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Adhikary P, Mburu G, Kabra R, Habib NA, Kiarie J, Dhabhai N, Chowdhury R, Mazumder S. Intersectional analysis of the experiences of women who fail to conceive in low and middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India: Findings from a qualitative study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304029. [PMID: 38959201 PMCID: PMC11221677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of delayed conception and infertility have been reported among women. However, the concept of intersectionality is rarely utilised in studies of infertility, and it is particularly uncommon in research from low- and middle- income countries. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the lived experiences of women with delayed conception in low to -middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India? METHODS This was a qualitative study (n = 35) that recruited women who had failed to conceive after 18 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Data were collected between February and July 2021. Data were collected through focus group discussions in low income to middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India. Analysis identified themes related to intersecting axes of inequality. RESULTS The results showed that gender intersected with economics, masculinity, patriarchal norms and class to influence the experiences of women. The intersection of gender, economics and patriarchal norms compromised women's agency to be active generators of family income, and this dynamic was exacerbated by patrilocal residence. In addition, masculinity contributed to stigmatisation and blaming of women, due to the inaccurate perception that men did not contribute to a couple's infertility. The intersection of gender and social class in medical settings created barriers to women's access to medical information. CONCLUSION Findings from this study provide representative examples of the variety of axes of inequality that shape women's experiences in the study setting. Although these findings may not be generalisable to all women who are experiencing delayed conception, they highlight a need for improved awareness and education on infertility, as well as a need to ensure the availability and accessibility of fertility care for couples in need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gitau Mburu
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rita Kabra
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ndema Abu Habib
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Kiarie
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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You W, Donnelly F. A greater nurse and midwife density protects against infant mortality globally. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 77:e158-e166. [PMID: 38614819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the largest profession within the health care workforce, nurses and midwives play a critical role in the health and wellness of families especially children and infants. This study suggests those countries with higher nurse and midwife densities (NMD) had lower infant mortality rates (IMR). DESIGN AND METHODS With affluence, low birthweight and urbanization incorporated as potential confounders, this ecological study analyzed the correlations between NMD and IMR with scatterplots, Pearson r correlation, partial correlation and multiple linear regression models. Countries were also grouped for analysing and comparing their Pearson's coefficients. RESULTS NMD inversely and significantly correlated to IMR worldwide. This relationship remained significant independent of the confounders, economic affluence, low birthweight and urbanization. Explaining 57.19% of IMR variance, high NMD was implicated in significantly reducing the IMR. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Countries with high NMD had lower IMRs both worldwide and with special regard to developing countries. This may interest healthcare policymakers, especially those from developing countries, to consider the impacts of global nursing and midwifery staffing shortages. Nurses and midwives are the group of healthcare professionals who spend most with infants and their carers. This may be another alert for the health authorities to extend nurses and midwives' practice scope for promoting infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng You
- Adelaide Nursing School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Acute and Urgent Care, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Frank Donnelly
- Adelaide Nursing School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Metwally AM, Basha WA, Elshaarawy GA, Sallam SF, El-Alameey IR, Rifay ASE, Yousef W, Goda AA, Elashry GA, Ahmed DE, Hassan NE, El-Masry SA, Ibrahim NA, Dayem SMAE, Kandeel WA, El-Din EMS, Banna RAESE, Kamel IH, Abdelhamid EM, Abdelrahman M, Mahmoud WS. How did the use of the social marketing approach in Egyptian communities succeed in improving breastfeeding practices and infants' growth? BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1298. [PMID: 38741049 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improving breastfeeding practices does not always link to interventions relying only on improving nutrition awareness and education but needs cultural and behavioral insights . AIM This study aimed to evaluate the changes in core breastfeeding indicators as a result of the use of social marketing (SM) approach for improving breastfeeding practices of Egyptian women and the physical growth of infants aged 6 to 12 months. The core breastfeeding indicators were: Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth, Predominant and exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months (EBF), Bottle feeding with formula, continued breastfeeding to 1 and 2 years, and responsiveness to cues of hunger and satiety. METHODS A quasi-experimental longitudinal study with a posttest-only control design was done over 3 years in three phases; the first was in-depth interviews and formative research followed by health education and counseling interventions and ended by measuring the outcome. Motivating mothers' voluntary behaviors toward breastfeeding promotion "feeding your baby like a baby" was done using SM principles: product, price, place, and promotion. The interventions targeted 646 pregnant women in their last trimester and delivered mothers and 1454 women in their childbearing period. The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS program, version 26. RESULTS Most mothers showed significantly increased awareness about the benefits of breastfeeding and became interested in breastfeeding their children outside the house using the breastfeeding cover (Gawn) (p < 0.05). Breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, frequency of breastfeeding per day, and percentage of children who continued breastfeeding till 2 years, were significantly increased (from 30%, 23%, 56%, and 32% to 62%, 47.3%, 69%, and 43.5% respectively). The girls who recorded underweight results over boys during the first year of life were significantly improved (p < 0.01) after the intervention (from 52.1% to 18.8% respectively). At the same time, girls found to be obese before the intervention (15.6%) became no longer obese. CONCLUSIONS Improvement for the majority of the key breastfeeding indicators and physical growth of infants indicates that raising a healthy generation should start by promoting breastfeeding practices that are respectable to societal norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammal M Metwally
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A Basha
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Elshaarawy
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara F Sallam
- Child Health Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas R El-Alameey
- Child Health Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Clinical Nutrition Department,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibahu University, El Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira S El Rifay
- Child Health Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Yousef
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Goda
- Department of Food Contaminants and Toxicology, Food Industry and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Galal A Elashry
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa E Ahmed
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nayera E Hassan
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar A El-Masry
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nihad A Ibrahim
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soha M Abd El Dayem
- Pediatrics Departtment, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Kandeel
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtissam M Salah El-Din
- Child Health Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rokia Abd Elshafy S El Banna
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman H Kamel
- Child Health Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas M Abdelhamid
- Pediatrics Departtment, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Community Medicine Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa S Mahmoud
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology Department, Misr University for Science and Technology MUST, Giza, Egypt
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Banjara SK, Challa SR, Augustine LF, Dasi T, Madhari R, Fernandez Rao S, Palika R, Pullakhandam R, Kalashikam RR, Kumar RN, Palepu DP, Chilumula M, Selvaraj K, Gopinath P, Davies-Kershaw H, Jobarteh ML, Haggarty P, Heffernan C, Ferguson E, Kulkarni B. Eggs for Improving Nutrition, cognitive development and reducing linear growth retardation among Infants and young Children (ENRICH): protocol of an egg supplementation trial among children aged 9-18 months in Hyderabad, India. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e001892. [PMID: 38417922 PMCID: PMC10900354 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence on the impact of nutrient-rich animal source foods such as eggs for improving child growth and cognition is inconsistent. This study aims to examine the impact of an egg intervention in children, along with behaviour change communication (BCC) to the mother, on linear growth and cognition, and nutritional status in children aged 9-18 months. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A 9-month open-labelled randomised controlled trial will be conducted in three urban slums in Hyderabad, India, as a substudy of an observational cohort study (n=350) following pregnant women and their children until 18 months of age in a population at risk of stunting. The children born to women enrolled during the third trimester of pregnancy will be block randomised in a 1:4 ratio into the intervention (n=70) and control (n=280) groups. Children in the intervention group will be supplemented with one egg per day starting from 9 months until 18 months of age. BCC designed to enhance adherence to the intervention will be used. The control group will be a part of the observational cohort and will not receive any intervention from the study team. The primary outcome will be length-for-age z-scores, and the secondary outcomes will include cognition, blood biomarkers of nutritional status including fatty acid profile and epigenetic signatures linked with linear growth and cognition. Multivariate intention-to-treat analyses will be conducted to assess the effect of the intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is approved by the Institutional ethics committees of ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated to policy-makers. Findings will also be shared with study participants and community leaders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2021/11/038208.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Ram Challa
- ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Teena Dasi
- ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Modou Lamin Jobarteh
- Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Claire Heffernan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London, London, UK
- London International Development Centre (LIDC), London, UK
| | - Elaine Ferguson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
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Chowdhury R, Manapurath R, Sandøy IF, Upadhyay RP, Dhabhai N, Shaikh S, Chellani H, Choudhary TS, Jain A, Martines J, Bhandari N, Strand TA, Taneja S. Impact of an integrated health, nutrition, and early child stimulation and responsive care intervention package delivered to preterm or term small for gestational age babies during infancy on growth and neurodevelopment: study protocol of an individually randomized controlled trial in India (Small Babies Trial). Trials 2024; 25:110. [PMID: 38331842 PMCID: PMC10854034 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-07942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm and term small for gestational age (SGA) babies are at high risk of experiencing malnutrition and impaired neurodevelopment. Standalone interventions have modest and sometimes inconsistent effects on growth and neurodevelopment in these babies. For greater impact, intervention may be needed in multiple domains-health, nutrition, and psychosocial care and support. Therefore, the combined effects of an integrated intervention package for preterm and term SGA on growth and neurodevelopment are worth investigating. METHODS An individually randomized controlled trial is being conducted in urban and peri-urban low to middle-socioeconomic neighborhoods in South Delhi, India. Infants are randomized (1:1) into two strata of 1300 preterm and 1300 term SGA infants each to receive the intervention package or routine care. Infants will be followed until 12 months of age. Outcome data will be collected by an independent outcome ascertainment team at infant ages 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and at 2, 6, and 12 months after delivery for mothers. DISCUSSION The findings of this study will indicate whether providing an intervention that addresses factors known to limit growth and neurodevelopment can offer substantial benefits to preterm or term SGA infants. The results from this study will increase our understanding of growth and development and guide the design of public health programs in low- and middle-income settings for vulnerable infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered prospectively in Clinical Trial Registry - India # CTRI/2021/11/037881, Registered on 08 November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rukman Manapurath
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Fossgard Sandøy
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Harish Chellani
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India.
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Upadhyay RP, Taneja S, Chowdhury R, Dhabhai N, Sapra S, Mazumder S, Sharma S, Tomlinson M, Dua T, Chellani H, Dewan R, Mittal P, Bhan MK, Bhandari N. Child Neurodevelopment After Multidomain Interventions From Preconception Through Early Childhood: The WINGS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2024; 331:28-37. [PMID: 38165408 PMCID: PMC10762577 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Importance Multidomain interventions in pregnancy and early childhood have improved child neurodevelopment, but little is known about the effects of additional preconception interventions. Objective To evaluate the effect of a multifaceted approach including health; nutrition; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and psychosocial support interventions delivered during the preconception period and/or during pregnancy and early childhood on child neurodevelopment. Design, Setting, and Participants In this randomized trial involving low- and middle-income neighborhoods in Delhi, India, 13 500 participants were assigned to preconception interventions or routine care for the primary outcome of preterm births and childhood growth. Participants who became pregnant were randomized to pregnancy and early childhood interventions or routine care. Neurodevelopmental assessments, the trial's secondary outcome reported herein, were conducted in a subsample of children at age 24 months, including 509 with preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood interventions; 473 with preconception interventions alone; 380 with pregnancy and early childhood interventions alone; and 350 with routine care. This study was conducted from November 1, 2000, through February 25, 2022. Interventions Health, nutrition, psychosocial care and support, and WASH interventions delivered during preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood periods. Main Outcomes and Measures Cognitive, motor, language, and socioemotional performance at age 24 months, assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3 tool. Results The mean age of participants at enrollment was 23.8 years (SD, 3.0 years). Compared with the controls at age 24 months, children in the preconception intervention groups had higher cognitive scores (mean difference [MD], 1.16; 98.3% CI, 0.18-2.13) but had similar language, motor, and socioemotional scores as controls. Those receiving pregnancy and early childhood interventions had higher cognitive (MD, 1.48; 98.3% CI, 0.49-2.46), language (MD, 2.29; 98.3% CI, 1.07-3.50), motor (MD, 1.53; 98.3% CI, 0.65-2.42), and socioemotional scores (MD, 4.15; 98.3% CI, 2.18-6.13) than did controls. The pregnancy and early childhood group also had lower incidence rate ratios (RRs) of moderate to severe delay in cognitive (incidence RR, 0.62; 98.3% CI, 0.40-0.96), language (incidence RR, 0.73; 98.3% CI, 0.57-0.93), and socioemotional (incidence RR, 0.49; 98.3% CI, 0.24-0.97) development than did those in the control group. Children in the preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood intervention group had higher cognitive (MD, 2.60; 98.3% CI, 1.08-4.12), language (MD, 3.46; 98.3% CI, 1.65-5.27), motor (MD, 2.31; 98.3% CI, 0.93-3.69), and socioemotional (MD, 5.55; 98.3% CI, 2.66-8.43) scores than did those in the control group. Conclusions and Relevance Multidomain interventions during preconception, pregnancy and early childhood led to modest improvements in child neurodevelopment at 24 months. Such interventions for enhancing children's development warrant further evaluation. Trial Registration Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2017/06/008908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Savita Sapra
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sitanshi Sharma
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tarun Dua
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harish Chellani
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M. K. Bhan
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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Karantha SC, Upadhyay RP, Jain A, Bhandari N, Dhabhai N, Sapra S, Sharma S, Chowdhury R, Taneja S. Association of fetal ultrasound anthropometric parameters with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296215. [PMID: 38134191 PMCID: PMC10745170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of studies which have examined associations between ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters and neurodevelopment in all infants. We examined the association between ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters and neurodevelopment in all infants through a secondary analysis of data collected in a large community based randomized controlled trial. METHODS A total of 1465 mother-child dyads were included. Ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters which included the head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD) and transcerebellar diameter (TCD) were collected at 26-28 weeks of gestation and their association with neurodevelopment at 24 months of age was examined. RESULTS Only the transcerebellar diameter z score was positively associated +0.54 units (95% CI: 0.15, 0.93) with motor composite score. When the neurodevelopment outcomes were analyzed as categorical, none of the fetal variables were associated with risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment impairment. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that transcerebellar diameter could be useful for early prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registration of Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study Clinical Trial Registry-India, #CTRI/2017/06/008908; Registered on: 23/06/2017, (http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19339&EncHid=&userName=society%20for%20applied%20studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya C. Karantha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi P. Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Savita Sapra
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sitanshi Sharma
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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8
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Dhabhai N, Chowdhury R, Virmani A, Chaudhary R, Taneja S, Mittal P, Dewan R, Dang A, Kaur J, Bhandari N. Burden, risk factors and outcomes associated with adequately treated hypothyroidism in a population-based cohort of pregnant women from North India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282381. [PMID: 37703246 PMCID: PMC10499229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the commonest endocrine disorder of pregnancy, with known adverse feto-maternal outcomes. There is limited data on population-based prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with treatment of hypothyroidism in early pregnancy. We conducted analysis on data from an urban and peri-urban low to mid socioeconomic population-based cohort of pregnant women in North Delhi, India to ascertain the burden, risk factors and impact of treatment, on adverse pregnancy outcomes- low birth weight, prematurity, small for gestational age and stillbirth. This is an observational study embedded within the intervention group of the Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study, an individually randomized factorial design trial. Thyroid stimulating hormone was tested in 2317 women in early (9-13 weeks) pregnancy, and thyroxin replacement started hypothyroid (TSH ≥2.5mIU/mL). Univariable and multivariable generalized linear model with binomial family and log link were performed to ascertain risk factors associated with hypothyroidism and association between hypothyroidism and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Of 2317 women, 29.2% (95% CI: 27.4 to 31.1) had hypothyroidism and were started on thyroxin replacement with close monitoring. Overweight or obesity was associated with increased risk (adjusted RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51), while higher hemoglobin concentration was associated with decreased risk (adjusted RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.98 for each g/dL) for hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid women received appropriate treatment with no increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Almost a third of women from low to mid socio-economic population had hypothyroidism in early pregnancy, more so if anemic and overweight or obese. With early screening and adequate replacement, adverse pregnancy outcomes may be avoided. These findings highlight the need in early pregnancy for universal TSH screening and adequate treatment of hypothyroidism; as well as for attempts to reduce pre and peri-conception overweight, obesity and anemia. Clinical trial registration: Clinical trial registration of Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study Clinical Trial Registry-India, #CTRI/2017/06/008908; Registered on: 23/06/2017, (http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19339&EncHid=&userName=society%20for%20applied%20studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Virmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Max Smart Superspeciality Hospital, Saket, Rainbow Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jasmine Kaur
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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Sharma S, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Mazumder S, Bhatia K, Ghosh R, Karantha SC, Dhabhai N, Chellani H, Bahl R, Bhandari N. Breastfeeding practices based on the gestational age and weight at birth in the first six months of life in a population-based cohort of infants from North India. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1127885. [PMID: 37435164 PMCID: PMC10331721 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Short and long term benefits of early Initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first six months of life are well established and recommended globally. However, reliable estimates of breastfeeding practices and impact of breastfeeding counselling interventions according to gestational age and weight at birth are not available in low and middle income countries. Objective To assess the impact of breastfeeding counselling on EIBF and EBF during the first 6 months of life according to gestational age and weight at birth. Methods We analysed the data collected from the Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS), an individually randomized factorial design trial. Mothers were counselled on EIBF during third trimester of pregnancy. They were supported throughout the first 6 months to continue EBF by early problem identification, frequent home visits and assistance in expressing breastmilk when direct breastfeeding was not possible. Breastfeeding practices were ascertained through 24 h recalls at infant ages 1, 3 and 5 months for both the intervention and control groups by an independent outcome ascertainment team. The World Health Organization (WHO) definitions were used for classification of infant breastfeeding practices. Generalized linear models of the Poisson family with a log-link function were used to estimate the effect of interventions on breastfeeding practices. The relative measures of effect on breastfeeding practices were estimated in term appropriate for gestational age (T-AGA), term small for gestational age (T-SGA), preterm AGA (PT-AGA), preterm SGA (PT-SGA) infants. Results Amongst all infants irrespective of gestational age and weight at birth, EIBF was (51.7%) higher amongst the intervention group (IRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.28-1.48) compared with the control group. The proportion of exclusively breastfed infants at ages 1 month (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.28-1.48), 3 months (IRR 2.13, 95% CI 1.30-1.44) and 5 months (IRR 2.78, 95% CI 2.58-3.00) were higher in intervention group than control group. We identified significant interaction (p value for interaction <0.05) between intervention and infant size and gestation at birth on exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 5 months of age. Subgroup analysis showed that the impact of the intervention was greater on exclusive breastfeeding in PT- SGA infants at 3 months (IRR 3.30, 95% CI 2.20-4.96) and 5 months of age (IRR 5.26, 95% CI 2.98-9.28). Conclusion This is one of the first studies wherein impact of breastfeeding counselling interventions in the first 6 months of life was assessed according to infant size and gestation at birth wherein gestational age was reliably estimated. The impact of this intervention was higher in preterm and SGA babies compared to other infants. This finding is important as preterm and SGA infants have a higher burden of mortality and morbidity during early infancy. Intensive breastfeeding counselling to these vulnerable infants is likely to improve overall breastfeeding rates and reduce the adverse outcomes.Clinical Trial Registration: [http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19339%26EncHid=%26userName=societyforappliedstudies], identifier [#CTRI/2017/06/008908].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitanshi Sharma
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Bhatia
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Runa Ghosh
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sowmya C. Karantha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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10
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Ciulei MA, Smith ER, Perumal N, Jakazi CS, Sudfeld CR, Gernand AD. Nutritious Supplemental Foods for Pregnant Women from Food Insecure Settings: Types, Nutritional Composition, and Relationships to Health Outcomes. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100094. [PMID: 37250388 PMCID: PMC10209485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the provision of nutritious supplemental foods to undernourished pregnant women can improve maternal and infant outcomes. However, comparing and synthesizing the evidence base is complicated by differences in interventions and products and the use of ambiguous terminology. We aimed to define 2 common types of nutritious supplemental foods used in pregnancy, balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplements and lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS), and to review the evidence supporting each via a narrative review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs). Information about the nutritional composition of the food supplements and their effects on maternal and infant outcomes was abstracted. Five SRMAs (n = 20 trials) evaluated the effect of BEP compared with no BEP/control (comparison group commonly received iron and folic acid [IFA]). BEP foods/products ranged in calories (118-1017 kcals), protein (3-50 g), fat (6-57 g), and micronutrient content. Overall, maternal BEP improved birth weight and reduced the risk of stillbirth and small for gestational age when compared with no BEP/control in pregnancy. Three SRMAs (n = 5 trials) evaluated the effect of LNS compared with IFA or multiple micronutrients (MMNs). The LNS interventions comprised small- and large-quantity LNS that ranged in calories (118-746 kcals), protein (3-21 g), fat (10-53 g), and micronutrient content. LNS compared with IFA increased pregnancy duration, birth weight, and birth length and reduced the risk of small for gestational age and infant stunting; however, no beneficial effect of LNS was identified when compared with MMN. Despite heterogeneity in the nutritional composition of BEP supplements, the evidence suggests that in nutritionally at-risk populations, these products may improve birth outcomes in pregnant women. The evidence is limited but promising when LNS is compared with IFA in improving maternal and infant outcomes. Overall, BEP, compared with MMN or LNS, are key areas that have not been studied and deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela A. Ciulei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Emily R. Smith
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nandita Perumal
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chioniso S. Jakazi
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christopher R. Sudfeld
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison D. Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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11
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França DCH, França EL, Sobrevia L, Barbosa AMP, Honorio-França AC, Rudge MVC. Integration of nutrigenomics, melatonin, serotonin and inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166737. [PMID: 37146917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem and has been associated with the development of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. The interaction is related to hyperglycemia, and inflammatory and hormonal patterns, which favor functional alterations in different organs and systems. Several genes associated with human diseases have been identified and partially characterized. Most of these genes are known to cause monogenic diseases. However, about 3 % of diseases do not fit the monogenic theory due to the complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors, as in chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The nutritional, immunological, and hormonal patterns associated with changes in maternal metabolism may influence and contribute to greater susceptibility to urinary tract disorders. However, early systematic reviews have not yielded consistent findings for these associations. This literature review summarizes important new findings from integrating nutrigenomics, hormones, and cytokines in women with Gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. Changes in maternal metabolism due to hyperglycemia can generate an inflammatory environment with increased inflammatory cytokines. This environment modulated by inflammation can alter tryptophan uptake through food and thus influence the production of serotonin and melatonin. As these hormones seem to have protective effects against smooth muscle dysfunction and to restore the impaired contractility of the detrusor muscle, it is assumed that these changes may favor the onset of urinary incontinence specific to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cristina Honorio França
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças 78605-091, Brazil.
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eutra, The Institute for Obesity Research (IOR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey 64710, Mexico.
| | - Angélica Mércia Pascon Barbosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Philosophy and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia 17525-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil.
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12
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Gernand AD, Gallagher K, Bhandari N, Kolsteren P, Lee AC, Shafiq Y, Taneja S, Tielsch JM, Abate FW, Baye E, Berhane Y, Chowdhury R, Dailey-Chwalibóg T, de Kok B, Dhabhai N, Jehan F, Kang Y, Katz J, Khatry S, Lachat C, Mazumder S, Muhammad A, Nisar MI, Sharma S, Martin LA, Upadhyay RP, Christian P. Harmonization of maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation studies for individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses - finding and creating similarities in variables and data collection. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:107. [PMID: 36774497 PMCID: PMC9919738 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health and clinical recommendations are established from systematic reviews and retrospective meta-analyses combining effect sizes, traditionally, from aggregate data and more recently, using individual participant data (IPD) of published studies. However, trials often have outcomes and other meta-data that are not defined and collected in a standardized way, making meta-analysis problematic. IPD meta-analysis can only partially fix the limitations of traditional, retrospective, aggregate meta-analysis; prospective meta-analysis further reduces the problems. METHODS We developed an initiative including seven clinical intervention studies of balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation that are being conducted (or recently concluded) in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Pakistan to test the effect of BEP on infant and maternal outcomes. These studies were commissioned after an expert consultation that designed recommendations for a BEP product for use among pregnant and lactating women in low- and middle-income countries. The initiative goal is to harmonize variables across studies to facilitate IPD meta-analyses on closely aligned data, commonly called prospective meta-analysis. Our objective here is to describe the process of harmonizing variable definitions and prioritizing research questions. A two-day workshop of investigators, content experts, and advisors was held in February 2020 and harmonization activities continued thereafter. Efforts included a range of activities from examining protocols and data collection plans to discussing best practices within field constraints. Prior to harmonization, there were many similar outcomes and variables across studies, such as newborn anthropometry, gestational age, and stillbirth, however, definitions and protocols differed. As well, some measurements were being conducted in several but not all studies, such as food insecurity. Through the harmonization process, we came to consensus on important shared variables, particularly outcomes, added new measurements, and improved protocols across studies. DISCUSSION We have fostered extensive communication between investigators from different studies, and importantly, created a large set of harmonized variable definitions within a prospective meta-analysis framework. We expect this initiative will improve reporting within each study in addition to providing opportunities for a series of IPD meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Kelly Gallagher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Cc Lee
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Firehiwot Workneh Abate
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Adaba, Ethiopia
| | - Estifanos Baye
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Adaba, Ethiopia
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Trenton Dailey-Chwalibóg
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brenda de Kok
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yunhee Kang
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Subarna Khatry
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Nisar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sitanshi Sharma
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Leigh A Martin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Hoffman DJ, Kassim I, Ndiaye B, McGovern ME, Le H, Abebe KT, Ayoya MA. Childhood Stunting and Wasting Following Independence in South Sudan. Food Nutr Bull 2022; 43:381-394. [PMID: 36245391 DOI: 10.1177/03795721221128126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Sudan has experienced ongoing civil and environmental problems since gaining independence in 2011 that may influence childhood nutritional status. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of undernutrition among children in South Sudan in 2018 and 2019 compared to the prevalence in 2010. METHODS Data on height and weight were collected using a 2-stage stratified sample framework in which households were randomly selected at the county level and nutritional status was calculated for all children under 5 years of age to determine height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age Z-scores (HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ) and the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with nutritional status and the odds ratio for nutritional outcomes. RESULTS In 2010, the mean HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ was -0.78, -0.82, and -1.15, respectively, and the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 30%, 23%, and 32%, respectively. In 2018 and 2019, the mean HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ was -0.50, -0.70, -0.77 and -0.53, -0.77, -0.76, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight in 2018 and 2019 was 17%, 14%, 15% and 16%, 16%, 17%, respectively. Age was negatively associated with all nutritional indices and girls had higher HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ and a lower mid upper arm circumference (P < .01) compared to boys. The risk of poor nutritional outcomes was associated with vaccine status and varied by state of residence. CONCLUSIONS Following independence in 2010, the prevalence of undernutrition in South Sudan decreased, but the risk for undernutrition varied by state and efforts to address food security and health need to ensure equitable access for all children in South Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Childhood Nutrition Research, Rutgers; the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ismail Kassim
- UNICEF South Sudan, Totto Chan Compound, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Biram Ndiaye
- UNICEF South Sudan, Totto Chan Compound, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Mark E McGovern
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Huyen Le
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Childhood Nutrition Research, Rutgers; the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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14
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Taneja S, Chowdhury R, Dhabhai N, Upadhyay RP, Mazumder S, Sharma S, Bhatia K, Chellani H, Dewan R, Mittal P, Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhandari N. Impact of a package of health, nutrition, psychosocial support, and WaSH interventions delivered during preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood periods on birth outcomes and on linear growth at 24 months of age: factorial, individually randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2022; 379:e072046. [PMID: 36288808 PMCID: PMC9597398 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of integrated and concurrent delivery of health, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH), and psychosocial care interventions during the preconception period alone, during pregnancy and early childhood, and throughout preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood on birth outcomes and linear growth at 24 months of age compared with routine care. DESIGN Individually randomised factorial trial. SETTING Low and middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India. PARTICIPANTS 13 500 women were randomised to receive preconception interventions (n=6722) or routine care (n=6778). 2652 and 2269 pregnant women were randomised again to receive pregnancy and early childhood interventions or routine care. The analysis of birth outcomes included 1290 live births for the preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood interventions (group A), 1276 for the preconception intervention (group B), 1093 for the pregnancy and early childhood interventions (group C), and 1093 for the control (group D). Children aged 24 months by 30 June 2021 were included in the 24 month outcome analysis (453 in group A, 439 in B, 293 in C, and 271 in D). INTERVENTIONS Health, nutrition, psychosocial care and support, and WaSH interventions were delivered during preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood periods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were low birth weight, small for gestational age, preterm, and mean birth weight. At 24 months, the outcomes were mean length-for-age z scores and proportion stunted. Three prespecified comparisons were made: preconception intervention groups (A+B) versus no preconception intervention groups (C+D); pregnancy and early childhood intervention groups (A+C) versus routine care during pregnancy and early childhood (B+D) and preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood interventions groups (A) versus control group (D). RESULTS The proportion with low birth weight was lower in the preconception intervention groups (506/2235) than in the no preconception intervention groups (502/1889; incidence rate ratio 0.85, 98.3% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.97; absolute risk reduction -3.80%, 98.3% confidence interval -6.99% to -0.60%). The proportion with low birth weight was lower in the pregnancy intervention groups (502/2096) than in the no pregnancy intervention groups (506/2028) but the upper limit of the confidence interval crossed null effect (0.87, 0.76 to 1.01; -1.71%, -4.96% to 1.54%). There was a larger effect on proportion with low birth weight in the group that received interventions in the preconception and pregnancy periods (267/1141) compared with the control group (267/934; 0.76, 0.62 to 0.91; -5.59%, -10.32% to -0.85%). The proportion stunted at 24 months of age was substantially lower in the pregnancy and early childhood intervention groups (79/746) compared with the groups that did not receive these interventions (136/710; 0.51, 0.38 to 0.70; -8.32%, -12.31% to -4.32%), and in the group that received preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood interventions (47/453) compared with the control group (51/271; 0.49, 0.32 to 0.75; -7.98%, -14.24% to -1.71%). No effect on stunting at 24 months was observed in the preconception intervention groups (132/892) compared with the no preconception intervention groups (83/564). CONCLUSIONS An intervention package delivered during preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood substantially reduced low birth weight and stunting at 24 months. Pregnancy and early childhood interventions alone had lower but important effects on birth outcomes and 24 month outcomes. Preconception interventions alone had an important effect on birth outcomes but not on 24 month outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry-India CTRI/2017/06/008908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sitanshi Sharma
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Bhatia
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M K Bhan
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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15
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Partap U, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Bhandari N, De Costa A, Bahl R, Fawzi W. Preconception and periconception interventions to prevent low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007537. [PMID: 35948345 PMCID: PMC9379503 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight (LBW), including preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA), contributes a significant global health burden. We aimed to summarise current evidence on the effect of preconception and periconception interventions on LBW, SGA and PTB. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and WHO Global Index Medicus for randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies published by 28 November 2020, which assessed interventions delivered in preconception and periconception or preconception and pregnancy. Primary outcomes were LBW, SGA and PTB. Studies were categorised by intervention type and delivery during preconception and periconception or during preconception and pregnancy. Estimates were pooled using fixed-effects or random-effects restricted maximum likelihood method meta-analyses. Quality of evidence for primary outcomes was assessed using the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results We included 58 studies. Twenty-eight studies examined nutrition interventions (primarily micronutrient or food supplementation). Thirty studies (including one reporting a nutrition intervention) provided health interventions (general preconception health, early adverse pregnancy outcome prevention, non-communicable disease and infectious disease prevention and management). One study assessed a social intervention (reproductive planning). Studies varied in terms of specific interventions, including delivery across preconception or pregnancy, resulting in few studies for any single comparison. Overall, the evidence was generally very uncertain regarding the impact of any intervention on LBW, SGA and PTB. Additionally, preconception and periconception nutritional supplementation containing folic acid was associated with reduced risk of birth defects (10 studies, N=3 13 312, risk ratio: 0.37 (95% CI: 0.24 to 0.55), I2: 74.33%). Conclusion We found a paucity of evidence regarding the impact of preconception and periconception interventions on LBW, SGA and PTB. Further research on a wider range of interventions is required to clearly ascertain their potential effectiveness. Trial registration number This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020220915).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Partap
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayesha De Costa
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Habtu M, Agena AG, Umugwaneza M, Mochama M, Munyanshongore C. Effectiveness of Integrated Maternal Nutrition Intervention Package on Birth Weight in Rwanda. Front Nutr 2022; 9:874714. [PMID: 35938121 PMCID: PMC9353189 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.874714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy is a principal risk factor for poor fetal development, resulting in low birth weight (LBW) and subsequently, poor child growth. Most studies focus on the impact of nutritional interventions after birth while only a few interventions consider integrated nutrition service packages. Therefore, there is limited evidence on whether integrated maternal nutrition interventions have a positive effect on birthweight. Thus, a post-program quasi-experimental study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the integrated maternal nutrition intervention package on low birth weight in Rwanda. A total of 551 mother–baby pairs from the intervention and 545 controls were included in the analysis. Data regarding socio-demographic, maternal anthropometric parameters, and dietary diversity were collected using a structured questionnaire. Birth weight was assessed right after delivery, within 24 h. Logistic regression, linear regression, and path analysis were fitted to determine the effectiveness of the intervention on birth weight. The study found that the intervention reduced LBW by 66.99% (p < 0.001) and increased average birth weight by 219 g (p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified reduced risk of LBW among the intervention group (AOR = 0.23; 95%CI = 0.12–0.43; p < 0.001). It was also observed that the direct effect of the intervention on birth weight was 0.17 (β = 0.17; p < 0.001) and the main indirect mediator was maternal MUAC (β = 0.05; p < 0.001). Moreover, maternal passive smoking exposure and MUAC < 23 cm were found as risk factors for LBW. This study has demonstrated that an integrated maternal nutritional intervention package can significantly reduce LBW in low-income settings and should, therefore, be considered to improve birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Habtu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Kigali, Rwanda
- *Correspondence: Michael Habtu,
| | | | - Maryse Umugwaneza
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Monica Mochama
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Cyprien Munyanshongore
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Dhabhai N, Chaudhary R, Wi T, Mburu G, Chowdhury R, More D, Chatterjee L, De D, Kabra R, Kiarie J, Habib N, Dang A, Dang M, Mazumder S. Prevalence of reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections among married women in urban and peri-urban mid to low socioeconomic neighbourhoods of Delhi, North India: an observational study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059583. [PMID: 35304404 PMCID: PMC8935169 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Global Health Sector Strategy on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2016 aims to end STIs as public health threat by 2030. WHO conducts global estimates of prevalence to monitor progress towards achieving the same. However, limited laboratory confirmed data exist of STIs and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) apart from few prevalence surveys among key populations and clinic-based reports, including in India. Syndromic approach is the cornerstone of RTI/STI management and to maximise the diagnostic accuracy, there is a need to determine the main aetiologies of vaginal discharge. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of common STIs and RTIs and their aetiological organisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic women living in the urban and peri-urban, mid to low socioeconomic neighbourhoods of Delhi, North India. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A cross-sectional study will be conducted among 440 married women who participated in the 'Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS)'. Information on sociodemographic profile, sexual and reproductive health will be collected, followed by examination and collection of vaginal swabs for nucleic acid amplification tests to diagnose Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis and microscopy to identify bacterial vaginosis and Candida albicans. Treatment will be as per the syndromic approach recommendations in the Indian National Guidelines. Data will be analysed to estimate prevalence, presence of symptoms and signs associated with laboratory confirmed RTIs/STIs using STATA V.16.0 (StataCorp). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol has been approved by the ethics review committees of the WHO and Society for Applied Studies (SAS/ERC/RHR-RTI/STI/2020). Approval has been obtained by the WINGS investigators from SAS ethics research committee to share the contact details of the participants with the investigators. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated through scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2020/03/023954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Teodora Wi
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Gitau Mburu
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak More
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rita Kabra
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - James Kiarie
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Ndema Habib
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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18
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Adhikary P, Roy N, Mburu G, Kabra R, Habib NA, Kiarie J, Dhabhai N, Chowdhury R, Mazumder S. Characteristics, experiences and actions taken by women to address delayed conception: A mixed-methods cross-sectional study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264777. [PMID: 35275948 PMCID: PMC8916660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of infertility on mental, emotional, physical and sexual health is grave, particularly in a pronatalist society. Literature is replete with evidence of wide ranging psychosocial consequences of infertility in women, indicating the need for identifying the gaps and designing appropriate context specific interventions to improve access and utilization of services. Data that are accessible, primarily from infertility clinics and women visiting hospitals for infertility treatment; information from community settings is rare. This is a protocol paper for a study to understand women’s experiences and actions taken by them to cope with delayed conception. Methods Mixed-methods cross-sectional design is used to obtain deep insights into the experiences of delayed conception, coping mechanisms, medical assistance and other help sought. Information is also being obtained on socio-demographic profile, fertility intentions, fertility quality of life, general medical history, obstetric, gynecological and sexual history, substance use and mental health status. A sample of 1530 women will be administered 4 modules of a quantitative survey. Focus group discussions, about four or till saturation point, will be conducted using purposive sampling. The study is recruiting from a population of women who previously participated in the ‘Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS) and failed to conceive during 18 months follow up period. Data collected through questionnaire will be assembled, cleaned, analyzed and reported. The findings will be disseminated through reports with the ethics review committee, government entities, academic and research publications. Discussion This study will provide insights on the experiences and coping strategies of women with delayed conception in the study community. Results will assist in designing appropriate interventions to meet the holistic health and psychosocial needs of women with delayed conception and promote sexual and reproductive health within the broader framework of Sustainable Development Goals and Universal health coverage. Trial registration Trial registration number: CTRI/2020/03/023955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Adhikary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Roy
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitau Mburu
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rita Kabra
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ndema Abu Habib
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Kiarie
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Bahl S, Dhabhai N, Taneja S, Mittal P, Dewan R, Kaur J, Chaudhary R, Bhandari N, Chowdhury R. Burden, risk factors and outcomes associated with gestational diabetes in a population-based cohort of pregnant women from North India. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:32. [PMID: 35031013 PMCID: PMC8759176 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) appears to be increasing in India and may be related to the double burden of malnutrition. The population-based incidence and risk factors of GDM, particularly in lower socio-economic populations, are not known. We conducted analyses on data from a population-based cohort of pregnant women in South Delhi, India, to determine the incidence of GDM, its risk factors and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes (stillbirth, preterm birth, large for gestational age babies) and need for caesarean section. Methods We analyzed data from the intervention group of the Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS), an individually randomized factorial design trial. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at the time of confirmation of pregnancy, and for those who had a normal test (≤140 mg), it was repeated at 24–28 and at 34–36 weeks. Logistic regression was performed to ascertain risk factors associated with GDM. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated to find association between GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes and need for caesarean section. Results 19.2% (95% CI: 17.6 to 20.9) pregnant women who had at least one OGTT were diagnosed to have GDM. Women who had prediabetes at the time of confirmation of pregnancy had a significantly higher risk of developing GDM (RR 2.08, 95%CI 1.45 to 2.97). Other risk factors independently associated with GDM were woman’s age (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.10, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.15) and BMI (AOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07). Higher maternal height was found to be protective factor for GDM (AOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00). Women with GDM, received appropriate treatment did not have an increase in adverse outcomes and no increased need for caesarean section Conclusions A substantial proportion of pregnant women from a low to mid socio-economic population in Delhi had GDM, with older age, higher BMI and pre-diabetes as important risk factors. These findings highlight the need for interventions for prevention and provision of appropriate management of GDM in antenatal programmes. Clinical trial registration Clinical Trial Registry – India, #CTRI/2017/06/008908 (http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19339&EncHid=&userName=society%20for%20applied%20studies). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04389-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Bahl
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Sahariah SA, Gandhi M, Chopra H, Kehoe SH, Johnson MJ, di Gravio C, Patkar D, Sane H, Coakley PJ, Karkera AH, Bhat DS, Brown N, Margetts BM, Jackson AA, K K, Potdar RD, Fall CHD. Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Children of Women who Took Part in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Pre-conceptional Nutritional Intervention in Mumbai, India. J Nutr 2022; 152:1070-1081. [PMID: 36967164 PMCID: PMC8971001 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal nutrition influences fetal development and may permanently alter (“program”) offspring body composition and metabolism, thereby influencing later risk of diabetes and cardiovascular (cardiometabolic) disease. The prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is rising rapidly in India. Objectives To test the hypothesis that supplementing low-income Indian women with micronutrient-rich foods preconceptionally and during pregnancy has a beneficial impact on the children's body composition and cardiometabolic risk marker profiles. Methods Follow-up of 1255 children aged 5–10 y whose mothers took part in the Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project [Project “SARAS”; International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN)62811278]. Mothers were randomly assigned to receive a daily micronutrient-rich snack or a control snack of lower micronutrient content, both made from local foods, in addition to normal diet, from before pregnancy until delivery. Children's body composition was assessed using anthropometry and DXA. Their blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations were measured. Outcomes were compared between allocation groups with and without adjustment for confounding factors. Results Overall, 15% of children were stunted, 34% were wasted, and 3% were overweight. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there were no differences in body composition or risk markers between children in the intervention and control groups. Among children whose mothers started supplementation ≥3 mo before conception (the “per protocol” sample) the intervention increased adiposity among girls, but not boys. BMI in girls was increased relative to controls by 2% (95% CI: 1, 4; P = 0.01); fat mass index by 10% (95% CI: 3, 18; P = 0.004); and percent fat by 7% (95% CI: 1, 13; P = 0.01) unadjusted, with similar results in adjusted models. Conclusions Overall, supplementing women with micronutrient-rich foods from before pregnancy until delivery did not alter body composition or cardiometabolic risk markers in the children. Subgroup analyses showed that, if started ≥3 mo before conception, supplementation may increase adiposity among female children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Gandhi
- Centre for the Study of Social Change, Mumbai, India
| | - Harsha Chopra
- Centre for the Study of Social Change, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarah H Kehoe
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J Johnson
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Chiara di Gravio
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | - Harshad Sane
- Centre for the Study of Social Change, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | - Nick Brown
- International Center for Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kumaran K
- Centre for the Study of Social Change, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Caroline H D Fall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK
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21
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Chowdhury R, ▪ N, Choudhary TS, Dhabhai N, Mittal P, Dewan R, Kaur J, Chaudhary R, Tamaria A, Bahl R, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: Findings from North Indian pregnancy cohort. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022. [PMCID: PMC8710111 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, very few studies have addressed the association between GWG and pregnancy outcomes in South Asia. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of GWG during the second and third trimesters within, below and above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines, and to estimate the effect of the rate and adequacy of GWG on gestational age at the time of delivery, weight, length, length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ), weight‐for‐length z‐score (WLZ) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, namely prematurity, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), stunting and wasting at birth. We analysed data from the intervention group of the Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS), which is an ongoing individually randomized factorial design study. Of the 1332 women analysed, 40.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37.5 to 42.8] had GWG below the IOM guidelines. For every 100‐g/week increase in GWG, birth weight increased by 61 g, birth length by 0.16 cm, LAZ score by 0.08 SD, WLZ score by 0.14 SD, and gestational age at birth by 0.48 days. Women with GWG below the IOM guidelines had a higher relative risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (44% for LBW, 27% for SGA, 32% for stunting and 42% for wasting at birth) than women who had GWG within the IOM guidelines, except for prematurity. The association between GWG and LAZ scores at birth was modified by early pregnancy body mass index (BMI). GWG is a strong predictor of newborn anthropometric outcomes and duration of gestation but not prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Nitika ▪
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Anuradha Tamaria
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Aging World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
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22
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Roy N, Adhikary P, Kabra R, Kiarie J, Mburu G, Dhabhai N, Chowdhury R, Mazumder S. Postpartum contraceptive practices among urban and peri-urban women in North India: a mixed-methods cohort study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:820. [PMID: 34893054 PMCID: PMC8662907 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum family planning (PPFP) helps women space childbirths, increase exclusive breastfeeding and prevent unintended pregnancies, leading to reduction in maternal, infant and child morbidities and mortality. Unmet need of family planning is highest among women in the postpartum period due to lack of knowledge, cultural and religious barriers, access barriers and low antenatal care service utilization. However, in spite of low prevalence of postpartum family planning practices, birth-to-birth interval is reportedly high in Delhi, India. This study explores the postpartum contraception practices and the relationship between use of postpartum contraception and subsequent child linear growth. METHODS This is a mixed method cohort study on PPFP and is nested within an ongoing "Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study" (WINGS). Married women aged 18-30 years who have delivered a live baby are recruited for quantitative interviews at 6 weeks, 6, 12, and 24 months postpartum. In-depth interviews are conducted with a randomly selected sub-sample of women at each of the four time points, 35 husbands and 20 local service providers to understand their perspectives on PPFP practices. DISCUSSION The findings from the study will provide useful insights into couples' contraception preferences and choice of contraception, modern and traditional, initiation time and the effect of birth spacing and contraception use on subsequent linear growth of the child. This knowledge will be of significant public health relevance and will help in designing appropriate interventions for appropriate postpartum contraception use and delivery strategies. The study aims to work address the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights goal of promoting reproductive health, voluntary and safe sexual and reproductive choices for women. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number: CTRI/2020/03/023954 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Roy
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Priyanka Adhikary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Rita Kabra
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gitau Mburu
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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23
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Vila-Guilera J, Parikh P, Chaturvedi H, Ciric L, Lakhanpaul M. Towards transformative WASH: an integrated case study exploring environmental, sociocultural, economic and institutional risk factors contributing to infant enteric infections in rural tribal India. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1331. [PMID: 34229646 PMCID: PMC8262041 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite clear linkages between poor Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (WASH) and enteric disease, the design of effective WASH interventions that reduce child enteric infections and stunting rates has proved challenging. WASH factors as currently defined do not capture the overall exposure factors to faecal pathogens through the numerous infection transmission pathways. Understanding the multiple and multifaceted factors contributing to enteric infections and their interconnectedness is key to inform future interventions. This study aimed to perform an in-depth holistic exploration of the environmental, socio-cultural, economic and institutional context surrounding infants to develop an integrated understanding of enteric infection drivers in rural tribal Banswara, in Rajasthan State, India. METHODS This study relied on the triangulation of mixed-methods to capture critical influences contributing to infant enteric infection transmission. We conducted structured observations and exploratory qualitative research across 9 rural tribal villages, including transect walks, household observations, interviews with frontline health workers and group discussions with mothers. The emergent social themes and identified factors were mapped based on the scale of agency (individual, family or community-level factor) and on their nature (environmental, socio-cultural, economic and institutional factors). RESULTS Infants aged 5 to 24 months were seen to have constant exposures to dirt via mouthing of soil, soiled hands, soiled objects and food. Rudimentary household environments with dirt floors and domestic animals lacked a hygiene-enabling environment that hindered hygienic behaviour adoption. Several unsafe behaviours failing to interrupt infants' exposures to pathogens were captured, but caregivers reported a lack of self-efficacy skills to separate children from faecal exposures due to the rural farming environments where they lived. Conceptual mapping helped understand how wider-level societal factors such as socio-economic limitations, caste inequalities, and political corruption may have trickle-down effects on the caregivers' motivation and perceived self-efficacy for improving hygiene levels around children, highlighting the influence of interconnected broader factors. CONCLUSIONS Conceptual mapping proved useful to develop an integrated understanding of the interlinked factors across socio-ecological levels and domains, highlighting the role of wider sociocultural, economic and institutional factors contributing to infant's enteric infection risks. Future WASH interventions are likely to require similar integrated approaches that account for the complex factors at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vila-Guilera
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Priti Parikh
- Engineering for International Development Centre, The Bartlett, UCL Faculty of the Built Environment, London, WC1H 0QB, UK
| | - Hemant Chaturvedi
- Aceso Global Health Consultants Ltd., Chanakya Place 1, New Delhi, 110059, India
| | - Lena Ciric
- Healthy Infrastructure Research Group, UCL Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, N19 5NF, UK
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24
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Ashorn P. Infant Growth After Maternal Dietary Supplementation Before and During Pregnancy. J Pediatr 2021; 229:14-16. [PMID: 33159913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University; Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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