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Duarte VN, Lam VT, Rimicci DS, Thompson-Peer KL. Calcium plays an essential role in early-stage dendrite injury detection and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 239:102635. [PMID: 38825174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Dendrites are injured in a variety of clinical conditions such as traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and stroke. How neurons detect injury directly to their dendrites to initiate a pro-regenerative response has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Calcium plays a critical role in the early stages of axonal injury detection and is also indispensable for regeneration of the severed axon. Here, we report cell and neurite type-specific differences in laser injury-induced elevations of intracellular calcium levels. Using a human KCNJ2 transgene, we demonstrate that hyperpolarizing neurons only at the time of injury dampens dendrite regeneration, suggesting that inhibition of injury-induced membrane depolarization (and thus early calcium influx) plays a role in detecting and responding to dendrite injury. In exploring potential downstream calcium-regulated effectors, we identify L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, inositol triphosphate signaling, and protein kinase D activity as drivers of dendrite regeneration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that dendrite injury-induced calcium elevations play a key role in the regenerative response of dendrites and begin to delineate the molecular mechanisms governing dendrite repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius N Duarte
- Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Vicky T Lam
- Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Dario S Rimicci
- Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Katherine L Thompson-Peer
- Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, United States; Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Irvine, CA, United States.
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2
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Stone MC, Mauger AS, Rolls MM. Ciliated sensory neurons can regenerate axons after complete axon removal. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245717. [PMID: 37212026 PMCID: PMC10323231 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Axon regeneration helps maintain lifelong function of neurons in many animals. Depending on the site of injury, new axons can grow either from the axon stump (after distal injury) or from the tip of a dendrite (after proximal injury). However, some neuron types do not have dendrites to be converted to a regenerating axon after proximal injury. For example, many sensory neurons receive information from a specialized sensory cilium rather than a branched dendrite arbor. We hypothesized that the lack of traditional dendrites would limit the ability of ciliated sensory neurons to respond to proximal axon injury. We tested this hypothesis by performing laser microsurgery on ciliated lch1 neurons in Drosophila larvae and tracking cells over time. These cells survived proximal axon injury as well as distal axon injury, and, like many other neurons, initiated growth from the axon stump after distal injury. After proximal injury, neurites regrew in a surprisingly flexible manner. Most cells initiated outgrowth directly from the cell body, but neurite growth could also emerge from the short axon stump or base of the cilium. New neurites were often branched. Although outgrowth after proximal axotomy was variable, it depended on the core DLK axon injury signaling pathway. Moreover, each cell had at least one new neurite specified as an axon based on microtubule polarity and accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that ciliated sensory neurons are not intrinsically limited in their ability to grow a new axon after proximal axon removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abigail S. Mauger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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3
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Zou W. Molecular mechanisms of neurite regeneration and repair: insights from C. elegans and Drosophila. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:12. [PMID: 37005942 PMCID: PMC10067779 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The difficulties of injured and degenerated neurons to regenerate neurites and regain functions are more significant than in other body tissues, making neurodegenerative and related diseases hard to cure. Uncovering the secrets of neural regeneration and how this process may be inhibited after injury will provide insights into novel management and potential treatments for these diseases. Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster are two of the most widely used and well-established model organisms endowed with advantages in genetic manipulation and live imaging to explore this fundamental question about neural regeneration. Here, we review the classical models and techniques, and the involvement and cooperation of subcellular structures during neurite regeneration using these two organisms. Finally, we list several important open questions that we look forward to inspiring future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Thyagarajan P, Feng C, Lee D, Shorey M, Rolls MM. Microtubule polarity is instructive for many aspects of neuronal polarity. Dev Biol 2022; 486:56-70. [PMID: 35341730 PMCID: PMC9058238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many neurons in bilaterian animals are polarized with functionally distinct axons and dendrites. Microtubule polarity, microtubule stability, and the axon initial segment (AIS) have all been shown to influence polarized transport in neurons. Each of these cytoskeletal cues could act independently to control axon and dendrite identity, or there could be a hierarchy in which one acts upstream of the others. Here we test the hypothesis that microtubule polarity acts as a master regulator of neuronal polarity by using a Drosophila genetic background in which some dendrites have normal minus-end-out microtubule polarity and others have the axonal plus-end-out polarity. In these mosaic dendrite arbors, we found that ribosomes, which are more abundant in dendrites than axons, were reduced in plus-end-out dendrites, while an axonal cargo was increased. In addition, we determined that microtubule stability was different in plus-end-out and minus-end-out dendrites, with plus-end-out ones having more stable microtubules like axons. Similarly, we found that ectopic diffusion barriers, like those at the AIS, formed at the base of dendrites with plus-end-out regions. Thus, changes in microtubule polarity were sufficient to rearrange other cytoskeletal features associated with neuronal polarization. However, overall neuron shape was maintained with only subtle changes in branching in mosaic arbors. We conclude that microtubule polarity can act upstream of many aspects of intracellular neuronal polarization, but shape is relatively resilient to changes in microtubule polarity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Lee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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5
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Rolls MM. Principles of microtubule polarity in linear cells. Dev Biol 2022; 483:112-117. [PMID: 35016908 PMCID: PMC10071391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for maintenance of long and long-lived neurons. The overlapping array of microtubules extends from the major site of synthesis in the cell body to the far reaches of axons and dendrites. New materials are transported from the cell body along these neuronal roads by motor proteins, and building blocks and information about the state of affairs in other parts of the cell are returned by motors moving in the opposite direction. As motor proteins walk only in one direction along microtubules, the combination of correct motor and correctly oriented microtubules is essential for moving cargoes in the right direction. In this review, we focus on how microtubule polarity is established and maintained in neurons. At first thought, it seems that figuring out how microtubules are organized in neurons should be simple. After all, microtubules are essentially sticks with a slow-growing minus end and faster-growing plus end, and arranging sticks within the constrained narrow tubes of axons and dendrites should be straightforward. It is therefore quite surprising how many mechanisms contribute to making sure they are arranged in the correct polarity. Some of these mechanisms operate to generate plus-end-out polarity of axons, and others control mixed or minus-end-out dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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6
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Shorey M, Stone MC, Mandel J, Rolls MM. Neurons survive simultaneous injury to axons and dendrites and regrow both types of processes in vivo. Dev Biol 2020; 465:108-118. [PMID: 32687893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons extend dendrites and axons to receive and send signals. If either type of process is removed, the cell cannot function. Rather than undergoing cell death, some neurons can regrow axons and dendrites. Axon and dendrite regeneration have been examined separately and require sensing the injury and reinitiating the correct growth program. Whether neurons in vivo can sense and respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury with polarized regeneration has not been explored. To investigate the outcome of simultaneous axon and dendrite damage, we used a Drosophila model system in which neuronal polarity, axon regeneration, and dendrite regeneration have been characterized. After removal of the axon and all but one dendrite, the remaining dendrite was converted to a process that had a long unbranched region that extended over long distances and a region where shorter branched processes were added. These observations suggested axons and dendrites could regrow at the same time. To further test the capacity of neurons to implement polarized regeneration after axon and dendrite damage, we removed all neurites from mature neurons. In this case a long unbranched neurite and short branched neurites were regrown from the stripped cell body. Moreover, the long neurite had axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity and the shorter neurites had mixed polarity consistent with dendrite identity. The long process also accumulated endoplasmic reticulum at its tip like regenerating axons. We conclude that neurons in vivo can respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury by initiating growth of a new axon and new dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michelle C Stone
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Mandel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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7
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Hertzler JI, Simonovitch SI, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Nye DMR, Rolls MM. Kinetochore proteins suppress neuronal microtubule dynamics and promote dendrite regeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2125-2138. [PMID: 32673176 PMCID: PMC7530905 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0237-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores connect centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules during mitosis. Neurons are postmitotic, so it was surprising to identify transcripts of structural kinetochore (KT) proteins and regulatory chromosome passenger complex (CPC) and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins in Drosophila neurons after dendrite injury. To test whether these proteins function during dendrite regeneration, postmitotic RNA interference (RNAi) was performed and dendrites or axons were removed using laser microsurgery. Reduction of KT, CPC, and SAC proteins decreased dendrite regeneration without affecting axon regeneration. To understand whether neuronal functions of these proteins rely on microtubules, we analyzed microtubule behavior in uninjured neurons. The number of growing plus, but not minus, ends increased in dendrites with reduced KT, CPC, and SAC proteins, while axonal microtubules were unaffected. Increased dendritic microtubule dynamics was independent of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK)-mediated stress but was rescued by concurrent reduction of γ-tubulin, the core microtubule nucleation protein. Reduction of γ-tubulin also rescued dendrite regeneration in backgrounds containing kinetochore RNAi transgenes. We conclude that kinetochore proteins function postmitotically in neurons to suppress dendritic microtubule dynamics by inhibiting nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Samantha I Simonovitch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Richard M Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Derek M R Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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8
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Liu HH, Jan YN. Mechanisms of neurite repair. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:53-58. [PMID: 32278210 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving injury signals, neurons can activate various pathways to reduce harm, initiate neuroprotection, and repair damaged neurite without cell death. Here, we review recent progresses in the study of neurite repair focusing on neuronal cell-autonomous mechanisms, including new findings on ion channels that serve as key regulators to initiate neurite repair and intrinsic signaling pathways and transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that facilitate neurite repair. We also touch upon reports on how dendrites may be affected upon axotomy and how the regeneration potential in injured neurites might be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Nye DMR, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Hertzler JI, Shorey M, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Janes KA, Rolls MM. The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror is required for dendrite regeneration in Drosophila neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000657. [PMID: 32163406 PMCID: PMC7067388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many regulators of axon regeneration have been identified, very little is known about mechanisms that allow dendrites to regenerate after injury. Using a Drosophila model of dendrite regeneration, we performed a candidate screen of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and found a requirement for RTK-like orphan receptor (Ror). We confirmed that Ror was required for regeneration in two different neuron types using RNA interference (RNAi) and mutants. Ror was not required for axon regeneration or normal dendrite development, suggesting a specific role in dendrite regeneration. Ror can act as a Wnt coreceptor with frizzleds (fzs) in other contexts, so we tested the involvement of Wnt signaling proteins in dendrite regeneration. We found that knockdown of fz, dishevelled (dsh), Axin, and gilgamesh (gish) also reduced dendrite regeneration. Moreover, Ror was required to position dsh and Axin in dendrites. We recently found that Wnt signaling proteins, including dsh and Axin, localize microtubule nucleation machinery in dendrites. We therefore hypothesized that Ror may act by regulating microtubule nucleation at baseline and during dendrite regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, localization of the core nucleation protein γTubulin was reduced in Ror RNAi neurons, and this effect was strongest during dendrite regeneration. In addition, dendrite regeneration was sensitive to partial reduction of γTubulin. We conclude that Ror promotes dendrite regeneration as part of a Wnt signaling pathway that regulates dendritic microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. R. Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Ian Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Clive Wilson
- Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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