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West BS, Darisheva M, McCrimmon T, Zholnerova N, Grigorchuk E, Starbird L, Terlikbayeva A, Primbetova S, Baiserkin B, Mussina Z, Kasymbekova S, Cordingley O, Frye VA. Scaling Up HIV Self-Testing and Linkage to Care Among Women Who Exchange Sex and/or Use Drugs in Kazakhstan. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2024; 36:216-228. [PMID: 38917303 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2024.36.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
HIV testing is the point of entry for linkage to treatment and prevention and is critically important to ending the HIV epidemic. HIV self-testing (HST) is an acceptable, user-controlled tool that can address testing barriers, which is especially important for populations who need to test frequently, like women who exchange or trade sex for money or other needed resources (WES) and women who use drugs. HST is feasible and acceptable among WES, but research among WES who also use drugs is limited, particularly in places like Kazakhstan, where HIV rates remain high and where scale-up of HST and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is in process. To develop effective programming, there is a need to develop tailored services for WES and/or use drugs that address key barriers. We discuss opportunities to increase HST and linkage to services among WES and/or use drugs in Kazakhstan, with a focus on stigma reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S West
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Tara McCrimmon
- Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Laura Starbird
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Baurzhan Baiserkin
- Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhannat Mussina
- Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Victoria A Frye
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Abu-Ba'are GR, Torpey K, Guure C, Nelson LE, Jeon S, McMahon J, Leblanc NM, Shamrock OW, Zigah EY, Apreku A, Dakpui HD, Agbemedu GRK, Boakye F, Adu P, Attisoe A, Adjaka G. Status-neutral community-based multilevel intervention to address intersectional stigma and discrimination, and increase HIV testing, PrEP, and ART uptake among YGBMSM in Ghanaian Slums: A clustered randomized control trial protocol. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4486078. [PMID: 38854081 PMCID: PMC11160908 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4486078/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background While GBMSM constitute less than 2% of Ghana's population, their HIV prevalence surpasses the national average by more than eightfold, emphasizing the critical need for targeted interventions to improve detection, care linkage, and reduce community transmission. This study seeks to increase HIV testing, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) uptake (HPART) among YGBMSM through the adaptation of an evidence-based intervention (LAFIYA). Methodology We will employ the ADAPTT-IT framework to adapt LAFIYA and evaluate its feasibility and effectiveness in addressing intersectional stigma and increasing HPART uptake among YGBMSM residing in Ghanaian slums. In aim 1, we will hold focus groups (n=5) and interviews (n=20) among YGBMSM and two FGDs among GBMSM-led organizations. At the HCF level, we will hold 6 FGDs and interviews (n=20) among nurses. In AIM 2, we will randomly assign 6 healthcare facilities (HCFs) to receive the LAFIYA (n=3) or wait-list control (n=3). Friend groups (cluster) of YGBMSM (N=240) will be assigned to receive LAFIYA (n=120) or a wait-list control (n=120). We will collect 3-, 6-, and 9-months post-intervention data among YGBMSM(n=240) and HCWs(n=300) to measure HPART adherence (primary outcomes), ISD reduction, HIV and status-neutral knowledge (secondary outcomes), and intervention acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility (implementation outcomes). Conclusion The intervention group will observe increased HPART adherence, reduced ISD, and enhanced HPART knowledge and efficacy relative to the wait-list control group. The findings will inform ISD reduction and HIV status-neutral implementation strategies - and place-based interventions that address access to HIV prevention and care among YGBMSM, slum and in different settings. Trail Registration This study was registered on clinicalTrail.gov, with identifier number NCT06312514 on 03/14/2023. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06312514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamji Rabiu Abu-Ba'are
- Behavioral, Sexual, and Global Health Lab, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Chris Guure
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - LaRon E Nelson
- School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sangchoon Jeon
- School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James McMahon
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Natalie M Leblanc
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Osman Wumpini Shamrock
- Behavioral, Sexual, and Global Health Lab, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edem Yaw Zigah
- Behavioral, Sexual, and Global Health Lab, School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Amos Apreku
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Henry Delali Dakpui
- Behavioral, Sexual, and Global Health Lab, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - George Rudolph Kofi Agbemedu
- Behavioral, Sexual, and Global Health Lab, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Prince Adu
- Priorities on Rights and Sexual Health, Accra, Ghana
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Groot Bruinderink ML, Boyd A, Coyer L, Boers S, Blitz L, Brand JM, Götz HM, Stip M, Woudstra J, Yap K, Vermey K, Matser A, Feddes AR, Jongen VW, Prins M, Hoornenborg E, van Harreveld F, Schim van der Loeff MF, Davidovich U. Online-Mediated HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Care and Reduced Monitoring Frequency for Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial (EZI-PrEP Study). JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e51023. [PMID: 37938875 PMCID: PMC10666015 DOI: 10.2196/51023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily and event-driven HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral tenofovir-emtricitabine is highly effective to prevent HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). PrEP care generally consists of in-clinic monitoring every 3 months that includes PrEP dispensing, counseling, and screening for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, the optimal frequency for monitoring remains undetermined. Attending a clinic every 3 months for monitoring may be a barrier for PrEP. Online-mediated PrEP care and reduced frequency of monitoring may lower this barrier. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to establish the noninferiority of online PrEP care (vs in-clinic care) and monitoring every 6 months (vs every 3 months). The secondary objectives are to (1) examine differences between PrEP care modalities regarding incidences of STIs, HIV infection, and hepatitis C virus infection; retention in PrEP care; intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentration; and satisfaction, usability, and acceptability of PrEP care modalities; and (2) evaluate associations of these study outcomes with sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological characteristics. METHODS This study is a 2×2 factorial, 4-arm, open-label, multi-center, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. The 4 arms are (1) in-clinic monitoring every 3 months, (2) in-clinic monitoring every 6 months, (3) online monitoring every 3 months, and (4) online monitoring every 6 months. The primary outcome is a condomless anal sex act with a casual partner not covered or insufficiently covered by PrEP (ie, "unprotected act") as a proxy for HIV infection risk. Eligible individuals are MSM, and transgender and gender diverse people aged ≥18 years who are eligible for PrEP care at 1 of 4 participating sexual health centers in the Netherlands. The required sample size is 442 participants, and the planned observation time is 24 months. All study participants will receive access to a smartphone app, which contains a diary. Participants are requested to complete the diary on a daily basis during the first 18 months of participation. Participants will complete questionnaires at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Dried blood spots will be collected at 6 and 12 months for assessment of intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentration. Incidence rates of unprotected acts will be compared between the online and in-clinic arms, and between the 6-month and 3-month arms. Noninferiority will be concluded if the upper limit of the 2-sided 97.5% CI of the incidence rate ratio is <1.8. RESULTS The results of the main analysis are expected in 2024. CONCLUSIONS This trial will demonstrate whether online PrEP care and monitoring every 6 months is noninferior to standard PrEP care in terms of PrEP adherence. If noninferiority is established, these modalities may lower barriers for initiating and continuing PrEP use and potentially reduce the systemic burden for PrEP providers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05093036; https://tinyurl.com/28b8ndvj. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/51023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije L Groot Bruinderink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdan, Netherlands
| | - Liza Coyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Boers
- Department of Sexual Health, Public Health Service of Gelderland-Zuid, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Blitz
- Department of Sexual Health, Public Health Service of Haaglanden, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marie Brand
- Department of Sexual Health, Public Health Service of Haaglanden, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Hannelore M Götz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Stip
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joey Woudstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Yap
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Amy Matser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Allard R Feddes
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vita W Jongen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdan, Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elske Hoornenborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Udi Davidovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Ortblad KF, Kwach B, Zhang S, Asewe M, Ongwen PA, Malen RC, Harkey K, Odoyo J, Gathii P, Rota G, Sharma M, Were DK, Ngure K, Omollo V, Bukusi EA. Measuring the performance of HIV self-testing at private pharmacies in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26177. [PMID: 37848405 PMCID: PMC10581952 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV self-testing (HIVST) has the potential to support daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery in private pharmacies, but many national guidelines have not approved HIVST for PrEP dispensing. In Kenya, pharmacy providers are permitted to deliver HIVST, but often do not have the required certification to deliver rapid diagnostic testing (RDT). We estimated the performance of provider-delivered HIVST compared to RDT, the standard of care for PrEP delivery, at private pharmacies in Kenya to inform decisions on the use of HIVST for PrEP scale-up. METHODS At 20 pharmacies in Kisumu County, we trained pharmacy providers (pharmacists and pharmaceutical technologists) on blood-based HIVST use and client assistance (if requested). We recruited pharmacy clients purchasing sexual and reproductive health-related products (e.g. condoms) and enrolled those ≥18 years with self-reported behaviours associated with HIV risk. Enrolled clients received HIVST with associated provider counselling, followed by RDT by a certified HIV testing services (HTS) counsellor. Pharmacy providers and clients independently interpreted HIVST results prior to RDT (results interpreted only by the HTS counsellor). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of pharmacy provider-delivered HIVST compared to HTS counsellor-administered RDT. RESULTS Between March and June 2022, we screened 1691 clients and enrolled 1500; 64% (954/1500) were female and the median age was 26 years (IQR 22-31). We additionally enrolled 40 providers; 42% (17/40) were pharmacy owners and their median years of experience was 6 (IQR 4-10). The majority (79%, 1190/1500) of clients requested provider assistance with HIVST and providers spent a median of 20 minutes (IQR 15-43) with each HIVST client. The sensitivity of provider-delivered HIVST at the pharmacy was high when interpreted by providers (98.5%, 95% CI 97.8%, 99.1%) and clients (98.8%, 95% CI 98.0%, 99.3%), as was the specificity of HIVST in this setting (provider-interpretation: 96.9%, 95% CI 89.2%, 99.6%; client-interpretation: 93.8%, 95% CI 84.8%, 98.3%). CONCLUSIONS When compared to the national HIV testing algorithm, provider-delivered blood-based HIVST at private pharmacies in Kenya performed well. These findings suggest that blood-based HIVST may be a useful tool to support PrEP initiation and continuation at private pharmacies and potentially other community-based delivery settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F. Ortblad
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Benn Kwach
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Shengruo Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Magdalene Asewe
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | | | - Rachel C. Malen
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kendall Harkey
- Public Health Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Josephine Odoyo
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | | | - Greshon Rota
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Monisha Sharma
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Kenneth Ngure
- School of Public HealthJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Victor Omollo
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Elizabeth Anne Bukusi
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Nakalega R, Mukiza N, Menge R, Kizito S, Babirye JA, Kuteesa CN, Mawanda D, Mulumba E, Nabukeera J, Ggita J, Nakanjako L, Akello C, Mirembe BG, Lukyamuzi Z, Nakaye C, Kataike H, Maena J, Etima J, Nabunya HK, Biira F, Nagawa C, Heffron R, Celum C, Gandhi M, Mujugira A. Feasibility and acceptability of peer-delivered HIV self-testing and PrEP for young women in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1163. [PMID: 37322510 PMCID: PMC10273744 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) account for 29% of new HIV infections in Uganda despite representing just 10% of the population. Peer support improves AGYW linkage to HIV care and medication adherence. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of peer delivered HIV self-tests (HIVST) and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to young women in Uganda. METHODS Between March and September 2021, we conducted a pilot study of 30 randomly selected young women, aged 18-24 years, who had received oral PrEP for at least three months, but had suboptimal adherence as measured by urine tenofovir testing (< 1500 ng/ml). Participants were offered daily oral PrEP and attended clinic visits three and six months after enrollment. Between clinic visits, participants were visited monthly by trained peers who delivered HIVST and PrEP. Feasibility and acceptability of peer-delivered PrEP and HIVST (intervention) were measured by comparing actual versus planned intervention delivery and product use. We conducted two focus groups with young women, and five in-depth interviews with peers and health workers to explore their experiences with intervention delivery. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS At baseline, all 30 enrolled young women (median age 20 years) accepted peer-delivered PrEP and HIVST. Peer delivery visit completion was 97% (29/30) and 93% (28/30) at three and six months, respectively. The proportion of participants with detectable tenofovir in urine was 93% (27/29) and 57% (16/28) at months three and six, respectively. Four broad themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) Positive experiences of peer delivered HIVST and PrEP; (2) The motivating effect of peer support; (3) Perceptions of female controlled HIVST and PrEP; and (4) Multi-level barriers to HIVST and PrEP use. Overall, peer delivery motivated young women to use HIVST and PrEP and encouraged persistence on PrEP by providing non-judgmental client-friendly services and adherence support. CONCLUSION Peer delivery of HIVST and oral PrEP was feasible and acceptable to this sample of young women with suboptimal PrEP adherence in Uganda. Future larger controlled studies should evaluate its effectiveness among African AGWY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nakalega
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | - Samuel Kizito
- Brown School at Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juliet Allen Babirye
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Emmie Mulumba
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Nabukeera
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ggita
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Carolyne Akello
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Gati Mirembe
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zubair Lukyamuzi
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Nakaye
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hajira Kataike
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joel Maena
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juliane Etima
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hadijah Kalule Nabunya
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Florence Biira
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Nagawa
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Monica Gandhi
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew Mujugira
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Ortblad KF, Bardon AR, Mogere P, Kiptinness C, Gakuo S, Mbaire S, Thomas KK, Mugo NR, Baeten JM, Ngure K. Effect of 6-Month HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Dispensing With Interim Self-testing on Preexposure Prophylaxis Continuation at 12 Months: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2318590. [PMID: 37318803 PMCID: PMC10273023 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Daily oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery requires quarterly clinic visits for HIV testing and drug refilling that are costly to health systems and clients. Objective To evaluate whether 6-month PrEP dispensing supported with interim HIV self-testing (HIVST) results in noninferior PrEP continuation outcomes at 12 months compared with standard quarterly clinic visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized noninferiority trial was conducted from May 2018 to May 2021 with 12 months of follow-up among PrEP clients aged 18 years or older who were returning for their first refill at a research clinic in Kiambu County, Kenya. Intervention Participants were randomized 2:1 to (1) 6-month PrEP dispensing with semiannual clinic visits and interim HIVST at 3 months or (2) standard-of-care (SOC) PrEP delivery with 3-month dispensing, quarterly clinic visits, and clinic-based HIV testing. Main Outcomes and Measures Prespecified 12-month outcomes included recent HIV testing (any in past 6 months), PrEP refilling, and PrEP adherence (detectable tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots). Binomial regression models were used to estimate risk differences (RDs), and a 1-sided 95% CI lower bound (LB) of -10% or greater was interpreted as noninferior. Results A total of 495 participants were enrolled, with 329 enrolled in the intervention group and 166 enrolled in the SOC group; 330 (66.7%) were women, 295 (59.6%) were in serodifferent relationships, and the median (IQR) age was 33 (27-40) years. At 12 months, 241 individuals in the intervention group (73.3%) and 120 in the SOC group (72.3%) returned to clinic. In the intervention group, recent HIV testing was noninferior (230 individuals [69.9%]) compared with the SOC group (116 [69.9%]; RD, -0.33%, 95% CI LB, -7.44%). PrEP refilling in the intervention group (196 [59.6%]) was inconclusive compared with the SOC group (104 [62.7%]; RD, -3.25%; 95% CI LB, -10.84%), and PrEP adherence was noninferior in the intervention group (151 [45.9%]) compared with the SOC group (70 [42.2%]; RD, 4.96%; 95% CI LB, -2.46%). No HIV seroconversions were observed over the follow-up period. Conclusions and Relevance In this analysis of secondary trial end points at 1 year, semiannual PrEP dispensing with interim HIVST resulted in noninferior recent HIV testing and PrEP adherence compared with SOC quarterly PrEP dispensing. This novel model has the potential to optimize PrEP delivery. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03593629.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F. Ortblad
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashley R. Bardon
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Peter Mogere
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Stephen Gakuo
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Mbaire
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Nelly R. Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- now with Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California
| | - Kenneth Ngure
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Ngure K, Ortblad KF, Mogere P, Bardon AR, Thomas KK, Mangale D, Kiptinness C, Gakuo S, Mbaire S, Nyokabi J, Mugo NR, Baeten JM. Efficiency of 6-month PrEP dispensing with HIV self-testing in Kenya: an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority, implementation trial. Lancet HIV 2022; 9:e464-e473. [PMID: 35777410 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(22)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is highly effective and is being implemented at scale at health clinics throughout sub-Saharan Africa. However, barriers to clinic-based PrEP delivery remain. We aimed to establish the efficiency of semiannual PrEP clinic visits supplemented with interim home-based HIV self-testing (HIVST) versus standard of care for HIV testing, drug refilling, and adherence among PrEP users. METHODS This was a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial done at the Partners in Health and Research Development clinic in Thika, Kenya. Eligible participants were HIV-negative adults (≥18 years) at risk of acquiring HIV who had started PrEP at least 1 month before enrolment. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 6-month PrEP dispensing plus interim blood-based HIVST (with biannual clinic visits), 6-month PrEP dispensing plus interim oral fluid-based HIVST (with biannual clinic visits), or standard of care PrEP delivery (3-month PrEP dispensing with quarterly clinic visits). The three coprimary outcomes, measured at 6 months, were HIV testing (any testing between enrolment and the 6-month visit), PrEP refilling, and PrEP adherence (detectable tenofovir diphosphate concentration in dried blood spots). All analyses were done according to the intention-to-treat principle. We used binomial regression models to estimate risk differences and one-sided 95% CIs. 6-month PrEP dispensing was considered non-inferior to standard of care if the lower limit bound of the one-sided 95% CI was greater than or equal to -10%. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03593629. FINDINGS Between May 28, 2018, and Feb 24, 2020, 495 participants were enrolled: 165 men and 130 women in HIV serodifferent couples and 200 singly enrolled women. 166 participants were randomly assigned to the standard of care group, 163 to the 6-month PrEP dispensing plus oral-fluid HIVST group, and 166 to the 6-month PrEP dispensing plus blood-based HIVST group. At 6 months, 274 (83%) of 329 participants in the combined 6-month PrEP dispensing group had tested for HIV compared with 140 (84%) of 166 participants in the standard of care group (risk difference -1·15%, 95% CI lower bound -6·89). Among participants in the combined 6-month PrEP dispensing group, 257 (78%) participants refilled PrEP compared with 134 (81%) participants in the standard of care group (-2·60%, -8·88), and 200 (61%) participants were adherent to PrEP compared with 95 (57%) participants in the standard of care group (2·37%, -5·05). No participants acquired HIV during the study. INTERPRETATION 6-month PrEP dispensing with HIVST for interim testing reduced the number of PrEP clinic visits in half without compromising HIV testing, retention, or adherence. FUNDING US National Institute of Mental Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ngure
- Department of Community Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Katrina F Ortblad
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Mogere
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ashley R Bardon
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dorothy Mangale
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Stephen Gakuo
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Mbaire
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacinta Nyokabi
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelly R Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
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Widyanthini DN, Januraga PP, Wisaksana R, Subronto YW, Sukmaningrum E, Kusmayanti NA, Dewi H, Law M, Kaldor JM, Wirawan DN. HIV self-testing for men who have sex with men: an implementation trial in Indonesia. AIDS Care 2022; 34:527-534. [PMID: 33550846 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2021.1883509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated oral fluid testing (OFT) among men who have sex with men (MSM) to increase HIV testing in Bali, Indonesia. We distributed OFT in January-December 2018 to 813 MSM in Bali. Supervised testing was offered first, and unsupervised was only offered to an individual who declined supervised testing. Included participants were MSM who did not have a HIV test result in the last 6 months and declined referral to facility-based testing. Of 813 participants, 93% (765/813) chose supervised testing and 7% (57/813) unsupervised. The OFT result was reactive for 83 (10%), of whom 52/83 (63%) underwent confirmatory testing with 47/52 (90%) found HIV positive. Among confirmed positives, 43/47 (92%) were enrolled in HATI study cohort, of whom 39 (91%) started treatment. At six months follow up, 25/39 (64%) of those initiating treatment were still receiving it, and all had a suppressed viral load. There was an increase in the mean number of MSM tested for HIV by HATI study Bali sites per month, from 100 (95%CI: 85-112) before the intervention to 152 (95% CI: 130-172) during the intervention. Our findings show the potential utility of offering HIV oral fluid self-test kits to scale-up HIV testing in MSM.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03429842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desak Nyoman Widyanthini
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Pande Putu Januraga
- Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
- Discipline of Public Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Faculty of Medicine, Padjajaran University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yanri Wijayanti Subronto
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Evi Sukmaningrum
- AIDS Research Center, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nur Aini Kusmayanti
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Helen Dewi
- Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Mujugira A, Nakyanzi A, Nabaggala MS, Muwonge TR, Ssebuliba T, Bagaya M, Nampewo O, Sapiri O, Nyanzi KR, Bambia F, Nsubuga R, Serwadda DM, Ware NC, Baeten JM, Haberer JE. Effect of HIV Self-Testing on PrEP Adherence Among Gender-Diverse Sex Workers in Uganda: A Randomized Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:381-389. [PMID: 34954718 PMCID: PMC8860206 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV self-testing (HIVST) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are complementary tools that could empower sex workers to control their HIV protection, but few studies have jointly evaluated PrEP and HIVST in any setting. METHODS The Empower Study was an open-label randomized trial in Uganda. Sex workers were offered F/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and randomized 1:1 to monthly HIVST and quarterly in-clinic testing (intervention) or quarterly in-clinic HIV testing alone (standard of care) and followed up for 12 months. PrEP adherence was measured using electronic adherence monitoring and tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels in dried blood spots. Adherence outcomes and sexual behaviors were compared by arm using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS We enrolled 110 sex workers: 84 cisgender women, 14 transgender women, 10 men who have sex with men, and 2 transgender men. The median age was 23 years. The 12-month retention was 75%. Nearly all (99.4%) used ≥1 HIVST kit. The proportion with TFV-DP levels ≥700 fmol/punch in the HIVST and standard of care arms at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month visits was 2.4%, 2.3%, 0%, and 0% and 7.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, with no differences by randomization arm (P > 0.2). Self-reported condomless sex acts with paying partners was similar by arm [adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42 to 1.17; P = 0.18]. One seroconversion occurred (HIV incidence, 0.9/100 person-years); TFV-DP was not detected at any visit. CONCLUSIONS A gender-diverse sample of sex workers in Uganda used HIVST but not daily oral PrEP for HIV protection. Alternate approaches to promote PrEP use, including long-acting formulations, should be considered in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mujugira
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Agnes Nakyanzi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria S. Nabaggala
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy R. Muwonge
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy Ssebuliba
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Bagaya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olivia Nampewo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oliver Sapiri
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kikulwe R. Nyanzi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Felix Bambia
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rogers Nsubuga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David M. Serwadda
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norma C Ware
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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10
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Wilson KS, Mugo C, Katz DA, Manyeki V, Mungwala C, Otiso L, Bukusi D, McClelland RS, Simoni JM, Driver M, Masyuko S, Inwani I, Kohler PK. High Acceptance and Completion of HIV Self-testing Among Diverse Populations of Young People in Kenya Using a Community-Based Distribution Strategy. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:964-974. [PMID: 34468968 PMCID: PMC8409270 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral HIV self-testing (HIVST) may expand access to testing among hard-to-reach reach adolescents and young adults (AYA). We evaluated community-based HIVST services for AYA in an urban settlement in Kenya. Peer-mobilizers recruited AYA ages 15-24 through homes, bars/clubs, and pharmacies. Participants were offered oral HIVST, optional assistance and post-test counseling. Outcomes were HIVST acceptance and completion (self-report and returned kits). Surveys were given at enrollment, post-testing, and 4 months. Log-binomial regression evaluated HIVST preferences by venue. Among 315 reached, 87% enrolled. HIVST acceptance was higher in bars/clubs (94%) than homes (86%) or pharmacies (75%). HIVST completion was 97%, with one confirmed positive result. Participants wanted future HIVST at multiple locations, include PrEP, and cost ≤ $5USD. Participants from bars/clubs and pharmacies were more likely to prefer unassisted testing and peer-distributers compared to participants from homes. This differentiated community-based HIVST strategy could facilitate engagement in HIV testing and prevention among AYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Wilson
- Department of Global Health, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Cyrus Mugo
- University of Nairobi/Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David A Katz
- Department of Global Health, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Vivianne Manyeki
- University of Nairobi/Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carol Mungwala
- University of Nairobi/Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - R Scott McClelland
- Department of Global Health, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jane M Simoni
- Department of Global Health, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Matt Driver
- Department of Cardiology, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sarah Masyuko
- National AIDS and STI Control Program (NASCOP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Inwani
- University of Nairobi/Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pamela K Kohler
- Department of Global Health, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health, Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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11
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Tailor J, Rodrigues J, Meade J, Segal K, Benjamin Mwakyosi L. Correlations between oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) initiations and policies that enable the use of PrEP to address HIV globally. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001202. [PMID: 36962791 PMCID: PMC10021197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Policies facilitating access to HIV prevention services, specifically for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), can foster enabling environments for service uptake. This analysis aims to establish whether policies enabling broad PrEP eligibility, HIV self-testing, and lowered age of consent to HIV testing and treatment services are correlated with PrEP uptake. Ages of consent vary by country, therefore this analysis focused on how age of consent policies, in general, affect adolescent PrEP uptake. Data was collected from the HIV Policy Lab and AVAC's Global PrEP Tracker, a database of approximately 334 PrEP projects operating across 95 countries, and linear regression and correlation analyses were conducted via STATA to examine relationships amongst national oral PrEP eligibility, HIV self-testing, lowered age of consent, and national cumulative oral PrEP initiations, as of December 2021. Of all 194 countries tracked by the HIV Policy Lab, only about 7% have adopted all three policies (HIV self-testing, lowered age of consent, and PrEP eligibility policies). Less than 50% have adopted have adopted at least one of these policies. Of the 54 countries that have fully adopted PrEP eligibility policies, less than 30% have co-adopted HIV self-testing or lowered age of consent policies. About 30% of these 194 countries have yet to adopt any of these policies, of which about 14% have indicated information is "unavailable" for at least one of the policies. Analyses conducted for the 91 countries tracked by both the HIV Policy Lab and the Global PrEP Tracker revealed a significant and positive relationship between cumulative individuals initiated on oral PrEP and adoption of HIV self-testing policies (p = 0.01, r = 0.26), lowered age of consent policies (p = 0.01, r = 0.25), and PrEP eligibility policies (p = 0.01, r = 0.26). Stronger advocacy efforts towards approving public health policies, such as those outlined in our analysis, that enshrine and enable access to HIV prevention are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Tailor
- AVAC, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - John Meade
- AVAC, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kate Segal
- AVAC, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lilian Benjamin Mwakyosi
- COMPASS-Africa, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- DARE Organization, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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Rousseau E, Julies RF, Madubela N, Kassim S. Novel Platforms for Biomedical HIV Prevention Delivery to Key Populations - Community Mobile Clinics, Peer-Supported, Pharmacy-Led PrEP Delivery, and the Use of Telemedicine. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:500-507. [PMID: 34708316 PMCID: PMC8549812 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A gap exists between PrEP interest and PrEP uptake in key populations (KP) for HIV prevention that may be ascribed to PrEP delivery services not being acceptable. This review summarizes novel platforms for HIV prevention outside of the traditional health facilities environment. RECENT FINDINGS Mobile health clinics provide highly acceptable integrated, KP-focused services at convenient locations with the potential of high PrEP uptake. Telemedicine and health apps decongest health systems and allow for personal agency and informed decision-making on personal health. Pharmacy-led PrEP delivery provides de-medicalized, confidential PrEP services at extended hours in community locations, from trusted medical professionals. Peer-supported delivery encourages continued PrEP use. Community-based, differentiated and de-medicalized PrEP delivery can address uptake and continued use barriers in key populations. Future research should assess scalability, cost-effectiveness and sustainability of these PrEP delivery platforms, as well as focus on ways to simplify PrEP provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rousseau
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - R F Julies
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Madubela
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Kassim
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Roche SD, Odoyo J, Irungu E, Kwach B, Dollah A, Nyerere B, Peacock S, Morton JF, O'Malley G, Bukusi EA, Baeten JM, Mugwanya KK. A one-stop shop model for improved efficiency of pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery in public clinics in western Kenya: a mixed methods implementation science study. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25845. [PMID: 34898032 PMCID: PMC8666585 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In public clinics in Kenya, separate, sequential delivery of the component services of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (e.g. HIV testing, counselling, and dispensing) creates long wait times that hinder clients' ability and desire to access and continue PrEP. We conducted a mixed methods study in four public clinics in western Kenya to identify strategies for operationalizing a one-stop shop (OSS) model and evaluate whether this model could improve client wait time and care acceptability among clients and providers without negatively impacting uptake or continuation. METHODS From January 2020 through November 2020, we collected and analysed 47 time-and-motion observations using Mann-Whitney U tests, 29 provider and client interviews, 68 technical assistance reports, and clinic flow maps from intervention clinics. We used controlled interrupted time series (cITS) to compare trends in PrEP initiation and on-time returns from a 12-month pre-intervention period (January-December 2019) to an 8-month post-period (January-November 2020, excluding a 3-month COVID-19 wash-out period) at intervention and control clinics. RESULTS From the pre- to post-period, median client wait time at intervention clinics dropped significantly from 31 to 6 minutes (p = 0.02), while median provider contact time remained around 23 minutes (p = 0.4). Intervention clinics achieved efficiency gains by moving PrEP delivery to lower volume departments, moving steps closer together (e.g. relocating supplies; cross-training and task-shifting), and differentiating clients based on the subset of services needed. Clients and providers found the OSS model highly acceptable and additionally identified increased privacy, reduced stigma, and higher quality client-provider interactions as benefits of the model. From the pre- to post-period, average monthly initiations at intervention and control clinics increased by 6 and 2.3, respectively, and percent of expected follow-up visits occurring on time decreased by 18% and 26%, respectively; cITS analysis of PrEP initiations (n = 1227) and follow-up visits (n = 2696) revealed no significant difference between intervention and control clinics in terms of trends in PrEP initiation and on-time returns (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS An OSS model significantly improved client wait time and care acceptability without negatively impacting initiations or continuations, thus highlighting opportunities to improve the efficiency of PrEP delivery efficiency and client-centredness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Odoyo
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | | | - Benn Kwach
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Annabell Dollah
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Bernard Nyerere
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Sue Peacock
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Bukusi
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Centre for Microbiology ResearchKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonWashingtonSeattleUSA
- Gilead SciencesFoster CityCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kenneth K. Mugwanya
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonWashingtonSeattleUSA
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Bhavaraju N, Shears K, Schwartz K, Mullick S, Jeckonia P, Murungu J, Persaud U, Vij A, Torjesen K. Introducing the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn from Oral PrEP? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:508-517. [PMID: 34910276 PMCID: PMC8671875 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinical trials have found that the dapivirine vaginal ring (DVR) is safe to use and effective at reducing women's risk of acquiring HIV infection. As countries prepare for the introduction of this novel long-acting, woman-controlled prevention method, an examination of key learnings from oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery will help programs leverage successful innovations and approaches to support DVR scale-up and expand the method mix for HIV prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Intensive efforts over the past 5 years have yielded lessons on how to facilitate access to oral PrEP; expand service delivery for PrEP; address the knowledge, attitudes, and skills providers need to support PrEP initiation and effective use; develop messaging that builds community and partner support and combats stigma; and understand the cyclical nature of PrEP use. Evidence from oral PrEP introduction and scale-up can help inform and expedite DVR introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Shears
- FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 USA
| | | | - Saiqa Mullick
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patriciah Jeckonia
- LVCT Health, Batian Lane, Off Argwings Kodhek Road, Hurlingam, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Murungu
- Pangaea Zimbabwe AIDS Trust, 27 Rowland Square, Milton Park, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Udita Persaud
- United States Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20523 USA
| | - Ashley Vij
- United States Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20523 USA
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Reed JB, Shrestha P, Were D, Chakare T, Mutegi J, Wakhutu B, Musau A, Nonyana NM, Christensen A, Patel R, Rodrigues J, Eakle R, Curran K, Mohan D. HIV PrEP is more than ART-lite: Longitudinal study of real-world PrEP services data identifies missing measures meaningful to HIV prevention programming. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25827. [PMID: 34648678 PMCID: PMC8516366 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence indicates HIV oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly efficacious and effective. Substantial early discontinuation rates are reported by many programs, which may be misconstrued as program failure. However, PrEP use may be non-continuous and still effective, since HIV risk fluctuates. Real-world PrEP use phenomena, like restarting and cyclical use, and the temporal characteristics of these use patterns are not well described. The objective of our study was to characterize and identify predictors of use patterns observed in large PrEP scale-up programs in Africa. METHODS We analysed demographic and clinical data routinely collected during client visits between 2017 and 2019 in three Jhpiego-supported programs in Kenya, Lesotho and Tanzania. We characterized duration on/off PrEP and, using ordinal regression, modelled the likelihood of spending additional time off and identified factors associated with increasing cycle number. The Andersen-Gill model was used to identify predictors of time to PrEP discontinuation. To analyse factors associated with a client's first return following initiation, we used a two-step Heckman probit. RESULTS Among 47,532 clients initiating PrEP, approximately half returned for follow-up. With each increase in cycle number, time off PrEP between use cycles decreased. The Heckman first-step model showed an increased probability of returning versus not by older age groups and among key and vulnerable population groups versus the general population; in the second-step model older age groups and key and vulnerable populations were less likely in Kenya, but more likely in Lesotho, to return on-time (refill) versus delayed (restarting). CONCLUSIONS PrEP users frequently cycle on and off PrEP. Early discontinuation and delays in obtaining additional prescriptions were common, with broad predictive variability noted. Time off PrEP decreased with cycle number in all countries, suggesting normalization of use with experience. More nuanced measures of use are needed than exist for HIV treatment if effective use of PrEP is to be meaningfully measured. Providers should be equipped with measures and counselling messages that recognize non-continuous and cyclical use patterns so that clients are supported to align fluctuating risk and use, and can readily restart PrEP after stopping, in effect empowering them further to make their own prevention choices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakriti Shrestha
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rupa Patel
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | - Diwakar Mohan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ni Z, Altice FL, Wickersham JA, Copenhaver MM, DiDomizio EE, Nelson LE, Shrestha R. Willingness to initiate pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and its use among opioid-dependent individuals in drug treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108477. [PMID: 33422864 PMCID: PMC7946167 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who use drugs (PWUD) continue to experience a disproportionate HIV burden due to drug- and sex-related risk behaviors. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective at preventing HIV infection, but very little is known about PrEP use among PWUD and their willingness to initiate PrEP. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 234 HIV-negative, opioid-dependent individuals recruited from an urban methadone clinic. Participants were assessed using an audio-computer assisted self-interview technique. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to explore independent correlates of actual PrEP use and willingness to initiate PrEP. RESULTS One-fourth (25.6 %) of participants had previously used PrEP. Over two-thirds (67.1 %) of participants had previously heard of PrEP, and 65.0 % were willing to take it. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, the number of times participants engaged in HIV testing (aOR = 1.66, p < 0.01) and whether they visited a healthcare provider (aOR=20.81, p = 0.02) were associated with a higher likelihood of PrEP use, while perceived HIV risk (aOR=2.71, p < 0.01) and previous use of PrEP (aOR=3.57, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with willingness to initiate PrEP. CONCLUSION PrEP use was low among PWUD, but their willingness to initiate PrEP was moderate, which indicated a significant discrepancy between actual PrEP use and willingness to use it. Our findings highlight the importance of healthcare providers engaging opioid-dependent individuals in discussions about PrEP and the need for innovative strategies to increase their awareness of PrEP and modify their perceptions of HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ni
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Frederick L. Altice
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, & Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Yale University School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Wickersham
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, & Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michael M. Copenhaver
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, & Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Roman Shrestha
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, & Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Vanhamel J, Rotsaert A, Reyniers T, Nöstlinger C, Laga M, Van Landeghem E, Vuylsteke B. The current landscape of pre-exposure prophylaxis service delivery models for HIV prevention: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:704. [PMID: 32736626 PMCID: PMC7395423 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strengthening HIV prevention is imperative given the continued high HIV incidence worldwide. The introduction of oral PrEP as a new biomedical HIV prevention tool can be a potential game changer because of its high clinical efficacy and the feasibility of its provision to different key populations. Documenting the existing experience with PrEP service delivery in a variety of real-world settings will inform how its uptake and usage can be maximised. Methods We conducted a scoping review using the five-step framework provided by Arksey and O’Malley. We systematically searched the existing peer-reviewed international and grey literature describing the implementation of real-world PrEP service delivery models reporting on four key components: the target population of PrEP services, the setting where PrEP was delivered, PrEP providers’ professionalisation and PrEP delivery channels. We restricted our search to English language articles. No geographical or time restrictions were set. Results This review included 33 articles for charting and analysing of the results. The identified service delivery models showed that PrEP services mainly targeted people at high risk of HIV acquisition, with some models targeting specific key populations, mainly men who have sex with men. PrEP was often delivered centralised and in a clinical or hospital setting. Yet also community-based as well as home-based PrEP delivery models were reported. Providers of PrEP were mainly clinically trained health professionals, but in some rare cases community workers and lay providers also delivered PrEP. In general, in-person visits were used to deliver PrEP. More innovative digital options using mHealth and telemedicine approaches to deliver specific parts of PrEP services are currently being applied in a minority of the service delivery models in mainly high-resource settings. Conclusions A range of possible combinations was found between all four components of PrEP service delivery models. This reflects differentiation of care according to different contextual settings. More research is needed on how integration of services in these contexts could be expanded and optimised to respond to key populations with unmet HIV prevention needs in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Vanhamel
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Anke Rotsaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thijs Reyniers
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christiana Nöstlinger
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Laga
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ella Van Landeghem
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bea Vuylsteke
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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Zhang J, Huang X, Chen Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Mei Z, Jia Y, Chu Z, Hu QH, He X, Zhang L, Hu Z, Bao R, Li S, Ding H, Jiang Y, Geng W, Tang W, Xu J. HIV and other STIs self-testing to reduce risk compensation among men who have sex with men who use oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in China: protocol for a randomised waitlist-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036231. [PMID: 32690516 PMCID: PMC7371146 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces the risk of HIV infection among men who have sex with men by up to 99%. However, in real-world settings, PrEP users may exhibit risk compensation after uptake of PrEP, including more condomless anal intercourse (CAI) and increased sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition. HIV self-testing (HIVST) decreases CAI among men who have sex with men (MSM) by providing awareness of the HIV status of oneself and one's sexual partners. Here, we describe the rationale and design of a randomised waitlist-controlled trial to examine the impact of HIVST on risk compensation among PrEP users. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a two-arm randomised waitlist-controlled trial with 1000 HIV-negative MSM in four major cities in China who will be taking oral PrEP (involving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine) either daily (n=500) or in an event-driven regimen (n=500). The participants will be randomised (1:1) to either the immediate HIVST intervention arm (HIVST plus standard facility-based counselling and testing from 0 to 12 months) or the waitlist arm (standard facility-based counselling and testing from 0 to 6 months, then crossover to receive the HIVST intervention in months 7-12). Participants will provide blood samples to assess the incidence of syphilis and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) during a follow-up. The primary outcomes will be the occurrence of CAI, number of sexual partners and incidence of syphilis and HSV-2 during a follow-up. The secondary outcomes will be the HIV and STI testing frequency and STI treatment adherence during a follow-up. The planned start and end dates for the study is 26 December 2018 and 31 December 2020. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Medical Science Research Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University has approved the study (IRB(2018)273). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1800020374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueru Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - ZhenXing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hai Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lukun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhili Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rantong Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangcao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Conserve DF, Michel J, Adrien Demes JE, Chéry JM, Balan JG, Choko AT, François K, Puttkammer N. Local and national stakeholders' perceptions towards implementing and scaling up HIV self-testing and secondary distribution of HIV self-testing by Option B+ patients as an assisted partner service strategy to reach men in Haiti. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233606. [PMID: 32442226 PMCID: PMC7244176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV self-testing (HIVST), which allows people to test in private, is an innovative testing strategy that has been shown to increase HIV testing among men. Delivering HIVST kits to men via women is one promising assisted partner service strategy. Little research has been conducted on HIVST secondary distribution to men by women living with HIV (WLWH) in the Caribbean and other settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the perspectives of WLWH, their male partners, and healthcare professionals on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of HIVST, and recommendations for implementing HIVST in Haiti, with a focus on secondary distribution of HIVST to men by WLWH. Sixteen key informant interviews and nine focus groups with 44 healthcare workers, 31 Option B+ clients, and 13 men were carried out in Haiti. Key informants were representatives of the Ministry of Health and of a non-governmental agency involved in HIV partner services. Focus group members included program leads and staff members from the HIV care and treatment program, the Option B+ program, the community health service program, and the HIV counseling and testing services from 2 hospitals. Perceived HIVST advantage included an increase in the number of people who would learn their HIV status and start treatment. The perceived disadvantages were lack of support to ensure self-testers initiate treatment, uncertainty about male partner's reaction, risk of violence towards women delivering HIVST kits after receiving an HIVST kit from a woman, and the inability of women to counsel a man in case his self-test result is positive. Recommendations for integrating HIVST and secondary distribution of HIVST by WLWH included coupling HIVST distribution with public information, education, and communication through media and social marketing, relying on community health workers to mediate use of HIVST and ensure linkage to care, piloting HIVST programs on a small scale. HIVST is an appropriate and feasible strategy HIV prevention for men and women; however, more research is needed on how best to implement different strategies for this approach in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donaldson F. Conserve
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob Michel
- Family Health International, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Jean Marcxime Chéry
- Centre Haïtien pour le Renforcement du Système de Santé (CHARESS), Port-au-Prince, Haïti
| | - Jean-Gabriel Balan
- Centre Haïtien pour le Renforcement du Système de Santé (CHARESS), Port-au-Prince, Haïti
| | | | - Kesner François
- Programme National de Lutte contre le SIDA (PNLS), Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP), Port-au-Prince, Haïti
| | - Nancy Puttkammer
- International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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20
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Irungu EM, Baeten JM. PrEP rollout in Africa: status and opportunity. Nat Med 2020; 26:655-664. [PMID: 32405065 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following recommendations by the World Health Organization in 2015, and key clinical trials, countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), developed policies that incorporate pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) into national HIV-prevention strategies. By the end of 2019, more than one third of people receiving PrEP globally were in Africa. Crucial understandings gained from early rollout among at-risk populations, such as HIV-serodiscordant couples, adolescent girls and young women, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men, include the importance of strategies for maintaining persistent adherence to PrEP and novel approaches to making PrEP services accessible, simplified and efficient. This Perspective will discuss the current status of these programs and how to further widen their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Irungu
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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