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Zhao Z, Yan J, Huang L, Yang X. Phytochemicals targeting Alzheimer's disease via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, effects, and mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116373. [PMID: 38442672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive dysfunction and other behavioral abnormalities, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that occurs due to aging. Currently, effective drugs to mitigate or treat AD remain unavailable. AD is associated with several abnormalities in neuronal energy metabolism, such as decreased glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction, and defects in cholesterol metabolism. Amp-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates the energy status of cells. AMPK is widely present in eukaryotic cells and can sense and regulate energy metabolism to maintain energy supply and demand balance, making it a promising target for energy metabolism-based AD therapy. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the molecular mechanism of AMPK in the pathogenesis of AD to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new anti-AD drugs. To review the mechanisms of phytochemicals in the treatment of AD via AMPK pathway regulation, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase databases using specific keywords related to AD and phytochemicals in September 2023. Phytochemicals can activate AMPK or regulate the AMPK pathway to exert therapeutic effects in AD. The anti-AD mechanisms of these phytochemicals include inhibiting Aβ aggregation, preventing Tau hyperphosphorylation, inhibiting inflammatory response and glial activation, promoting autophagy, and suppressing anti-oxidative stress. Additionally, several AMPK-related pathways are involved in the anti-AD mechanism, including the AMPK/CaMKKβ/mTOR, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3, AMPK/mTOR, and PERK/eIF2α pathways. Notably, urolithin A, artemisinin, justicidin A, berberine, stigmasterol, arctigenin, and rutaecarpine are promising AMPK agonists with anti-AD effects. Several phytochemicals are effective AMPK agonists and may have potential applications in AD treatment. Overall, phytochemical-based drugs may overcome the barriers to the effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Fushun Central Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
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2
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Provenzano F, Torazza C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Milanese M. The Key Role of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Their Commitment to Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15430. [PMID: 37895110 PMCID: PMC10607805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been increasing evidence supporting non-neuronal cells as active contributors to neurodegenerative disorders. Among glial cells, astrocytes play a pivotal role in driving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, leading the scientific community to focus on the "astrocytic signature" in ALS. Here, we summarized the main pathological mechanisms characterizing astrocyte contribution to MN damage and ALS progression, such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy metabolism impairment, miRNAs and extracellular vesicles contribution, autophagy dysfunction, protein misfolding, and altered neurotrophic factor release. Since glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most relevant ALS features, we focused on the specific contribution of ALS astrocytes in this aspect, highlighting the known or potential molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in increasing the extracellular glutamate level in ALS and, conversely, undergo the toxic effect of the excessive glutamate. In this scenario, astrocytes can behave as "producers" and "targets" of the high extracellular glutamate levels, going through changes that can affect themselves and, in turn, the neuronal and non-neuronal surrounding cells, thus actively impacting the ALS course. Moreover, this review aims to point out knowledge gaps that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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3
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Meng F, Fu J, Zhang L, Guo M, Zhuang P, Yin Q, Zhang Y. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105591. [PMID: 37543309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a complex complication of diabetes in the central nervous system, and its pathological mechanism is still being explored. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in central nervous system that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Accumulating excellent research has identified astrocyte dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, aging and Parkinson's disease), and summarized and discussed its pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic value. However, the contribution of astrocytes to DCI has been largely overlooked. In this review, we first systematically summarized the effects and mechanisms of diabetes on brain astrocytes, and found that the diabetic environment (such as hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products and cerebral insulin resistance) mediated brain reactive astrogliosis, which was specifically reflected in the changes of cell morphology and the remodeling of signature molecules. Secondly, we emphasized the contribution and potential targets of reactive astrogliosis to DCI, and found that reactive astrogliosis-induced increased blood-brain barrier permeability, glymphatic system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, abnormal cell communication and cholesterol metabolism dysregulation worsened cognitive function. In addition, we summarized effective strategies for treating DCI by targeting astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the application of new techniques in astrocytes, including single-cell transcriptome, in situ sequencing, and prospected new functions, new subsets and new targets of astrocytes in DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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4
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Tian Y, Jing G, Zhang M. Insulin-degrading enzyme: Roles and pathways in ameliorating cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101999. [PMID: 37414154 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β in the central nervous system is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Since the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) can break down amyloid-β plaques, there is considerable interest in using this enzyme to treat both neurological disorders. In this review, we have summarized the pre-clinical and clinical research on the potential application of IDE for the improvement of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we have presented an overview of the main pathways that can be targeted to mitigate the progression of AD and the cognitive impairment caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guangchan Jing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengren Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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5
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Li N, Pang Q, Zhang Y, Lin J, Li H, Li Z, Liu Y, Fang X, An Y, Bai H, Li D, Cao Z, Liu J, Yang Q, Hu S. Ginsenoside ompound K reduces neuronal damage and improves neuronal synaptic dysfunction by targeting Aβ. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1103012. [PMID: 36873999 PMCID: PMC9977807 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative condition worldwide, with amyloid ß (Aβ) fibrils presenting as its main pathological feature. This study investigated whether Ginsenoside Compound K (CK) has activity against Aβ and its mechanism in reducing synaptic damage and cognitive impairment. Methods: The binding capacity of CK to Aβ42 and Nrf2/Keap1 was determined using molecular docking. Transmission electron microscopy was used to monitor CK-mediated degradation of Aβ fibrils. The effect of CK on the survival of Aβ42-damaged HT22 cells was determined using a CCK-8 assay. The therapeutic efficacy of CK in a scopoletin hydrobromide (SCOP) induced cognitive dysfunction mouse model was measured using a step-down passive avoidance test. GO enrichment analysis of mouse brain tissue was peformed using Genechip. Hydroxyl radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species assays were performed to verify the antioxidant activity of CK. The effects of CK on the expression of Aβ42, the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, and other proteins were determined by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Molecular docking results showed that CK interacts with Lys16 and Glu3 of Aβ42. CK reduced the aggregation of Aβ42 as observed using transmission electron microscopy. CK increased the level of insulin-degrading enzyme and decreased the levels ß-secretase and γ-secretase; therefore, it can potentially inhibit the accumulation of Aβ in neuronal extracellular space in vivo. CK improved cognitive impairment and increased postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin expression levels in mice with SCOP-induced cognitive dysfunction. Further, CK inhibited the expression of cytochrome C, Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-3. Based on Genechip data, CK was found to regulate molecular functions such as oxygen binding, peroxidase activity, hemoglobin binding, and oxidoreductase activity, thus affecting the production of oxidative free radicals in neurons. Further, CK regulated the expression of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway through its interaction with the Nrf2/Keap1 complex. Conclusion: Our findings show that CK regulates the balance between Aβ monomers production and clearance, CK binds to Aβ monomer to inhibits the accumulation of Aβ, increases the level of Nrf2 in neuronal nuclei, reduces oxidative damage of neurons, improves synaptic function, thus ultimately protecting neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qihang Pang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qian Wei Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyu Fang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yu An
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haonan Bai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dianyu Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanhong Cao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shaodan Hu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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6
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Ksendzovsky A, Bachani M, Altshuler M, Walbridge S, Mortazavi A, Moyer M, Chen C, Fayed I, Steiner J, Edwards N, Inati SK, Jahanipour J, Maric D, Heiss JD, Kapur J, Zaghloul KA. Chronic neuronal activation leads to elevated lactate dehydrogenase A through the AMP-activated protein kinase/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α hypoxia pathway. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac298. [PMID: 36655171 PMCID: PMC9838803 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that changes in neuronal metabolism are associated with epilepsy. High rates of ATP depletion, lactate dehydrogenase A and lactate production have all been found in epilepsy patients, animal and tissue culture models. As such, it can be hypothesized that chronic seizures lead to continuing elevations in neuronal energy demand which may lead to an adapted metabolic response and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase A. In this study, we examine elevations in the lactate dehydrogenase A protein as a long-term cellular adaptation to elevated metabolic demand from chronic neuronal activation. We investigate this cellular adaptation in human tissue samples and explore the mechanisms of lactate dehydrogenase A upregulation using cultured neurones treated with low Mg2+, a manipulation that leads to NMDA-mediated neuronal activation. We demonstrate that human epileptic tissue preferentially upregulates neuronal lactate dehydrogenase A, and that in neuronal cultures chronic and repeated elevations in neural activity lead to upregulation of neuronal lactate dehydrogenase A. Similar to states of hypoxia, this metabolic change occurs through the AMP-activated protein kinase/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway. Our data therefore reveal a novel long-term bioenergetic adaptation that occurs in chronically activated neurones and provide a basis for understanding the interplay between metabolism and neural activity during epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ksendzovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | | | | | - Armin Mortazavi
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Moyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Islam Fayed
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Steiner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Nancy Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara K Inati
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Cytometry Core, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Cytometry Core, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA,Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Correspondence to: Kareem A. Zaghloul Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS National Institutes of Health Building 10, Room 3D20 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1414, USA E-mail:
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7
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Saavedra J, Nascimento M, Liz MA, Cardoso I. Key brain cell interactions and contributions to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1036123. [PMID: 36523504 PMCID: PMC9745159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1036123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with the two major hallmarks being the deposition of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Additionally, early pathological events such as cerebrovascular alterations, a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, culminate in neuron loss and cognitive deficits. AD symptoms reflect a loss of neuronal circuit integrity in the brain; however, neurons do not operate in isolation. An exclusively neurocentric approach is insufficient to understand this disease, and the contribution of other brain cells including astrocytes, microglia, and vascular cells must be integrated in the context. The delicate balance of interactions between these cells, required for healthy brain function, is disrupted during disease. To design successful therapies, it is critical to understand the complex brain cellular connections in AD and the temporal sequence of their disturbance. In this review, we discuss the interactions between different brain cells, from physiological conditions to their pathological reactions in AD, and how this basic knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Nascimento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A. Liz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Blasiak J, Kaarniranta K. Secretory autophagy: a turn key for understanding AMD pathology and developing new therapeutic targets? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:883-895. [PMID: 36529978 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2157260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease leading to vision loss with poorly known pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. Degradative autophagy (DA) is impaired in AMD, but emerging evidence points to secretary autophagy (SA) as a key element in AMD pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED SA may cause the release of proteins and protein aggregates, lipofuscin, beta amyloid, faulty mitochondria, pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that may contribute to drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization. SA may replace DA, when formation of autolysosome is impaired, and then a harmful cargo, instead of being degraded, is extruded from the RPE contributing to drusen and/or angiogenic environment. Therefore, the interplay between DA and SA may be critical for drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization, so it can be a turn key to understand AMD pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Although SA fulfills some beneficial functions, it is detrimental for the retina in many cases. Therefore, inhibiting SA may be a therapeutic strategy in AMD, but it is challenged by the development of selective SA inhibitors that would not affect DA. The TRIM16, SEC22B and RAB8A proteins, specific for secretory autophagosome, may be primary candidates as therapeutic targets, but their action is not limited to autophagy and therefore requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Al-Ghraiybah NF, Wang J, Alkhalifa AE, Roberts AB, Raj R, Yang E, Kaddoumi A. Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells' microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour F. Al-Ghraiybah
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Amer E. Alkhalifa
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Andrew B. Roberts
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Euitaek Yang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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10
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IL-6 secretion of CD4+ T cells stimulated by LC3-positive extracellular vesicles in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2222-2230. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Iglesia RP, Prado MB, Alves RN, Escobar MIM, Fernandes CFDL, Fortes ACDS, Souza MCDS, Boccacino JM, Cangiano G, Soares SR, de Araújo JPA, Tiek DM, Goenka A, Song X, Keady JR, Hu B, Cheng SY, Lopes MH. Unconventional Protein Secretion in Brain Tumors Biology: Enlightening the Mechanisms for Tumor Survival and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:907423. [PMID: 35784465 PMCID: PMC9242006 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.907423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical secretion pathways, collectively known as unconventional protein secretion (UPS), are alternative secretory mechanisms usually associated with stress-inducing conditions. UPS allows proteins that lack a signal peptide to be secreted, avoiding the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex secretory pathway. Molecules that generally rely on the canonical pathway to be secreted may also use the Golgi bypass, one of the unconventional routes, to reach the extracellular space. UPS studies have been increasingly growing in the literature, including its implication in the biology of several diseases. Intercellular communication between brain tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment is orchestrated by various molecules, including canonical and non-canonical secreted proteins that modulate tumor growth, proliferation, and invasion. Adult brain tumors such as gliomas, which are aggressive and fatal cancers with a dismal prognosis, could exploit UPS mechanisms to communicate with their microenvironment. Herein, we provide functional insights into the UPS machinery in the context of tumor biology, with a particular focus on the secreted proteins by alternative routes as key regulators in the maintenance of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes Alves
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melo Escobar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Felix de Lima Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ailine Cibele dos Santos Fortes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara da Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Marcia Boccacino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Cangiano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Ribeiro Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Alves de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deanna Marie Tiek
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiao Song
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jack Ryan Keady
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bo Hu
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shi Yuan Cheng
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marilene Hohmuth Lopes,
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Noh SH, Kim YJ, Lee MG. Autophagy-Related Pathways in Vesicular Unconventional Protein Secretion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892450. [PMID: 35774225 PMCID: PMC9237382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteins directed to the plasma membrane or released into the extracellular space can undergo a number of different pathways. Whereas the molecular mechanisms that underlie conventional ER-to-Golgi trafficking are well established, those associated with the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways remain largely elusive. A pathway with an emerging role in UPS is autophagy. Although originally known as a degradative process for maintaining intracellular homeostasis, recent studies suggest that autophagy has diverse biological roles besides its disposal function and that it is mechanistically involved in the UPS of various secretory cargos including both leaderless soluble and Golgi-bypassing transmembrane proteins. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the autophagy-related UPS pathways, describing and comparing diverse features in the autophagy-related UPS cargos and autophagy machineries utilized in UPS. Additionally, we also suggest potential directions that further research in this field can take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Noh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Biswal MR, Padmanabhan S, Manjithaya R, Prakash MK. Early Bioinformatic Implication of Triacidic Amino Acid Motifs in Autophagy-Dependent Unconventional Secretion of Mammalian Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863825. [PMID: 35646924 PMCID: PMC9136135 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins are secreted outside the cell, and in many cases, they may be identified by a characteristic signal peptide. However, more and more studies point to the evidence for an “unconventional” secretion, where proteins without a hitherto unknown signal are secreted, possibly in conditions of starvation. In this work, we analyse a set of 202 RNA binding mammalian proteins, whose unconventional secretion has recently been established. Analysis of these proteins secreted by LC3 mediation, the largest unconventionally secreted dataset to our knowledge, identifies the role of KKX motif as well as triacidic amino acid motif in unconventional secretion, the latter being an extension of the recent implicated diacidic amino acid motif. Further data analysis evolves a hypothesis on the sequence or structural proximity of the triacidic or KKX motifs to the LC3 interacting region, and a phosphorylatable amino acid such as serine as a statistically significant feature among these unconventionally secreted proteins. This hypothesis, although needs to be validated in experiments that challenge the specific details of each of these aspects, appears to be one of the early steps in defining what may be a plausible signal for unconventional protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Ranjan Biswal
- Computational Biology, Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Sreedevi Padmanabhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Ravi Manjithaya, ; Meher K. Prakash,
| | - Meher K. Prakash
- Computational Biology, Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Ravi Manjithaya, ; Meher K. Prakash,
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14
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Azam MS, Wahiduzzaman M, Reyad-Ul-Ferdous M, Islam MN, Roy M. Inhibition of Insulin Degrading Enzyme to Control Diabetes Mellitus and its Applications on some Other Chronic Disease: a Critical Review. Pharm Res 2022; 39:611-629. [PMID: 35378698 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to provide a precise perceptive of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and its relationship to type 2 diabetes (T2D), Alzheimer's disease (AD), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the current study was to provide clear idea of treating prevalent diseases such as T2D, and AD by molecular pharmacological therapeutics rather than conventional medicinal therapy. METHODS To achieve the aims, molecular docking was performed using several softwares such as LIGPLOT+, Python, and Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler with corresponding tools. RESULTS The IDE is a large zinc-metalloprotease that breakdown numerous pathophysiologically important extracellular substrates, comprising amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and insulin. Recent studies demonstrated that dysregulation of IDE leads to develop AD and T2D. Specifically, IDE regulates circulating insulin in a variety of organs via a degradation-dependent clearance mechanism. IDE is unique because it was subjected to allosteric activation and mediated via an oligomer structure. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarised the factors that modulate insulin reformation by IDE and interaction of IDE and some recent reports on IDE inhibitors against AD and T2D. We also highlighted the latest signs of progress of the function of IDE and challenges in advancing IDE- targetted therapies against T2D and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shofiul Azam
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, 1707, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Wahiduzzaman
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Md Reyad-Ul-Ferdous
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mukta Roy
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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Lee SJ, Chandrasekran P, Mazucanti CH, O’Connell JF, Egan JM, Kim Y. Dietary curcumin restores insulin homeostasis in diet-induced obese aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:225-239. [PMID: 35017319 PMCID: PMC8791219 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although aging is a physiological process to which all organisms are subject, the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes accelerates biological aging. Recent studies have demonstrated the causal relationships between dietary interventions suppressing obesity and type 2 diabetes and delaying the onset of age-related endocrine changes. Curcumin, a natural antioxidant, has putative therapeutic properties such as improving insulin sensitivity in obese mice. However, how curcumin contributes to maintaining insulin homeostasis in aged organisms largely remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine the pleiotropic effect of dietary curcumin on insulin homeostasis in a diet-induced obese (DIO) aged mouse model. Aged (18-20 months old) male mice given a high-fat high-sugar diet supplemented with 0.4% (w/w) curcumin (equivalent to 2 g/day for a 60 kg adult) displayed a different metabolic phenotype compared to mice given a high-fat high-sugar diet alone. Furthermore, curcumin supplementation altered hepatic gene expression profiling, especially insulin signaling and senescence pathways. We then mechanistically investigated how curcumin functions to fine-tune insulin sensitivity. We found that curcumin supplementation increased hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression levels and preserved islet integrity, both outcomes that are beneficial to preserving good health with age. Our findings suggest that the multifaceted therapeutic potential of curcumin can be used as a protective agent for age-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Prabha Chandrasekran
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer F. O’Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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16
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Deng Z, Dong Y, Zhou X, Lu JH, Yue Z. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for Alzheimer’s disease therapy: Opportunities and obstacles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1688-1706. [PMID: 35847516 PMCID: PMC9279633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an irreversible and progressive impairment of cognitive abilities as well as the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. By far, the precise mechanisms of AD are not fully understood and no interventions are available to effectively slow down progression of the disease. Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged organelles, pathogens, and disease-prone protein aggregates to lysosome for degradation. Emerging evidence suggests dysfunctional autophagy clearance pathway as a potential cellular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD in affected neurons. Here we summarize the current evidence for autophagy dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD and discuss the role of autophagy in the regulation of AD-related protein degradation and neuroinflammation in neurons and glial cells. Finally, we review the autophagy modulators reported in the treatment of AD models and discuss the obstacles and opportunities for potential clinical application of the novel autophagy activators for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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17
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Leissring MA. Insulin-Degrading Enzyme: Paradoxes and Possibilities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092445. [PMID: 34572094 PMCID: PMC8472535 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
More than seven decades have passed since the discovery of a proteolytic activity within crude tissue extracts that would become known as insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Certainly much has been learned about this atypical zinc-metallopeptidase; at the same time, however, many quite fundamental gaps in our understanding remain. Herein, I outline what I consider to be among the most critical unresolved questions within the field, many presenting as intriguing paradoxes. For instance, where does IDE, a predominantly cytosolic protein with no signal peptide or clearly identified secretion mechanism, interact with insulin and other extracellular substrates? Where precisely is IDE localized within the cell, and what are its functional roles in these compartments? How does IDE, a bowl-shaped protein that completely encapsulates its substrates, manage to avoid getting “clogged” and thus rendered inactive virtually immediately? Although these paradoxes are by definition unresolved, I offer herein my personal insights and informed speculations based on two decades working on the biology and pharmacology of IDE and suggest specific experimental strategies for addressing these conundrums. I also offer what I believe to be especially fruitful avenues for investigation made possible by the development of new technologies and IDE-specific reagents. It is my hope that these thoughts will contribute to continued progress elucidating the physiology and pathophysiology of this important peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine (UCI MIND), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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18
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El Sayed NS, Kandil EA, Ghoneum MH. Probiotics Fermentation Technology, a Novel Kefir Product, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5525306. [PMID: 34306309 PMCID: PMC8282381 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5525306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment. Gut microbiota dysfunction (dysbiosis) is implicated in the pathology of AD and is associated with several detrimental consequences, including neurotransmitter depletion, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and insulin resistance, which all contribute to the onset of AD. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Probiotics Fermentation Technology (PFT), a kefir product, in alleviating AD symptoms via regulation of the gut microbiota using a streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced AD mouse model and to compare its activity with simvastatin, which has been proven to effectively treat AD. Mice received one intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg). PFT (100, 300, 600 mg/kg) and simvastatin (20 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 weeks. PFT supplementation mitigated STZ-induced neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus, restored hippocampal acetylcholine levels, and improved cognition in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were accompanied by reductions in oxidative damage, proinflammatory cytokine expression, apoptosis, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, PFT hindered amyloid plaque accumulation via the enhancement of insulin-degrading enzyme. These beneficial effects were comparable to those produced by simvastatin. The results suggest that PFT can alleviate AD symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota and by inhibiting AD-related pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine S. El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Dehnavi S, Kiani A, Sadeghi M, Biregani AF, Banach M, Atkin SL, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Targeting AMPK by Statins: A Potential Therapeutic Approach. Drugs 2021; 81:923-933. [PMID: 33939118 PMCID: PMC8144155 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are a group of lipid-lowering drugs that inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory properties. Several lines of evidence indicate that statins regulate multiple proteins associated with the regulation of differing cellular pathways. The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway plays an important role in metabolism homeostasis with effects on cellular processes including apoptosis and the inflammatory responses through several pathways. Recently, it has been shown that statins can affect the AMPK pathway in differing physiological and pathological ways, resulting in anti-cancer, cardio-protective, neuro-protective, and anti-tubercular effects; additionally, they have therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes mellitus-associated complications. Statins activate AMPK as an energy sensor that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells, whilst exerting its cardio-protective effects through inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis, and promotion of angiogenesis. Furthermore, statin-associated AMPK activation leads to decreased lipid accumulation and decreased amyloid beta deposition in the liver and brain, respectively, and may have therapeutic effects on the liver and neurons. In this review, we summarize the results of studies of AMPK-associated therapeutic effects of statins in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Kiani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Farhadi Biregani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan Province, Daneshgah Street, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Padmanabhan S, Manjithaya R. Facets of Autophagy Based Unconventional Protein Secretion-The Road Less Traveled. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586483. [PMID: 33363205 PMCID: PMC7755989 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UCPS) of leaderless proteins bypasses the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi route. The proportion of UCPS in the secretome varies tremendously across eukaryotes. Interestingly, macroautophagy, an intracellular recycling process that is generally involved in cargo degradation, also participates in UCPS. This emerging field of secretory mode of autophagy is underexplored and has several unanswered questions regarding the composition of players, cargo, and the mechanisms that drive it. As secretomes vary considerably across cell types and physiological conditions, the contribution of secretory autophagy in healthy and pathophysiological states remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have begun to shed light on this enigmatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Padmanabhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India.,Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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21
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Rahman MA, Rahman MS, Uddin MJ, Mamum-Or-Rashid ANM, Pang MG, Rhim H. Emerging risk of environmental factors: insight mechanisms of Alzheimer's diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44659-44672. [PMID: 32201908 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are typically sporadic in nature in addition to usually influenced through an extensive range of environmental factors, lifestyle, and genetic elements. Latest observations have hypothesized that exposure of environmental factors may increase the prospective risk of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). However, the role of environmental factors as a possible dangerous issue has extended importance concerned in AD pathology, although actual etiology of the disorder is still not yet clear. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the possible correlation between environmental factors and AD, based on the present literature view. Environmental risk factors might play an important role in decelerating or accelerating AD progression. Among well-known environmental risk factors, prolonged exposure to several heavy metals, for example, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury; particulate air, and some pesticides as well as metal-containing nanoparticles have been participated to cause AD. These heavy metals have the capacity to enhance amyloid β (Aβ) peptide along with tau phosphorylation, initiating amyloid/senile plaques, as well as neurofibrillary tangle formation; therefore, neuronal cell death has been observed. Furthermore, particulate air, pesticides, and heavy metal exposure have been recommended to lead AD susceptibility and phenotypic diversity though epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, this review deliberates recent findings detailing the mechanisms for a better understanding the relationship between AD and environmental risk factors along with their mechanisms of action on the brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - A N M Mamum-Or-Rashid
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kang S, Son SM, Baik SH, Yang J, Mook-Jung I. Autophagy-Mediated Secretory Pathway is Responsible for Both Normal and Pathological Tau in Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:667-680. [PMID: 31256134 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of total tau (t-tau) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are well documented and strongly correlate with AD pathology. Recent studies have further shown that human tau can be released into the extracellular space and transferred to nascent neurons. However, because the tau protein has no signal peptide identity, the mechanisms underlying its secretion remain poorly understood. In the present study, we confirmed that tau protein secretion was promoted by autophagy inducers and downregulated by beclin1 knockdown or autophagy inhibitors derived from human wild type tau (wt-tau)-overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, both t-tau and p-tau secretion were increased by autophagy activation. Furthermore, we identified that six isoforms of tau protein are secreted in an autophagy-dependent manner. These results indicate that both normal and pathological tau are secreted via an autophagy-mediated secretory pathway in neurons. Understanding this new pathway for tau secretion may provide critical future insights into tau pathologies, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Chen WT, Kuo YY, Lin GB, Lu CH, Hsu HP, Sun YK, Chao CY. Thermal cycling protects SH-SY5Y cells against hydrogen peroxide and β-amyloid-induced cell injury through stress response mechanisms involving Akt pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240022. [PMID: 33002038 PMCID: PMC7529293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are becoming a major threat to public health, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The most common form of NDDs is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), boasting 60–70% share. Although some debates still exist, excessive aggregation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles has been deemed one of the major causes for the pathogenesis of AD. A growing number of evidences from studies, however, have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play a key role in the onset and progression of AD. Although scientists have had some understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, the disease still cannot be cured, with existing treatment only capable of providing a temporary relief at best, partly due to the obstacle of blood-brain barrier (BBB). The study was aimed to ascertain the neuroprotective effect of thermal cycle hyperthermia (TC-HT) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Treating cells with this physical stimulation beforehand significantly improved the cell viability and decreased the ROS content. The underlying mechanisms may be due to the activation of Akt pathway and the downstream antioxidant and prosurvival proteins. The findings manifest significant potential of TC-HT in neuroprotection, via inhibition of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. It is believed that coupled with the use of drugs or natural compounds, this methodology can be even more effective in treating NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics, Lab for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yi Kuo
- Department of Physics, Lab for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Bo Lin
- Department of Physics, Lab for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Physics, Lab for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Hsu
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kun Sun
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chao
- Department of Physics, Lab for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical & Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, Biophysics Division, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Blood-brain barrier integrity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 59:100857. [PMID: 32781194 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls the molecular exchange between the brain parenchyma and blood. Accumulated evidence from transgenic animal Alzheimer's disease (AD) models and human AD patients have demonstrated that BBB dysfunction is a major player in AD pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of the BBB in maintaining brain integrity and how this is mediated by crosstalk between BBB-associated cells within the neurovascular unit (NVU). We then discuss the role of the NVU, in particular its endothelial cell, pericyte, and glial cell constituents, in AD pathogenesis. The effect of substances released by the neuroendocrine system in modulating BBB function and AD pathogenesis is also discussed. We perform a systematic review of currently available AD treatments specifically targeting pericytes and BBB glial cells. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of BBB dysfunction in AD and a new perspective on the development of therapeutics for AD.
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Louie S, Lakkyreddy J, Castellano BM, Haley B, Nguyen Dang A, Lam C, Tang D, Lang S, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is responsible for degradation of insulin in culture media. J Biotechnol 2020; 320:44-49. [PMID: 32526262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultured in serum-free chemically-defined media (CDM) are used for manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Growth factors, such as insulin are commonly utilized in manufacturing platforms to enhance CHO cell viability and growth. Here we report that insulin is degraded in the culture media over time mainly due to the activity of the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Insulin degradation was faster in cell lines that released more IDE, which negatively impacted cell growth and in turn, production titers. Deletion of the IDE gene in a representative CHO cell line nearly abolished insulin degradation in seed train and end-of-production media. In summary, our data suggests that selecting cell lines that have lower IDE expression or targeted-deletion of the IDE gene can improve culture viability and growth for insulin-dependent CHO production platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Louie
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Jayanthi Lakkyreddy
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Brian M Castellano
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Anh Nguyen Dang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Steven Lang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States.
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26
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Schmukler E, Pinkas‐Kramarski R. Autophagy induction in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:184-193. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Schmukler
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University Ramat‐Aviv Israel
| | - Ronit Pinkas‐Kramarski
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University Ramat‐Aviv Israel
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27
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Strohm L, Behrends C. Glia-specific autophagy dysfunction in ALS. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 99:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The Bewildering Effect of AMPK Activators in Alzheimer's Disease: Review of the Current Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9895121. [PMID: 32149150 PMCID: PMC7049408 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9895121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction. It is the most common form of dementia. The pathologic hallmarks of the disease include extracellular amyloid plaque, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and oxidative stress, to mention some of them. Despite remarkable progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, drugs for cure or disease-modifying therapy remain somewhere in the distance. From recent time, the signaling molecule AMPK is gaining enormous attention in the AD drug research. AMPK is a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism, and recent pieces of evidence show that perturbation of its function is highly ascribed in the pathology of AD. Several drugs are known to activate AMPK, but their effect in AD remains to be controversial. In this review, the current shreds of evidence on the effect of AMPK activators in Aβ accumulation, tau aggregation, and oxidative stress are addressed. Positive and negative effects are reported with regard to Aβ and tauopathy but only positive in oxidative stress. We also tried to dissect the molecular interplays where the bewildering effects arise from.
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Ding F, Shan C, Li H, Zhang Y, Guo C, Zhou Z, Zheng J, Shen W, Dai Q, Ouyang Q, Wu X. Simvastatin alleviated diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction in rats by enhancing AMPK pathway-induced autophagy. Andrology 2020; 8:780-792. [PMID: 31955524 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction is a common diabetic complication, and new therapeutics and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction need to be investigated. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction and the pharmacological mechanism of simvastatin treatment in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction model rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 86 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks old were used in this study. The rats were divided into three groups: control (normal), diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (streptozotocin-injected), and diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction + simvastatin (sim). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups for in vitro and in vivo analyses. A bioinformatics method was used to detect differences in gene expression in the corpus cavernosum between normal and diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction rats. Erectile function was measured by a cavernous nerve electrostimulation test. Corpus cavernosum fibrosis was assessed by Masson staining and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were performed to explore the differential expression of autophagy-related genes and the AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 pathway genes in rat cavernous smooth muscle cells and the corpus cavernosum. The autophagosomes of the corpus cavernosum tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Autophagy-related genes and pathways (the AMPK and FoxO pathway) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed at the protein level. Simvastatin, an AMPK agonist, was used to treat diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction rats for 8 weeks, demonstrating that erectile function was improved for 80.5% (P < .05) of rats. Corpus cavernosum fibrosis was alleviated (P < .05), and autophagy was further enhanced (P < .05); these results might be partially caused by AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 pathway activation (P < .05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Simvastatin could enhance protective autophagy by activating the AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 pathway to improve erectile function in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ding
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changyu Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunling Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhansong Zhou
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kuang H, Tan C, Tian H, Liu L, Yang M, Hong F, Yang S. Exploring the bi-directional relationship between autophagy and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:155-166. [PMID: 31503421 PMCID: PMC6978262 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and Tau phosphorylation, in which its pathogenesis has not been cleared so far. The metabolism of Aβ and Tau is critically affected by the autophagy. Abnormal autophagy is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, regulating autophagy may become a new strategy for AD treatment. In the early stage of AD, the presence of Aβ and Tau can induce autophagy to promote their clearance by means of mTOR-dependent and independent manners. As AD progress, the autophagy goes aberrant. As a result, Aβ and Tau generate continually, which aggravates both autophagy dysfunction and AD. Besides, several related genes and proteins of AD can also adapt autophagy to make an effect on the AD development. There seems to be a bi-directional relationship between AD pathology and autophagy. At present, this article reviews this relationship from these aspects: (a) the signaling pathways of regulating autophagy; (b) the relationships between the autophagy and the processing of Aβ; (c) Aβ and Tau cause autophagy dysfunction; (d) normal autophagy promotes the clearance of Aβ and Tau; (e) the relationships between the autophagy and both genes and proteins related to AD: TFEB, miRNAs, Beclin-1, Presenilin, and Nrf2; and (f) the small molecules regulating autophagy on AD therapy. All of the above may help to further elucidate the pathogenesis of AD and provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Kuang
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Cheng‐Yong Tan
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hui‐Zhen Tian
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Li‐Hua Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Mei‐Wen Yang
- Department of NurseNanchang University HospitalNanchangChina
| | - Fen‐Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching CenterNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Shu‐Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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31
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Kalinin S, Meares GP, Lin SX, Pietruczyk EA, Saher G, Spieth L, Nave KA, Boullerne AI, Lutz SE, Benveniste EN, Feinstein DL. Liver kinase B1 depletion from astrocytes worsens disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2019; 68:600-616. [PMID: 31664743 PMCID: PMC7337013 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth, and inflammatory activation. We previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding LKB1 is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Since astrocyte activation and metabolic function have important roles in regulating neuroinflammation and neuropathology, we examined the serine/threonine kinase LKB1 in astrocytes in a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of MS. To reduce LKB1, a heterozygous astrocyte-selective conditional knockout (het-cKO) model was used. While disease incidence was similar, disease severity was worsened in het-cKO mice. RNAseq analysis identified Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched in het-cKO mice relating to mitochondrial function, confirmed by alterations in mitochondrial complex proteins and reductions in mRNAs related to astrocyte metabolism. Enriched pathways included major histocompatibility class II genes, confirmed by increases in MHCII protein in spinal cord and cerebellum of het-cKO mice. We observed increased numbers of CD4+ Th17 cells and increased neuronal damage in spinal cords of het-cKO mice, associated with reduced expression of choline acetyltransferase, accumulation of immunoglobulin-γ, and reduced expression of factors involved in motor neuron survival. In vitro, LKB1-deficient astrocytes showed reduced metabolic function and increased inflammatory activation. These data suggest that metabolic dysfunction in astrocytes, in this case due to LKB1 deficiency, can exacerbate demyelinating disease by loss of metabolic support and increase in the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Shao Xia Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Anne I Boullerne
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah E Lutz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Lovastatin Enhances Cytotoxicity of Temozolomide via Impairing Autophagic Flux in Glioblastoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2710693. [PMID: 31662972 PMCID: PMC6778891 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2710693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) contributes to the majority of tumor recurrence and treatment failure in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Autophagy has been reported to play a role in chemoresistance in various types of cancer, including GBM. The anticancer effect of statins is arousing great research interests and has been demonstrated to modulate autophagic function. In this study, we investigated the combinational effects of lovastatin and TMZ on treating U87 and U251 GBM cell lines. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT and colony formation assays; apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry; the cellular autophagic function was detected by the EGFP-mRFP-LC3 reporter and western blot assay. The results showed that lovastatin might enhance the cytotoxicity of TMZ, increase the TMZ-induced cellular apoptosis, and impair the autophagic flux in GBM cells. Lovastatin triggered autophagy initiation possibly by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, lovastatin might impair the autophagosome-lysosome fusion machinery by suppressing LAMP2 and dynein. These results suggested that lovastatin could enhance the chemotherapy efficacy of TMZ in treating GBM cells. The mechanism may be associated with impaired autophagic flux and thereby the enhancement of cellular apoptosis. Combining TMZ with lovastatin could be a promising strategy for GBM treatment.
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Effect of pioglitazone and simvastatin in lipopolysaccharide-induced amyloidogenesis and cognitive impairment in mice: possible role of glutamatergic pathway and oxidative stress. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:5-15. [PMID: 29659380 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain are well known characteristics of neurodegeneration. Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia are the main risk factors leading to memory loss and cognitive impairment. Recently, it was found that statins and thiazolidinediones have promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that could delay neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of simvastatin, pioglitazone, and their combination in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis. Mice were divided into five groups: group 1 received 0.9% saline, group 2 received LPS (0.8 mg/kg in saline), group 3 received LPS (0.8 mgl kg)+simvastatin (5 mg/kg in saline), group 4 received LPS (0.8 mg/kg)+pioglitazone (20 mg/kg in saline), group 5 receiving LPS (0.8 mg/kg)+simvastatin (5 mg/kg)+pioglitazone (20 mg/kg). Y-maze and novel object recognition were used to assess the spatial and nonspatial behavioral changes. Nitric oxide levels and glutamate levels were measured to elucidate the anti-glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory effects of the tested drugs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the presence of Aβ1-42 in the mice brain. LPS impaired memory, and increased Aβ deposition, nitric oxide, and glutamate brain levels. Both drugs produced a significant improvement in all parameters. We conclude that simvastatin and pioglitazone may have a protective effect against cognitive impairment induced by LPS, through targeting the glutamatergic and inflammatory pathways, especially in patients having hypercholesterolemia and diabetes.
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Cai ZY, Wang CL, Lu TT, Yang WM. Berberine Alleviates Amyloid-beta Pathogenesis Via Activating LKB1/AMPK Signaling in the Brain of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:342-348. [PMID: 30873920 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190315164120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:Liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, a metabolic checkpoint, plays a neuro-protective role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) acts as a classical biomarker of AD. The aim of the present study was to explore whether berberine (BBR) activates LKB1/AMPK signaling and ameliorates Aβ pathology.Methods:The Aβ levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The following biomarkers were measured by Western blotting: phosphorylated (p-) LKB1 (Ser334 and Thr189), p-AMPK (AMPKα and AMPKβ1), synaptophysin, post-synaptic density protein 95 and p-cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB). The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was determined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results:BBR inhibited Aβ expression in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. There was a strong up-regulation of both p-LKB1 (Ser334 and Thr189) and p-AMPK (AMPKα and AMPKβ1) in the brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice after BBR-treatment (P<0.01). BBR promoted the expression of synaptophysin, post-synaptic density protein 95 and p-CREB(Ser133) in the AD brain, compared with the model mice.Conclusion:BBR alleviates Aβ pathogenesis and rescues synapse damage via activating LKB1/AMPK signaling in the brain of APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-Ling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao-Tao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031 Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen-Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031 Anhui Province, China
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Effect of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Extract on Neurodegeneration Improvement: Ameliorating Role in Cognitive Disorder Caused by High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061319. [PMID: 31212845 PMCID: PMC6628174 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to estimate the possibility of using an ethyl acetate fraction from Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (EFAD) on metabolic syndrome that is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). It was demonstrated that EFAD suppresses lipid accumulation and improves insulin resistance (IR) caused by Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in in-vitro experiments using the 3T3-L1 cell. In in-vivo tests, C57BL/6 mice were fed EFAD at 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) for four weeks after the mice were fed HFD for 15 weeks to induce obesity. EFAD significantly suppressed the elevation of BW and improved impaired glucose tolerance in obese mice. Additionally, this study showed that EFAD has an ameliorating effect on obesity-induced cognitive disorder with behavioral tests. The effect of EFAD on peripheral-IR improvement was confirmed by serum analysis and western blotting in peripheral tissues. Additionally, EFAD showed an ameliorating effect on HFD-induced oxidative stress, impaired cholinergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are interrelated symptoms of neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease and central nervous system (CNS)-IR in brain tissue. Furthermore, we confirmed that EFAD improves CNS-IR by confirming the IR-related factors in brain tissue. Consequently, this study suggests the possibility of using EFAD for the prevention of neurodegeneration by improving metabolic syndrome that is caused by HFD.
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New J, Thomas SM. Autophagy-dependent secretion: mechanism, factors secreted, and disease implications. Autophagy 2019; 15:1682-1693. [PMID: 30894055 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although best understood as a degradative pathway, recent evidence demonstrates pronounced involvement of the macroautophagic/autophagic molecular machinery in cellular secretion. With either overexpression or inhibition of autophagy mediators, dramatic alterations in the cellular secretory profile occur. This affects secretion of a plethora of factors ranging from cytokines, to granule contents, and even viral particles. Encompassing a wide range of secreted factors, autophagy-dependent secretion is implicated in diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. With a growing body of evidence shedding light onto the molecular mediators, this review delineates the molecular machinery involved in selective targeting of the autophagosome for either degradation or secretion. In addition, we summarize the current understanding of factors and cargo secreted through this unconventional route, and describe the implications of this pathway in both health and disease. Abbreviations: BECN1, beclin 1; CAF, cancer associated fibroblast; CUPS, compartment for unconventional protein secretion; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; IDE, insulin degrading enzyme; IL, Interleukin; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPS, misfolding associated protein secretion; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTORC1, MTOR complex I; PtdIns, phosphatidyl inositol; SEC22B, SEC22 homolog B, vesicle trafficking protein (gene/pseudogene); SFV, Semliki forest virus; SNCA, synuclein alpha; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; STX, Syntaxin; TASCC, TOR-associated spatial coupling compartment; TGFB, transforming growth factor beta; TRIM16, tripartite motif containing 16; UPS, unconventional protein secretion; VWF, von Willebrand factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob New
- Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA.,Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA.,Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA.,Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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37
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Angelova DM, Brown DR. Altered Processing of β-Amyloid in SH-SY5Y Cells Induced by Model Senescent Microglia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3137-3152. [PMID: 30052418 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is aging. Aging of cells such as microglia in the nervous system has an impact not only on the ability of those cells to function but also on cells they interact with. We have developed a model microglia system that recapitulates the dystrophic/senescent phenotype, and we have combined this with the study of β-amyloid processing. The model is based on the observation that aged microglia have increased iron content. By overloading a human microglial cell line with iron, we were able to change the secretory profile of the microglia. When combining these senescent microglia with SH-SY5Y cells, we noted an increase in extracellular β-amyloid. The increased levels of β-amyloid were due to a decrease in the release of insulin-degrading enzyme by the model senescent microglia. Further analysis revealed that the senescent microglia showed both decreased autophagy and increased ER stress. These studies demonstrate the potential impact of an aging microglial population in terms of β-amyloid produced by neurons, which could play a causal role in diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Our results also further develop the potential utility of an in vitro model of senescent microglia for the study of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina M. Angelova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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38
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Rahman MA, Hwang H, Nah SY, Rhim H. Gintonin stimulates autophagic flux in primary cortical astrocytes. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:67-78. [PMID: 32148391 PMCID: PMC7033340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gintonin (GT), a novel ginseng-derived exogenous ligand of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, has been shown to induce cell proliferation and migration in the hippocampus, regulate calcium-dependent ion channels in the astrocytes, and reduce β-amyloid plaque in the brain. However, whether GT influences autophagy in cortical astrocytes is not yet investigated. Methods We examined the effect of GT on autophagy in primary cortical astrocytes using immunoblot and immunocytochemistry assays. Suppression of specific proteins was performed via siRNA. LC3 puncta was determined using confocal microscopy. Results GT strongly upregulated autophagy marker LC3 by a concentration- as well as time-dependent manner via G protein–coupled LPA receptors. GT-induced autophagy was further confirmed by the formation of LC3 puncta. Interestingly, on pretreatment with an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, GT further enhanced LC3-II and LC3 puncta expression. However, GT-induced autophagy was significantly attenuated by inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and knockdown Beclin-1, Atg5, and Atg7 gene expression. Importantly, when pretreated with a lysosomotropic agent, E-64d/peps A or bafilomycin A1, GT significantly increased the levels of LC3-II along with the formation of LC3 puncta. In addition, GT treatment enhanced autophagic flux, which led to an increase in lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and degradation of ubiquitinated p62/SQSTM1. Conclusion GT induces autophagy via mTOR-mediated pathway and elevates autophagic flux. This study demonstrates that GT can be used as an autophagy-inducing agent in cortical astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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39
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Tang BL. Unconventional Secretion and Intercellular Transfer of Mutant Huntingtin. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060059. [PMID: 29904030 PMCID: PMC6025013 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of intercellular transmission of pathological agents in neurodegenerative diseases has received much recent attention. Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by a monogenic mutation in the gene encoding Huntingtin (HTT). Mutant HTT (mHTT) harbors a CAG repeat extension which encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat at HTT’s N-terminus. Neuronal pathology in HD is largely due to the toxic gain-of-function by mHTT and its proteolytic products, which forms both nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates that perturb nuclear gene transcription, RNA splicing and transport as well cellular membrane dynamics. The neuropathological effects of mHTT have been conventionally thought to be cell-autonomous in nature. Recent findings have, however, indicated that mHTT could be secreted by neurons, or transmitted from one neuronal cell to another via different modes of unconventional secretion, as well as via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). These modes of transmission allow the intercellular spread of mHTT and its aggregates, thus plausibly promoting neuropathology within proximal neuronal populations and between neurons that are connected within neural circuits. Here, the various possible modes for mHTT’s neuronal cell exit and intercellular transmission are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 117597 Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 117456 Singapore, Singapore.
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40
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Abstract
While there is a growing consensus that insulin has diverse and important regulatory actions on the brain, seemingly important aspects of brain insulin physiology are poorly understood. Examples include: what is the insulin concentration within brain interstitial fluid under normal physiologic conditions; whether insulin is made in the brain and acts locally; does insulin from the circulation cross the blood-brain barrier or the blood-CSF barrier in a fashion that facilitates its signaling in brain; is insulin degraded within the brain; do privileged areas with a "leaky" blood-brain barrier serve as signaling nodes for transmitting peripheral insulin signaling; does insulin action in the brain include regulation of amyloid peptides; whether insulin resistance is a cause or consequence of processes involved in cognitive decline. Heretofore, nearly all of the studies examining brain insulin physiology have employed techniques and methodologies that do not appreciate the complex fluid compartmentation and flow throughout the brain. This review attempts to provide a status report on historical and recent work that begins to address some of these issues. It is undertaken in an effort to suggest a framework for studies going forward. Such studies are inevitably influenced by recent physiologic and genetic studies of insulin accessing and acting in brain, discoveries relating to brain fluid dynamics and the interplay of cerebrospinal fluid, brain interstitial fluid, and brain lymphatics, and advances in clinical neuroimaging that underscore the dynamic role of neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
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41
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Rahman MA, Rhim H. Therapeutic implication of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. BMB Rep 2018; 50:345-354. [PMID: 28454606 PMCID: PMC5584741 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.7.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process necessary for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis, has recently been the focus of numerous human diseases and conditions, such as aging, cancer, development, immunity, longevity, and neurodegeneration. However, the continued presence of autophagy is essential for cell survival and dysfunctional autophagy is thought to speed up the progression of neurodegeneration. The actual molecular mechanism behind the progression of dysfunctional autophagy is not yet fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests that basal autophagy is necessary for the removal of misfolded, aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles through lysosomal mediated degradation. Physiologically, neurodegenerative disorders are related to the accumulation of amyloid β peptide and α-synuclein protein aggregation, as seen in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. Even though autophagy could impact several facets of human biology and disease, it generally functions as a clearance for toxic proteins in the brain, which contributes novel insight into the pathophysiological understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, several studies demonstrate that natural compounds or small molecule autophagy enhancer stimuli are essential in the clearance of amyloid β and α-synuclein deposits. Therefore, this review briefly deliberates on the recent implications of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorder control, and emphasizes the opportunities and potential therapeutic application of applied autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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42
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Insulin-degrading enzyme is not secreted from cultured cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2335. [PMID: 29402917 PMCID: PMC5799172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) functions in the catabolism of bioactive peptides. Established roles include degrading insulin and the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), linking it to diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. IDE is primarily located in the cytosol, and a longstanding question is how it gains access to its peptide substrates. Reports suggest that IDE secreted by an unconventional pathway participates in extracellular hydrolysis of insulin and Aβ. We find that IDE release from cultured HEK-293 or BV-2 cells represents only ~1% of total cellular IDE, far less than has been reported previously. Importantly, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and other cytosolic enzymes are released at the same relative level, indicating that extracellular IDE results from a loss of cell integrity, not secretion. Lovastatin increases IDE release from BV-2 cells as reported, but this release is mirrored by LDH release. Cell viability assays indicate lovastatin causes a loss of cell integrity, explaining its effect on IDE release. IDE is present in an exosome-enriched fraction from BV-2 cell conditioned media, however it represents only ~0.01% of the total cellular enzyme and is unlikely to be a significant source of IDE. These results call into question the secretion of IDE and its importance in extracellular peptide degradation.
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43
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28665546 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo- and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell-autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology; Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
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44
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Ciaccio C, Grasso G, Gioia M, Coletta A, Polticelli F, Di Pierro D, Milardi D, Van Endert P, Marini S, Coletta M. Multiple functions of insulin-degrading enzyme: a metabolic crosslight? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28635330 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degrade several other polypeptides, such as β-amyloid, amylin, and glucagon, envisaging the possible implication of IDE dys-regulation in the "aggregopathies" and, in particular, in neurodegenerative diseases. Over the last decade, a novel scenario on IDE biology has emerged, pointing out a multi-functional role of this enzyme in several basic cellular processes. In particular, latest advances indicate that IDE behaves as a heat shock protein and modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system, suggesting a major implication in proteins turnover and cell homeostasis. In addition, recent observations have highlighted that the regulation of glucose metabolism by IDE is not merely based on its largely proposed role in the degradation of insulin in vivo. There is increasing evidence that improper IDE function, regulation, or trafficking might contribute to the etiology of metabolic diseases. In addition, the enzymatic activity of IDE is affected by metals levels, thus suggesting a role also in the metal homeostasis (metallostasis), which is thought to be tightly linked to the malfunction of the "quality control" machinery of the cell. Focusing on the physiological role of IDE, we will address a comprehensive vision of the very complex scenario in which IDE takes part, outlining its crucial role in interconnecting several relevant cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,e CNR IBB , Catania , Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Andrea Coletta
- f Department of Chemistry , University of Aarhus , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Donato Di Pierro
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Peter Van Endert
- h Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, U1151, CNRS , Paris , France
| | - Stefano Marini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
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45
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Targeting autophagy as a strategy for drug discovery and therapeutic modulation. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:335-345. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-protective mechanism of living cells or organisms under various stress conditions. Studies of human genetics and pathophysiology have implicated that alterations in autophagy affect the context of cellular homeostasis and disease-associated phenotypes. The molecular components of autophagy are currently being explored as new pharmacologic targets for drug development and therapeutic intervention of various diseases. Drugs that restore the normal autophagic pathways have the potential for effectively treating human disorders that depend on aberrations of autophagy. Here, we review the role of autophagy and its alterations in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, and drug discovery strategies for modulating autophagy for therapeutic benefits as well as possible safety concerns and caveats associated with such approaches.
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46
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Chinchwadkar S, Padmanabhan S, Mishra P, Singh S, Suresh SN, Vats S, Barve G, Ammanathan V, Manjithaya R. Multifaceted Housekeeping Functions of Autophagy. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Chiang GC, Chang E, Pandya S, Kuceyeski A, Hu J, Isaacson R, Ganzer C, Schulman A, Sobel V, Vallabhajosula S, Ravdin L. Cognitive deficits in non-demented diabetic elderly appear independent of brain amyloidosis. J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:85-91. [PMID: 28017255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the effects of Type 2 diabetes (DM2) on levels of brain amyloidosis and cognition in a community-dwelling cohort of nondemented elderly individuals. METHODS 33 subjects (16 DM2, 17 nondiabetic) were prospectively recruited. Subjects underwent a PET scan using the amyloid tracer, Pittsburgh Compound B, and a neuropsychological evaluation. Associations between DM2, brain amyloidosis, and cognition were assessed using multivariate regressions, adjusting for age and APOE4 status. RESULTS DM2 subjects had lower global cognitive function (p=0.018), as measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. There was no difference in brain amyloidosis between groups (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS Community-dwelling, nondemented individuals with DM2 had greater cognitive deficits, which do not appear to be mediated by brain amyloidosis. Further studies exploring potential mediators of these cognitive deficits should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria C Chiang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Eileen Chang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sneha Pandya
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - James Hu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard Isaacson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christine Ganzer
- Department of Nursing, Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aaron Schulman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vivian Sobel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lisa Ravdin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
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48
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Baik SH, Kang S, Son SM, Mook-Jung I. Microglia contributes to plaque growth by cell death due to uptake of amyloid β in the brain of Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Glia 2016; 64:2274-2290. [PMID: 27658617 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include extracellularly accumulated amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Activated microglia, brain-resident macrophages, are also found surrounding Aβ plaques. The study of the brain of AD mouse models revealed that Aβ plaque formation is completed by the consolidation of newly generated plaque clusters in vicinity of existed plaques. However, the dynamics of Aβ plaque formation, growth and the mechanisms by which microglia contribute to Aβ plaque formation are unknown. In the present study, we confirmed how microglia are involved in Aβ plaque formation and their growth in the brain of 5XFAD mice, the Aβ-overexpressing AD transgenic mouse model, and performed serial intravital two-photon microscopy (TPM) imaging of the brains of 5XFAD mice crossed with macrophage/microglia-specific GFP-expressing CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice. We found that activated microglia surrounding Aβ plaques take up Aβ, which are clusters developed inside activated microglia in vivo and this was followed by microglial cell death. These dying microglia release the accumulated Aβ into the extracellular space, which contributes to Aβ plaque growth. This process was confirmed by live TPM in vivo imaging and flow cytometry. These results suggest that activated microglia can contribute to formation and growth of Aβ plaques by causing microglial cell death in the brain. GLIA 2016;64:2274-2290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Seokjo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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49
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Di Meo S, Reed TT, Venditti P, Victor VM. Role of ROS and RNS Sources in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1245049. [PMID: 27478531 PMCID: PMC4960346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1245049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction and serve as molecular signals activating stress responses that are beneficial to the organism. Mitochondria have been thought to both play a major role in tissue oxidative damage and dysfunction and provide protection against excessive tissue dysfunction through several mechanisms, including stimulation of opening of permeability transition pores. Until recently, the functional significance of ROS sources different from mitochondria has received lesser attention. However, the most recent data, besides confirming the mitochondrial role in tissue oxidative stress and protection, show interplay between mitochondria and other ROS cellular sources, so that activation of one can lead to activation of other sources. Thus, it is currently accepted that in various conditions all cellular sources of ROS provide significant contribution to processes that oxidatively damage tissues and assure their survival, through mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Manuel Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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50
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Batarseh YS, Duong QV, Mousa YM, Al Rihani SB, Elfakhri K, Kaddoumi A. Amyloid-β and Astrocytes Interplay in Amyloid-β Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:338. [PMID: 26959008 PMCID: PMC4813200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology is known to promote chronic inflammatory responses in the brain. It was thought previously that Aβ is only associated with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. However, studies have shown its involvement in many other neurological disorders. The role of astrocytes in handling the excess levels of Aβ has been highlighted in the literature. Astrocytes have a distinctive function in both neuronal support and protection, thus its involvement in Aβ pathological process may tip the balance toward chronic inflammation and neuronal death. In this review we describe the involvement of astrocytes in Aβ related disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan S Batarseh
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Quoc-Viet Duong
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Youssef M Mousa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Khaled Elfakhri
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 70504, USA.
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