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Braga VL, Tamanini JVG, Gama SM, Fraiman PHA, Silva TYT, Santos-Neto D, Barsottini OGP, Pedroso JL. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Okinawa type mimicking proximal myopathy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 239:108213. [PMID: 38479034 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P), or, Okinawa type, is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by proximal dominant neurogenic atrophy and distal sensory alterations with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. We present a case of a Brazilian woman of Okinawan ancestry, with symmetrical proximal weakness, fasciculations, absent patellar reflexes and positive familial history for the same symptoms. These findings led to genetic testing, which identified a variant in the TFG gene (c.854 C>T;p.(Pro285Leu), confirming the diagnosis of HMSN-P. HMSN-P seemed to be restricted to populations in Okinawa, however, other HMSN-P cases were described in several parts of the world, especially in South America. This case report emphasizes the importance of considering HMSN-P in patients presenting with clinical features resembling proximal myopathy, especially in individuals with Okinawan ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Lopes Braga
- Departament of Neurology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Sofia Monaco Gama
- Departament of Neurology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Denizart Santos-Neto
- Departament of Neurology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Departament of Neurology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Xu L, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhang R, Zhao D, Yun Y, Liu F, Zhao Y, Yan C, Lin P. Novel TFG mutation causes autosomal-dominant spastic paraplegia and defects in autophagy. J Med Genet 2024; 61:325-331. [PMID: 37890998 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the tropomyosin receptor kinase fused (TFG) gene are associated with various neurological disorders, including autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), autosomal dominant hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P) and autosomal dominant type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2. METHODS Whole genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing were used, followed by Sanger sequencing for validation. Haplotype analysis was performed to confirm the inheritance mode of the novel TFG mutation in a large Chinese family with HSP. Additionally, another family diagnosed with HMSN-P and carrying the reported TFG mutation was studied. Clinical data and muscle pathology comparisons were drawn between patients with HSP and patients with HMSN-P. Furthermore, functional studies using skin fibroblasts derived from patients with HSP and patients with HMSN-P were conducted to investigate the pathomechanisms of TFG mutations. RESULTS A novel heterozygous TFG variant (NM_006070.6: c.125G>A (p.R42Q)) was identified and caused pure HSP. We further confirmed that the well-documented recessively inherited spastic paraplegia, caused by homozygous TFG mutations, exists in a dominantly inherited form. Although the clinical features and muscle pathology between patients with HSP and patients with HMSN-P were distinct, skin fibroblasts derived from both patient groups exhibited reduced levels of autophagy-related proteins and the presence of TFG-positive puncta. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that autophagy impairment may serve as a common pathomechanism among different clinical phenotypes caused by TFG mutations. Consequently, targeting autophagy may facilitate the development of a uniform treatment for TFG-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan Yun
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Department of Neurology and Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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3
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Pacesa M, Pelea O, Jinek M. Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies. Cell 2024; 187:1076-1100. [PMID: 38428389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing has been a transformative force in the life sciences and human medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities to dissect complex biological processes and treat the underlying causes of many genetic diseases. CRISPR-based technologies, with their remarkable efficiency and easy programmability, stand at the forefront of this revolution. In this Review, we discuss the current state of CRISPR gene editing technologies in both research and therapy, highlighting limitations that constrain them and the technological innovations that have been developed in recent years to address them. Additionally, we examine and summarize the current landscape of gene editing applications in the context of human health and therapeutics. Finally, we outline potential future developments that could shape gene editing technologies and their applications in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pacesa
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oana Pelea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jinek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Higuchi Y, Takashima H. Clinical genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:199-214. [PMID: 35304567 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in the field of inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease has helped identify the causative genes provided better understanding of the pathogenesis, and unraveled potential novel therapeutic targets. Several reports have described the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, molecular pathogenesis, and novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan. Based on the functions of the causative genes identified so far, the following molecular and cellular mechanisms are believed to be involved in the causation of CMTs/IPNs: myelin assembly, cytoskeletal structure, myelin-specific transcription factor, nuclear related, endosomal sorting and cell signaling, proteasome and protein aggregation, mitochondria-related, motor proteins and axonal transport, tRNA synthetases and RNA metabolism, and ion channel-related mechanisms. In this article, we review the epidemiology, genetic diagnosis, and clinicogenetic characteristics of CMT in Japan. In addition, we discuss the newly identified novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan, namely MME and COA7. Identification of the new causes of CMT will facilitate in-depth characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CMT, leading to the establishment of therapeutic approaches such as drug development and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Peotter JL, Pustova I, Lettman MM, Shatadal S, Bradberry MM, Winter-Reed AD, Charan M, Sharkey EE, Alvin JR, Bren AM, Oie AK, Chapman ER, Salamat MS, Audhya A. TFG regulates secretory and endosomal sorting pathways in neurons to promote their activity and maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210649119. [PMID: 36161950 PMCID: PMC9546632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210649119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathways that intrinsically regulate neuronal maintenance are poorly understood, but rare pathogenic mutations that underlie neurodegenerative disease can offer important insights into the mechanisms that facilitate lifelong neuronal function. Here, we leverage a rat model to demonstrate directly that the TFG p.R106C variant implicated previously in complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) underlies progressive spastic paraparesis with accompanying ventriculomegaly and thinning of the corpus callosum, consistent with disease phenotypes identified in adolescent patients. Analyses of primary cortical neurons obtained from CRISPR-Cas9-edited animals reveal a kinetic delay in biosynthetic secretory protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in agreement with prior induced pluripotent stem cell-based studies. Moreover, we identify an unexpected role for TFG in the trafficking of Rab4A-positive recycling endosomes specifically within axons and dendrites. Impaired TFG function compromises the transport of at least a subset of endosomal cargoes, which we show results in down-regulated inhibitory receptor signaling that may contribute to excitation-inhibition imbalances. In contrast, the morphology and trafficking of other organelles, including mitochondria and lysosomes, are unaffected by the TFG p.R106C mutation. Our findings demonstrate a multifaceted role for TFG in secretory and endosomal protein sorting that is unique to cells of the central nervous system and highlight the importance of these pathways to maintenance of corticospinal tract motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Peotter
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Iryna Pustova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Molly M. Lettman
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Shalini Shatadal
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mazdak M. Bradberry
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Allison D. Winter-Reed
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Maya Charan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erin E. Sharkey
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - James R. Alvin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Alyssa M. Bren
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Annika K. Oie
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Edwin R. Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
- HHMI, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - M. Shahriar Salamat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Anjon Audhya
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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Chen X, Liu F, Chen K, Wang Y, Yin A, Kang X, Yang S, Zhao H, Dong S, Li Y, Chen J, Wu Y. TFG mutation induces haploinsufficiency and drives axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease by causing neurite degeneration. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2076-2089. [PMID: 35986567 PMCID: PMC9627391 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS TFG-related axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a late-onset, autosomal dominant, hereditary motor, and sensory neuropathy characterized by slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of the distal muscles. The objective of this study was to determine the common pathogenic mechanism of TFG-related CMT type 2 (CMT2) caused by different mutations and establish a direct association between TFG haploinsufficiency and neurodegeneration. METHODS Three individuals carrying the TFG p.G269V mutation but with varying disease durations were studied. The effect of the p.G269V mutation was confirmed by analyzing protein samples extracted from the blood of two individuals. The functional consequences of both CMT2 mutant gene products were evaluated in vitro. The effect of TFG deficiency in the nervous system was examined using zebrafish models and cultured mouse neurons. RESULTS Overexpression of p.G269V TFG failed to enhance soluble TFG levels by generating insoluble TFG aggregates. TFG deficiency disrupted neurite outgrowth and induced neuronal apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro and further impaired locomotor capacity in zebrafish, which was consistent with the phenotype in patients. Wnt signaling was activated as a protective factor in response to TFG deficiency. CONCLUSION CMT2-related TFG mutation induces TFG haploinsufficiency within cells and drives disease by causing progressive neurite degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic GeneticsAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic GeneticsAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina,Medical GeneticsYan'an UniversityYan'anChina
| | - Anan Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Plastic surgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing HospitalAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiaowei Kang
- Department of radiologyXi'an people's hospital (Xi'an fourth hospital)Xi'anChina
| | - Shanming Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hanwen Zhao
- Student BrigadeAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Songqi Dong
- Student BrigadeAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic MedicineAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic GeneticsAir Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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7
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Involvement of neuronal and muscular Trk-fused gene (TFG) defects in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1966. [PMID: 35121777 PMCID: PMC8816932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trk-fused gene (TFG) mutations have been identified in patients with several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we attempted to clarify the effects of TFG deletions in motor neurons and in muscle fibers, using tissue-specific TFG knockout (vMNTFG KO and MUSTFG KO) mice. vMNTFG KO, generated by crossing TFG floxed with VAChT-Cre, showed deterioration of motor function and muscle atrophy especially in slow-twitch soleus muscle, in line with the predominant Cre expression in slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S) and fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (FR) motor neurons. Consistently, denervation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) was apparent in the soleus, but not in the extensor digitorum longus, muscle. Muscle TFG expressions were significantly downregulated in vMNTFG KO, presumably due to decreased muscle IGF-1 concentrations. However, interestingly, MUSTFG KO mice showed no apparent impairment of muscle movements, though a denervation marker, AChRγ, was elevated and Agrin-induced AChR clustering in C2C12 myotubes was inhibited. Our results clarify that loss of motor neuron TFG is sufficient for the occurrence of NMJ degeneration and muscle atrophy, though lack of muscle TFG may exert an additional effect. Reduced muscle TFG, also observed in aged mice, might be involved in age-related NMJ degeneration, and this issue merits further study.
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8
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Imamura K, Yada Y, Izumi Y, Morita M, Kawata A, Arisato T, Nagahashi A, Enami T, Tsukita K, Kawakami H, Nakagawa M, Takahashi R, Inoue H. Prediction Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Deep Learning with Patient Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:1226-1233. [PMID: 33565152 PMCID: PMC8247989 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), early diagnosis is essential for both current and potential treatments. To find a supportive approach for the diagnosis, we constructed an artificial intelligence‐based prediction model of ALS using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Images of spinal motor neurons derived from healthy control subject and ALS patient iPSCs were analyzed by a convolutional neural network, and the algorithm achieved an area under the curve of 0.97 for classifying healthy control and ALS. This prediction model by deep learning algorithm with iPSC technology could support the diagnosis and may provide proactive treatment of ALS through future prospective research. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1226–1233
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Imamura
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Morita
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawata
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayo Arisato
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyusyu Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagahashi
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Enami
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tsukita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Karagiannis P, Inoue H. ALS, a cellular whodunit on motor neuron degeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103524. [PMID: 32629110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily targets motor neurons. Motor neurons from ALS patients show cytoplasmic inclusions that are reflective of an altered RNA metabolism and protein degradation. Causal gene mutations are found in all cell types even though patient motor neurons are by far the most susceptible to the degeneration. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, researchers have generated motor neurons with the same genotype as the patient including sporadic ones. They have also generated other cell types associated with the disease such as astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These cells provide not only new insights on the mechanisms of the disease from the early stage, but also a platform for drug screening that has led to several clinical trials. This review examines the knowledge gained from iPSC studies using patient cells on the gene mutations and cellular networks in ALS and relevant experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Yamashita S, Kimura E, Zhang Z, Tawara N, Hara K, Yoshimura A, Takashima H, Ando Y. Muscle pathology of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement with TFG mutation. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:739-744. [PMID: 31449671 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P) is characterized by adult onset, a slowly progressive course and autosomal dominant inheritance. It remains unclear whether myopathic changes occur histopathologically. METHODS We encountered 2 patients in a family with a heterozygous p.P285L mutation in TRK-fused gene (TFG), which is known to cause HMSN-P. The affected individuals developed proximal-dominant muscle weakness in their 40s, which slowly progressed to a motor neuron disease-like phenotype. RESULTS Muscle biopsy showed myopathic pathology including fiber size variability, increased internal nuclei, fiber splitting, and core-like structures, associated with neurogenic changes: large groups of atrophic fibers and fiber type-grouping. Immunohistochemistry revealed sarcoplasmic aggregates of TFG, TDP-43, and p62 without congophilic material. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates myopathic changes in HMSN-P. Although the mechanisms underlying the skeletal muscle involvement remain to be elucidated, immunohistochemistry suggests that abnormal protein aggregation may be involved in the myopathic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - En Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nozomu Tawara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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11
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Wadhwani AR, Affaneh A, Van Gulden S, Kessler JA. Neuronal apolipoprotein E4 increases cell death and phosphorylated tau release in alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:726-739. [PMID: 30840313 PMCID: PMC8123085 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 isoform is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Although APOE is predominantly expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system, neuronal expression of APOE is of increasing interest in age-related cognitive impairment, neurological injury, and neurodegeneration. Here, we show that endogenous expression of E4 in stem-cell-derived neurons predisposes them to injury and promotes the release of phosphorylated tau. METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cells from 2 unrelated AD patients carrying the E4 allele were corrected to the E3/E3 genotype with the CRISPR/Cas9 system and differentiated into pure cultures of forebrain excitatory neurons without contamination from other cells types. RESULTS Compared to unedited E4 neurons, E3 neurons were less susceptible to ionomycin-induced cytotoxicity. Biochemically, E4 cells exhibited increased tau phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphoactivation. Moreover, E4 neurons released increased amounts of phosphorylated tau extracellularly in an isoform-dependent manner by a heparin sulfate proteoglycan-dependent mechanism. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that endogenous expression of E4 by stem-cell-derived forebrain excitatory neurons predisposes neurons to calcium dysregulation and ultimately cell death. This change is associated with increased cellular tau phosphorylation and markedly enhanced release of phosphorylated tau. Importantly, these effects are independent of glial APOE. These findings suggest that E4 accelerates spreading of tau pathology and neuron death in part by neuron-specific, glia-independent mechanisms. Ann Neurol 2019;85:726-739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil R Wadhwani
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Amira Affaneh
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Abstract
The development of the reprogramming technology led to generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) from a variety of somatic cells. Ever since, fast growing knowledge of different efficient protocols enabled the differentiation of these iPSCs into different cells types utilized for disease modeling. Indeed, iPSC-derived cells have been increasingly used for investigating molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying inherited diseases. However, a major barrier in the field of iPSC-based disease modeling relies on discriminating between the effects of the causative mutation and the genetic background of these cells. In the past decade, researchers have made great improvement in genome editing techniques, with one of the latest being CRISPR/Cas9. Using a single non-sequence specific protein combined with a small guiding RNA molecule, this state-of-the-art approach enables modifications of genes with high efficiency and accuracy. By so doing, this technique enables the generation of isogenic controls or isogenic mutated cell lines in order to focus on the pathologies caused by a specific mutation. In this article, we review the latest studies combining iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inherited diseases including immunological, metabolic, hematological, neurodegenerative and cardiac diseases.
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Soldner F, Jaenisch R. Stem Cells, Genome Editing, and the Path to Translational Medicine. Cell 2018; 175:615-632. [PMID: 30340033 PMCID: PMC6461399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and the stunning discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds the promise to revolutionize biomedical research and regenerative medicine. In this Review, we focus on disorders of the central nervous system and explore how advances in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) coincide with evolutions in genome engineering and genomic technologies to provide realistic opportunities to tackle some of the most devastating complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Soldner
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chiabrando D, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Tolosano E. Unraveling the Role of Heme in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:712. [PMID: 30356807 PMCID: PMC6189481 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in several biological processes, including neuronal survival and differentiation. Nevertheless, an excess of free-heme promotes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to cell death. The toxic properties of heme in the brain have been extensively studied during intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhages. Recently, a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders have been associated to alterations of heme metabolism. Hence, the etiology of such diseases remains undefined. The aim of this review is to highlight the neuropathological role of heme and to discuss the major heme-regulated pathways that might be crucial for the survival of neuronal cells. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking heme to neurodegeneration will be important for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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Abe K. [An early history of Japanese amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related diseases and the current development]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:141-165. [PMID: 29491329 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses an early history of Japanese amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related diseases and the current development. In relation to foreign previous reports, five topics are introduced and discussed on ALS with dementia, ALS/Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), familial ALS (FALS), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and multisystem involvement especially in cerebellar system of ALS including ALS/SCA (spinocerebellar ataxia) crossroad mutation Asidan. This review found the great contribution of Japanese reports on the above five topics, and confirmed the great development of ALS-related diseases over the past 120 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Medical School
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Fujisaki N, Suwazono S, Suehara M, Nakachi R, Kido M, Fujiwara Y, Oshiro S, Tokashiki T, Takashima H, Nakagawa M. The natural history of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P) in 97 Japanese patients. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2018; 7:7-12. [PMID: 29552439 PMCID: PMC5849632 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2017.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P) is a motor and sensory neuronopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance, adult onset, slowly progressive course, and is associated with TRK-fused gene (TFG) mutation. At advanced stages, respiratory failure and dysphagia becomes life-threatoning, and patients typically die by their 70s. Although there is currently no evidence for effective treatment, a therapy may be found by elucidation of the function of TFG. Recently its pathomechanism has been proposed to be associated with abnormalities in protein transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum. Such pathomechanisms might involve a similar process in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; thus, its pathomechanisms and treatment strategy might make it a good model for neurodegenerative disorders. It is of great value to clarify the natural history of HMSN-P, in oder to judge the treatment effect. By evaluating 97 patients (79 out of 97 were examined and all confirmed with p.Pro 285 Leu mutation) in this study, it was confirmed that this disease follows a uniform course in the earlier stages, and there are individual differences in the onset between 20 and 30 years. Such uniformity might be due to the proposed single gene abnormality. At advanced stages, there are larger individual differences in the progression, but the reasons for these are unknown. Longer survival might be achieved with a better care for respiratory failure and dysphagia if such cares were undertaken at appropriate times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Fujisaki
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Shugo Suwazono
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shugo Suwazono, National Hospital Organization Okinawa Hospital, 3-20-14, Ganeko, Ginowan, Okinawa 901-2214, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Masahito Suehara
- Department of Neurology, Fujimoto General Hospital/Fujimoto Medical System, Miyakonojou, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakachi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Miwako Kido
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujiwara
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Saki Oshiro
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokashiki
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Ginowan, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Bassett AR. Editing the genome of hiPSC with CRISPR/Cas9: disease models. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:348-364. [PMID: 28303292 PMCID: PMC5569153 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has provided a unique opportunity to establish cellular models of disease from individual patients, and to study the effects of the underlying genetic aberrations upon multiple different cell types, many of which would not normally be accessible. Combining this with recent advances in genome editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has provided an ability to repair putative causative alleles in patient lines, or introduce disease alleles into a healthy “WT” cell line. This has enabled analysis of isogenic cell pairs that differ in a single genetic change, which allows a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from this abnormality. Importantly, this establishes the true causative lesion, which is often impossible to ascertain from human genetic studies alone. These isogenic cell lines can be used not only to understand the cellular consequences of disease mutations, but also to perform high throughput genetic and pharmacological screens to both understand the underlying pathological mechanisms and to develop novel therapeutic agents to prevent or treat such diseases. In the future, optimising and developing such genetic manipulation technologies may facilitate the provision of cellular or molecular gene therapies, to intervene and ultimately cure many debilitating genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bassett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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