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Lin Z, Assaraf YG, Kwok HF. Peptides for microbe-induced cancers: latest therapeutic strategies and their advanced technologies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4. [PMID: 39008152 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern associated with multiple distinct factors, including microbial and viral infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the role of microorganisms, such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), as well as viruses for example human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in the development of human malignancies. Substantial attention has been focused on the treatment of these microorganism- and virus-associated cancers, with promising outcomes observed in studies employing peptide-based therapies. The current paper provides an overview of microbe- and virus-induced cancers and their underlying molecular mechanisms. We discuss an assortment of peptide-based therapies which are currently being developed, including tumor-targeting peptides and microbial/viral peptide-based vaccines. We describe the major technological advancements that have been made in the design, screening, and delivery of peptides as anticancer agents. The primary focus of the current review is to provide insight into the latest research and development in this field and to provide a realistic glimpse into the future of peptide-based therapies for microbe- and virus-induced neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lin
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Instituteof Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
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Bozorgmehr N, Syed H, Mashhouri S, Walker J, Elahi S. Transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood cells in HPV-associated carcinoma patients receiving combined valproic acid and avelumab. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1209-1230. [PMID: 37681284 PMCID: PMC11077001 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer continues to evade the immune system by promoting a suppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, immunotherapy appears to be a promising approach for targeting HPV-associated tumors. We hypothesized that valproic acid (VA) as an epigenetic agent combined with avelumab may enhance the antitumor immunity in HPV-associated solid tumors. We performed bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) on total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of seven nonresponders (NRs) and four responders (Rs). A total of 39 samples (e.g., pretreatment, post-VA, postavelumab, and endpoint) were analyzed. Also, we quantified plasma analytes and performed flow cytometry. We observed a differential pattern in immune response following treatment with VA and/or avelumab in NRs vs. Rs. A significant upregulation of transcripts associated with NETosis [the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)] and neutrophil degranulation pathways was linked to the presence of a myeloid-derived suppressor cell signature in NRs. We noted the elevation of IL-8/IL-18 cytokines and a distinct transcriptome signature at the baseline and endpoint in NRs. By using the receiver operator characteristics, we identified a cutoff value for the plasma IL-8/IL-18 to discriminate NRs from Rs. We found differential therapeutic effects for VA and avelumab in NRs vs. Rs. Thus, our results imply that measuring the plasma IL-8/IL-18 and bulk RNA-Seq of PBMCs may serve as valuable biomarkers to predict immunotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Bozorgmehr
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Hussain Syed
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Siavash Mashhouri
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - John Walker
- Department of Medical OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Department of Medical OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryLi Ka Shing Institute of VirologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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Kim EJ, Chae H, Park YS, Ryu MH, Kim HD, Shin J, Park YS, Moon MS, Kang YK. Clinical outcomes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated metastatic and locally advanced unresectable gastric cancers (GCs) in patients receiving first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum (FP) doublet chemotherapy. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:146-154. [PMID: 38006567 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct molecular subgroup showing excellent outcomes after surgery for localized disease. Prominent immune cell infiltration in EBVaGC reflects the immunogenicity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and, as suggested by some investigators, responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors in the palliative setting. However, few data are available on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of EBVaGC patients receiving palliative cytotoxic chemotherapy. METHODS In this retrospective study, we identified 1061 patients with metastatic, recurrent, or locally advanced unresectable gastric cancer (GC) who started first-line fluoropyrimidine/platinum (FP) doublet chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab from January 2015 to August 2018. For 766 patients with available tumor tissue, the presence of EBV in cancer cells was evaluated by EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization and correlated with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. RESULTS Among the patients evaluated (n = 766), 40 (5.0%) were EBV-positive. EBVaGC was associated with male sex (p = 0.009) and lower neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR < 2.46, p = 0.03). Efficacy of first-line FP chemotherapy, in terms of response rate ad progression-free survival (PFS), did not differ between EBVaGC and EBV-negative GC (overall response rate: 53.8% vs. 51.8%, p = 0.99; median PFS: 6.4 vs. 6.7 months, p = 0.90). However, overall survival tended to be better with EBVaGC than EBV-negative GC (16.4 vs. 14.0 months, p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS EBVaGC accounted for 5% of metastatic/unresectable GCs. While EBVaGC was not associated with better response to or PFS following first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy, it showed a trend toward better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eo Jin Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejung Chae
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Ryu
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Don Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyoung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Soon Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Sun Moon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Koo Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Zhou Y, Huang J, Lan J, Hu H, Yuan Z, Dong L, Deng H, Yue LA, Xiao Y, Yang X. Comparison of first-line immunotherapy efficacy between advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma: A propensity score matching multicenter study. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1011-1018. [PMID: 37675730 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2711_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Compared with other lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC), pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (pLELC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections with a unique molecular profile and immune microenvironment. This study was thus established to compare the treatment response and effectiveness of immunotherapy between pLELC and LUSC. Material and Methods We enrolled 31 patients with pLELC and 116 with LUSC receiving first-line immunotherapy at three centers in China and compared the treatment response and effectiveness of immunotherapy. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the differences in baseline data between the two groups. Results Before PSM, progression-free survival and overall survival were longer in the pLELC group than in the LUSC group (progression-free survival: hazard ratio (HR), 1.67, 95% CI: 1.05-2.63, P = 0.028; overall survival: HR, 1.90, 95% CI: 1.06-3.40, P = 0.028). This remained unchanged after PSM (progression-free survival: HR, 1.79, 95% CI: 1.02-3.15, P = 0.044; overall survival: HR, 2.20; 95% CI: 1.10-4.37, P = 0.022). Conclusion pLELC showed a clinically meaningful survival benefit compared with traditional LUSC following immunotherapy. Subsequent studies should consider the role of the EBV in the tumor immune microenvironment of pLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuBin Zhou
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong; The University of Hongkong-ShenZhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Lan
- Department of General Surgery, the People's Hospital of Gaoan City. Gaoan, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Radiation Therapy, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyan Dong
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiyin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chang-sha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Ao Yue
- Huafa Community Health Service Center, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongwen Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Li X, Zeng Q, Xu F, Jiang Y, Jiang Z. Progress in programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 pathway inhibitors and binding mode analysis. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1935-1955. [PMID: 35948846 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays an important role in negative regulating immunity. The search for effective PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been at the cutting-edge of academic and industrial medicinal chemistry, leading to the emergence of 16 clinical candidate drugs and the launch of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) drugs. However, due to the unclear mechanism of the interaction between drugs and substances in vivo, the screening of preclinical drugs often takes a long time. In order to shorten the time of drug development as much as possible, the binding mode analysis that can simulate the interaction between drugs and substances in vivo at the molecular level can significantly shorten the drug development process. This paper reviews the mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway at the molecular level, as well as the research progress and obstacles of inhibitors. Besides, we analyzed the binding mode of recently reported PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with PD-1 or PD-L1 protein in detail in order to provide ideas for the development of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chun'an County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengjiao Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongmei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chun'an County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang, China.
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Secondino S, Canino C, Alaimo D, Muzzana M, Galli G, Borgetto S, Basso S, Bagnarino J, Pulvirenti C, Comoli P, Pedrazzoli P. Clinical Trials of Cellular Therapies in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3667. [PMID: 37509328 PMCID: PMC10377409 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past years cancer treatments have drastically changed, mainly due to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors capable of immune modulation in vivo, thus providing major clinical benefit in a number of malignancies. Simultaneously, considerable technical refinements have opened new prospects for the development of immune cell-based medicinal products and unprecedented success with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting B-cell hematologic malignancies has been obtained. However, T cell therapies introduced and performed in the field of solid tumors have produced so far only limited responses in selected patient populations. This standstill is attributable to the difficulty in identifying target antigens which are homogeneously expressed by all tumor cells while absent from normal tissues, and the limited T cell persistence and proliferation in a hostile tumor microenvironment that favors immune escape. Replicating the results observed in hematology is a major scientific challenge in solid tumors, and ongoing translational and clinical research is focused on obtaining insight into the mechanisms of tumor recognition and evasion, and how to improve the efficacy of cellular therapies, also combining them with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other agents targeting either the cancer cell or the tumor environment. This paper provides an overview of current adaptive T cell therapy approaches in solid tumors, the research performed to increase their efficacy and safety, and results from ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Secondino
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Canino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Domiziana Alaimo
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Muzzana
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Galli
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Borgetto
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Basso
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Oncoematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jessica Bagnarino
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pulvirenti
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Oncoematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Oncoematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Yu L, Lanqing G, Huang Z, Xin X, Minglin L, Fa-hui L, Zou H, Min J. T cell immunotherapy for cervical cancer: challenges and opportunities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105265. [PMID: 37180106 PMCID: PMC10169584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cellular immunotherapy has made inspiring therapeutic effects in clinical practices, which brings new hope for the cure of cervical cancer. CD8+T cells are the effective cytotoxic effector cells against cancer in antitumor immunity, and T cells-based immunotherapy plays a crucial role in cellular immunotherapy. Tumor infiltrated Lymphocytes (TIL), the natural T cells, is approved for cervical cancer immunotherapy, and Engineered T cells therapy also has impressive progress. T cells with natural or engineered tumor antigen binding sites (CAR-T, TCR-T) are expanded in vitro, and re-infused back into the patients to eradicate tumor cells. This review summarizes the preclinical research and clinical applications of T cell-based immunotherapy for cervical cancer, and the challenges for cervical cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gong Lanqing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- School of Arts and Sciences, Brandeis University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Xin
- School of Arts and Sciences, Brandeis University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Liang Minglin
- School of Arts and Sciences, Brandeis University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lv Fa-hui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongmei Zou
- Department of Obstetrics, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yao Y, Liu H, Zhao F, Zhang S, Liu X. Age-period-cohort analysis of gender differential trends in incidence and mortality of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in China, 1990-2019. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1056030. [PMID: 36686770 PMCID: PMC9853163 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1056030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is one of the dominant malignancies in the hematological system. This study estimated secular trends in NHL incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019 and provided comprehensive evaluations of potential age, period, and cohort effects. Methods Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to analyze changes in NHL incidence and mortality with age, period, and birth cohort effects based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Results The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) of NHL rose by 144.6% and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) rose by 27.5% from 1990 to 2019. Local drift for incidence was greater than 0 (p< 0.05) for both genders in each age group. Local drift for mortality rates were greater than 0 (p< 0.05) for males aged 20 to 89 years and females aged 60 to 84 years and less than 0 (p< 0.05) for females aged 20 to 50 years. Period rate ratio (RR) and cohort RR of NHL incidence in China showed an increasing trend, while the trend of male and female mortality was not consistent. Conclusions NHL incidence and mortality rates have been increasing in China over the past three decades. Males and older individuals were at high risk for NHL. Thus, attention to the prevention and therapy of NHL would be essential to lessen the disease burden of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xingrong Liu,
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Xu Y, Bayewitz A, Tary-Lehmann M. Rapid Dissemination followed by Spontaneous Regression of Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation: A Case Report with Correlative Immune Assay. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:129-136. [PMID: 36876217 PMCID: PMC9978950 DOI: 10.1159/000527229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid intrahepatic and distant metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after locoregional treatment for early stage tumor is very rare. Descriptions of spontaneous regression of HCC exist in case reports, but its true mechanism is unclear. Here, we describe a case of rapid dissemination with lung metastasis shortly after localized RFA treatment of HCC liver lesions, followed by spontaneous, sustained regression of those lung lesions. We also show the detection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific to hepatitis B antigens by immune assay in this patient. We propose immune-related destruction as the basis for spontaneous regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ashrei Bayewitz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Coney Island Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Virus Association with Gastric Inflammation and Cancer: An Updated Overview. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.10.4.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Joseph J, Rahmani B, Cole Y, Puttagunta N, Lin E, Khan ZK, Jain P. Can Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Exosomes Mediate Inflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:381-397. [PMID: 34697721 PMCID: PMC10128092 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are major co-signaling pathways that trigger effector functions in immune cells, with isoforms that are either membrane bound, engaging in direct cell to cell activation locally, or soluble, acting at distant sites by circulating freely or potentially via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are small EVs secreted by a variety of cells carrying various proteins and nucleic acids. They are distributed extensively through biological fluids and have major impacts on infectious diseases, cancer, and neuroinflammation. Similarly, ICPs play key roles in a variety of disease conditions and have been extensively utilized as a prognostic tool for various cancers. Herein, we explored if the association between exosomes and ICPs could be a significant contributor of inflammation, particularly in the setting of cancer, neuroinflammation and viral infections, wherein the up regulation in both exosomal proteins and ICPs correlate with immunosuppressive effects. The detailed literature review of existing data highlights the significance and complexity of these two important pathways in mediating cancer and potentiating neuroinflammation via modulating overall immune response. Cells increasingly secret exosomes in response to intracellular signals from invading pathogens or cancerous transformations. These exosomes can carry a variety of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines, and receptors/ligands that have functional consequences on recipient cells. Illustration generated using BioRender software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yonesha Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Neha Puttagunta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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Chen J, Yan M, Huang K, Xue J. Novel molecular photosensitizer with simultaneously GSH depletion, aggregation inhibition and accelerated elimination for improved and safe photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Nivolumab for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer patients with non-squamous cell carcinoma and/or a primary subsite excluded from CheckMate141, a retrospective study. Oral Oncol 2022; 130:105932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rojas L, Mayorga D, Ruiz-Patiño A, Rodríguez J, Cardona AF, Archila P, Avila J, Bravo M, Ricaurte L, Sotelo C, Arrieta O, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Carranza H, Otero J, Vargas C, Barrón F, Corrales L, Martín C, Recondo G, Pino LE, Bermudez MA, Gamez T, Ordoñez-Reyes C, García-Robledo JE, de Lima VC, Freitas H, Santoyo N, Malapelle U, Russo A, Rolfo C, Rosell R. Human papillomavirus infection and lung adenocarcinoma: special benefit is observed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100500. [PMID: 35753086 PMCID: PMC9434139 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been associated with the development and modulation of response in a series of neoplasms. In the case of lung adenocarcinoma, its role in etiology and pathogenesis is still controversial. Considering that this infection brings foreign epitopes, it could be of prognostic significance in patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with immunotherapy. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study we evaluated the presence of HPV genomic material in lung adenocarcinoma primary lesions with the INNO-LiPA platform. Viral replication was also evaluated by detecting the presence of oncoprotein E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA) by quantitative RT-PCR. To confirm possible hypotheses regarding viral oncogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) were evaluated with stromal fibrosis and immunoscore. RESULTS A total of 133 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 34 tested positive for HPV, reaching an estimated prevalence of 25.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.2% to 32.9%]. E6/7 mRNA was identified in 28 out of the 34 previously positive cases (82.3%). In immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated patients, the median overall survival reached 22.3 months [95% CI 19.4 months- not reached (NR)] for HPV-negative and was not reached in HPV-positive (HPV+) ones (95% CI 27.7-NR; P = 0.008). With regard to progression-free survival, HPV- patients reached a median of 9.2 months (95% CI 7.9-11.2 months) compared to 14.3 months (95% CI 13.8-16.4 months) when HPV was positive (P = 0.001). The overall response rate for HPV+ patients yielded 82.4% compared to 47.1% in negative ones. No differences regarding programmed death-ligand 1, VEGF, HIF1, stromal fibrosis, or immunoscore were identified. CONCLUSIONS In patients with HPV+ lung adenocarcinoma, a significant benefit in overall response and survival outcomes is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rojas
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Oncology Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D Mayorga
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A Ruiz-Patiño
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Rodríguez
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A F Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Oncology Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - P Archila
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Avila
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M Bravo
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L Ricaurte
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Pathology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - C Sotelo
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - O Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - Z L Zatarain-Barrón
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - H Carranza
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Oncology Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Otero
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Oncology Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Vargas
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Oncology Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Institute of Oncology, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F Barrón
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - L Corrales
- Medical Oncology Department, Centro de Investigación y Manejo del Cáncer - CIMCA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - C Martín
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Recondo
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L E Pino
- Clinical Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M A Bermudez
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - T Gamez
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Ordoñez-Reyes
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - V C de Lima
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Oncologia D'Or, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Freitas
- Medical Oncology Department, Thoracic Oncology Section, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Santoyo
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (FOX-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - U Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Russo
- Medical Oncology Unit, A.O. Papardo, Messina, Italy
| | - C Rolfo
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Tisch Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Hospital System & Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - R Rosell
- Coyote Research Group, Pangaea Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Quiron-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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15
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Minkove SJ, Sun J, Li Y, Cui X, Cooper D, Eichacker PQ, Torabi-Parizi P. Comprehensive adjusted outcome data are needed to assess the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2352. [PMID: 35416370 PMCID: PMC9111045 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Determining how prior immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy influences outcomes in cancer patients presenting with COVID‐19 is essential for patient management but must account for confounding variables. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting adjusted effects of ICIs on survival, severe events, or hospitalisation in cancer patients with COVID‐19 based on variables including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension (HTN), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other comorbidities. When adjusted effects were unavailable, unadjusted data were analysed. Results Of 42 observational studies (38 retrospective), 7 reported adjusted outcomes for ICIs and 2 provided sufficient individual patient data to calculate adjusted outcomes. In eight studies, adjusted outcomes were based on ≤7 variables. Over all studies, only one included >100 ICI patients while 26 included <10. ICIs did not alter the odds ratio (95%CI) (OR) of death significantly (random effects model), across adjusted (n = 8) [1.31 (0.58–2.95) p = 0.46; I2 = 42%, p = 0.10], unadjusted (n = 30) [1.06 (0.85–1.32) p = 0.58; I2 = 0%, p = 0.76] or combined [1.09 (0.88;1.36) p = 0.41; I2 = 0%, p = 0.5)] studies. Similarly, ICIs did not alter severe events significantly across adjusted (n = 5) [1.20 (0.30–4.74) p = 0.73; I2 = 52%, p = 0.08], unadjusted (n = 19) [(1.23 (0.87–1.75) p = 0.23; I2 = 16%, p = 0.26] or combined [1.26 (0.90–1.77) p = 0.16; I2 = 25%, p = 0.14] studies. Two studies provided adjusted hospitalisation data and when combined with 13 unadjusted studies, ICIs did not alter hospitalisation significantly [1.19 (0.85–1.68) p = 029; I2 = 5%, p = 0.40]. Results of sensitivity analyses examining ICI effects based on 5 variables were inconclusive. Certainty of evidence was very low. Conclusions Across studies with adjusted and unadjusted results, ICIs did not alter outcomes significantly. But studies with comprehensive adjusted outcome data controlling for confounding variables are necessary to determine whether ICIs impact COVID‐19 outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Minkove
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xizhong Cui
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane Cooper
- NIH Library, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Q Eichacker
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Parizad Torabi-Parizi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Zer A, Icht O, Yosef L, Avram D, Jacobi O, Fenig E, Kurman N, Peretz I, Shamai S, Merimsky O, Ben-Ami E, Shapira Frommer R, Schwarzbach AE, Bernstine H, Weitzen R, Vornicova O, Bar-Sela G, Stemmer SM, Lotem M. Phase 2 single arm study of nivolumab and ipilimumab (Nivo/Ipi) in previously treated classical Kaposi Sarcoma (cKS). Ann Oncol 2022; 33:720-727. [PMID: 35339649 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Kaposi Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare HHV8-associated sarcoma with limited treatment options. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab (Nivo/Ipi) in patients with previously treated progressive cKS. PATIENTS AND METHODS cKS pts with progressive disease after > 1 lines of systemic therapy and measurable disease by PET/CT and/or physical examination received nivolumab 240mg every two weeks and ipilimumab 1mg/kg every six weeks until progression or toxicity for a maximum of 24 months. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR); secondary endpoints included 6-months progression free survival rate (PFS) and safety. Immune correlates were explored using IHC, DNAseq (596/648 genes) and RNAseq (exome capture transcriptome) of tumor specimens and matched blood. RESULTS Eighteen male patients (median age 76.5) were enrolled between April 2018 and Dec 2020. At a median follow up of 24.4 months, ORR by RECIST v1.1 was 87%. Metabolic complete response as assessed by PET CT was observed in 8 of 13 (62%) evaluable patients. 6/13 achieved pathological CR post treatment. In two patients, palliative limb amputation was prevented. Median PFS was not reached. The 6mo and 12m PFS rate was 76.5% and 58.8%, respectively. Only four patients (22%) experienced grade 3-4 adverse events. The most frequent genomic alteration was biallelic copy number loss of FOX1A gene. The majority of tumors carried a low TMB, were microsatellite stable (MSS), MMR proficient, did not express PD-L1 and displayed only low lymphocytic infiltrates, rendering them immunologically "cold". CONCLUSIONS This prospectively designed phase II study of nivolumab and ipilimumab demonstrates promising activity of this combination in progressive cKS representing a new treatment option in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zer
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Israel.
| | - O Icht
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - L Yosef
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - D Avram
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - O Jacobi
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - E Fenig
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - N Kurman
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - I Peretz
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - S Shamai
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
| | | | - E Ben-Ami
- Ella Institute for Immuno-Oncology and melanoma, Sheba medical center, Israel
| | - R Shapira Frommer
- Ella Institute for Immuno-Oncology and melanoma, Sheba medical center, Israel
| | | | - H Bernstine
- Nuclear medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - R Weitzen
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | | | | | - S M Stemmer
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
| | - M Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
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17
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The Chemokine System in Oncogenic Pathways Driven by Viruses: Perspectives for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030848. [PMID: 35159113 PMCID: PMC8834488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncoviruses are viruses with oncogenic potential, responsible for almost 20% of human cancers worldwide. They are from various families, some of which belong to the microbial communities that inhabit several sites in the body of healthy humans. As a result, they most often establish latent infections controlled by the arsenal of human host responses that include the chemokine system playing key roles at the interface between tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Yet, chemokines and their receptors also contribute to oncogenic processes as they are targeted by the virus-induced deregulations of host responses and/or directly encoded by viruses. Thus, the chemokine system offers a strong rationale for therapeutic options, some few already approved or in trials, and future ones that we are discussing in view of the pharmacological approaches targeting the different functions of chemokines operating in both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Abstract Chemokines interact with glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix and activate heptahelical cellular receptors that mainly consist of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and a few atypical receptors also with decoy activity. They are well-described targets of oncogenic pathways and key players in cancer development, invasiveness, and metastasis acting both at the level of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Hence, they can regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival and promote immune or endothelial cell migration into the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, oncogenic viruses display the potential of jeopardizing the chemokine system by encoding mimics of chemokines and receptors as well as several products such as oncogenic proteins or microRNAs that deregulate their human host transcriptome. Conversely, the chemokine system participates in the host responses that control the virus life cycle, knowing that most oncoviruses establish asymptomatic latent infections. Therefore, the deregulated expression and function of chemokines and receptors as a consequence of acquired or inherited mutations could bias oncovirus infection toward pro-oncogenic pathways. We here review these different processes and discuss the anticancer therapeutic potential of targeting chemokine availability or receptor activation, from signaling to decoy-associated functions, in combination with immunotherapies.
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18
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Salkeni MA, Shin JY, Gulley JL. Resistance to Immunotherapy: Mechanisms and Means for Overcoming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:45-80. [PMID: 34972962 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade transformed cancer therapy during the last decade. However, durable responses remain uncommon, early and late relapses occur over the course of treatment, and many patients with PD-L1-expressing tumors do not respond to PD-(L)1 blockade. In addition, while some malignancies exhibit inherent resistance to treatment, others develop adaptations that allow them to evade antitumor immunity after a period of response. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the tumor-immune system interplay and the mechanisms of immune escape in order to circumvent primary and acquired resistance. Here we provide an outline of the most well-defined mechanisms of resistance and shed light on ongoing efforts to reinvigorate immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A Salkeni
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - John Y Shin
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Crane J, Shi Q, Xi Y, Lai J, Pham K, Wang H. Emerging Trends in the Pathological Research of Human Papillomavirus-positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL PATHOLOGY 2022; 2:31-36. [PMID: 36275841 PMCID: PMC9585478 DOI: 10.14218/jctp.2022.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) have shown an alarming rate of increase in incidence over the past several decades, markedly in men. In the United States, transcriptionally-active human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, has become the highest contributive agent of OPSCCs, affecting approximately 16,000 people a year. Compared to patients with HPV-negative OPSCCs, patients with HPV-positive OPSCCs exhibit better health responses to chemoradiotherapy and an overall increase in long-term survival. Despite promising treatment options, many OPSCCs are discovered at an advanced stage, and ~20% of cases will recur after definitive treatment. Therefore, extensive research is ongoing to identify new targets for precision treatment and to stratify tumor prognosis. The aim of this review is to capture the most updated research on HPV-positive OPSCCs, emphasizing their relevance as potential new targets for precision medicine and survival prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Crane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yibo Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kien Pham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - He Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence to: He Wang, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Tel: +1-203-214-2786, Fax: +1-203-214-2764,
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20
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Korsos V, Vallée A, Rys R, Probst S, Dmitrienko S, Decaluwe H, Johnson NA. Immune profiling of a patient with relapsed HIV-Related and EBV-positive diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma treated with pembrolizumab. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 63:1256-1260. [PMID: 34913822 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.2012571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Korsos
- Division of Hematology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Vallée
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Hospital University Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan Rys
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephan Probst
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Svetlana Dmitrienko
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Hospital University Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Immune System Disorders, Cancer and Viral Infections: A New Treatment Opportunity for the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121400. [PMID: 34947931 PMCID: PMC8709484 DOI: 10.3390/life11121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between viral infections and cancer is well known and has been established for decades. Multiple tumours are generated from alterations secondary to viral infections 2 resulting from a dysregulation of the immune system in many cases. Certain causal relationships, such as that between the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in nasopharyngeal cancer or hepatitis C and B viruses in hepatocarcinoma, have been clearly established, and their implications for the prognosis and treatment of solid tumours are currently unknown. Multiple studies have evaluated the role that these infections may have in the treatment of solid tumours using immunotherapy. A possible relationship between viral infections and an increased response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been established at a theoretical level in solid neoplasms, such as EBV-positive cavum cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and oropharyngeal cancer. These could yield a greater response associated with the activation of the immune system secondary to viral infection, the consequence of which is an increase in survival in these patients. That is why the objective of this review is to assess the different studies or clinical trials carried out in patients with solid tumours secondary to viral infections and their relationship to the response to ICIs.
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22
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Kubo T, Hirohashi Y, Tsukahara T, Kanaseki T, Murata K, Morita R, Torigoe T. Immunopathological basis of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Immunol Med 2021; 45:108-118. [PMID: 34542015 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1976942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable success of cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, their nonspecific release of the immunosuppressive mechanism is often associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs). irAEs significantly disturb patients' quality of life and can even be life-threatening. Therefore, the appropriate management of irAEs is crucial for the development of further reliable cancer immunotherapies. irAEs have the appearance of ordinary autoimmune diseases in one aspect but often have distinct features. Although the detailed pathogenesis of irAEs remains unclear, increasing numbers of studies have provided numerous clues. Here, we review the current knowledge on irAEs, particularly from an immunopathological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rena Morita
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Fundamental Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Social Services, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Müller T, Demes M, Lehn A, Köllermann J, Vallo S, Wild PJ, Winkelmann R. The peri- and intratumoral immune cell infiltrate and PD-L1 status in invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the penis. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:331-341. [PMID: 34449004 PMCID: PMC8794908 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile carcinomas are rare tumors throughout Europe. Therefore, little attention is drawn to this disease. That makes it important to study tumor-associated key metrics and relate these to known data on penile neoplasias. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 60 well-defined penile invasive carcinomas with known human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status was investigated. Data on tumor type, grading and staging were recorded. Additionally, data on the peri- and intratumoral immune cell infiltrate in a semiquanititave manner applying an HE stain were assessed. RESULTS Our study showed a significant correlation of immune cell infiltrate and pT stage with overall survival. Therefore, in a subset of tumors, PD-L1 staining was applied. For tumor proportion score (TPS), 26 of 30 samples (87%) were scored >0%. For the immune cell score (IC), 28 of 30 samples (93%) were defined as >0% and for CPS, 29 of 30 samples (97%) scored >0. PD-L1 expression was not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION PD-L1 is expressed in penile carcinomas, providing a rationale for targeted therapy with checkpoint inhibitors. We were able to show that immune reaction appears to be prognostically relevant. These data enhance the need for further studies on the immune cell infiltrate in penile neoplasias and show that PD-L1 expression is existent in our cohort, which may be a potential target for checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Müller
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Demes
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Lehn
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Köllermann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Vallo
- Institute of Virology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P J Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Winkelmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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24
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Bourbon E, Maucort-Boulch D, Fontaine J, Mauduit C, Sesques P, Safar V, Ferrant E, Golfier C, Ghergus D, Karlin L, Lazareth A, Bouafia F, Pica GM, Orsini-Piocelle F, Rocher C, Gros FX, Parrens M, Dony A, Rossi C, Ghesquières H, Bachy E, Traverse-Glehen A, Sarkozy C. Clinicopathological features and survival in EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3227-3239. [PMID: 34427583 PMCID: PMC8405194 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective study, we report 70 cases of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) among 1696 DLBCL-NOS cases diagnosed between 2006 and 2019 (prevalence of 4.1%). At diagnosis, median age was 68.5 years; 79% of the cases presented with an advanced-stage disease (III-IV), 48% with extranodal lesions, and 14% with an hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (8 at diagnosis and 1 on therapy). A total of 46 cases presented a polymorphic pattern, and 21 were monomorphic. All had a non-germinal center B phenotype, with the majority of tumor cells expressing CD30 and programmed death ligand 1 (98% and 95%, respectively). Type II and III EBV latency was seen in 88% and 12% of the cases, respectively. Patients were treated with immunochemotherapy (59%) or chemotherapy (22%), and 19% received palliative care due to advanced age and altered performance status. After a median follow-up of 48 months, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) at 5 years were 52.7% and 54.8%, respectively. Older age (>50 years) and HLH were associated with shorter PFS and OS in multivariate analysis (PFS: hazard ratio [HR], 14.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.34-83.97; and HR, 5.78; 95% CI, 2.35-14.23; OS: HR, 12.41; 95% CI, 1.65-93.53; and HR, 6.09; 95% CI, 2.42-15.30, respectively). Finally, using a control cohort of 425 EBV- DLBCL-NOS, EBV positivity was associated with a shorter OS outcome within patients >50 years (5-year OS, 53% [95% CI, 38.2-74] vs 60.8% [95% CI, 55.4-69.3], P = .038), but not in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bourbon
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Delphine Maucort-Boulch
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Juliette Fontaine
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Claire Mauduit
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Sesques
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Violaine Safar
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Ferrant
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Camille Golfier
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Dana Ghergus
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Karlin
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Anne Lazareth
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Fadhela Bouafia
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Gian Matteo Pica
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre hospitalier Métropole Savoie, Chambéry, France
| | | | - Clément Rocher
- Service d'Hématologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord Dauphiné, Bourgoin Jallieu, France
| | | | - Marie Parrens
- Service d'Anatomie et de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1053, BaRITOn, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arthur Dony
- Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, France
| | - Cédric Rossi
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
- INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Hervé Ghesquières
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- EA LIB (Lymphoma ImmunoBiology), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; and
| | - Emmanuel Bachy
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- EA LIB (Lymphoma ImmunoBiology), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; and
| | - Alexandra Traverse-Glehen
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
- EA LIB (Lymphoma ImmunoBiology), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; and
| | - Clémentine Sarkozy
- Département d'Innovation thérapeutique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Chitsike L, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. Targeted Therapy as a Potential De-Escalation Strategy in Locally Advanced HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:730412. [PMID: 34490123 PMCID: PMC8418093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.730412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape of locally advanced HPV-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is undergoing transformation. This is because the high cures rates observed in OPSCC are paired with severe treatment-related, long-term toxicities. These significant adverse effects have led some to conclude that the current standard of care is over-treating patients, and that de-intensifying the regimens may achieve comparable survival outcomes with lower toxicities. Consequently, several de-escalation approaches involving locally advanced OPSCC are underway. These include the reduction of dosage and volume of intensive cytotoxic regimens, as well as elimination of invasive surgical procedures. Such de-intensifying treatments have the potential to achieve efficacy and concurrently alleviate morbidity. Targeted therapies, given their overall safer toxicity profiles, also make excellent candidates for de-escalation, either alone or alongside standard treatments. However, their role in these endeavors is currently limited, because few targeted therapies are currently in clinical use for head and neck cancers. Unfortunately, cetuximab, the only FDA-approved targeted therapy, has shown inferior outcomes when paired with radiation as compared to cisplatin, the standard radio-sensitizer, in recent de-escalation trials. These findings indicate the need for a better understanding of OPSCC biology in the design of rational therapeutic strategies and the development of novel, OPSCC-targeted therapies that are safe and can improve the therapeutic index of standard therapies. In this review, we summarize ongoing research on mechanism-based inhibitors in OPSCC, beginning with the salient molecular features that modulate tumorigenic processes and response, then exploring pharmacological inhibition and pre-clinical validation studies of candidate targeted agents, and finally, summarizing the progression of those candidates in the clinic.
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26
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Kubo T, Shinkawa T, Kikuchi Y, Murata K, Kanaseki T, Tsukahara T, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T. Fundamental and Essential Knowledge for Pathologists Engaged in the Research and Practice of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:679095. [PMID: 34290982 PMCID: PMC8289279 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.679095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research over 100 years has demonstrated that tumors can be eliminated by the autologous immune system. Without doubt, immunotherapy is now a standard treatment along with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, the field of cancer immunotherapy is continuing to develop. The current challenges for the use of immunotherapy are to enhance its clinical efficacy, reduce side effects, and develop predictive biomarkers. Given that histopathological analysis provides molecular and morphological information on humans in vivo, its importance will continue to grow. This review article outlines the basic knowledge that is essential for the research and daily practice of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based cancer immunotherapy from the perspective of histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Shinkawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Kumar A, Watkins R, Vilgelm AE. Cell Therapy With TILs: Training and Taming T Cells to Fight Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690499. [PMID: 34140957 PMCID: PMC8204054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rationale behind cancer immunotherapy is based on the unequivocal demonstration that the immune system plays an important role in limiting cancer initiation and progression. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a form of cancer immunotherapy that utilizes a patient’s own immune cells to find and eliminate tumor cells, however, donor immune cells can also be employed in some cases. Here, we focus on T lymphocyte (T cell)-based cancer immunotherapies that have gained significant attention after initial discoveries that graft-versus-tumor responses were mediated by T cells. Accumulating knowledge of T cell development and function coupled with advancements in genetics and data science has enabled the use of a patient’s own (autologous) T cells for ACT (TIL ACTs). In TIL ACT, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are collected from resected tumor material, enhanced and expanded ex-vivo, and delivered back to the patient as therapeutic agents. ACT with TILs has been shown to cause objective tumor regression in several types of cancers including melanoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, we provide a brief history of TIL ACT and discuss the current state of TIL ACT clinical development in solid tumors. We also discuss the niche of TIL ACT in the current cancer therapy landscape and potential strategies for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Reese Watkins
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna E Vilgelm
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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28
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de Almeida NAA, Ribeiro CRDA, Raposo JV, de Paula VS. Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy for Oncoviruses Infections: A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:822. [PMID: 34063186 PMCID: PMC8147456 DOI: 10.3390/v13050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been shown to be highly effective in some types of cancer caused by viruses. Gene therapy involves insertion or modification of a therapeutic gene, to correct for inappropriate gene products that cause/may cause diseases. Both these types of therapy have been used as alternative ways to avoid cancers caused by oncoviruses. In this review, we summarize recent studies on immunotherapy and gene therapy including the topics of oncolytic immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, gene replacement, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and custom treatment for Epstein-Barr virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus, herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and cytomegalovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (N.A.A.d.A.); (C.R.d.A.R.); (J.V.R.)
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29
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Bosse T, Lax S, Abu-Rustum N, Matias-Guiu X. The Role of Predictive Biomarkers in Endocervical Adenocarcinoma: Recommendations From the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2021; 40:S102-S110. [PMID: 33570867 PMCID: PMC7969151 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To review the scientific evidence related to predictive biomarkers in cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC). The authors reviewed the literature regarding predictive biomarkers in cervical ADC. There were several limitations: (1) there is an overlap between predictive and prognostic biomarkers, as the vast majority of patients are treated with anticancer strategies; (2) in many studies and clinical trials, cervical ADC patients are included in a large series of patients predominantly composed of cervical squamous cell carcinomas; and (3) in most of the studies, and clinical trials, there is no distinction between human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent cervical ADCs, or between various histologic subtypes. Results obtained from a small group of studies confirm that cervical ADCs exhibit distinct molecular features as compared with squamous carcinomas, and that there are different molecular features between different types of cervical ADCs. Promising areas of interest include ERBB2 (HER2) mutations and PD-L1 expression as predictive biomarkers for anti-HER2 treatment and immunotherapy, respectively. To date, no definitive data can be obtained from the literature regarding predictive biomarkers for cervical ADC. Clinical trials specifically designed for endocervical ADC patients are required to elucidate the predictive value of HER2 mutations and PD-L1 expression. The distinction between HPV-associated and HPV-independent cervical ADCs as well as early involvement of pathologists in the design of future clinical trials are needed to identify new predictive biomarkers in cervical ADC.
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30
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Volk V, Theobald SJ, Danisch S, Khailaie S, Kalbarczyk M, Schneider A, Bialek-Waldmann J, Krönke N, Deng Y, Eiz-Vesper B, Dragon AC, von Kaisenberg C, Lienenklaus S, Bleich A, Keck J, Meyer-Hermann M, Klawonn F, Hammerschmidt W, Delecluse HJ, Münz C, Feuerhake F, Stripecke R. PD-1 Blockade Aggravates Epstein-Barr Virus + Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Humanized Mice Resulting in Central Nervous System Involvement and CD4 + T Cell Dysregulations. Front Oncol 2021; 10:614876. [PMID: 33511078 PMCID: PMC7837057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the most common malignancies after solid organ or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most PTLD cases are B cell neoplasias carrying Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A therapeutic approach is reduction of immunosuppression to allow T cells to develop and combat EBV. If this is not effective, approaches include immunotherapies such as monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and adoptive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) to treat EBV+ PTLD was not established clinically due to the risks of organ rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Previously, blockade of the programmed death receptor (PD)-1 by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) during ex vivo infection of mononuclear cells with the EBV/M81+ strain showed lower xenografted lymphoma development in mice. Subsequently, fully humanized mice infected with the EBV/B95-8 strain and treated in vivo with a PD-1 blocking mAb showed aggravation of PTLD and lymphoma development. Here, we evaluated vis-a-vis in fully humanized mice after EBV/B95-8 or EBV/M81 infections the effects of a clinically used PD-1 blocker. Fifteen to 17 weeks after human CD34+ stem cell transplantation, Nod.Rag.Gamma mice were infected with two types of EBV laboratory strains expressing firefly luciferase. Dynamic optical imaging analyses showed systemic EBV infections and this triggered vigorous human CD8+ T cell expansion. Pembrolizumab administered from 2 to 5 weeks post-infections significantly aggravated EBV systemic spread and, for the M81 model, significantly increased the mortality of mice. ICI promoted Ki67+CD30+CD20+EBER+PD-L1+ PTLD with central nervous system (CNS) involvement, mirroring EBV+ CNS PTLD in humans. PD-1 blockade was associated with lower frequencies of circulating T cells in blood and with a profound collapse of CD4+ T cells in lymphatic tissues. Mice treated with pembrolizumab showed an escalation of exhausted T cells expressing TIM-3, and LAG-3 in tissues, higher levels of several human cytokines in plasma and high densities of FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. We conclude that PD-1 blockade during acute EBV infections driving strong CD8+ T cell priming decompensates T cell development towards immunosuppression. Given the variety of preclinical models available, our models conferred a cautionary note indicating that PD-1 blockade aggravated the progression of EBV+ PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Volk
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maja Kalbarczyk
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bialek-Waldmann
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Krönke
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yun Deng
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Christina Dragon
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Neuropathology, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Ecsedi M, McAfee MS, Chapuis AG. The Anticancer Potential of T Cell Receptor-Engineered T Cells. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:48-56. [PMID: 32988787 PMCID: PMC7770096 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic T cells (TCR-T cells) are not restricted by cell surface expression of their targets and are therefore poised to become a main pillar of cellular cancer immunotherapies. Addressing clinical and laboratory data, we discuss emerging features for the efficient deployment of novel TCR-T therapies, such as selection of ideal TCRs targeting validated epitopes with well-characterized cancer cell expression and processing, enhancing TCR-T effector function, trafficking, expansion, persistence, and memory formation by strategic selection of substrate cells, and gene-engineering with synthetic co-stimulatory circuits. Overall, a better understanding of the relevant mechanisms of action and resistance will help prioritize the vast array of potential TCR-T optimizations for future clinical products.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/transplantation
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Megan S McAfee
- Clinical Research Division and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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32
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Slagter AE, Vollebergh MA, Jansen EPM, van Sandick JW, Cats A, van Grieken NCT, Verheij M. Towards Personalization in the Curative Treatment of Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:614907. [PMID: 33330111 PMCID: PMC7734340 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and has a high mortality rate. In the last decades, treatment strategy has shifted from an exclusive surgical approach to a multidisciplinary strategy. Treatment options for patients with resectable gastric cancer as recommended by different worldwide guidelines, include perioperative chemotherapy, pre- or postoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy. Although gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease with respect to patient-, tumor-, and molecular characteristics, the current standard of care is still according to a one-size-fits-all approach. In this review, we discuss the background of the different treatment strategies in resectable gastric cancer including the current standard, the specific role of radiotherapy, and describe the current areas of research and potential strategies for personalization of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Slagter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Vollebergh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edwin P M Jansen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke Cats
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Verheij
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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33
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Yekedüz E, Dursun B, Aydın GÇ, Yazgan SC, Öztürk HH, Azap A, Utkan G, Ürün Y. Clinical course of COVID-19 infection in elderly patient with melanoma on nivolumab. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 26:1289-1294. [PMID: 32423324 DOI: 10.1177/1078155220924084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreak of the new type coronavirus infection, known as coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19), has begun in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. As of today, 3 April 2020, 972,640 people affected and 50,325 people died from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2. There is not any standard treatment for coronavirus infection 2019; however, there are promising data for hydroxychloroquine and some anti-retroviral drugs. Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PDL-1) pathway is an important target for the cancer immunotherapy. However, there is a robust pre-clinical and clinical data regarding inhibitor effect of this pathway on the acute or chronic viral infections. Thus, blockade of this pathway may lead to an anti-viral effect and decrease viral load. Here, we report the clinical course of coronavirus infection 2019 infection of a patient in whom older aged, having multiple co-morbidities, and taking nivolumab for metastatic malignant melanoma. In contrast to her older age, comorbidities, and cancer diagnosis, she was in a good condition, and there was also no pneumonia finding. We think that this good clinical course of coronavirus infection 2019 infection may be related to blockade of PD-1/PDL-1 pathway with nivolumab. It is impossible to say that blockade of PD-1/PDL-1pathway is a treatment option for COVID-19; however, we want to share our experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yekedüz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengü Dursun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güle Ç Aydın
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Satı C Yazgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halis H Öztürk
- Department of Radiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alpay Azap
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güngör Utkan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yüksel Ürün
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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34
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Segelov E, Underhill C, Prenen H, Karapetis C, Jackson C, Nott L, Clay T, Pavlakis N, Sabesan S, Heywood E, Steer C, Lethborg C, Gan HK, Yip D, Karanth N, Karikios D, MacIntyre CR. Practical Considerations for Treating Patients With Cancer in the COVID-19 Pandemic. JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 16:467-482. [PMID: 32401686 DOI: 10.1200/op.20.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a prevalent disease, affecting millions of new patients globally each year. The COVID-19 pandemic is having far-reaching impacts around the world, causing substantial disruptions to health and health care systems that are likely to last for a prolonged period. Early data have suggested that having cancer is a significant risk factor for mortality from severe COVID-19. A diverse group of medical oncologists met to formulate detailed practical advice on systemic anticancer treatments during this crisis. In the context of broad principles, issues including risks of treatment, principles of prioritizing resources, treatment of elderly patients, and psychosocial impact are discussed. Detailed treatment advice and options are given at a tumor stream level. We must maintain care for patients with cancer as best we can and recognize that COVID-19 poses a significant competing risk for death that changes conventional treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Segelov
- Department of Oncology, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Underhill
- Border Medical Oncology, Albury-Wodonga Regional Cancer Centre, and University of NSW Rural Clinical School, Albury Campus, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christos Karapetis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Louise Nott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tim Clay
- Department of Oncology, St John of God Subiaco Hospital and School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sabe Sabesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Townsville Cancer Centre, Townsville Hospital and Health Services, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen Heywood
- Cancer Services, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Steer
- Border Medical Oncology, Albury-Wodonga Regional Cancer Centre, and University of NSW Rural Clinical School, Albury Campus, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carrie Lethborg
- Inclusive Health Research, St Vincent's Health Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Desmond Yip
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital and ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Narayan Karanth
- Department of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Deme Karikios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nepean Hospital and Nepean Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Pathak S, Wilczyński JR, Paradowska E. Factors in Oncogenesis: Viral Infections in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E561. [PMID: 32121320 PMCID: PMC7139377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women, with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) being the most lethal gynecologic malignancy among women. This high fatality rate is the result of diagnosis of a high number of new cases when cancer implants have already spread. The poor prognosis is due to our inadequate understanding of the molecular mechanisms preceding ovarian malignancy. Knowledge about the site of origination has been improved recently by the discovery of tube intraepithelial cancer (TIC), but the potential risk factors are still obscure. Due to high tumoral heterogeneity in OC, the establishment of early stage biomarkers is still underway. Microbial infection may induce or result in chronic inflammatory infection and in the pathogenesis of cancers. Microbiome research has shed light on the relationships between the host and microbiota, as well as the direct roles of host pathogens in cancer development, progression, and drug efficacy. While controversial, the detection of viruses within ovarian malignancies and fallopian tube tissues suggests that these pathogens may play a role in the development of OC. Genomic and proteomic approaches have enhanced the methods for identifying candidates in early screening. This article summarizes the existing knowledge related to the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis in the ovary, as well as the viruses detected in OC cases and how they may elevate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Pathak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jacek R. Wilczyński
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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36
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Urwyler P, Earnshaw I, Bermudez M, Perucha E, Wu W, Ryan S, Mcdonald L, Karagiannis SN, Taams LS, Powell N, Cope A, Papa S. Mechanisms of checkpoint inhibition-induced adverse events. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:141-154. [PMID: 31989585 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of several solid cancers, most notably melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Drugs targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have made their way into routine clinical use; however, this has not been without difficulties. Stimulation of the immune system to target cancer has been found to result in a reduction of self-tolerance, leading to the development of adverse effects that resemble autoimmunity. These adverse effects are erratic in their onset and severity and can theoretically affect any organ type. Several mechanisms for immune-related toxicity have been investigated over recent years; however, no consensus on the cause or prediction of toxicity has been reached. This review seeks to examine reported evidence for possible mechanisms of toxicity, methods for prediction of those at risk and a discussion of future prospects within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Urwyler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - I Earnshaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Bermudez
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Perucha
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - W Wu
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Ryan
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Mcdonald
- Oncology and Haematology Clinical Trials, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S N Karagiannis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Powell
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Cope
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammatory Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Papa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,ImmunoEngineering, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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37
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Focosi D, Tuccori M, Maggi F. Checkpoint inhibitors and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: friends of foes? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 7:S298. [PMID: 32016017 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, University of Pisa and Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa and Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa and Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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38
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Systemic therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:353-363. [PMID: 31954497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly lethal hepatobiliary neoplasm whose incidence is increasing. Largely neglected for decades as a rare malignancy and frequently misdiagnosed as carcinoma of unknown primary, considerable clinical and investigative attention has recently been focused on iCCA worldwide. The established standard of care includes first-line (gemcitabine and cisplatin), second-line (FOLFOX) and adjuvant (capecitabine) systemic chemotherapy. Compared to hepatocellular carcinoma, iCCA is genetically distinct with several targetable genetic aberrations identified to date. Indeed, FGFR2 and NTRK fusions, and IDH1 and BRAF targetable mutations have been comprehensively characterised and clinical data is emerging on targeting these oncogenic drivers pharmacologically. Also, the role of immunotherapy has been examined and is an area of intense investigation. Herein, in a timely and topical manner, we will review these advances and highlight future directions of research.
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39
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Thirty years of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 476:353-365. [PMID: 31836926 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years have passed since a possible association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with gastric carcinoma was reported. We now know EBV-associated gastric carcinoma to be a specific subtype of gastric carcinoma. Global epigenetic methylation and counteraction of the antitumour microenvironment are two major characteristics of this subtype of gastric carcinoma. Recent development of therapeutic modalities for gastric carcinoma, such as endoscopic mucosal dissection and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, has made the presence of EBV infection a biomarker for the treatment of gastric carcinoma. This review presents a portrait of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma from initiation to maturity that we define as the 'gastritis-infection-cancer sequence', followed by its molecular abnormalities and interactions with immune checkpoint molecules and the microenvironment. EBV non-coding RNAs (microRNA and circular RNA) and exosomes derived from EBV-infected cells that were previously behind the scenes are now recognized for their roles in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. The virus utilizes cellular machinery skilfully to control infected cells and their microenvironment. We should thus strive to understand virus-host interactions more fully in the following years to overcome this virus-driven subtype of gastric carcinoma.
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