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Chowdhury R, Manapurath R, Sandøy IF, Upadhyay RP, Dhabhai N, Shaikh S, Chellani H, Choudhary TS, Jain A, Martines J, Bhandari N, Strand TA, Taneja S. Impact of an integrated health, nutrition, and early child stimulation and responsive care intervention package delivered to preterm or term small for gestational age babies during infancy on growth and neurodevelopment: study protocol of an individually randomized controlled trial in India (Small Babies Trial). Trials 2024; 25:110. [PMID: 38331842 PMCID: PMC10854034 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-07942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm and term small for gestational age (SGA) babies are at high risk of experiencing malnutrition and impaired neurodevelopment. Standalone interventions have modest and sometimes inconsistent effects on growth and neurodevelopment in these babies. For greater impact, intervention may be needed in multiple domains-health, nutrition, and psychosocial care and support. Therefore, the combined effects of an integrated intervention package for preterm and term SGA on growth and neurodevelopment are worth investigating. METHODS An individually randomized controlled trial is being conducted in urban and peri-urban low to middle-socioeconomic neighborhoods in South Delhi, India. Infants are randomized (1:1) into two strata of 1300 preterm and 1300 term SGA infants each to receive the intervention package or routine care. Infants will be followed until 12 months of age. Outcome data will be collected by an independent outcome ascertainment team at infant ages 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and at 2, 6, and 12 months after delivery for mothers. DISCUSSION The findings of this study will indicate whether providing an intervention that addresses factors known to limit growth and neurodevelopment can offer substantial benefits to preterm or term SGA infants. The results from this study will increase our understanding of growth and development and guide the design of public health programs in low- and middle-income settings for vulnerable infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered prospectively in Clinical Trial Registry - India # CTRI/2021/11/037881, Registered on 08 November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rukman Manapurath
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Fossgard Sandøy
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Harish Chellani
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, India.
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Choudhary TS, Mazumder S, Haaland OA, Taneja S, Bahl R, Martines J, Bhan MK, Norheim OF, Sommerfelt H, Bhandari N, Johansson KA. Effect of kangaroo mother care initiated in community settings on financial risk protection of low-income households: a randomised controlled trial in Haryana, India. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-010000. [PMID: 36379593 PMCID: PMC9668036 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many families in low-income and middle-income countries have high out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) for healthcare, and some face impoverishment. We aimed to assess the effect of Kangaroo Mother Care initiated in community setting (ciKMC) on financial risk protection estimated by healthcare OOPE, catastrophic healthcare expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment due to healthcare seeking for low birthweight infants, using a randomised controlled trial design. METHODS We included 4475 low birthweight infants randomised to a ciKMC (2491 infants) and a control (1984 infants) arm, in a large trial conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Haryana, India. We used generalised linear models of the Gaussian family with an identity link to estimate the mean difference in healthcare OOPE, and Cox regression to estimate the HRs for CHE and impoverishment, between the trial arms. RESULTS Overall, in the 8-week observation period, the mean healthcare OOPE per infant was lower (US$20.0) in the ciKMC arm compared with the control arm (US$25.6) that is, difference of -US$5.5, 95% CI -US$11.4 to US$0.3, p=0.06). Among infants who sought care it was US$8.5 (95% CI -US$17.0 to -US$0.03, p=0.03) lower in the ciKMC arm compared with the control arm. The HR for impoverishment due to healthcare seeking was 0.56 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.89, p=0.01) and it was 0.91 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.12, p=0.37) for CHE. CONCLUSION ciKMC can substantially reduce the cost of care seeking and the risk of impoverishment for households. Our findings show that supporting mothers to provide KMC to low birthweight infants at home, in addition to reducing early infant mortality, may provide financial risk protection. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2017/10/010114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Oystein A Haaland
- Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ole Frithjof Norheim
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Cluster for Global Health, Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Kjell Arne Johansson
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Manapurath RM, Gadapani Pathak B, Sinha B, Upadhyay RP, Choudhary TS, Chandola TR, Mazumdar S, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Chowdhury R. Enteral Iron Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188640. [PMID: 35921671 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Iron is needed for growth and development of infants globally, but preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants are at risk for severe iron deficiencies. To assess the effect of enteral iron supplementation on mortality, morbidity, growth, and neurodevelopment outcomes in preterm or LBW infants fed human milk. Secondary objectives were to assess the effect on biomarkers and dose and timing. METHODS Data sources include PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases to March 16, 2021. Study Selection includes controlled or quasi experimental study designs. Two reviewers independently extracted data. RESULTS Eight trials (eleven reports; 1093 participants, 7 countries) were included. No trials reported mortality. At latest follow-up, there was little effect on infection (very low certainty evidence, 4 studies, 401 participants, relative risk [RR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.56 to 1.73, I2 = 0.00%) and necrotising enterocolitis (3 studies, 375 participants, RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.68 to 3.20, I2 = 0.00%). There was an increase in linear growth (length) (moderate certainty evidence, 3 studies, 384 participants, mean difference 0.69 cm, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.37, I2 = 0%) but little effect on weight, head circumference, or cognitive development. There was an improvement in anemia (moderate certainty evidence, 2 studies, 381 participants, RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.62, I2 = 0.00%) but no effect on serum ferritin. Limitations include heterogeneity in the included studies. CONCLUSIONS There are important benefits for human milk-fed preterm and LBW infants from enteral iron supplementation. However, more randomized control trials are required to improve the certainty of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukman M Manapurath
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Barsha Gadapani Pathak
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sarmila Mazumdar
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
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Kumar M, Shaikh S, Sinha B, Upadhyay RP, Choudhary TS, Chandola TR, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Chowdhury R. Enteral Vitamin D Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188647. [PMID: 35921678 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Many preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants have low vitamin D stores. The objective of this study was to assess effects of enteral vitamin D supplementation compared with no vitamin D supplementation in human milk fed preterm or LBW infants. METHODS Data sources include Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and Embase from inception to March 16, 2021. The study selection included randomized trials. Data were extracted and pooled with fixed and random-effects models. RESULTS We found 3 trials (2479 participants) that compared vitamin D to no vitamin D. At 6 months, there was increase in weight-for-age z-scores (mean difference 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01 to 0.22, 1 trial, 1273 participants), height-for-age z-scores (mean difference 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21, 1 trial, 1258 participants); at 3 months there was decrease in vitamin D deficiency (risk ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.68, I2=58%, 2 trials, 504 participants) in vitamin D supplementation groups. However, there was little or no effect on mortality, any serious morbidity, hospitalization, head circumference, growth to 6 years and neurodevelopment. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Fourteen trials (1969 participants) assessed dose and reported no effect on mortality, morbidity, growth, or neurodevelopment, except on parathyroid hormone and vitamin D status. No studies assessed timing. Limitations include heterogeneity and small sample size in included studies. CONCLUSIONS Enteral vitamin D supplementation improves growth and vitamin D status in preterm and LBW infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
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Kumar M, Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Upadhyay RP, Chandola TR, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Edmond K, Bahl R, Bhandari N, Ramakrishnan U, Rivera JA, Tandon S, Duggan CP, Liu E, Fawzi W, Manji K, Choudhary TS. Enteral Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188639. [PMID: 35921670 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess effects of supplementation with 3 or more micronutrients (multiple micronutrients; MMN) compared to no MMN in human milk-fed preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants. RESULTS Data on a subgroup of 414 preterm or LBW infants from 2 randomized controlled trials (4 reports) were included. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to very low. For growth outcomes in the MMN compared to the non-MMN group, there was a small increase in weight-for-age (2 trials, 383 participants) and height-for-age z-scores (2 trials, 372 participants); a small decrease in wasting (2 trials, 398 participants); small increases in stunting (2 trials, 399 participants); and an increase in underweight (2 trials, 396 participants). For neurodevelopment outcomes at 78 weeks, we found small increases in Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Version III (BISD-III), scores (cognition, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, gross motor) in the MMN compared to the non-MMN group (1 trial, 27 participants). There were no studies examining dose or timing of supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is insufficient to determine whether enteral MMN supplementation to preterm or LBW infants who are fed mother's own milk is associated with benefit or harm. More trials are needed to generate evidence on mortality, morbidity, growth, and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Karen Edmond
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Aging, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Aging, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sonia Tandon
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition, and.,Departments of Nutrition
| | - Enju Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition, and.,Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Departments of Nutrition.,Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karim Manji
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kumar M, Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Upadhyay RP, Chandola TR, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Choudhary TS. Enteral Calcium or Phosphorus Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188637. [PMID: 35921668 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess effects of calcium or phosphorous supplementation compared with no supplementation in human milk-fed preterm or low birth weight infants. METHODS Data sources include Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline and Embase. We included Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized trials (quasi-randomized). RESULTS Three studies (4 reports; 162 infants) were included. At latest follow-up (38 weeks), there was reduction in osteopenia (3 studies, 159 participants, relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46-0.99). At latest follow-up (6 weeks), there was no effect on weight (1 study, 40 participants, mean difference [MD] 138.50 g, 95% CI -82.16 to 359.16); length (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.77 cm, 95% CI -0.93 to 2.47); and head circumference (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.33 cm, 95% CI -0.30 to 0.96). At latest follow-up, there was no effect on alkaline phosphatase (55 weeks) (2 studies, 122 participants, MD -126.11 IU/L, 95% CI -298.5 to 46.27, I2 = 73.4%); serum calcium (6 weeks) (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.54 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.19 to 1.27); and serum phosphorus (6 weeks) (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.07 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.36). The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. No studies reported on mortality and neurodevelopment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The evidence is insufficient to determine whether enteral supplementation with calcium or phosphorus for preterm or low birth weight infants who are fed mother's own milk or donor human milk is associated with benefit or harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sinha B, Dudeja N, Chowdhury R, Choudhary TS, Upadhyay RP, Rongsen-Chandola T, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Enteral Zinc Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188644. [PMID: 35921675 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence on the effect of zinc supplementation on health outcomes in preterm or low birth weight (LBW) infants is unclear. We estimated the effect of enteral zinc versus no zinc supplementation in human milk fed preterm or LBW infants on mortality, growth, morbidities, and neurodevelopment. METHODS Data sources include PubMed, Cochrane Central and Embase databases through March 24, 2021. Study selection was randomized or quazi-experimental trials. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed quality. We reported pooled relative risks (RR) for categorical outcomes, and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen trials with 9940 preterm or LBW infants were included. Moderate to low certainty evidence showed that enteral zinc supplementation had little or no effect on mortality (risk ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46 to 1.16), but increased weight (MD 378.57, 95% CI 275.26 to 481.88), length (MD 2.92, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.31), head growth (MD 0.56, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.90), and decreased diarrhea (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97). There was no effect on acute respiratory infections, bacterial sepsis, and psychomotor development scores. The effect of zinc supplementation on mental development scores is inconclusive. There was no evidence of serious adverse events. Eight trials had some concerns or high risk of bias, small-sized studies, and high heterogeneity between trials led to moderate to very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation in preterm or LBW infants have benefits on growth and diarrhea prevention. Further research is needed to generate better quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nonita Dudeja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT and Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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8
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Choudhary TS, Kumar M, Sinha B, Shaikh S, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Anthropometric Indicators as Predictors of Mortality in Early Life Among Low Birthweight Indian Infants. Front Nutr 2022; 9:884207. [PMID: 35903458 PMCID: PMC9315382 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.884207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birthweight (LBW) babies (<2.5 kg) are at higher risk of mortality and weight for height z score is currently recommended for identifying infants at risk of mortality. Objective To compare different anthropometric measures at 28-day of age in a cohort of LBW Indian infants for predicting mortality between 28-day and 180-day of age. Methods We used data from an individually randomized controlled trial of LBW infants weighing between 1,500 and 2,250 g. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative likelihood ratios, positive and negative predictive values, and area under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) were used to estimate the discrimination of mortality risk. The Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and population attributable fraction for each anthropometric indicator. These estimates were calculated for individual as well as combinations of anthropometric indicators at the cut-off of –2 and –3 SD of the WHO 2006 growth standards. Results Severe underweight (weight-for-age z-scores [WAZ] < –3) had a sensitivity of 75.0%, specificity of 68.0% with an AUC of 0.72. The risk of death was higher (HR 6.18; 95% CI 4.29–8.90) with a population attributable fraction of 0.63 (95% CI 0.52–0.72) for infants severely underweight at 28-day of age. Combination of different anthropometric measures did not perform better than individual measures. Conclusion Severe underweight (WAZ < –3) better discriminated deaths among LBW infants < 6 months of age. It can be considered for diagnosis of nutritionally at-risk infants in this age group. Clinical Trial Registration [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02653534].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Tarun Shankar Choudhary,
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
- DBT/Wellcome India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Fellow, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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Sinha B, Choudhary TS, Nitika N, Kumar M, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Linear Growth Trajectories, Catch-up Growth, and Its Predictors Among North Indian Small-for-Gestational Age Low Birthweight Infants: A Secondary Data Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827589. [PMID: 35685868 PMCID: PMC9173003 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birthweight small-for-gestational-age (SGA-LBW) (birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age; SGA-LBW) infants are at an increased risk of poor postnatal growth outcomes. Linear growth trajectories of SGA-LBW infants are less studied in South Asian settings including India. Objectives To describe the linear growth trajectories of the SGA-LBW infants compared with appropriate-for-gestational-age LBW (AGA-LBW) infants during the first 6 months of life. In addition, we estimated catch-up growth (ΔLAZ > 0.67) in SGA-LBW infants and their performance against the WHO linear growth velocity cut-offs. Additionally, we studied factors associated with poor catch-up growth in SGA-LBW infants. Methods The data utilized came from an individually randomized controlled trial that included low birthweight (LBW) infants weighing 1,500–2,250 g at birth. A total of 8,360 LBW infants were included. For comparison between SGA-LBW and AGA-LBW infants, we presented unadjusted and adjusted estimates for mean differences (MDs) or risk ratios (RRs) for the outcomes of length, linear growth velocity, length for age z-score (LAZ) score, and stunting. We estimated the proportion of catch-up growth. Generalized linear models of the Poisson family with log links were used to identify factors associated with poor catch-up growth in SGA-LBW infants. Results Low birthweight small-for-gestational-age infants had a higher risk of stunting, lower attained length, and a lower LAZ score throughout the first 6 months of life compared with AGA-LBW infants, with differences being maximum at 28 days and minimum at 6 months of age. The linear growth velocity in SGA-LBW infants compared with AGA-LBW infants was significantly lower during the birth–28 day period [MD −0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.28 to −0.10] and higher during the 3- to 6-month period (MD 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06–0.28). Among the SGA-LBW infants, 55% showed catch-up growth for length at 6 months of age. Lower wealth quintiles, high birth order, home birth, male child, term delivery, non-exclusive breastfeeding, and pneumonia were associated with the higher risk of poor catch-up in linear growth among SGA-LBW infants. Conclusion Small for gestational age (SGA) status at birth, independent of gestational age, is a determinant of poor postnatal linear growth. Promotion of institutional deliveries, exclusive breastfeeding, and prevention and early treatment of pneumonia may be helpful to improve linear growth in SGA-LBW infants during early infancy. Clinical Trial Registration [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT02653534].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bireshwar Sinha
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,DBT/Wellcome India Alliance, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitika Nitika
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.,Knowledge Integration and Transformation Platform at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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10
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Chowdhury R, ▪ N, Choudhary TS, Dhabhai N, Mittal P, Dewan R, Kaur J, Chaudhary R, Tamaria A, Bahl R, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: Findings from North Indian pregnancy cohort. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2022. [PMCID: PMC8710111 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, very few studies have addressed the association between GWG and pregnancy outcomes in South Asia. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of GWG during the second and third trimesters within, below and above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines, and to estimate the effect of the rate and adequacy of GWG on gestational age at the time of delivery, weight, length, length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ), weight‐for‐length z‐score (WLZ) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, namely prematurity, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), stunting and wasting at birth. We analysed data from the intervention group of the Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS), which is an ongoing individually randomized factorial design study. Of the 1332 women analysed, 40.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37.5 to 42.8] had GWG below the IOM guidelines. For every 100‐g/week increase in GWG, birth weight increased by 61 g, birth length by 0.16 cm, LAZ score by 0.08 SD, WLZ score by 0.14 SD, and gestational age at birth by 0.48 days. Women with GWG below the IOM guidelines had a higher relative risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (44% for LBW, 27% for SGA, 32% for stunting and 42% for wasting at birth) than women who had GWG within the IOM guidelines, except for prematurity. The association between GWG and LAZ scores at birth was modified by early pregnancy body mass index (BMI). GWG is a strong predictor of newborn anthropometric outcomes and duration of gestation but not prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Nitika ▪
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Neeta Dhabhai
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Pratima Mittal
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Rupali Dewan
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Anuradha Tamaria
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Aging World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Centre for Health Research and Development Society for Applied Studies New Delhi India
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11
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Choudhary TS, Mazumder S, Haaland ØA, Taneja S, Bahl R, Martines J, Bhan MK, Johansson KA, Sommerfelt H, Bhandari N, Norheim OF. Health equity impact of community-initiated kangaroo mother care: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:263. [PMID: 34952592 PMCID: PMC8709992 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kangaroo mother care (KMC) can substantially enhance overall survival of low birthweight babies. In a large randomized controlled trial, we recently showed that supporting mothers to provide community initiated KMC (ciKMC) can reduce mortality among infants up to 180 days of life by 25% (hazard ratio (HR) 0.75). With the current analysis, we aimed to explore if ciKMC promotion leads to increased inequity in survival. Methods In the trial we randomized 8402 low birthweight babies to a ciKMC (4480 babies) and a control (3922 babies) arm, between 2015 and 2018 in Haryana, India. We estimated the difference in concentration indices, which measure inequality, between babies in the ciKMC and control arms for survival until 180 days of life. Further, we compared the effect of ciKMC promotion across subgroups defined by socioeconomic status, caste, maternal literacy, infant’s sex, and religion. Results Our intervention did not increase survival inequity, as the concentration index in the ciKMC arm of the trial was 0.05 (95% CI -0.07 to 0.17) lower than in the control arm. Survival impact was higher among those belonging to the lower two wealth quintiles, those born to illiterate mothers and those belonging to religions other than Hindu. Conclusions We found that ciKMC promotion did not increase inequity in survival associated with wealth. The beneficial impact of ciKMC tended to be larger among vulnerable groups. Supporting mothers to provide KMC at home to low birthweight babies will not increase and could indeed reduce inequities in infant survival. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02653534. Registered January 12, 2016—Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Society for Applied Studies, Centre for Health Research and Development, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Society for Applied Studies, Centre for Health Research and Development, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sunita Taneja
- Society for Applied Studies, Centre for Health Research and Development, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kjell Arne Johansson
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Cluster for Global Health, Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Society for Applied Studies, Centre for Health Research and Development, New Delhi, India
| | - Ole F Norheim
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Chowdhury R, Nitika, Choudhary TS, Taneja S, Martines J, Bhandari N, Bahl R. Diagnostic measures for severe acute malnutrition in Indian infants under 6 months of age: a secondary data analysis. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:158. [PMID: 33794826 PMCID: PMC8017622 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight for length z-score (WLZ) < − 3 is currently used to define severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among infants. However, this approach has important limitations for infants younger than 6 months of age as WLZ cannot be calculated using WHO growth standards if infant length is < 45 cm. Moreover, length for age z-score (LAZ) and weight for length z-score (WLZ) are least reliable measures, with high chances of variation, and less chances of detecting undernutrition in under 6 months infants. The objective of the current analysis was to compare WLZ with WAZ and LAZ in a cohort of Indian infants in predicting the deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. Methods The data was from an individually randomized trial conducted in slums of Delhi, India in which infants’ weight and length were measured at 6 weeks of age (at the time of the first immunization visit). Vital status of the infants was documented from 6 weeks to 6 months of age. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for WAZ < -3, WLZ < -3, and LAZ < -3 for deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. The receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated for each of the above anthropometric indicators. Results For deaths occurring between 6 weeks to 6 months of age, the specificity ranged between 85.9–95.9% for all three anthropometric indicators. However, the sensitivity was considerably higher for WAZ; it was 64.6% for WAZ < -3, 39.1% for LAZ < -3, and 25.0% for WLZ < -3. WAZ < -3 had higher area under curve (0.75; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) and hence, better discriminated deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age than WLZ < -3. The adjusted relative risk (RR 10.6, 95% CI 5.9, 18.9) and the population attributable fraction (PAF 57.9, 95% CI 38.8, 71.0%) of mortality was highest for WAZ < -3. Conclusions We found WAZ < -3 at 6 weeks of age to be a better predictor of death in the 6 weeks to 6 months of life in comparison to WLZ < -3 and LAZ < -3 and propose that it should be considered to diagnose SAM in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadip Chowdhury
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Nitika
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Aneja S, Kumar P, Choudhary TS, Srivastava A, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Daniel A, Menon P, Chellani H, Bahl R, Bhan MK. Growth faltering in early infancy: highlights from a two-day scientific consultation. BMC Proc 2020; 14:12. [PMID: 32944069 PMCID: PMC7490870 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-020-00195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Faltering of growth in early life has been recognized as a public health challenge among Indian babies. A two-day consultation on growth faltering in early infancy was organized to examine the data and evidence on identification and management of early growth failure and to identify knowledge gaps and future areas of research. The consultation was supported by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (Nutrition Chapter), Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, and the Society for Applied Studies. It brought together researchers, clinicians, policy makers and program managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Aneja
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Abner Daniel
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Menon
- Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- National Science Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), New Delhi, India
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14
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Bhandari N, Antony K, Balraj V, Rongsen-Chandola T, Kumar T, Sinha B, Goyal N, Guleri R, Bavdekar A, Juvekar S, Dayma G, Patwardhan V, Patil A, Kang G, Mohan VR, Srinivasan R, Naaraayan SA, Reddy S, Bhan MK, Rao TS, Parashar U, Muliyil JP, Tate J, Andrews NJ, Samuel P, Ganesan SK, Taneja S, Choudhary TS, Bhatnagar V, Gupta AK, Kabra M. Assessment of risk of intussusception after pilot rollout of rotavirus vaccine in the Indian public health system. Vaccine 2020; 38:5241-5248. [PMID: 32553493 PMCID: PMC7347004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-licensure trials of ROTAVAC® were not adequately powered to assess risk of intussusception, a rare adverse event associated with other rotavirus vaccines in some settings. We examined the risk of intussusception after ROTAVAC® vaccination among Indian infants during pilot rollout of the vaccine in the public health system in three states - Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. METHODS Passive surveillance for intussusception was set up in 35 sentinel health facilities covering 26.3 million population in the three states under monitoring of an Interministerial-Interagency Steering Committee. Clinical and immunization data were collected by independent teams. An expert committee blinded to vaccination status, classified intussusception cases using Brighton criteria. The self-controlled case-series method was used to estimate risk of intussusception (Brighton Level 1) after ROTAVAC® vaccination. RESULTS 151 intussusception cases were included in the analysis. The relative incidence (incidence during the risk period compared to the control period) 1-21 days after doses 1 and 2 combined was 1.56 (95% CI, 0.0-5.28) and that for three doses combined was 1.88 (95% CI, 0.76-4.30). Attributable risk 1-21 days after doses 1 and 2 combined was 0.11 (95% CI, 0.0-0.25) and that for 3 doses combined was 0.42 (95% CI, 0.0-0.70) per 100,000 doses. CONCLUSIONS No increased risk of intussusception within 21 days of receipt of the first two doses combined or all 3 doses combined of ROTAVAC® was detected.
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15
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Choudhary TS, Sinha B, Khera A, Bhandari N, Chu Y, Jackson B, Walker N, Black RE, Merson M, Bhan MK. Factors associated with the decline in under-five diarrhea mortality in India: a LiST analysis. J Glob Health 2019; 9:020804. [PMID: 31673348 PMCID: PMC6816285 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.020804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India has achieved 86% reduction in the number of under-five diarrheal deaths from 1980 to 2015. Nonetheless diarrhea is still among the leading causes of under-five deaths. The aim of this analysis was to study the contribution of factors that led to decline in diarrheal deaths in the country and the effect of scaling up of intervention packages to address the remaining diarrheal deaths. METHODS We assessed the attribution of different factors and intervention packages such as direct diarrhea case management interventions, nutritional factors and WASH interventions which contributed to diarrhea specific under-five mortality reduction (DSMR) during 1980 to 2015 using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). The potential impact of scaling up different packages of interventions to achieve universal coverage levels by year 2030 on reducing the number of remaining diarrheal deaths were estimated. RESULTS The major factors associated with DSMR reduction in under-fives during 1980 to 2015, were increase in ORS use, reduction in stunting prevalence, improved sanitation, changes in age appropriate breastfeeding practices, increase in the vitamin-A supplementation and persistent diarrhea treatment. ORS use and reduction in stunting were the two key interventions, each accounting for around 32% of the lives saved during this period. Scaling up the direct diarrhea case management interventions from the current coverage levels in 2015 to achieve universal coverage levels by 2030 can save around 82 000 additional lives. If the universal targets for nutritional factors and WASH interventions can be achieved, an additional 23 675 lives can potentially be saved. CONCLUSIONS While it is crucial to improve the coverage and equity in ORS use, an integrated approach to promote nutrition, WASH and direct diarrhea interventions is likely to yield the highest impact on reducing the remaining diarrheal deaths in under-five children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Yue Chu
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Bianca Jackson
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Neff Walker
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert E Black
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Merson
- Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) New Delhi, India
- Society for Essential Health Action and Training (SEHAT), New Delhi, India
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16
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Kumar G, Choudhary TS, Srivastava A, Upadhyay RP, Taneja S, Bahl R, Martines J, Bhan MK, Bhandari N, Mazumder S. Utilisation, equity and determinants of full antenatal care in India: analysis from the National Family Health Survey 4. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:327. [PMID: 31488080 PMCID: PMC6727513 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the utilisation, equity and determinants of full antenatal care (ANC), defined as 4 or more antenatal visits, at least one tetanus toxoid (TT) injection and consumption of iron folic acid (IFA) for a minimum of 100 days, in India. METHODS We analysed a sample of 190,898 women from India's National Family Health Survey 4. Concentration curves and concentration index were used to assess equity in full ANC utilisation. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the factors associated with full ANC utilisation. RESULTS In India, 21% of pregnant women utilised full ANC, ranging from 2.3-65.9% across states. Overall, 51.6% had 4 or more ANC visits, 30.8% consumed IFA for atleast 100 days, and 91.1% had one or more doses of tetanus toxoid. Full ANC utilisation was inequitable across place of residence, caste and maternal education. Registration of pregnancy, utilisation of government's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and health insurance coverage were associated with higher odds of full ANC utilisation. Lower maternal education, lower wealth quintile(s), lack of father's participation during antenatal visits, higher birth order, teenage and unintended pregnancy were associated with lower odds of full ANC utilisation. CONCLUSIONS Full ANC utilisation in India was inadequate and inequitable. Although half of the women did not receive the minimum recommended ANC visits, the utilisation of TT immunisation was almost universal. The positive association of full ANC with ICDS utilisation and child's father involvement may be leveraged for increasing the uptake of full ANC. Strategies to address the socio-demographic factors associated with low and inequitable utilisation of full ANC are imperative for strengthening India's maternal health program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Kumar
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, New-born, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.,Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sarmila Mazumder
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, 45, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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17
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Choudhary TS, Srivastava A, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Bahl R, Martines J, Bhan MK, Bhandari N. Severe wasting among Indian infants <6 months: Findings from the National Family Health Survey 4. Matern Child Nutr 2019; 15:e12866. [PMID: 31240836 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Burden and risk factors for wasting in the first 6 months of life among Indian children are not well documented. We used data from India's National Family Health Survey 4 to estimate the prevalence of severe wasting (weight for length < -3 SD) among 18,898 infants under 6 months of age. We also examined the association of severe wasting with household, maternal, and child-related factors using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Prevalence of severe wasting among infants less than 6 months of age was 14.8%, ranging from 3.5 to 21% across states. Low birth weight (<2,500 g; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.40, 95% CI [1.19, 1.65]), nonutilization of supplementary nutrition by mother during lactation (AOR 1.23, 95% CI [1.05, 1.43]), and anthropometric assessment during summer (AOR 1.37, 95% CI [1.13, 1.65]) and monsoon months (AOR 1.53, 95% CI [1.20, 1.95]) were associated with higher odds of severe wasting. Infants aged 2 to 3 months (AOR 0.78, 95% CI [0.66, 0.93]) and 4 to 5 months (AOR 0.65, 95% CI [0.55, 0.73]) had lower odds of severe wasting as compared with the 0- to 1-month category. This analysis reveals a high burden of severe wasting in infants less than 6 months in India. Preventive interventions must be targeted at reducing low birth weight due to fatal growth restriction and prematurity. Appropriate care practices at facilities and postdischarge with extra attention to those born small and sick can prevent further deterioration in nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- National Science Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.,Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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Choudhary TS, Reddy NS, Apte A, Sinha B, Roy S, Nair NP, Sindhu KN, Patil R, Upadhyay RP, Chowdhury R. Delayed vaccination and its predictors among children under 2 years in India: Insights from the national family health survey-4. Vaccine 2019; 37:2331-2339. [PMID: 30914221 PMCID: PMC6996155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Delayed vaccination increases the susceptibility window for vaccine preventable diseases. Our analysis estimates the proportion of children between 10 and 23 months of age with delayed vaccination in India and the associated socio-demographic, maternal and child related factors. Methods We used individual level data from the National Family and Health Survey 4, conducted in 2015–2016. The primary outcome of the study was delayed vaccination for BCG, DPT- 1st dose and Measles. Delayed vaccination for each vaccine was defined as administration of the vaccine dose after 28 days of the minimum recommended age, as per the national immunization schedule in India. We estimated the proportion of children with delayed vaccination for each vaccine and used multivariable logistic regression to explore associated factors. Findings In the current analysis, 23.1%, 29.3% and 34.8% of children aged 10 to 23 months had delayed vaccination for BCG, DPT-1st dose and Measles respectively. Children from Muslim families (aOR 1.36 for BCG; aOR 1.45 for DPT-1; aOR 1.26 for Measles); birth weight < 2000 g (aOR 2.33 for BCG; aOR 1.53 for DPT-1; aOR 1.36 for Measles) had higher odds of delayed vaccination. Lower maternal education and belonging to a family from lower wealth quintile had higher odds of delayed vaccination. Children of mothers who had tetanus toxoid immunization during pregnancy had lower odds of delayed vaccination (aOR 0.69 for BCG; aOR 0.76 for DPT-1; aOR 0.78 for Measles). Conclusion The proportion of children with delayed vaccination is high in India. Vaccine timeliness should be a core indicator of the immunization program with greater focus on groups with higher chances of delayed vaccination i.e. home birth, low birth weight new-borns, poorer households, children of mothers with lower education and children from Muslim families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Research Scientist and PRERNA Young Investigator, Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Aditi Apte
- PRERNA Young Investigator, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Bireshwar Sinha
- Research Scientist and PRERNA Young Investigator, Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- PRERNA Young Investigator, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Nayana P Nair
- PRERNA Young Investigator, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Rutuja Patil
- PRERNA Young Investigator, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Research Scientist and PRERNA Young Investigator, Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Research Scientist and PRERNA Young Investigator, Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
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Upadhyay RP, Naik G, Choudhary TS, Chowdhury R, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Martines JC, Bahl R, Bhan MK. Cognitive and motor outcomes in children born low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from South Asia. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30696415 PMCID: PMC6350290 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Asia contributes substantially to global low birth weight population (i.e. those with birth weight < 2500 g). Synthesized evidence is lacking on magnitude of cognitive and motor deficits in low birth weight (LBW) children compared to those with normal birth weight (NBW) (i.e. birth weight ≥ 2500 g). The meta-analysis aimed to generate this essential evidence. METHODS Literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Original research articles from south Asia that compared cognitive and/or motor scores among LBW and NBW individuals were included. Weighted mean differences (WMD) and pooled relative risks (RR) were calculated. All analyses were done using STATA 14 software. RESULTS Nineteen articles (n = 5999) were included in the analysis. Children < 10 years of age born LBW had lower cognitive (WMD -4.56; 95% CI: -6.38, - 2.74) and motor scores (WMD -4.16; 95% CI: -5.42, - 2.89) compared to children with NBW. Within LBW children, those with birth weight < 2000 g had much lower cognitive (WMD -7.23, 95% CI; - 9.20, - 5.26) and motor scores (WMD -6.45, 95% CI; - 9.64, - 3.27). CONCLUSIONS In south Asia, children born LBW, especially with < 2000 g birth weight, have substantial cognitive and motor impairment compared to children with NBW. Early child development interventions should lay emphasis to children born LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Upadhyay
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.
| | - Gitismita Naik
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Shankar Choudhary
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT) at Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Jose Carlos Martines
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maharaj Kishan Bhan
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India.,Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), New Delhi, India
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Gupta G, Sharma AK, Choudhary TS. Assessment of undernutrition among children below 5, using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF). Indian J Community Health 2017. [DOI: 10.47203/ijch.2017.v29i01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: SDG 2.2 aims to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Weight for age estimate misses out chronic and acute on chronic malnutrition. An aggregate indicator-the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) can help in addressing this concern. Aim & Objective: To assess the nutritional status of under five children using CIAF and compare it with other indices. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a resettlement colony of Delhi, between June to July 2015. Anthropometric measurements were taken using standard operative procedures. Mothers of the study children were interviewed to obtain relevant information. Z scores were calculated using WHO-ANTHRO software. Nutritional status indicators were determined as per the World Health Organization 2006 child growth standards. Results: A total of 100 under-5 children were assessed. The prevalence of CIAF was 62% in our study. 35% of children were found to be underweight, 25% were wasted and 43% stunted. Mid Upper Arm Circumference detected 58.5% as undernourished. Using weight-for-age criterion for identifying undernourished children led to underestimation of the prevalence by 27%. Conclusion: CIAF can be used to provide a single, aggregated assessment of undernutrition. Use of this tool by field level workers will improve the diagnosis of undernutrition and help in early initiation of treatment.
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