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Segura J, Calvo L, Escudero R, Rodríguez AI, Olivares Á, Jiménez-Gómez B, López-Bote CJ. Alleviating Heat Stress in Fattening Pigs: Low-Intensity Showers in Critical Hours Alter Body External Temperature, Feeding Pattern, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality Characteristics. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1661. [PMID: 38891708 PMCID: PMC11171127 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a significant environmental problem that has a detrimental impact on animal welfare and production efficiency in swine farms. The current study was conducted to assess the effect of low-intensity showers, provided during critical high-temperature hours daily, on body external temperature, feeding pattern, and carcass and meat quality characteristics in fattening pigs. A total of 400 animals (200 barrows and 200 gilts) were randomly allotted in 40 pens. A shower nozzle was installed over 20 pens (half barrows and half gilts) where pigs received a low-intensity shower for 2 min in 30 min intervals from 12 to 19 h (SHO group). Another group without showers was also considered (CON). Feeder occupancy measurement, thermographic measures, and carcass and meat quality parameters were studied. In the periods with higher environmental temperatures, SHO animals showed an increase in the feeder occupancy rate compared to the CON group. A decrease in temperature was observed after the shower, regardless of the anatomical location (p < 0.005). The treatment with showers led to higher values than in the CON group of 4.72%, 3.87%, 11.8%, and 15.1% for hot carcass weight, lean meat yield, and fat thickness in Longissimus Dorsi (LD) and Gluteus Medius muscles, respectively (p < 0.01). Pork from CON showed a 14.9% higher value of drip loss, and 18.9% higher malondialdehyde concentration than SHO (p < 0.01); meanwhile, intramuscular fat content was 22.8% higher in SHO than in CON (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the CON group exhibited higher L* (2.13%) and lower a* and b* values (15.8% and 8.97%) compared to the SHO group. However, the pH20h of the CON group was significantly lower than that of the SHO group (p < 0.001), indicating a softer pH decrease. Related to fatty acids in subcutaneous outer and inner layers and intramuscular fat, the CON group showed higher ΣSFA and lower ΣMUFA and Δ9-desaturase indexes than SHO (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the amelioration of heat stress through showers at critical times should be considered an interesting tool that improves both carcass and meat quality, as well as animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Segura
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (B.J.-G.)
| | - Luis Calvo
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (B.J.-G.)
- Incarlopsa, N-400, Km 95.4, 16400 Tarancón, Spain;
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.E.); (Á.O.); (C.J.L.-B.)
| | - Rosa Escudero
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.E.); (Á.O.); (C.J.L.-B.)
| | - Ana Isabel Rodríguez
- Incarlopsa, N-400, Km 95.4, 16400 Tarancón, Spain;
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.E.); (Á.O.); (C.J.L.-B.)
| | - Álvaro Olivares
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.E.); (Á.O.); (C.J.L.-B.)
| | - Beatriz Jiménez-Gómez
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (B.J.-G.)
- Incarlopsa, N-400, Km 95.4, 16400 Tarancón, Spain;
| | - Clemente José López-Bote
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.E.); (Á.O.); (C.J.L.-B.)
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De Prekel L, Maes D, Van den Broeke A, Ampe B, Aluwé M. Evaluation of a heating protocol and stocking density impact on heatstressed fattening pigs. Animal 2024; 18:101172. [PMID: 38772079 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As climate change intensifies, heat stress mitigation for pigs becomes more important. Trials involving induced heat waves are useful to test several measures (e.g. reduced stocking density) at a faster rate, but only when accurately evaluated and validated. In the present study, we investigated the suitability of an artificial heating protocol at different pig weights (experiment 1). The impact of different stocking densities on fattening pigs during an artificial heat wave (experiment 2) was also investigated. Experiment 1: Forty 20-week-old pigs weighing 96.5 ± 7.3 kg (W100) and forty 17-week-old pigs weighing 72.7 ± 9.9 kg (W70) were housed in two compartments. An artificial heat wave (heat load) was induced for 3 days. During 3-day periods before, during and after the heat load, physiological parameters (respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (Trectal), skin temperature (Tskin) and behavior) were measured and average daily feed intake was observed. Ambient temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index (THI) were monitored. Experiment 2: A total of 150 fattening pigs were randomly divided into three treatment groups: SD1.3 (1.3 m2/pig), SD1.0 (1.0 m2/pig) and SD0.8 (0.8 m2/pig). All pens had a total pen surface of 4.88 m2, corresponding with 4, 5 and 6 fattening pigs in the SD1.3, SD1.0 and SD0.8 groups, respectively. The heat load was induced for 7 days on week 21. Respiration rate and Trectal were observed as in experiment 1. Average daily gain and average daily feed intake were also noted. During the heat load, THI reached ≥ 75 (78.4 (experiment 1) and 78.6 (experiment 2)), even when relative humidity decreased to ± 45%. Every physiological parameter showed significant increases during the heat load. The prolonged heating protocol in experiment 2 also provoked significant decreases in average daily feed intake (15%) and average daily gain (19%) for all groups. Weight within the studied range of 70-100 kg did not have a significant impact on any of the parameters. However, Tskin was affected by both weight and heat load (P < 0.05), where Tskin from W100 was always lower in comparison to W70. In addition, we found that 0.8 m2/pig doubled the increase of Trectal during the heat load, namely SD0.8 (0.22 °C) compared to SD1.0 (0.12 °C) (P = 0.033) and SD1.3 (0.13 °C) (P = 0.053). This suggests that pigs housed at higher densities are less able to regulate their internal heat production. However, RR and performances were not significantly affected by heat load in this experimental set-up. A stocking density of 1.0 m2/animal may be sufficient to mitigate some negative effects of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Prekel
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Van den Broeke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - B Ampe
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M Aluwé
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Yao T, Ren L, Yuan B. Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence thermometry with dual detection channels using temperature-sensitive liposomes. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300531. [PMID: 38414356 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Temperature measurements in biological tissues play a crucial role in studying metabolic activities. In this study, we introduce a noninvasive thermometry technique based on two-color ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF). This innovative method allows for a local temperature mapping within a microtube filled with temperature-sensitive liposomes as nano imaging agents. By measuring the temperature-dependent fluorescence emission of the liposomes using a spectrometer, we identify four characteristic temperatures. The local background temperature can be estimated by analyzing the corresponding appearance time of these four characteristic temperatures in the dynamic USF signals captured by a camera-based USF system with two detection channels. Simultaneous measurements with an infrared (IR) camera showed a 0.38°C ± 0.27°C difference between USF thermometry and IR thermography in a physiological temperature range of 36.48°C-40.14°C. This shows that the two-color USF thermometry technique is a reliable, noninvasive tool with excellent spatial and thermal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Yao
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Liqin Ren
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Sharifuzzaman M, Mun HS, Ampode KMB, Lagua EB, Park HR, Kim YH, Hasan MK, Yang CJ. Technological Tools and Artificial Intelligence in Estrus Detection of Sows-A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:471. [PMID: 38338113 PMCID: PMC10854728 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal farming, timely estrus detection and prediction of the best moment for insemination is crucial. Traditional sow estrus detection depends on the expertise of a farm attendant which can be inconsistent, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Attempts and trials in developing and implementing technological tools to detect estrus have been explored by researchers. The objective of this review is to assess the automatic methods of estrus recognition in operation for sows and point out their strong and weak points to assist in developing new and improved detection systems. Real-time methods using body and vulvar temperature, posture recognition, and activity measurements show higher precision. Incorporating artificial intelligence with multiple estrus-related parameters is expected to enhance accuracy. Further development of new systems relies mostly upon the improved algorithm and accurate data provided. Future systems should be designed to minimize the misclassification rate, so better detection is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharifuzzaman
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiven Mark B. Ampode
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong 9800, Philippines
| | - Eddiemar B. Lagua
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rang Park
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Reza MN, Ali MR, Samsuzzaman, Kabir MSN, Karim MR, Ahmed S, Kyoung H, Kim G, Chung SO. Thermal imaging and computer vision technologies for the enhancement of pig husbandry: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:31-56. [PMID: 38618025 PMCID: PMC11007457 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Pig farming, a vital industry, necessitates proactive measures for early disease detection and crush symptom monitoring to ensure optimum pig health and safety. This review explores advanced thermal sensing technologies and computer vision-based thermal imaging techniques employed for pig disease and piglet crush symptom monitoring on pig farms. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient technology for measuring pig body temperature, providing advantages such as non-destructive, long-distance, and high-sensitivity measurements. Unlike traditional methods, IRT offers a quick and labor-saving approach to acquiring physiological data impacted by environmental temperature, crucial for understanding pig body physiology and metabolism. IRT aids in early disease detection, respiratory health monitoring, and evaluating vaccination effectiveness. Challenges include body surface emissivity variations affecting measurement accuracy. Thermal imaging and deep learning algorithms are used for pig behavior recognition, with the dorsal plane effective for stress detection. Remote health monitoring through thermal imaging, deep learning, and wearable devices facilitates non-invasive assessment of pig health, minimizing medication use. Integration of advanced sensors, thermal imaging, and deep learning shows potential for disease detection and improvement in pig farming, but challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed for successful implementation. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies used in the pig farming industry, including computer vision algorithms such as object detection, image segmentation, and deep learning techniques. It also discusses the benefits and limitations of IRT technology, providing an overview of the current research field. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers regarding IRT application in pig production, highlighting notable approaches and the latest research findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasim Reza
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems,
Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Md Razob Ali
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Samsuzzaman
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Md Shaha Nur Kabir
- Department of Agricultural Industrial
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and
Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rejaul Karim
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Farm Machinery and Post-harvest Processing
Engineering Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Gookhwan Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875,
Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Chung
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems,
Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery
Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Tucker BS, Jorquera-Chavez M, Petrovski KR, Craig JR, Morrison RS, Smits RJ, Kirkwood RN. Comparing surface temperature locations with rectal temperature in neonatal piglets under production conditions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2176310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony S. Tucker
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Craig
- Research and Innovation, Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, Australia
| | | | - Robert J. Smits
- Australia Research and Innovation, Australian Pork Limited, Barton, Australia
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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Ibáñez C, Moreno-Manrique M, Villagrá A, Bueso-Ródenas J, Mínguez C. Evaluation of Non-Contact Device to Measure Body Temperature in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:98. [PMID: 38200829 PMCID: PMC10778359 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-contact devices have been used in the measurement of body temperature in livestock production as a tool for testing disease in different species. However, there are few studies about the variation and correlations in body temperature between rectal temperature (RT) and non-contact devices such as non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) and thermal imaging/infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of non-contact devices to measure the body temperature in sheep, considering six body regions and the possibility of implementing these systems in herd management. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Catholic University of Valencia, located in the municipality of Massanassa in July of 2021, with 72 dry manchega ewes, and we compared the rectal temperature with two types of non-contact infrared devices for the assessment of body temperature in healthy sheep. Except for the temperature taken by NCIT at the muzzle, the correlation between RT vs. NCIT or IRT showed a low significance or was difficult to use for practical flock management purposes. In addition, the variability between devices was high, which implies that measurements should be interpreted with caution in warm climates and open pens, such as most sheep farms in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The use of infrared cameras devices to assess body temperature may have a promising future, but in order to be widely applied as a routine management method on farms, the system needs to become cheaper, simpler in terms of measurements and quicker in terms of analyzing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ibáñez
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
| | - María Moreno-Manrique
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Aránzazu Villagrá
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnología Animal (CITA), Valencian Institute for Agricultura Research (IVIA), 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Joel Bueso-Ródenas
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Mínguez
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.); (C.M.)
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Xue H, Shen M, Sun Y, Tian H, Liu Z, Chen J, Xu P. Instance Segmentation and Ensemble Learning for Automatic Temperature Detection in Multiparous Sows. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9128. [PMID: 38005516 PMCID: PMC10675700 DOI: 10.3390/s23229128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The core body temperature serves as a pivotal physiological metric indicative of sow health, with rectal thermometry prevailing as a prevalent method for estimating core body temperature within sow farms. Nonetheless, employing contact thermometers for rectal temperature measurement proves to be time-intensive, labor-demanding, and hygienically suboptimal. Addressing the issues of minimal automation and temperature measurement accuracy in sow temperature monitoring, this study introduces an automatic temperature monitoring method for sows, utilizing a segmentation network amalgamating YOLOv5s and DeepLabv3+, complemented by an adaptive genetic algorithm-random forest (AGA-RF) regression algorithm. In developing the sow vulva segmenter, YOLOv5s was synergized with DeepLabv3+, and the CBAM attention mechanism and MobileNetv2 network were incorporated to ensure precise localization and expedited segmentation of the vulva region. Within the temperature prediction module, an optimized regression algorithm derived from the random forest algorithm facilitated the construction of a temperature inversion model, predicated upon environmental parameters and vulva temperature, for the rectal temperature prediction in sows. Testing revealed that vulvar segmentation IoU was 91.50%, while the predicted MSE, MAE, and R2 for rectal temperature were 0.114 °C, 0.191 °C, and 0.845, respectively. The automatic sow temperature monitoring method proposed herein demonstrates substantial reliability and practicality, facilitating an autonomous sow temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Xue
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (H.X.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
| | - Mingxia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Yuwen Sun
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (H.X.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
| | - Haonan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (H.X.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
| | - Jinxin Chen
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China; (H.X.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
| | - Peiquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China; (M.S.); (H.T.); (P.X.)
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
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Giannone C, Bovo M, Ceccarelli M, Torreggiani D, Tassinari P. Review of the Heat Stress-Induced Responses in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3451. [PMID: 38003069 PMCID: PMC10668733 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dairy cattle sector, the evaluation of the effects induced by heat stress is still one of the most impactful and investigated aspects as it is strongly connected to both sustainability of the production and animal welfare. On the other hand, more recently, the possibility of collecting a large dataset made available by the increasing technology diffusion is paving the way for the application of advanced numerical techniques based on machine learning or big data approaches. In this scenario, driven by rapid change, there could be the risk of dispersing the relevant information represented by the physiological animal component, which should maintain the central role in the development of numerical models and tools. In light of this, the present literature review aims to consolidate and synthesize existing research on the physiological consequences of heat stress in dairy cattle. The present review provides, in a single document, an overview, as complete as possible, of the heat stress-induced responses in dairy cattle with the intent of filling the existing research gap for extracting the veterinary knowledge present in the literature and make it available for future applications also in different research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Bovo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 48, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (M.C.); (D.T.); (P.T.)
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10
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Rodríguez-González D, Guerrero Legarreta I, Chay-Canul A, Hernández-Avalos I, Napolitano F, García-Herrera R, Pereira AMF, Domínguez-Oliva A, Casas-Alvarado A, Reyes-Sotelo B, Mota-Rojas D. Thermal Balance in Male Water Buffaloes Transported by Long and Short Journeys. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3274. [PMID: 37893998 PMCID: PMC10603650 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport is a stressor that can cause physiological and metabolic imbalances in livestock, resulting in stress-induced hyperthermia. In water buffaloes, studies regarding the thermal state of animals during mobilization are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermal response of 1516 water buffaloes using infrared thermography (IRT) during 15 short trips (783 animals, 60,291 records, average duration = 50.33 min ± 5.48 min) and 14 long trips (733 animals, 56,441 records, average duration = 13.31 h ± 47.32 min). The surface temperature was assessed in 11 regions (periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, lower eyelid, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic) during seven phases from pasture to post-transport. It was found that the surface temperature of the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic regions was significantly higher during SJs (+3 °C) when compared to LJs (p < 0.0001). In particular, the frontal-parietal region had a significant increase of 10 °C during the post-transport phase (p < 0.0001) in both groups, recording the highest temperatures during this phase. Likewise, a strong positive significant correlation between the different regions was found (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001). It is worth mentioning that the herding, loading, pre-, and post-transport phases were the ones where the greatest thermal response was recorded, possibly due to the influence of human interaction. Finally, a strong positive correlation (r above 0.9, p > 0.001) between the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, pinna, and pelvic limb was found. According to the results, SJ could be considered a stressful event that hinders thermal generation, contrarily to LJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodríguez-González
- Master in Science Program [Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Isabel Guerrero Legarreta
- Department of Biotechnology: Food Science, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa Campus (UAM-I), Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Chay-Canul
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 04510, Mexico
| | - Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ricardo García-Herrera
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Brenda Reyes-Sotelo
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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11
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Tucker BS, Petrovski KR, Craig JR, Morrison RS, Smits RJ, Kirkwood RN. Associations between Surface and Rectal Temperature Profiles of Low-Birth-Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3259. [PMID: 37893983 PMCID: PMC10603746 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of infrared cameras to record surface temperature has shown some promise in older pigs, but neonatal piglets are metabolically less mature and experience rapid temperature changes during their first 24 h. The present experiment aimed to compare rectal temperature to surface temperature at the base of the ear, measured using an infrared camera, for piglets of different birth weights. During farrowing, 48 multiparous sows were monitored, and rectal and surface temperatures were recorded for their lower-birth-weight (≤1.2 kg) piglets within 3 min of birth and at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.50, 2, 3, 4, and 24 h. Piglet birth weights were assigned to one of three categories (BWC): BWC1 (≤0.80 kg), BWC2 (0.81 to 1.10 kg), or BWC3 (1.11 to 1.20 kg). Piglet rectal temperatures at 1.25 h after birth were assigned to one of three categories: RC1 (≤32.0 °C), RC2 (32.1 to 35.0 °C), or RC3 (≥35.1 °C). Surface temperatures showed a similar recovery pattern to rectal temperatures in the first 24 h across all piglet birth weights, although large and variable differences seen in the current study militate against surface temperature being an appropriate replacement for neonatal rectal temperature for use in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony S. Tucker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
| | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Craig
- Rivalea Australia Pty. Ltd., JBS Australia Pork Division, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (J.R.C.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Morrison
- Rivalea Australia Pty. Ltd., JBS Australia Pork Division, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (J.R.C.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert J. Smits
- Research and Innovation, Australian Pork Limited, Barton, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
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12
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Liedel C, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:188. [PMID: 37798634 PMCID: PMC10552360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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13
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Welch M, Krueger K, Zhang J, Piñeyro P, Patterson A, Gauger P. Pathogenesis of an experimental coinfection of porcine parainfluenza virus 1 and influenza A virus in commercial nursery swine. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109850. [PMID: 37639899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) is a recently characterized swine respirovirus. Previous experimental studies reported PPIV-1 replicates in the porcine respiratory tract causing minimal clinical disease or lesions. However, it is unknown if PPIV-1 co-infections with viral respiratory pathogens would cause respiratory disease consistent with natural infections reported in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate if PPIV-1 increases the severity of influenza A virus respiratory disease in swine. Fifty conventional, five-week-old pigs were assigned to one of three challenge groups (n = 15) or a negative control group (n = 5). Pigs were challenged with a γ-cluster H1N2 influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S; A/Swine/North Carolina/00169/2006), PPIV-1 (USA/MN25890NS/2016), inoculum that contained equivalent titers of IAV-S and PPIV-1 (CO-IN), or negative control. Clinical scores representing respiratory disease and nasal swabs were collected daily and all pigs were necropsied five days post inoculation (DPI). The CO-IN group demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of pigs showing respiratory clinical signs relative to the IAV-S challenge group from 2 to 4 DPI. The IAV-S and CO-IN groups had significantly lower microscopic composite lesion scores in the upper respiratory tract compared to the PPIV-1 group although the IAV-S and CO-IN groups had significantly higher microscopic composite lung lesion scores. Collectively, PPIV-1 did not appear to influence severity of clinical disease, macroscopic lesions, or alter viral loads detected in nasal swabs or necropsy tissues when administered as a coinfection with IAV-S. Studies evaluating PPIV-1 coinfections with different strains of IAV-S, different respiratory pathogens or sequential exposure of PPIV-1 and IAV-S are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Welch
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karen Krueger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Abby Patterson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Inc., 2412 S. Loop Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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14
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Čukić A, Rakonjac S, Djoković R, Cincović M, Bogosavljević-Bošković S, Petrović M, Savić Ž, Andjušić L, Andjelić B. Influence of Heat Stress on Body Temperatures Measured by Infrared Thermography, Blood Metabolic Parameters and Its Correlation in Sheep. Metabolites 2023; 13:957. [PMID: 37623900 PMCID: PMC10456689 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to examine the influence of heat stress (HS) on body temperature (BT) measured rectally (RT) or by infrared thermography (IRT) of the nose (NT), eye (ET), leg (LT) and abdominal (AT) regions in intensively and extensively breed sheep and to detect a correlation between body temperature and metabolic response in sheep. A total of 33 Wurttemberg × Sjenica Pramenka sheep breeds were examined, 17 ewes were from outdoors and 16 were from indoor housing systems during three experimental periods (thermoneutral period, severe HS and moderate HS). Sheep under HS have a higher BT, and the magnitude of BT measured by infrared thermography (IRT) was higher than RT. LT and AT showed positive linear correlations with the temperature-humidity index (THI), while other ways of measuring BT did not give statistically significant correlations. Sheep under HS showed higher cortisol, insulin, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and index of insulin resistance, with lower values of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphates, magnesium and cholesterol. BT and metabolic response were different in the function of the housing method of sheep. LT and AT showed a significant correlation with almost all blood parameters, and the strongest connections were made with T3, T4, BHB and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index of insulin resistance. The abdomen and legs are good thermal windows because LT and AT are good summative responses to external ambient THI and internal metabolic changes in sheep under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Čukić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kopaonička bb, 38219 Lešak, Serbia; (A.Č.); (Ž.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Simeon Rakonjac
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.B.-B.); (M.P.)
| | - Radojica Djoković
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.B.-B.); (M.P.)
| | - Marko Cincović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Square Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | | | - Milun Petrović
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.B.-B.); (M.P.)
| | - Željko Savić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kopaonička bb, 38219 Lešak, Serbia; (A.Č.); (Ž.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Ljiljana Andjušić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kopaonička bb, 38219 Lešak, Serbia; (A.Č.); (Ž.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Biljana Andjelić
- Faculty of Agriculture-Kruševac, University of Niš, Kosančićeva 7, 37000 Kruševac, Serbia;
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15
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Ospina-Romero MA, Medrano-Vázquez LS, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Sánchez-Villalba E, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Martínez-Téllez MÁ, Barrera-Silva MÁ, González-Ríos H. Productive Performance, Physiological Variables, and Carcass Quality of Finishing Pigs Supplemented with Ferulic Acid and Grape Pomace under Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2396. [PMID: 37508174 PMCID: PMC10376859 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of individual and combined supplementation of FA and GPM on physiological variables, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs under heat stress conditions were investigated. Forty Yorkshire × Duroc pigs (80.23 kg) were individually housed and randomly distributed into 4 groups under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 10): Control (basal diet, BD); FA, BD + 25 mg FA; GPM, BD with 2.5% GPM; and MIX, BD with 25 mg FA and 2.5% GPM. Additives were supplemented for 31 days. The inclusion of FA or GPM did not modify rectal temperature and respiratory rate. There was an effect of the interaction on FI, which increased when only GPM was supplemented, with respect to Control and MIX (p < 0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). The inclusion of FA improved hot and cold carcass weight, while the addition of GPM decreased the marbling (p < 0.05) and tended to increase loin area (p < 0.10). GPM increased liver weight (p < 0.05). The addition of GPM and FA can improve some carcass characteristics under heat stress conditions. It is necessary to continue investigating different levels of inclusion of GPM and FA in finishing pigs' diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Ospina-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Leslie S Medrano-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Esther Sánchez-Villalba
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Carretera a Bahía de Kino km 21, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Martín Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Barrera-Silva
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Carretera a Bahía de Kino km 21, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
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16
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Bienboire-Frosini C, Wang D, Marcet-Rius M, Villanueva-García D, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Lezama-García K, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Gómez-Prado J, Mota-Rojas D. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Thermoregulation during the Perinatal Period. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2173. [PMID: 37443971 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is one of the most common causes of mortality in neonates, and it could be developed after birth because the uterus temperature is more elevated than the extrauterine temperature. Neonates use diverse mechanisms to thermoregulate, such as shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. These strategies can be more efficient in some species, but not in others, i.e., altricials, which have the greatest difficulty with achieving thermoneutrality. In addition, there are anatomical and neurological differences in mammals, which may present different distributions and amounts of brown fat. This article aims to discuss the neuromodulation mechanisms of thermoregulation and the importance of brown fat in the thermogenesis of newborn mammals, emphasizing the analysis of the biochemical, physiological, and genetic factors that determine the distribution, amount, and efficiency of this energy resource in newborns of different species. It has been concluded that is vital to understand and minimize hypothermia causes in newborns, which is one of the main causes of mortality in neonates. This would be beneficial for both animals and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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17
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Hoffman A, Long N, Carroll J, Sanchez NB, Broadway P, Richeson J, Jackson T, Hales K. Infrared thermography as an alternative technique for measuring body temperature in cattle. APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2022-02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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18
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Koch F, Pieper R, Fischer-Tenhagen C. [Body temperature measurement in pigs: Are infrared thermometers a non-invasive alternative?]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:84-92. [PMID: 37230143 DOI: 10.1055/a-2046-5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Internal body temperature is an essential parameter in evaluation an animal's general health status. The rectal temperature as 'gold standard' requires restraining of the animal which may cause stress especially when not accustomed to handling procedures. Stress on the other hand should whenever possible be avoided as it negatively affects animal welfare and may increase body temperature. The present study evaluated whether measuring the body surface temperature with an infrared thermometer (IRT) may represent a stressless alternative method to rectal body temperature measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve male fattening pigs were included in the study. Body temperature was measured once a week for 11 weeks. Body surface temperature measurements were performed in the areas of the forehead, caudal base of the ear and anus using two infrared thermometers (IRT1 and IRT2) each. RESULTS Throughout the study, all pigs were clinically healthy. Best repeatability was found for the rectal thermometer and IRT1 in the anus region. Homogeneity of variance was not found for the measurements of the three thermometers. Mean values of body temperature were significantly different (p<0,05) between thermometers and measurement points. Thereby, the type of thermometer and measurement point possessed a moderate to strong effect. The Bland-Altman plot shows that differences in the values of the thermometers and measurement points are within the acceptable range of variation (95% interval). However, the range of variation is too substantial for clinical assessment of the body temperature. CONCLUSION The repeatability of temperature data measured with IRT on the body surface of pigs is acceptable. For this procedure, restraining the animals is not necessary, therefore reducing the animal's stress level during the clinical examination. However, the correlation to the rectal body temperature is weak to moderate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In order to use IRT for health monitoring in animals, reference values for respective IRT and measurement points need to be established. In the current study no case of hyper- or hypothermia occurred. Further research is warrented to evaluate whether IRT reliably detect fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Koch
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin
| | - Robert Pieper
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin
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19
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Rzucidlo CL, Curry E, Shero MR. Non-invasive measurements of respiration and heart rate across wildlife species using Eulerian Video Magnification of infrared thermal imagery. BMC Biol 2023; 21:61. [PMID: 36978082 PMCID: PMC10052854 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal's metabolic rate, or energetic expenditure, both impacts and is impacted by interactions with its environment. However, techniques for obtaining measurements of metabolic rate are invasive, logistically difficult, and costly. Red-green-blue (RGB) imaging tools have been used in humans and select domestic mammals to accurately measure heart and respiration rate, as proxies of metabolic rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate if infrared thermography (IRT) coupled with Eulerian video magnification (EVM) would extend the applicability of imaging tools towards measuring vital rates in exotic wildlife species with different physical attributes. RESULTS We collected IRT and RGB video of 52 total species (39 mammalian, 7 avian, 6 reptilian) from 36 taxonomic families at zoological institutions and used EVM to amplify subtle changes in temperature associated with blood flow for respiration and heart rate measurements. IRT-derived respiration and heart rates were compared to 'true' measurements determined simultaneously by expansion of the ribcage/nostrils and stethoscope readings, respectively. Sufficient temporal signals were extracted for measures of respiration rate in 36 species (85% success in mammals; 50% success in birds; 100% success in reptiles) and heart rate in 24 species (67% success in mammals; 33% success in birds; 0% success in reptiles) using IRT-EVM. Infrared-derived measurements were obtained with high accuracy (respiration rate, mean absolute error: 1.9 breaths per minute, average percent error: 4.4%; heart rate, mean absolute error: 2.6 beats per minute, average percent error: 1.3%). Thick integument and animal movement most significantly hindered successful validation. CONCLUSION The combination of IRT with EVM analysis provides a non-invasive method to assess individual animal health in zoos, with great potential to monitor wildlife metabolic indices in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Rzucidlo
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Woods Hole and Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Erin Curry
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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20
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Gulliksen SM, Framstad T, Kielland C, Velazquez MA, Terøy MM, Helland EM, Lyngstad RH, Delgado AJO, Oropeza-Moe M. Infrared thermography as a possible technique for the estimation of parturition onset in sows. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36721224 PMCID: PMC9890875 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the possibility of using infrared thermography to estimate the onset of parturition in sows. Infrared camera (IRC) and infrared laser thermometer (IRT) were used to obtain the auricular skin temperature of sows along with rectal temperatures, from approximately one week before the anticipated farrowing until 24 h post-partum. Three commercial piglet producing farms were included in the study. RESULTS There were large variations in observed auricular skin temperature, both by IRC and IRT per time point. Graphical exploration of the observed auricular skin temperature measured by the two methods showed the same parallel patterns, although temperatures measured by IRC were higher at any time point compared to IRT. Auricular skin thermography revealed a clear increase in temperatures before farrowing. Statistical analyses, adjusting for differences between farms, sow activity and respiration rate, confirmed this increase. When controlling for these variables, and comparing the baseline temperatures to temperatures at farrowing, the difference was 3.9 and 4.1 °C measured with IRT and IRC, respectively. The greatest increase, of more than 2 °C, was found between 16 and 8 h and 8 to 4 h before farrowing. Rectal temperature increased by 0.5 °C in the same time interval and reached a temperature peak after farrowing. CONCLUSION Sows showed a more than 2 °C increase in auricular skin temperature, measured by either IRC or IRT, 8 to16 hours before the first piglet was born. Hence, monitoring auricular skin temperatures of sows using infrared thermography one week before expected farrowing may provide a baseline temperature for each sow from which a sudden rise is indicative of parturition in the following 8 to 16 h. This may lead to more efficient allocation of human assistance during farrowing time and thereby improve farrowing management and the welfare of sows and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Gulliksen
- grid.457522.30000 0004 0451 3284Norwegian Pig Health Service, Animalia AS, P.O. Box 396, Økern, Norway
| | - T. Framstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - C. Kielland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - M. A. Velazquez
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - M. M. Terøy
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - E. M. Helland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - R. H. Lyngstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - M. Oropeza-Moe
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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21
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Kaur U, Malacco VMR, Bai H, Price TP, Datta A, Xin L, Sen S, Nawrocki RA, Chiu G, Sundaram S, Min BC, Daniels KM, White RR, Donkin SS, Brito LF, Voyles RM. Invited review: integration of technologies and systems for precision animal agriculture-a case study on precision dairy farming. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad206. [PMID: 37335911 PMCID: PMC10370899 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming (PLF) offers a strategic solution to enhance the management capacity of large animal groups, while simultaneously improving profitability, efficiency, and minimizing environmental impacts associated with livestock production systems. Additionally, PLF contributes to optimizing the ability to manage and monitor animal welfare while providing solutions to global grand challenges posed by the growing demand for animal products and ensuring global food security. By enabling a return to the "per animal" approach by harnessing technological advancements, PLF enables cost-effective, individualized care for animals through enhanced monitoring and control capabilities within complex farming systems. Meeting the nutritional requirements of a global population exponentially approaching ten billion people will likely require the density of animal proteins for decades to come. The development and application of digital technologies are critical to facilitate the responsible and sustainable intensification of livestock production over the next several decades to maximize the potential benefits of PLF. Real-time continuous monitoring of each animal is expected to enable more precise and accurate tracking and management of health and well-being. Importantly, the digitalization of agriculture is expected to provide collateral benefits of ensuring auditability in value chains while assuaging concerns associated with labor shortages. Despite notable advances in PLF technology adoption, a number of critical concerns currently limit the viability of these state-of-the-art technologies. The potential benefits of PLF for livestock management systems which are enabled by autonomous continuous monitoring and environmental control can be rapidly enhanced through an Internet of Things approach to monitoring and (where appropriate) closed-loop management. In this paper, we analyze the multilayered network of sensors, actuators, communication, networking, and analytics currently used in PLF, focusing on dairy farming as an illustrative example. We explore the current state-of-the-art, identify key shortcomings, and propose potential solutions to bridge the gap between technology and animal agriculture. Additionally, we examine the potential implications of advancements in communication, robotics, and artificial intelligence on the health, security, and welfare of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder Kaur
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Victor M R Malacco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huiwen Bai
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tanner P Price
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Arunashish Datta
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Xin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shreyas Sen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert A Nawrocki
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - George Chiu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shreyas Sundaram
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Byung-Cheol Min
- Department of Computer and Information Technology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kristy M Daniels
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Robin R White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard M Voyles
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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22
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Bissonnette PB, Waterman JM, Petersen SD. The use of infrared thermography to noninvasively measure the surface temperature of polar bears during bouts of social play. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:38-44. [PMID: 35872605 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography or thermal imagery is a noninvasive tool that can be used to measure the temperature of surfaces. Typically, thermal imagery is used for construction or military purposes but is increasingly used as a noninvasive tool in wildlife studies. We investigated the use of thermal imagery to measure surface temperature changes as a proxy for energetic expenditure. We measured the surface temperature of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) eyes, while immobilized, to determine whether the eye is a thermal window that can accurately indicate internal temperature. We found a significant difference (2.68 ± 0.41°C) between the surface temperature of the eye measured with thermal imagery and the internal rectal temperature. Additionally, we measured surface temperature changes in polar bears after bouts of social play as a proxy for energy expenditure. Mean temperature of the eye increased by 1.34 ± 0.43°C after social play, indicating that this activity increased energy expenditure. During the fasting season, polar bears rely on fat stores, and any energy expenditure beyond what is required to travel may be costly to their survival, particularly in years of low resource availability. We conclude that thermal imagery is a useful tool to noninvasively investigate the energetics of social play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige B Bissonnette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jane M Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephen D Petersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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23
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Gómez-Prado J, Pereira AMF, Wang D, Villanueva-García D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Hernández A, Torres F, Mota-Rojas D. Thermoregulation mechanisms and perspectives for validating thermal windows in pigs with hypothermia and hyperthermia: An overview. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1023294. [PMID: 36532356 PMCID: PMC9751486 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1023294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anatomical characteristics make the porcine species especially sensitive to extreme temperature changes, predisposing them to pathologies and even death due to thermal stress. Interest in improving animal welfare and porcine productivity has led to the development of various lines of research that seek to understand the effect of certain environmental conditions on productivity and the impact of implementing strategies designed to mitigate adverse effects. The non-invasive infrared thermography technique is one of the tools most widely used to carry out these studies, based on detecting changes in microcirculation. However, evaluations using this tool require reliable thermal windows; this can be challenging because several factors can affect the sensitivity and specificity of the regions selected. This review discusses the thermal windows used with domestic pigs and the association of thermal changes in these regions with the thermoregulatory capacity of piglets and hogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Ramírez-Necoechea
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Astrid Hernández
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Torres
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Sanchez NCB, Dailey JW, Broadway PR, Davis EM, Bowen BM, Petry AL, Ballou MA, Hales KE, Carroll JA. A viable less-invasive alternative for continuous temperature measurement in weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Ultrasonography and Infrared Thermography as a Comparative Diagnostic Tool to Clinical Examination to Determine Udder Health in Sows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192713. [PMID: 36230454 PMCID: PMC9559467 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The udder health of sows is most important to raise healthy piglets. The aim of the study was to investigate a possible advantage of infrared thermography and ultrasonography over the clinical examination of the udder of sows. For this purpose, both clinically healthy sows with inconspicuous udders on palpation before and after birth (n = 35) and sows at the time of weaning (n = 107) were examined. Images of thermography and ultrasound revealed no pathological alterations in the clinically healthy sows. A physiological statistically significant increase in the udder surface temperature and the thickness of the parenchyma during the three weeks ante partum was observed. After weaning, abnormalities in the appearance of roundish nodules of the parenchyma were detected sonographically in 10.3% of the examined sows, while the demonstrated nodules were unrecognised clinically in two out of eleven sows. The changes could also be demonstrated thermographically because of a statistically significant lower surface temperature above the nodules compared to the remaining skin of the mammary gland. However, scratches on the udder skin showed similar temperature changes. Therefore, thermographic images without prior inspection of the udder can lead to misinterpretation. Abstract The aim of the study was to examine whether the use of infrared thermography and ultrasonography can complement or replace the clinical examination of the sows’ mammary glands for pathological alterations. Sows of different parities with inconspicuous udders on palpation before and after birth (n = 35) and sows at the time of weaning (n = 107) were examined. Thermal images were taken from both sides of the udder, while ultrasound pictures were taken from four sides of the respective mammary glands. Within three weeks before birth, a statistically significant increase in the average surface temperature of the glands of about 1.54 °C and of the thickness of the parenchyma of about 1.39 cm could be observed. After weaning, in 10.3% of the examined sows, roundish hyperechogenic nodules were detected sonographically in the glands´ parenchyma. The average skin temperature above the nodules was 1.24 °C lower compared to the total skin area of the altered complex. However, scratches on the udder skin showed similar temperature changes. In two sows, the nodules remained undetected during the clinical examination. Therefore, sonography seems to be superior compared to clinical and thermographic investigations, although it proved to be very time-consuming.
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26
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27
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Rosengart S, Chuppava B, Trost LS, Henne H, Tetens J, Traulsen I, Deermann A, Wendt M, Visscher C. Characteristics of thermal images of the mammary gland and of performance in sows differing in health status and parity. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920302. [PMID: 36118336 PMCID: PMC9480095 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming can combine sensors and complex data to provide a simple score of meaningful productivity, pig welfare, and farm sustainability, which are the main drivers of modern pig production. Examples include using infrared thermography to monitor the temperature of sows to detect the early stages of the disease. To take account of these drivers, we assigned 697 hybrid (BHZP db. Viktoria) sows to four parity groups. In addition, by pooling clinical findings from every sow and their piglets, sows were classified into three groups for the annotation: healthy, clinically suspicious, and diseased. Besides, the udder was thermographed, and performance data were documented. Results showed that the piglets of diseased sows with eighth or higher parity had the lowest daily weight gain [healthy; 192 g ± 31.2, clinically suspicious; 191 g ± 31.3, diseased; 148 g ± 50.3 (p < 0.05)] and the highest number of stillborn piglets (healthy; 2.2 ± 2.39, clinically suspicious; 2.0 ± 1.62, diseased; 3.91 ± 4.93). Moreover, all diseased sows showed higher maximal skin temperatures by infrared thermography of the udder (p < 0.05). Thus, thermography coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems can help identify and orient the diagnosis of symptomatic animals to prompt adequate reaction at the earliest time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rosengart
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lea-Sophie Trost
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Traulsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock Systems, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Visscher
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Morrone S, Dimauro C, Gambella F, Cappai MG. Industry 4.0 and Precision Livestock Farming (PLF): An up to Date Overview across Animal Productions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4319. [PMID: 35746102 PMCID: PMC9228240 DOI: 10.3390/s22124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Precision livestock farming (PLF) has spread to various countries worldwide since its inception in 2003, though it has yet to be widely adopted. Additionally, the advent of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) have enabled a continued advancement and development of PLF. This modern technological approach to animal farming and production encompasses ethical, economic and logistical aspects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of PLF and Industry 4.0, to identify current applications of this rather novel approach in different farming systems for food producing animals, and to present up to date knowledge on the subject. Current scientific literature regarding the spread and application of PLF and IoT shows how efficient farm animal management systems are destined to become. Everyday farming practices (feeding and production performance) coupled with continuous and real-time monitoring of animal parameters can have significant impacts on welfare and health assessment, which are current themes of public interest. In the context of feeding a rising global population, the agri-food industry and industry 4.0 technologies may represent key features for successful and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Corrado Dimauro
- Research Unit of Animal Breeding Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Filippo Gambella
- Research Unit of Agriculture Mechanics, Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Cappai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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29
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Lezama-García K, Mota-Rojas D, Martínez-Burnes J, Villanueva-García D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Gómez-Prado J, Mora-Medina P, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Soto P, Muns R. Strategies for Hypothermia Compensation in Altricial and Precocial Newborn Mammals and Their Monitoring by Infrared Thermography. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050246. [PMID: 35622774 PMCID: PMC9145389 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation in newborn mammals is an essential species-specific mechanism of the nervous system that contributes to their survival during the first hours and days of their life. When exposed to cold weather, which is a risk factor associated with mortality in neonates, pathways such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) are activated to achieve temperature control, increasing the circulating levels of catecholamine and cortisol. Consequently, alterations in blood circulation and mechanisms to produce or to retain heat (e.g., vasoconstriction, piloerection, shivering, brown adipocyte tissue activation, and huddling) begin to prevent hypothermia. This study aimed to discuss the mechanisms of thermoregulation in newborn domestic mammals, highlighting the differences between altricial and precocial species. The processes that employ brown adipocyte tissue, shivering, thermoregulatory behaviors, and dermal vasomotor control will be analyzed to understand the physiology and the importance of implementing techniques to promote thermoregulation and survival in the critical post-birth period of mammals. Also, infrared thermography as a helpful method to perform thermal measurements without animal interactions does not affect these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences [Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.G.-P.); (A.C.-A.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.G.-P.); (A.C.-A.); (P.S.)
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.G.-P.); (A.C.-A.); (P.S.)
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Department of Livestock Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.G.-P.); (A.C.-A.); (P.S.)
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Paola Soto
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.G.-P.); (A.C.-A.); (P.S.)
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK;
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Giannetto C, Acri G, Pennisi M, Piccione G, Arfuso F, Falcone A, Giudice E, Di Pietro S. Short Communication: Use of Infrared Thermometers for Cutaneous Temperature Recording: Agreement with the Rectal Temperature in Felis catus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101275. [PMID: 35625121 PMCID: PMC9137465 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The recording of body temperature by rectal temperature assessments is a stressful procedure for cats. For this purpose, alternative methods for using rectal digital thermometers to monitor body temperature were investigated. Skin temperature was recorded in 20 cats, in 5 different body regions, and compared with the rectal temperature. The obtained data indicated that the cutaneous temperature recorded by the infrared thermometers was not in agreement with the data recorded by the digital thermometer in the rectum. Abstract In veterinary medicine, the gold standard for assessing body temperature is rectal temperature assessment. Considering that this procedure is stressful for many species, in particular for cats, it could be clinically important to consider an alternative approach for the monitoring of core body temperature. The aim of this study was to test if cutaneous temperature measurements by means of different infrared thermometers are in agreement with the most commonly used method for body temperature measurement in cats. The cutaneous temperature was recorded in the jugular, shoulder, rib, flank, and inner thigh, using three different non-contact infrared thermometers (IR1, IR2, and IR3) in 20 cats. The cutaneous temperature was then compared to the rectal temperature, recorded by means of a digital thermometer. The obtained data indicated that the cutaneous temperature recorded by the infrared thermometers was not in agreement with the data recorded by the digital thermometer in the rectum. In cats, the use of non-contact infrared thermometers gave no reproducible or constant data to justify their application for the recording of body temperature instead of rectal temperature recording. In addition, the infrared temperature measurement devices generated results that were not in good agreement among themselves, providing a novel result of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Melissa Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Annastella Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.P.); (G.P.); (F.A.); (A.F.); (E.G.); (S.D.P.)
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Thermal and Circulatory Changes in Diverse Body Regions in Dogs and Cats Evaluated by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060789. [PMID: 35327185 PMCID: PMC8944468 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been proposed as a method for clinical research to detect local inflammatory processes, wounds, neoplasms, pain, and neuropathies. However, evidence of the effectiveness of the thermal windows used in dogs and cats is discrepant. This review aims to analyze and discuss the usefulness of IRT in diverse body regions in household animals (pets) related to recent scientific evidence on the use of the facial, body, and appendicular thermal windows. IRT is a diagnostic method that evaluates thermal and circulatory changes under different clinical conditions. For the face, structures such as the lacrimal caruncle, ocular area, and pinna are sensitive to assessments of stress degrees, but only the ocular window has been validated in felines. The usefulness of body and appendicular thermal windows has not been conclusively demonstrated because evidence indicates that biological and environmental factors may strongly influence thermal responses in those body regions. The above has led to proposals to evaluate specific muscles that receive high circulation, such as the bicepsfemoris and gracilis. The neck area, perivulvar, and perianal regions may also prove to be useful thermal windows, but their degree of statistical reliability must be established. In conclusion, IRT is a non-invasive technique that can be used to diagnose inflammatory and neoplastic conditions early. However, additional research is required to establish the sensitivity and specificity of these thermal windows and validate their clinical use in dogs and cats.
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Applications of Smart Technology as a Sustainable Strategy in Modern Swine Farming. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The size of the pork market is increasing globally to meet the demand for animal protein, resulting in greater farm size for swine and creating a great challenge to swine farmers and industry owners in monitoring the farm activities and the health and behavior of the herd of swine. In addition, the growth of swine production is resulting in a changing climate pattern along with the environment, animal welfare, and human health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonosis, etc. The profit of swine farms depends on the optimum growth and good health of swine, while modern farming practices can ensure healthy swine production. To solve these issues, a future strategy should be considered with information and communication technology (ICT)-based smart swine farming, considering auto-identification, remote monitoring, feeding behavior, animal rights/welfare, zoonotic diseases, nutrition and food quality, labor management, farm operations, etc., with a view to improving meat production from the swine industry. Presently, swine farming is not only focused on the development of infrastructure but is also occupied with the application of technological knowledge for designing feeding programs, monitoring health and welfare, and the reproduction of the herd. ICT-based smart technologies, including smart ear tags, smart sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), deep learning, big data, and robotics systems, can take part directly in the operation of farm activities, and have been proven to be effective tools for collecting, processing, and analyzing data from farms. In this review, which considers the beneficial role of smart technologies in swine farming, we suggest that smart technologies should be applied in the swine industry. Thus, the future swine industry should be automated, considering sustainability and productivity.
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Zheng S, Zhou C, Jiang X, Huang J, Xu D. Progress on Infrared Imaging Technology in Animal Production: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030705. [PMID: 35161450 PMCID: PMC8839879 DOI: 10.3390/s22030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) imaging technology, as a convenient, efficient, and contactless temperature measurement technology, has been widely applied to animal production. In this review, we systematically summarized the principles and influencing parameters of IRT imaging technology. In addition, we also summed up recent advances of IRT imaging technology in monitoring the temperature of animal surfaces and core anatomical areas, diagnosing early disease and inflammation, monitoring animal stress levels, identifying estrus and ovulation, and diagnosing pregnancy and animal welfare. Finally, we made prospective forecast for future research directions, offering more theoretical references for related research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changfan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Agricultural Development Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Schollemann F, Kunczik J, Dohmeier H, Pereira CB, Follmann A, Czaplik M. Infection Probability Index: Implementation of an Automated Chronic Wound Infection Marker. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010169. [PMID: 35011910 PMCID: PMC8745914 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people suffering from chronic wounds is increasing due to demographic changes and the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Innovative imaging techniques within the field of chronic wound diagnostics are required to improve wound care by predicting and detecting wound infections to accelerate the application of treatments. For this reason, the infection probability index (IPI) is introduced as a novel infection marker based on thermal wound imaging. To improve usability, the IPI was implemented to automate scoring. Visual and thermal image pairs of 60 wounds were acquired to test the implemented algorithms on clinical data. The proposed process consists of (1) determining various parameters of the IPI based on medical hypotheses, (2) acquiring data, (3) extracting camera distortions using camera calibration, and (4) preprocessing and (5) automating segmentation of the wound to calculate (6) the IPI. Wound segmentation is reviewed by user input, whereas the segmented area can be refined manually. Furthermore, in addition to proof of concept, IPIs’ correlation with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as a clinical infection marker was evaluated. Based on average CRP levels, the patients were clustered into two groups, on the basis of the separation value of an averaged CRP level of 100. We calculated the IPIs of the 60 wound images based on automated wound segmentation. Average runtime was less than a minute. In the group with lower average CRP, a correlation between IPI and CRP was evident.
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Efficacy and Function of Feathers, Hair, and Glabrous Skin in the Thermoregulation Strategies of Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123472. [PMID: 34944249 PMCID: PMC8697956 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animals adopt several strategies to regulate their body temperature by promoting heat loss or gain in hot and cold environments, respectively. This mechanism of heat loss or production is performed in thermal windows. A thermal window is a structure where many blood capillaries facilitate thermal exchange in this region. The presence of feathers, hair, or glabrous (hairless) skin and their structural characteristics greatly influence each species’ capacity to maintain thermal comfort. This factor needs to be considered when implementing new monitoring or measuring techniques such as infrared thermography since interpretations may vary due to the presence or absence of these structures. It is essential to recognize the effects of glabrous skin, hair, and feathers on thermoregulation to identify species-specific thermal windows that allow accurate evaluations of the thermal state of domestic animals. Abstract The objective of this review is to describe and analyze the effect of feathers, hair, and glabrous (hairless) skin on the thermoregulation of domestic and endotherm animals, especially concerning the uses and scope of infrared thermography (IRT), scientific findings on heat and cold stress, and differences among species of domestic animals. Clinical medicine considers thermoregulation a mechanism that allows animals to adapt to varying thermal environmental conditions, a process in which the presence of feathers, hair, or glabrous skin influences heat loss or heat retention, respectively, under hot and cold environmental conditions. Evaluating body temperature provides vital information on an individual’s physiological state and health status since variations in euthermia maintenance in vertebrates reflect a significant cellular metabolism deviation that needs to be assessed and quantified. IRT is a non-invasive tool for evaluating thermal responses under thermal stress conditions in animals, where the presence or absence of feathers, hair, and glabrous skin can affect readings and the differences detected. Therefore, anatomical regions, the characteristics of feathers, hair, glabrous skin such as structure, length, color, and extension, and strategies for dissipating or retaining heat together constitute a broad area of opportunity for future research into the phenomena of dermal thermoregulation in domestic species.
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Editorial: Advances in thermal imaging. J Therm Biol 2021; 102:103109. [PMID: 34863474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li YS, San Andres JV, Trenhaile-Grannemann MD, van Sambeek DM, Moore KC, Winkel SM, Fernando SC, Burkey TE, Miller PS. Effects of mannan oligosaccharides and Lactobacillus mucosae on growth performance, immune response, and gut health of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6456512. [PMID: 34879142 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of pre- and probiotics may confer growth and health benefits when added to the diet of pigs. To determine the effects of feeding mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and Lactobacillus mucosae (LM) as prebiotic and probiotic sources in weanling pigs under immune challenge, 96 weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 16 experimental pens within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Control diets with or without 0.1% yeast-derived MOS were randomly assigned to pens and 109 cfu/pig LM broth or a control broth were top-dressed daily. Pigs were fed one of four dietary treatments (control, MOS, LM, and MOS+LM) in Phases I and II (days 0 to 7 and days 7 to 21 postweaning, respectively) and a common diet during Phase III (days 21 to 35 postweaning). On day 14, all pigs were challenged with 100 µg/kg body weight (BW) Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via intraperitonial injection. Feed disappearance and pig BW were measured weekly. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly, and additional blood samples were collected on days 1 and 3 post-LPS challenge. On days 15 and 21, one pig per pen was euthanized for collection of ileal mucosa and duodenal and ileal tissue samples. From days 0 to 14, feeding LM decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; P < 0.05). An interaction between LM and MOS was observed for G:F on days 14 to 21 (P < 0.05); G:F in LM (715 g/kg) was greater compared with MOS+LM (P < 0.05; 600 g/kg) and control (P < 0.10; 615 g/kg), but was not different (P > 0.10) from MOS (674 g/kg). After pigs were fed a common diet (days 21 to 35), G:F was decreased (P < 0.05) in the LM treatment groups. Pigs fed diets that included MOS had increased serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G on days 1 and 3 post-LPS challenge and 2 wk after removal of treatments (P < 0.05) and on days 14 and 21 postweaning (P < 0.10) compared with pigs fed diets without MOS. On day 15, mucosal immunoglobulin G was increased (P < 0.05) in control vs. MOS and LM groups. Circulating IL-1β in control and MOS+LM pigs increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 post-LPS challenge but did not change (P > 0.10) in MOS and LM groups. On day 15, pigs fed LM had decreased (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth compared with pigs fed the control diet. On day 21, fecal propionate and butyrate tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in pigs fed MOS vs. control and MOS+LM diet. These preliminary findings suggest that feeding LM alone improved feed efficiency and ileal morphological structure during the first week of LPS challenge; additionally, feeding LM and MOS may have beneficial effects relative to immune biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Joice V San Andres
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | | | | | - Kelly C Moore
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Shana M Winkel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Phillip S Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Dynamic Variations in Infrared Skin Temperature of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with the African Swine Fever Virus: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100223. [PMID: 34679053 PMCID: PMC8541399 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease in pigs and is therefore economically important for the swine industry. ASF is characterized by a short incubation period and immediate death, making the early identification of ASF-infected pigs essential. This pilot-scale study evaluates whether the infrared thermography (IRT) technique can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect changes in skin temperature (Tsk) during the early stages of disease development in experimentally ASF-infected pigs. Clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures (Tcore) were recorded daily, and IRT readings during the experimental ASF infection were analyzed. All infected pigs died at 5–8 days post inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was approximately 4 dpi. The average Tcore increased from 0 dpi (38.9 ± 0.3 °C) to 7 dpi (41.0 ± 0.5 °C) and decreased by 8 dpi (39.8 ± 0 °C). The maximum Tsk of ASF-infected pigs increased from 2 (35.0 °C) to 3 dpi (38.5 °C). The mean maximum Tsk observed from three regions on the skin (ear, inguinal, and neck) significantly increased from 2 to 3 dpi. This study presents a non-contact method for the early detection of ASF in infected pigs using thermal imaging at 3 days after ASF infection.
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Gelasakis AI, Kalogianni AI, Moschovas M, Tsimpouri E, Pnevmatikos T, Bossis I, Arsenos G, Simitzis P. Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Footrot and White Line Disease Lesions in Dairy Sheep. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100219. [PMID: 34679049 PMCID: PMC8541259 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate temperature distribution at the sheep hoof and evaluate the reliability and diagnostic performance of infrared thermography (IRT) for the detection of footrot and white line disease (WLD) lesions in intensively reared dairy sheep. Hoof lesions were clinically assessed, and IRT was used to measure temperature distribution on hoof superficial tissue in 600 multiparous ewes. Binary regression models were developed and validated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were estimated to assess the predictive value and diagnostic performance of IRT for the detection of hoof lesions. The most sensitive prediction model for the detection of IFR was based on the difference between ambient and hoof heel temperature (sensitivity: 83.3%, specificity: 47.8%, and threshold value: 6.5 °C), whereas the most specific prediction model was based on the difference between ambient and coronary band temperature (sensitivity: 51.9%, specificity: 79.7%, and threshold value: 11.3 °C). In the case of WLD, the diagnostic performance of IRT had limited predictive value. IRT could be a useful tool for hoof health screening in dairy sheep. However, it must be cautiously adapted in cases where environmental, operating, and operator variables are not effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +003-021-0529-4387
| | - Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Marios Moschovas
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Eirini Tsimpouri
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Theodoros Pnevmatikos
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.I.K.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Simitzis
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
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Mirkov M, Radović I, Cincović M, Horvatović MP, Dragin S. The influence of hypothermia prevention by application of skin moisture absorbent on the value of body temperature, body weight and blood parameters in piglets. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reducing the mortality rate is of a great economic importance for pig farming. Therefore, it is necessary to define the conditions in the farrowing unit based on the performance of the piglets, and specific hematological and biochemical parameters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the importance of using skin moisture absorbent and its influence in preventing hypothermia, which causes great economic losses in pig production. The experiment was set up on a commercial farm in Serbia and included 92 pigs divided into the experimental and control group. Body temperature values, body weight and blood parameters were monitored. The obtained values indicate that there is a significantly positive correlation of body temperature change and body weight values, and body temperature showed a significantly higher increase in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results obtained from hematological and biochemical parameters provide a clearer picture of the metabolic processes in piglets in the farrowing unit and can be used to further improve pig production and as a complement to genetic enhancement.
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Mota-Rojas D, Wang D, Titto CG, Gómez-Prado J, Carvajal-de la Fuente V, Ghezzi M, Boscato-Funes L, Barrios-García H, Torres-Bernal F, Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J. Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2316. [PMID: 34438772 PMCID: PMC8388492 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina;
| | - Luciano Boscato-Funes
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Hugo Barrios-García
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Torres-Bernal
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
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Tzanidakis C, Simitzis P, Arvanitis K, Panagakis P. An overview of the current trends in precision pig farming technologies. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Vande Pol KD, Tolosa AF, Bautista RO, Willard NC, Gates RS, Shull CM, Brown CB, Alencar SAS, Lents CA, Ellis M. Effects of drying and providing supplemental oxygen to piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab095. [PMID: 34278236 PMCID: PMC8280916 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal piglets can experience both a decrease in body temperature and hypoxia, increasing risks for pre-weaning mortality. This research evaluated the effects of drying and providing supplemental oxygen to newborn piglets on rectal temperature (RT) over the first 24 h after birth. The study used a CRD with three Intervention Treatments (IT; applied at birth): Control (no intervention), Drying (dried using a desiccant), Oxygen [dried using a desiccant and placed in a chamber (at 40% oxygen concentration) for 20 min]. A total of 42 litters (485 piglets) were randomly allotted to treatments at the start of farrowing. At birth, each piglet was given a numbered ear tag, weighed, and the treatment was applied; RT was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood was collected from one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter at 24 h after birth to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of IT on piglet RT at 0 or 1440 min after birth. Between 20 and 60 min after birth, piglet RT was lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Control than the Drying treatment, with the Oxygen treatment being intermediate and different (P ≤ 0.05) from the other two IT. The effect of piglet birth weight on responses to IT were evaluated by classifying piglets into Birth Weight Categories (BWC): Light (<1.0 kg), Medium (1.0 to 1.5 kg), or Heavy (>1.5 kg). There were IT by BWC interactions (P ≤ 0.05) for piglet RT at all measurement times between 20 and 120 min after birth. Relative to the Control, the effects of the Drying and Oxygen treatments on RT were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for Light than heavier piglets. Plasma immunocrit concentrations tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for piglets on the Control treatment compared to the other two IT and were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for Light than Heavy piglets, with Medium piglets being intermediate and different (P ≤ 0.05) to the other BWC. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth reduced the extent and duration of RT decline in piglets in the early postnatal period compared to undried piglets, especially for those of low birth weight. However, the combination of drying and placing piglets in an oxygen-rich environment provided no additional benefit over drying alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Vande Pol
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andres F Tolosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Raphael O Bautista
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Naomi C Willard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Richard S Gates
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan A S Alencar
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070–900, Brazil
| | - Clay A Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Michael Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Proios I, Kusenda M, Seiler C, Siewert C, Seifert H, Kaske M. Postoperative wound assessment in cattle: How reliable is the back hand palpation? Ir Vet J 2021; 74:16. [PMID: 34134768 PMCID: PMC8207616 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of clinical wound assessment in bovine surgery, discrepancies in skin temperature are evaluated by placing the back of the hand on the area to be examined. Generally, an increased skin temperature at the wound site for a prolonged period is considered as an indicator of impaired wound healing. The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of palpation under bovine practice conditions using laparotomy as an example. Fourteen cows (German Holstein) with a left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) without other severe concurrent diseases were examined preoperatively and once daily for ten days after surgery. The skin temperature of the wound site in the right flank was assessed by palpation, followed by thermographic evaluation using an infrared camera after a 45-min acclimatisation period, under standardised conditions in a closed examination room daily for 10 days. Results All the incisions healed without clinical detectable perturbances. The ambient temperature range during the study period was 7.8 − 24.1 °C. Two groups were retrospectively defined according to the ambient temperature: high ambient temperature (HT group; median: 20.2 °C 25/75 quartile: 18.5 °C / 21.7 °C; n = 6) and low ambient temperature (LT group; 10.8 °C; 9.4 °C / 12.8 °C; n = 8). The temperature differences (Δϑ) between the mean skin temperature of the wound site and a defined reference area cranial to the wound were assessed. A significant negative correlation was found between the ambient temperature (ϑAmb) and Δϑ (r=-0.51; P < 0.001). The Δϑ was postoperatively higher in the cows in the LT group (median of the individual animals 0.8–2.5 °C) than in the HT group (0.1–0.5 °C; P < 0.05). In contrast to the thermographic findings, manual palpation rarely detected local hyperthermia (> 1 °C) at the wound site (sensitivity 0.20; specificity 0.96). Conclusions The infrared thermography provides a more reliable assessment of temperature changes at the wound site in comparison to manual palpation. The ambient temperature markedly affects the extent of local hyperthermia at the wound site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Proios
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marian Kusenda
- Nord-Ostsee Tierärzte, Veterinary Practice, Schafflund, Germany
| | - Christian Seiler
- Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Siewert
- Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Seifert
- Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Kaske
- Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cook NJ, Chabot B, Liu T, Froehlich D, Juàrez M. Radiated temperature of weaned piglets and the response to in-feed antibiotics with correction for ambient conditions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth performance, health status, and the radiated thermal temperatures of groups of piglets consuming non-medicated feed and in-feed antibiotics (chlortetracycline hydrochloride and tiamulin) were monitored continuously for up to 35 d, from weaning at 28 d of age until moving to commercial pens at approximately 63 d of age. There was a trend (P = 0.1) for body weight at the time of moving to be higher for the medicated animals. The average daily gain was higher in medicated piglets (P = 0.03). Radiated temperature variables were the maximum (Tmax) and the average (Tmean) pig temperatures, and both were higher for the medicated piglets (P < 0.0001). A threshold temperature was derived to partition the image and derive the background radiated temperature that was used to obtain the expected radiated temperature of the pigs. Temperature data were adjusted for environmental effects by expressing the residual temperature. The residual for Tmax (TmaxRes) and for Tmean (TmeanRes) were higher in medicated piglets (P < 0.0001). In-feed antibiotics were associated with increased growth rates and with an increase in radiated temperature variables, particularly those corrected for environmental conditions, possibly mediated through increased metabolic activity related to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J. Cook
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Brady Chabot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Tong Liu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Denise Froehlich
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Manuel Juàrez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
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Racewicz P, Ludwiczak A, Skrzypczak E, Składanowska-Baryza J, Biesiada H, Nowak T, Nowaczewski S, Zaborowicz M, Stanisz M, Ślósarz P. Welfare Health and Productivity in Commercial Pig Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1176. [PMID: 33924224 PMCID: PMC8074599 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been very dynamic changes in both pork production and pig breeding technology around the world. The general trend of increasing the efficiency of pig production, with reduced employment, requires optimisation and a comprehensive approach to herd management. One of the most important elements on the way to achieving this goal is to maintain animal welfare and health. The health of the pigs on the farm is also a key aspect in production economics. The need to maintain a high health status of pig herds by eliminating the frequency of different disease units and reducing the need for antimicrobial substances is part of a broadly understood high potential herd management strategy. Thanks to the use of sensors (cameras, microphones, accelerometers, or radio-frequency identification transponders), the images, sounds, movements, and vital signs of animals are combined through algorithms and analysed for non-invasive monitoring of animals, which allows for early detection of diseases, improves their welfare, and increases the productivity of breeding. Automated, innovative early warning systems based on continuous monitoring of specific physiological (e.g., body temperature) and behavioural parameters can provide an alternative to direct diagnosis and visual assessment by the veterinarian or the herd keeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Racewicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Protection, Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Ewa Skrzypczak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Joanna Składanowska-Baryza
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Hanna Biesiada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Protection, Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Nowaczewski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Maciej Zaborowicz
- Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Stanisz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
| | - Piotr Ślósarz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland; (A.L.); (E.S.); (J.S.-B.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (P.Ś.)
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Suitability of Different Thermometers for Measuring Body Core and Skin Temperatures in Suckling Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041004. [PMID: 33918530 PMCID: PMC8067076 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary After birth, piglets’ temperatures usually drop some degrees because of low ambient temperatures in the stable. Piglets have no ability to increase their body temperatures during their first days of life, which can cause health issues if piglets are not appropriately cared for. Monitoring temperatures can, therefore, contribute to reducing impaired wellbeing and unnecessary losses. The most common method for assessing core temperatures is measuring rectally with a digital thermometer. This, however, takes time and requires securing of the animal, which is stressful. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether other thermometers or thermometric devices, such as an infrared camera, can deliver results similar to the digital thermometer. For the measurements in newborn piglets, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, and infrared laser thermometers were used, as it was assumed that these would deliver results fast and cause little distress in piglets. The results were compared to rectally measured temperatures and it was found that the temperatures measured in-ear correspond to a great extent to rectal temperatures and show little variation between measurements, while the other used devices can only give a rough estimate of the actual core temperatures. Abstract Monitoring the temperature of piglets after birth is critical to ensure their well-being. Rectal temperature measurement is time-consuming, requires fixation of the animal and is stressful for piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermometry and thermography as compared to rectal temperatures. We investigated digital thermometers for rectal measurements, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, infrared laser thermometers and an infrared camera during field trials with piglets aged 1–13 days. Temperatures differed between the left and right ear and ear base (p < 0.01), but not between temples. Three forehead and laser devices yielded different temperatures (p < 0.01). Temperatures assessed with a laser thermometer decreased with distance from the target (p < 0.01). The highest correlation observed was between the rectal and tympanic temperatures (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). For temperatures assessed with the camera, inner thigh and abdomen correlated most closely to core temperature (0.60 ≤ r ≤ 0.62; p < 0.01). Results indicate that infrared ear thermometry commonly used in humans is also suited for assessing temperature in piglets. The inner thigh and abdomen seem promising locations for estimating core temperature with an infrared camera, but this approach needs to be adapted to reduce time exposure and stress for the piglets to be used under practical conditions.
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Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu T, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yuan F, Yang X, Xu S, Meng Y. Accurate detection method of pig's temperature based on non‐point source thermal infrared image. CAAI TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1049/cit2.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zaiqin Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Livestock Equipment Engineering in Southwest for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Chongqing402460 China
- College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Hao Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Livestock Equipment Engineering in Southwest for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Chongqing402460 China
| | - Tonghai Liu
- College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Department of Scientific Research Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Hang Zhang
- College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Feiyan Yuan
- College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Computer and Information Engineering Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
| | - Shunlai Xu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Livestock Equipment Engineering in Southwest for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Chongqing402460 China
| | - Yuhuan Meng
- Department of Scientific Research Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin300384 China
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Playà‐Montmany N, Tattersall GJ. Spot size, distance and emissivity errors in field applications of infrared thermography. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Playà‐Montmany
- Conservation Biology Research Group Área de Zoología Universidad de Extremadura Badajoz Spain
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An Anatomical Thermal 3D Model in Preclinical Research: Combining CT and Thermal Images. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041200. [PMID: 33572091 PMCID: PMC7915503 DOI: 10.3390/s21041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Even though animal trials are a controversial topic, they provide knowledge about diseases and the course of infections in a medical context. To refine the detection of abnormalities that can cause pain and stress to the animal as early as possible, new processes must be developed. Due to its noninvasive nature, thermal imaging is increasingly used for severity assessment in animal-based research. Within a multimodal approach, thermal images combined with anatomical information could be used to simulate the inner temperature profile, thereby allowing the detection of deep-seated infections. This paper presents the generation of anatomical thermal 3D models, forming the underlying multimodal model in this simulation. These models combine anatomical 3D information based on computed tomography (CT) data with a registered thermal shell measured with infrared thermography. The process of generating these models consists of data acquisition (both thermal images and CT), camera calibration, image processing methods, and structure from motion (SfM), among others. Anatomical thermal 3D models were successfully generated using three anesthetized mice. Due to the image processing improvement, the process was also realized for areas with few features, which increases the transferability of the process. The result of this multimodal registration in 3D space can be viewed and analyzed within a visualization tool. Individual CT slices can be analyzed axially, sagittally, and coronally with the corresponding superficial skin temperature distribution. This is an important and successfully implemented milestone on the way to simulating the internal temperature profile. Using this temperature profile, deep-seated infections and inflammation can be detected in order to reduce animal suffering.
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