan B, Lacerda L, Geraghty MT, Labuda D, Giugliani R, Pshezhetsky AV. Molecular characterization of a large group of Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC patients reveals the evolutionary history of the disease. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1084-1100. [PMID: 31228227 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPSIIIC) is a severe, rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) gene which result in lysosomal accumulation of heparan sulfate. We analyzed clinical presentation, molecular defects and their haplotype context in 78 (27 novel) MPSIIIC cases from 22 countries, the largest group studied so far. We describe for the first time disease-causing variants in the patients from Brazil, Algeria, Azerbaijan, and Iran, and extend their spectrum within Canada, Colombia, Turkey, and the USA. Six variants are novel: two missense, c.773A>T/p.N258I and c.1267G>T/p.G423W, a nonsense c.164T>A/p.L55*, a splice-site mutation c.494-1G>A/p.[P165_L187delinsQSCYVTQAGVRWHHLGSLQALPPGFTPFSYLSLLSSWNC,P165fs], a deletion c.1348delG/p.(D450fs) and an insertion c.1479dupA/p.(Leu494fs). The missense HGSNAT variants lacked lysosomal targeting, enzymatic activity, and likely the correct folding. The haplotype analysis identified founder mutations, p.N258I, c.525dupT, and p.L55* in the Brazilian state of Paraiba, c.493+1G>A in Eastern Canada/Quebec, p.A489E in the USA, p.R384* in Poland, p.R344C and p.S518F in the Netherlands and suggested that variants c.525dupT, c.372-2G>A, and c.234+1G>A present in cis with c.564-98T>C and c.710C>A rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms, have been introduced by Portuguese settlers in Brazil. Altogether, our results provide insights into the origin, migration roots and founder effects of HGSNAT disease-causing variants, and reveal the evolutionary history of MPSIIIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Martins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sandra Leistner-Segal
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-HCPA, and Brazilian National Institute of Population Medical Genetics-INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larbi Dridi
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nursel Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jill Wood
- Jonah's Just Begun-Foundation to Cure Sanfilippo Inc, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mahdiyeh Behnam
- Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bilge Noyan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lucia Lacerda
- Biochemical Genetics Unit, Institute of Medical Genetics Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael T Geraghty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratry Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Damian Labuda
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-HCPA, and Brazilian National Institute of Population Medical Genetics-INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexey V Pshezhetsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Pshezhetsky AV, Martins C, Ashmarina M. Sanfilippo type C disease: pathogenic mechanism and potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1534585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carla Martins
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mila Ashmarina
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Fedele AO, Isenmann S, Kamei M, Snel MF, Trim PJ, Proud CG, Hopwood JJ. Lysosomal N-acetyltransferase interacts with ALIX and is detected in extracellular vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1451-1464. [PMID: 29981367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparan acetyl CoA: α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) is a lysosomal multi-pass transmembrane protein whose deficiency may lead to an accumulation of heparan sulphate and the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIC. In this study, HGSNAT activity was detected in extracellular vesicles isolated from both human urine and culture medium conditioned with HEK 293T cells. We also demonstrate that HGSNAT co-immunoprecipitates with antibodies to ALIX, which is associated with the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, and is implicated in the targeting of proteins to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, the origin of exosomes. Furthermore, mutation of a putative LYPXnL-based binding site within HGSNAT for the V-domain of ALIX ablated association of HGSNAT with ALIX, post-translational maturation, and transport through the endo-lysosomal network. Unexpectedly, however, a mutation within the V-domain of ALIX demonstrated enhanced HGSNAT association, perhaps due to the actual involvement of other binding sites in this interaction. Indeed, HGSNAT still co-immunoprecipitates with truncations of ALIX lacking the V-domain. Interestingly, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-down of ALIX did not inhibit HGSNAT trafficking through the endo-lysosomal network, suggesting that there is an alternative pathway for trafficking HGSNAT that does not require ALIX. Nonetheless, the targeting of HGSNAT to extracellular vesicles may provide a mechanism to subsequently transfer this enzyme extracellularly to provide a foundation for a therapy for MPS IIIC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Fedele
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Sandra Isenmann
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Makoto Kamei
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - John J Hopwood
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
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28
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Kremer LS, Wortmann SB, Prokisch H. "Transcriptomics": molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism via RNA-sequencing. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:525-532. [PMID: 29372369 PMCID: PMC5959960 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Exome wide sequencing techniques have revolutionized molecular diagnostics in patients with suspected inborn errors of metabolism or neuromuscular disorders. However, the diagnostic yield of 25-60% still leaves a large fraction of individuals without a diagnosis. This indicates a causative role for non-exonic regulatory variants not covered by whole exome sequencing. Here we review how systematic RNA-sequencing analysis (RNA-seq, "transcriptomics") lead to a molecular diagnosis in 10-35% of patients in whom whole exome sequencing failed to do so. Importantly, RNA-sequencing based discoveries cannot only guide molecular diagnosis but might also unravel therapeutic intervention points such as antisense oligonucleotide treatment for splicing defects as recently reported for spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Kremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 32, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 32, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Impact, Characterization, and Rescue of Pre-mRNA Splicing Mutations in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020073. [PMID: 29415500 PMCID: PMC5852569 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a group of more than 50 severe metabolic diseases caused by the deficiency of specific lysosomal hydrolases, activators, carriers, or lysosomal integral membrane proteins, leading to the abnormal accumulation of substrates within the lysosomes. Numerous mutations have been described in each disease-causing gene; among them, about 5-19% affect the pre-mRNA splicing process. In the last decade, several strategies to rescue/increase normal splicing of mutated transcripts have been developed and LSDs represent excellent candidates for this type of approach: (i) most of them are inherited in an autosomic recessive manner and patients affected by late-onset (LO) phenotypes often retain a fair amount of residual enzymatic activity; thus, even a small recovery of normal splicing may be beneficial in clinical settings; (ii) most LSDs still lack effective treatments or are currently treated with extremely expensive approaches; (iii) in few LSDs, a single splicing mutation accounts for up to 40-70% of pathogenic alleles. At present, numerous preclinical studies support the feasibility of reverting the pathological phenotype by partially rescuing splicing defects in LSDs. This review provides an overview of the impact of splicing mutations in LSDs and the related therapeutic approaches currently under investigation in these disorders.
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30
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Gaffke L, Pierzynowska K, Piotrowska E, Węgrzyn G. How close are we to therapies for Sanfilippo disease? Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1-10. [PMID: 28921412 PMCID: PMC5769821 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo disease is one of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by accumulation of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). It is classified as MPS type III, though it is caused by four different genetic defects, determining subtypes A, B, C and D. In each subtype of MPS III, the primary storage GAG is heparan sulfate (HS), but mutations leading to A, B, C, and D subtypes are located in genes coding for heparan N-sulfatase (the SGSH gene), α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (the NAGLU gene), acetyl-CoA:α-glucosaminide acetyltransferase (the HGSNAT gene), and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (the GNS gene), respectively. Neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system (CNS) are major problems in Sanfilippo disease. They cause severe cognitive disabilities and behavioral disturbances. This is the main reason of a current lack of therapeutic options for MPS III patients, while patients from some other MPS types (I, II, IVA, and VI) can be treated with enzyme replacement therapy or bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Nevertheless, although no therapy is available for Sanfilippo disease now, recent years did bring important breakthroughs in this aspect, and clinical trials are being conducted with enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, and substrate reduction therapy. These recent achievements are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Piotrowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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31
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Scarpa M, Orchard PJ, Schulz A, Dickson PI, Haskins ME, Escolar ML, Giugliani R. Treatment of brain disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122S:25-34. [PMID: 29153844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by lysosomal enzyme deficits that lead to glycosaminoglycan accumulation, affecting various tissues throughout the body based on the specific enzyme deficiency. These disorders are characterized by their progressive nature and a variety of somatic manifestations and neurological symptoms. There are established treatments for some MPS disorders, but these mostly alleviate somatic and non-neurological symptoms and do not cure the disease. Patients with MPS I, II, III, and VII can present with neurological manifestations such as neurocognitive decline and behavioral problems. Treatment of these neurological manifestations remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). New therapies that circumvent this barrier and target brain disease in MPS are currently under development. They primarily focus on facilitating penetration of drugs through the BBB, delivery of recombinant enzyme to the brain by gene therapy, or direct CNS administration. This review summarizes existing and potential future treatment approaches that target brain disease in MPS. The information in this review is based on current literature and presentations and discussions during a closed meeting by an international group of experts with extensive experience in managing and treating MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Scarpa
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Center for Rare Diseases, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angela Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria L Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Program for Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS & Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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32
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Meijer OLM, van den Biggelaar P, Ofman R, Wijburg FA, van Vlies N. High-Throughput Screen Fails to Identify Compounds That Enhance Residual Enzyme Activity of Mutant N-Acetyl-α-Glucosaminidase in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB. JIMD Rep 2017; 39:97-106. [PMID: 28836185 PMCID: PMC5953891 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2017_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the severe neurodegenerative disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB or Sanfilippo disease type B), deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase (NAGLU) results in accumulation of heparan sulfate. Patients present with a severe, rapidly progressing phenotype (RP) or a more attenuated, slowly progressing phenotype (SP). In a previous study, residual NAGLU activity in fibroblasts of SP patients could be increased by culturing at 30°C, probably as a result of improved protein folding and lysosomal targeting under these conditions. Chaperones are molecules which influence protein folding and could therefore have therapeutic potential in SP MPSIIIB patients. Here we studied the effects of 1,302 different compounds on residual NAGLU activity in SP MPSIIIB patient fibroblasts including 1,280 approved compounds from the Prestwick Chemical Library. METHODS Skin fibroblasts of healthy controls, an SP MPSIIIB patient (homozygous for the temperature sensitive mutation p.S612G) and an RP MPSIIIB patient (homozygous for the p.R297* mutation and non-temperature sensitive), were used. A high-throughput assay for measurement of NAGLU activity was developed and validated, after which 1,302 different molecules were tested for their potential to increase NAGLU activity. RESULTS None of the compounds tested were able to enhance NAGLU activity. CONCLUSIONS This high-throughput screen failed to identify compounds that could enhance residual activity of mutant NAGLU in fibroblasts of SP MPSIIIB patients with temperature sensitive mutations. To therapeutically simulate the positive effect of lower temperatures on residual NAGLU activity, first more insight is needed into the mechanisms underlying this temperature dependent increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. L. M. Meijer
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital and Amsterdam Lysosome Center “Sphinx”, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. van den Biggelaar
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Ofman
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. A. Wijburg
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital and Amsterdam Lysosome Center “Sphinx”, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. van Vlies
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital and Amsterdam Lysosome Center “Sphinx”, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Lee NC, Lee YM, Chen PW, Byrne BJ, Hwu WL. Mutation-adapted U1 snRNA corrects a splicing error of the dopa decarboxylase gene. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5142-5147. [PMID: 27658936 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inborn error of monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis, which results in dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine deficiencies. The DDC gene founder mutation IVS6 + 4A > T is highly prevalent in Chinese patients with AADC deficiency. In this study, we designed several U1 snRNA vectors to adapt U1 snRNA binding sequences of the mutated DDC gene. We found that only the modified U1 snRNA (IVS-AAA) that completely matched both the intronic and exonic U1 binding sequences of the mutated DDC gene could correct splicing errors of either the mutated human DDC minigene or the mouse artificial splicing construct in vitro. We further injected an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express IVS-AAA in the brain of a knock-in mouse model. This treatment was well tolerated and improved both the survival and brain dopamine and serotonin levels of mice with AADC deficiency. Therefore, mutation-adapted U1 snRNA gene therapy can be a promising method to treat genetic diseases caused by splicing errors, but the efficiency of such a treatment still needs improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-May Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Abstract
More than 15% of all disease-causing mutations result in mRNA splicing defects. U1 snRNA binds to the 5' splice site (5'ss) through base pairing. Mutation-adapted U1 snRNA (with compensatory U1 snRNA changes) and exon-specific U1 snRNA (complementary to intronic sequences) have been shown to suppress 5'ss mutations in cellular and animal models. Areas covered: The history, mechanism of action, and efficacy of U1 snRNA-mediated gene therapy are covered. The clinical utility of this technology and its limitations will be discussed. Expert commentary: Recently, gene therapies with mutation-adapted U1 snRNAs have been conducted on animal models, including aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and spinal muscular atrophy. However, although U1-mediated therapy has the advantage of maintaining the regulated expression of defective genes, its accuracy and efficacy needs to be improved before clinical application of this technique is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuh-Liang Hwu
- a Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics , National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-May Lee
- a Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics , National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- a Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics , National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
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35
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Balestra D, Scalet D, Pagani F, Rogalska ME, Mari R, Bernardi F, Pinotti M. An Exon-Specific U1snRNA Induces a Robust Factor IX Activity in Mice Expressing Multiple Human FIX Splicing Mutants. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e370. [PMID: 27701399 PMCID: PMC5095682 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In cellular models we have demonstrated that a unique U1snRNA targeting an intronic region downstream of a defective exon (Exon-specific U1snRNA, ExSpeU1) can rescue multiple exon-skipping mutations, a relevant cause of genetic disease. Here, we explored in mice the ExSpeU1 U1fix9 toward two model Hemophilia B-causing mutations at the 5′ (c.519A > G) or 3′ (c.392-8T > G) splice sites of F9 exon 5. Hydrodynamic injection of wt-BALB/C mice with plasmids expressing the wt and mutant (hFIX-2G5′ss and hFIX-8G3′ss) splicing-competent human factor IX (hFIX) cassettes resulted in the expression of hFIX transcripts lacking exon 5 in liver, and in low plasma levels of inactive hFIX. Coinjection of U1fix9, but not of U1wt, restored exon inclusion of variants and in the intrinsically weak FIXwt context. This resulted in appreciable circulating hFIX levels (mean ± SD; hFIX-2G5′ss, 1.0 ± 0.5 µg/ml; hFIX-8G3′ss, 1.2 ± 0.3 µg/ml; and hFIXwt, 1.9 ± 0.6 µg/ml), leading to a striking shortening (from ~100 seconds of untreated mice to ~80 seconds) of FIX-dependent coagulation times, indicating a hFIX with normal specific activity. This is the first proof-of-concept in vivo that a unique ExSpeU1 can efficiently rescue gene expression impaired by distinct exon-skipping variants, which extends the applicability of ExSpeU1s to panels of mutations and thus cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalet
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Pagani
- Internation Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Rosella Mari
- Haemostasis & Thrombosis Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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36
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Gaweda-Walerych K, Mohagheghi F, Zekanowski C, Buratti E. Parkinson's disease-related gene variants influence pre-mRNA splicing processes. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:127-138. [PMID: 27574110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the impact of Parkinson's disease (PD)-related genetic variants on splicing using dedicated minigene assays. Out of 14 putative splicing variants in 5 genes (PINK1, [PTEN induced kinase 1]; LRPPRC, [leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein]; TFAM, [mitochondrial transcription factor A]; PARK2, [parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase]; and HSPA9, [heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9]), 4 LRPPRC variants, (IVS32-3C>T, IVS35+14C>T, IVS35+15C>T, and IVS9+30A>G) influenced, pre-messenger RNA splicing by modulating the inclusion of the respective exons. In addition, 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced splicing changes of endogenous LRPPRC messenger RNA, reproduced the effect of the LRPPRC IVS35+14C>T mutation. Using silencing and overexpression methods, we show that LRPPRC exon 33 splicing is negatively regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 both in a minigene and endogenous context. Furthermore, exon 33 exclusion due to PD-associated mutation IVS32-3C>T or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 overexpression and exon 35 exclusion due to IVS35+14C>T can be rescued by co-expression of modified U1 small nuclear RNAs, providing a potentially useful therapeutic strategy. Our results indicate for the first time that LRPPRC intronic variants can affect normal splicing of this gene and may influence disease risk in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gaweda-Walerych
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Mohagheghi
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - C Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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37
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Coutinho MF, Santos JI, Alves S. Less Is More: Substrate Reduction Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071065. [PMID: 27384562 PMCID: PMC4964441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare, life-threatening genetic disorders, usually caused by a dysfunction in one of the many enzymes responsible for intralysosomal digestion. Even though no cure is available for any LSD, a few treatment strategies do exist. Traditionally, efforts have been mainly targeting the functional loss of the enzyme, by injection of a recombinant formulation, in a process called enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), with no impact on neuropathology. This ineffectiveness, together with its high cost and lifelong dependence is amongst the main reasons why additional therapeutic approaches are being (and have to be) investigated: chaperone therapy; gene enhancement; gene therapy; and, alternatively, substrate reduction therapy (SRT), whose aim is to prevent storage not by correcting the original enzymatic defect but, instead, by decreasing the levels of biosynthesis of the accumulating substrate(s). Here we review the concept of substrate reduction, highlighting the major breakthroughs in the field and discussing the future of SRT, not only as a monotherapy but also, especially, as complementary approach for LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Alves
- Department of Human Genetics, Research and Development Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
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38
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Fedele AO. Sanfilippo syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatments. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:269-81. [PMID: 26648750 PMCID: PMC4664539 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s57672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III, refers to one of five autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (MPS IIIA to MPS IIIE) whose symptoms are caused by the deficiency of enzymes involved exclusively in heparan sulfate degradation. The primary characteristic of MPS III is the degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in mental retardation and hyperactivity, typically commencing during childhood. The significance of the order of events leading from heparan sulfate accumulation through to downstream changes in the levels of biomolecules within the cell and ultimately the (predominantly neuropathological) clinical symptoms is not well understood. The genes whose deficiencies cause the MPS III subtypes have been identified, and their gene products, as well as a selection of disease-causing mutations, have been characterized to varying degrees with respect to both frequency and direct biochemical consequences. A number of genetic and biochemical diagnostic methods have been developed and adopted by diagnostic laboratories. However, there is no effective therapy available for any form of MPS III, with treatment currently limited to clinical management of neurological symptoms. The availability of animal models for all forms of MPS III, whether spontaneous or generated via gene targeting, has contributed to improved understanding of the MPS III subtypes, and has provided and will deliver invaluable tools to appraise emerging therapies. Indeed, clinical trials to evaluate intrathecally-delivered enzyme replacement therapy in MPS IIIA patients, and gene therapy for MPS IIIA and MPS IIIB patients are planned or underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Fedele
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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39
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Canals I, Soriano J, Orlandi JG, Torrent R, Richaud-Patin Y, Jiménez-Delgado S, Merlin S, Follenzi A, Consiglio A, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Raya A. Activity and High-Order Effective Connectivity Alterations in Sanfilippo C Patient-Specific Neuronal Networks. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:546-57. [PMID: 26411903 PMCID: PMC4625033 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has been successfully used to recapitulate phenotypic traits of several human diseases in vitro. Patient-specific iPSC-based disease models are also expected to reveal early functional phenotypes, although this remains to be proved. Here, we generated iPSC lines from two patients with Sanfilippo type C syndrome, a lysosomal storage disorder with inheritable progressive neurodegeneration. Mature neurons obtained from patient-specific iPSC lines recapitulated the main known phenotypes of the disease, not present in genetically corrected patient-specific iPSC-derived cultures. Moreover, neuronal networks organized in vitro from mature patient-derived neurons showed early defects in neuronal activity, network-wide degradation, and altered effective connectivity. Our findings establish the importance of iPSC-based technology to identify early functional phenotypes, which can in turn shed light on the pathological mechanisms occurring in Sanfilippo syndrome. This technology also has the potential to provide valuable readouts to screen compounds, which can prevent the onset of neurodegeneration. Fibroblasts from two Sanfilippo C patients were reprogrammed to obtain iPSCs iPSCs were successfully differentiated to neural cells that mimic the disease Networks of patients’ neurons show altered activity and connectivity Early functional phenotypes are prevented in gene-corrected patients’ neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament d'Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier G Orlandi
- Departament d'Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Torrent
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yvonne Richaud-Patin
- Centre de Medicina Regenerativa de Barcelona and Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomaterials y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Senda Jiménez-Delgado
- Centre de Medicina Regenerativa de Barcelona and Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomaterials y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Merlin
- Health Sciences Department, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Health Sciences Department, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Angel Raya
- Centre de Medicina Regenerativa de Barcelona and Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomaterials y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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40
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Evaluation of Aminoglycoside and Non-Aminoglycoside Compounds for Stop-Codon Readthrough Therapy in Four Lysosomal Storage Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135873. [PMID: 26287674 PMCID: PMC4545610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations are quite prevalent in inherited diseases. Readthrough drugs could provide a therapeutic option for any disease caused by this type of mutation. Geneticin (G418) and gentamicin were among the first to be described. Novel compounds have been generated, but only a few have shown improved results. PTC124 is the only compound to have reached clinical trials. Here we first investigated the readthrough effects of gentamicin on fibroblasts from one patient with Sanfilippo B, one with Sanfilippo C, and one with Maroteaux-Lamy. We found that ARSB activity (Maroteaux-Lamy case) resulted in an increase of 2–3 folds and that the amount of this enzyme within the lysosomes was also increased, after treatment. Since the other two cases (Sanfilippo B and Sanfilippo C) did not respond to gentamicin, the treatments were extended with the use of geneticin and five non-aminoglycoside (PTC124, RTC13, RTC14, BZ6 and BZ16) readthrough compounds (RTCs). No recovery was observed at the enzyme activity level. However, mRNA recovery was observed in both cases, nearly a two-fold increase for Sanfilippo B fibroblasts with G418 and around 1.5 fold increase for Sanfilippo C cells with RTC14 and PTC124. Afterwards, some of the products were assessed through in vitro analyses for seven mutations in genes responsible for those diseases and, also, for Niemann-Pick A/B. Using the coupled transcription/translation system (TNT), the best results were obtained for SMPD1 mutations with G418, reaching a 35% recovery at 0.25 μg/ml, for the p.W168X mutation. The use of COS cells transfected with mutant cDNAs gave positive results for most of the mutations with some of the drugs, although to a different extent. The higher enzyme activity recovery, of around two-fold increase, was found for gentamicin on the ARSB p.W146X mutation. Our results are promising and consistent with those of other groups. Further studies of novel compounds are necessary to find those with more consistent efficacy and fewer toxic effects.
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