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Fu F, Li X, Chen Y, Li L, Dou J, Liang K, Chen Y, Lu Y, Huang Y. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of a heat-not-burn product. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 897:503784. [PMID: 39054007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
'Heat-not-burn' products (HnBP) contain lower levels of harmful substances than traditional cigarettes, but the use of these products warrants further toxicological evaluation. We have compared the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a heat-not burn product with conventional cigarettes, in vivo and in vitro. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to mainstream smoke from conventional cigarettes or a HnBP, for 4 or 28 days, followed by isolation of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and histological examination of the testes. Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells were exposed in vitro to total particulate matter from cigarette smoke obtained through Cambridge filters. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of total particulate matter were assessed by the neutral red uptake assay, chromosome aberration assay, in vitro micronucleus test, comet assay, and Ames assay. In the short-term exposure rat models, only the conventional-cigarettes group showed a significant increase in the ratio of micronuclei to total PCE. There was no significant difference in rat testis histology in the long-term exposure models. In vitro, in the neutral red uptake assay, the HnBP product showed lower cytotoxicity than conventional cigarettes. Conventional cigarettes showed greater genotoxicity in the chromosome aberration assay, high-dose Ames tests with exogenous metabolic activation, and micronucleus tests. In summary, our results suggest that HnBP have lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiexiong Dou
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610044, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China
| | - Yexian Chen
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchuan Huang
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China.
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Muthumalage T, Noel A, Thanavala Y, Alcheva A, Rahman I. Challenges in current inhalable tobacco toxicity assessment models: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-102. [PMID: 38860150 PMCID: PMC11163881 DOI: 10.18332/tid/188197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging tobacco products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have a dynamic landscape and are becoming widely popular as they claim to offer a low-risk alternative to conventional smoking. Most pre-clinical laboratories currently exploit in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models to assess toxicological outcomes as well as to develop risk-estimation models. While most laboratories have produced a wide range of cell culture and mouse model data utilizing current smoke/aerosol generators and standardized puffing profiles, much variation still exists between research studies, hindering the generation of usable data appropriate for the standardization of these tobacco products. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo models and their challenges, as well as insights into risk estimation of novel products and recommendations for toxicological parameters for reporting, allowing comparability of the research studies between laboratories, resulting in usable data for regulation of these products before approval by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Noel
- School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
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Sussman RA, Sipala F, Emma R, Ronsisvalle S. Aerosol Emissions from Heated Tobacco Products: A Review Focusing on Carbonyls, Analytical Methods, and Experimental Quality. TOXICS 2023; 11:947. [PMID: 38133348 PMCID: PMC10747376 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We provide an extensive review of 17 independent and industry-funded studies targeting carbonyls in aerosol emissions of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs), focusing on quality criteria based on the reproducibility of experiments, appropriate analytic methods, and puffing regimes. Most revised studies complied with these requirements, but some were unreproducible, while others failed to consider analytical variables that may have affected the results and/or produced unrealistic comparisons. We also provide a review of the literature on the physicochemical properties of heated tobacco and HTP aerosols, as well as the evaluation of HTPs by regulatory agencies, addressing various critiques of their relative safety profile. The outcomes from the revised studies and regulatory evaluations tend to agree with and converge to a general consensus that HTP aerosols expose users to significantly lower levels of toxicity than tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Sussman
- Institute of Physical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Federica Sipala
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 95123 Catania, Italy
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Numerical analysis of the coupling between heat transfer and pyrolysis in heat-not-burn tobacco using computational fluid dynamics. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Uguna CN, Snape CE. Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22111-22124. [PMID: 35811880 PMCID: PMC9260752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical evidence that IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke, and that IQOS and potentially other heated tobacco products (HTPs) pose some harmful health threats from the range of compounds released even at somewhat lower concentrations is reviewed. Further, we address the yields of harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the constituents of IQOS emission that are diagnostic of pyrolysis to provide information on the temperatures reached in IQOS tobacco sticks. The HPHCs present in IQOS emissions are the same as in conventional cigarette smoke (CCs), analogous to emissions from earlier generation of HTPs classed as smoke. However, Philip Morris International (PMI) studies have to some degree underestimated IQOS aerosol HPHC yields, which are a factor of between 3.2 and 3.6 higher when expressed on a tobacco rather than an IQOS stick basis compared to the reference 3R4F cigarette. Further, IQOS emissions contain carbon particles, which fit definition of both aerosol and smoke. Continual reheating of deposited tar in the IQOS device will occur with real-life use, likely leading to generation of even higher concentrations of HPHCs and particulate matter. Despite IQOS not exceeding 350 °C, local hot spots could exist, causing formation of species (phenol/cresols, PAHs). It is recommended that the impact of repeated use to determine the levels of black carbon (insoluble organic matter) in the particulate matter, and the extent to which compounds in IQOS emissions are formed by pyrolysis need to be assessed rigorously. To address whether uneven temperature profiles in heat sticks can lead to potential hot spots that could, for example, lead to PAH formation, it is recommended that pyrolysis studies on tobacco and other constituents of HTPs are required in conjunction with more effort on heating tobacco blends under controlled temperature/time conditions.
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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GC × GC-TOFMS and chemometrics approach for comparative study of volatile compound release by tobacco heating system as a function of temperature. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Donelli A, Poux V, Skiada D, Weitkunat R, Baker G, Picavet P, Lüdicke F. Reduction in Exposure to Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Approaching Those Observed Upon Smoking Abstinence in Smokers Switching to the Menthol Tobacco Heating System 2.2 for 3 Months (Part 1). Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:539-548. [PMID: 30722062 PMCID: PMC7164581 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Tobacco Heating System (THS) is a “heat-not-burn” tobacco product designed to generate significantly lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) and present lower risk of harm than cigarettes. This study assessed the exposure reduction to selected HPHCs in smokers switching to menthol Tobacco Heating System (mTHS) 2.2 compared with smokers continuing smoking menthol cigarettes (mCCs) and smoking abstinence (SA) for 5 days in a confined setting, followed by an 86-day ambulatory period. Methods A total of 160 healthy adult US smokers participated in this randomized, three-arm parallel group, controlled clinical study. Biomarkers of exposure to 16 HPHCs were measured in blood and 24-hour urine. Safety was monitored throughout the study. Information was also gathered on product evaluation, product use, subjective effects, and clinical risk markers (co-publication Part 2). Results Nicotine uptake was comparable in both exposure groups (mTHS:mCC ratio of 96% on day 90). On day 5, biomarker of exposure levels to other HPHCs were reduced by 51%–96% in the mTHS group compared with the mCC group, and these reductions were sustained for most biomarkers of exposure over ambulatory period. After 90 days of use, the level of satisfaction with mTHS and suppression of urge to smoke were comparable to mCC. Conclusion Switching from mCCs to mTHS significantly reduced the exposure to HPHCs to levels approaching those observed in subjects who abstained from smoking for the duration of the study. Implications This study compared the impact of switching to mTHS on biomarkers of exposure, relative to continued smoking or SA. Clinical Significance Trial Registration NCT01989156 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Donelli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Poux
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Skiada
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Haleem A, Amin S, Mahmood U. Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarettes: An analytical assessment. POPULATION MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18332/popmed/122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Brinkman MC, Kim H, Buehler SS, Adetona AM, Gordon SM, Clark PI. Evidence of compensation among waterpipe smokers using harm reduction components. Tob Control 2020; 29:15-23. [PMID: 30377243 PMCID: PMC7350613 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined two waterpipe tobacco smoking components advertised to reduce harm to determine if they result in lower levels of biomarkers of acute exposure. METHODS We conducted a crossover study of 34 experienced waterpipe smokers smoking a research-grade waterpipe in three configurations ad libitum in a controlled chamber: control (quick-light charcoal), electric (electric heating) and bubble diffuser (quick-light charcoal and bubble diffuser). We collected data on smoking topography, environmental carbon monoxide (CO), subjective effects, heart rate, plasma nicotine and exhaled CO and benzene. RESULTS Smokers' mean plasma nicotine, heart rate, and exhaled benzene and CO boost were all significantly lower for electric compared with control. However, smokers puffed more intensely and took significantly more and larger volume puffs for a larger total puffing volume (2.0 times larger, p<0.0001) when smoking electric; machine yields indicate this was likely due to lower mainstream nicotine. Smokers rated electric smoking experience less satisfying and less pleasant. For charcoal heating, the mean mass of CO emitted into the chamber was ~1 g when participants smoked for a mean of 32 minutes at a typical residential ventilation rate (2.3 hr-1). CONCLUSION Waterpipe smokers engaged in compensation (i.e., increased and more intense puffing) to make up for decreased mainstream nicotine delivery from the same tobacco heated two ways. Waterpipe components can affect human puffing behaviours, exposures and subjective effects. Evidence reported here supports regulation of waterpipe components, smoking bans in multifamily housing and the use of human studies to evaluate modified or reduced risk claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C Brinkman
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- School of Public Health, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyoshin Kim
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie S Buehler
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna M Adetona
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sydney M Gordon
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela I Clark
- School of Public Health, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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In vitro mutagenicity of gas-vapour phase extracts from flavoured and unflavoured heated tobacco products. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1155-1163. [PMID: 31737489 PMCID: PMC6849343 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro mutagenic and genotoxic potential of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) has already been studied with the particulate phase and reported previously. This study has been designed to complement the in vitro assessment of the HTP and to determine whether the inclusion of potential flavourings would alter the in vitro response by testing the other phase of the aerosol, the gas-vapour phase (GVP). Both flavoured and unflavoured Neostik GVP samples did not show any sign of mutagenic activity in the Ames test but induced a mutagenic response in the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), however, these responses were significantly less than those of the reference cigarette, 3R4F. The results demonstrated that GVP emissions of this HTP did not induce either new qualitative or quantitative mutagenic hazards compared to 3R4F, as assessed by the Ames test (no new responsive strains) and MLA (a lower mutagenic response), respectively. A statistical comparative analysis of the responses showed that the addition of flavourings that may thermally decompose under the conditions of use did not add to the in vitro baseline responses of the unflavoured Neostik.
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Kibet JK, Jebet A, Kinyanjui T. Molecular oxygenates from the thermal degradation of tobacco and material characterization of tobacco char. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Martin F, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Haziza C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. A Meta-Analysis of the Performance of a Blood-Based Exposure Response Gene Signature Across Clinical Studies on the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2). Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:198. [PMID: 30971916 PMCID: PMC6444181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of emerging tobacco harm reduction strategies, modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) are being developed to offer alternatives that have the potential to reduce the individual risk and population harm compared with smoking cigarettes for adult smokers who want to continue using tobacco and nicotine products. MRTPs are defined as any tobacco products that are distributed for use to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products. One such candidate MRTP is the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, which does not burn tobacco but instead heats it, thus producing significantly reduced levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents compared with cigarettes. The clinical assessment of candidate MRTPs requires the development of exposure-response markers to distinguish current smokers from either nonsmokers or former smokers with high specificity and sensitivity. Toward this end, a whole blood-derived gene signature was previously developed and reported. Four randomized, controlled, open-label, three-arm parallel group reduced exposure clinical studies have been conducted with subjects randomized to three arms: switching from cigarettes to THS 2.2, continuous use of cigarettes, or smoking abstinence. These clinical studies had an investigational period of 5 days in confinement, which was followed by an 85-day ambulatory period in two studies. Here we tested the previously developed blood-derived signature on the samples derived from those clinical studies. We showed that in all four studies, the signature scores were reduced consistently in subjects who either stopped smoking or switched to THS 2.2 compared with subjects who continued smoking cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Haziza
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Jenssen BP, Boykan R. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6020030. [PMID: 30791645 PMCID: PMC6406299 DOI: 10.3390/children6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes have emerged and soared in popularity in the past ten years, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth in the United States (US). In this review, we discuss what the Surgeon General has called a public health “epidemic”—the precipitous increase in youth use of e-cigarettes and the health consequences of this behavior. Further, we review tobacco control policy efforts (e.g., Tobacco 21, banning flavors, advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws)—efforts proven to be critical in reducing cigarette smoking and smoking-related disease and death among US children and adults—including their potential and challenges regarding managing and mitigating the emergence of e-cigarettes. Finally, we close with a discussion of the efforts of transnational tobacco companies to rebrand themselves using e-cigarettes and other new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Jenssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and PolicyLab and the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rachel Boykan
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Dautzenberg B, Dautzenberg MD. [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:82-103. [PMID: 30429092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry (TI) reports that heated tobacco reduces risk of tobacco use and will replace cigarettes. An analysis of the scientific literature was conducted in order to enlighten professionals and decision-makers. METHOD After a Medline query in February 2018, a systematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Of the 100 papers published in 2008-2018, 75 have authors affiliated or linked to TI. Emissions contain gases, droplets and solid particles, so are smokes. The main products are: THS2.2 (Iqos®) which heats mini-cigarettes at 340°C, the THP1.0 (Glo®) which heats at 240°C sticks delivering about half as much nicotine, Ploom® which uses reconstituted tobacco microcapsules heated at 180°C. Under the experimental conditions, there is a reduction of toxic emissions and biological effects, but the expected risk reduction is not demonstrated. Symptoms related to passive smoking are described. The 4 epidemiological articles report that heated tobacco is used in 10 to 45% of cases by non-smokers and demonstrate the effectiveness of TI promotion campaigns. Thus, the THS2.2 is more a gateway to smoking (20%) than an exit door (11%); moreover, it is not expected risk reduction among the 69% who are mixed users. CONCLUSIONS While reducing emissions is documented, reducing the risk to the smoker who switches to heated-tobacco remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the worsening of the global tobacco risk related to the promotion of the products by the TI is anticipated, justifying that the authorities take the appropriate measures to control the promotion of heated tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dautzenberg
- Service de pharmacologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Consultation de médecine, hôpital Marmottan, 75017 Paris, France; Consultation de tabacologie, institut Arthur-Vernes, 75006 Paris, France; Paris sans tabac, 14, avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.
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Crooks I, Neilson L, Scott K, Reynolds L, Oke T, Forster M, Meredith C, McAdam K, Proctor C. Evaluation of flavourings potentially used in a heated tobacco product: Chemical analysis, in vitro mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and in vitro tumour promoting activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:940-952. [PMID: 29879435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We designed a novel tobacco-heating product (THP) that heats tobacco to release nicotine and aerosolised components, such as glycerol and tobacco volatiles from a tobacco rod (Neostik). Heating tobacco significantly reduces levels of combustion-derived toxicants in the aerosol compared to cigarette smoke. This study was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of potential flavourings in the THP would add to the levels of toxicants in the emissions or alter in vitro responses. Levels of measured toxicants were similar in the flavoured and unflavoured Neostik emissions and significantly less than emissions from the reference cigarette, 3R4F. No mutagenicity was observed with the Neostiks in the Ames test or in the mouse lymphoma assay. There was evidence of a weak genotoxic response in the in vitro micronucleus test using V79 cells from both Neostiks and these responses were less than 3R4F. They did not show tumour-promoting potential in the Bhas 42 cell transformation assay and were not cytotoxic in the Neutral Red uptake assay. 3R4F elicited toxic responses in all assays at significantly lower concentrations. The addition of flavourings to the Neostik tested did not alter the chemical profile of THP emissions or change in vitro responses relative to the unflavoured Neostik.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Crooks
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Louise Neilson
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ken Scott
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Lorna Reynolds
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tobi Oke
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chris Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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17
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Jaccard G, Kondylis A, Gunduz I, Pijnenburg J, Belushkin M. Investigation and comparison of the transfer of TSNA from tobacco to cigarette mainstream smoke and to the aerosol of a heated tobacco product, THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:103-109. [PMID: 29928933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) levels in tobacco cut filler and cigarette smoke were measured in more than 1000 commercially available cigarettes sampled between 2008 and 2014. Relative contributions to their transfer from tobacco to the mainstream smoke in terms of direct transfer by distillation, pyrorelease, and pyrosynthesis were evaluated on the basis of the comparison with the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) was transferred essentially by distillation, while N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were transferred by pyrorelease or pyrosynthesis as well. In the case of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the aerosol was similar to that observed for cigarettes, while the % transfer of TSNAs from tobacco to THS 2.2 aerosol was 2-3 times lower than in cigarettes. This difference is due to the fact that the tobacco is heated instead of burnt resulting in a lower direct transfer by distillation and a lower if any contribution of pyrosynthesis or pyrorelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Irfan Gunduz
- Philip Morris International Management S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Pijnenburg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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18
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Staal YC, van de Nobelen S, Havermans A, Talhout R. New Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products: Early Detection of Product Development, Marketing Strategies, and Consumer Interest. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e55. [PMID: 29807884 PMCID: PMC5996176 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wide variety of new tobacco and tobacco-related products have emerged on the market in recent years. Objective To understand their potential implications for public health and to guide tobacco control efforts, we have used an infoveillance approach to identify new tobacco and tobacco-related products. Methods Our search for tobacco(-related) products consists of several tailored search profiles using combinations of keywords such as “e-cigarette” and “new” to extract information from almost 9000 preselected sources such as websites of online shops, tobacco manufacturers, and news sites. Results Developments in e-cigarette design characteristics show a trend toward customization by possibilities to adjust temperature and airflow, and by the large variety of flavors of e-liquids. Additionally, more e-cigarettes are equipped with personalized accessories, such as mobile phones, applications, and Bluetooth. Waterpipe products follow the trend toward electronic vaping. Various heat-not-burn products were reintroduced to the market. Conclusions Our search for tobacco(-related) products was specific and timely, though advances in product development require ongoing optimization of the search strategy. Our results show a trend toward products resembling tobacco cigarettes vaporizers that can be adapted to the consumers’ needs. Our search for tobacco(-related) products could aid in the assessment of the likelihood of new products to gain market share, as a possible health risk or as an indicator for the need on independent and reliable information of the product to the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne van de Nobelen
- RIVM, Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Johnson & Johnson Janssen Vaccines, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Havermans
- RIVM, Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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19
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Haswell LE, Corke S, Verrastro I, Baxter A, Banerjee A, Adamson J, Jaunky T, Proctor C, Gaça M, Minet E. In vitro RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics assessment shows reduced biological effect of tobacco heating products when compared to cigarette smoke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1145. [PMID: 29402904 PMCID: PMC5799303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The battery of regulatory tests used to evaluate the risk of novel tobacco products such as heated tobacco products (THPs) presents some limitations including a bias towards the apical endpoint tested, and limited information on the mode of action. This is driving a paradigm shift to more holistic systems biology approaches. In this study, we used RNA-sequencing to compare the transcriptomic perturbations following acute exposure of a 3D airway tissue to the aerosols from two commercial THPs and a reference 3R4F cigarette. 2809 RNAs were differentially expressed for the 3R4F treatment and 115 and 2 RNAs for the two THPs (pFDR < 0.05, FC > 1.5), respectively. The relationship between the identified RNA features and gene ontologies were mapped showing a strong association with stress response, xenobiotics metabolism, and COPD-related terms for 3R4F. In contrast, fewer ontologies were found enriched for the THPs aerosols. "Response to wounding" was a common COPD-related term over-represented for the two THPs but at a reduced significance. Quantification of a cytokine panel post-exposure confirmed a pro-inflammatory effect of cigarette smoke but not for THPs. In conclusion, THPs have a reduced impact on gene expression compared to 3R4F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E Haswell
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sarah Corke
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ivan Verrastro
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Anisha Banerjee
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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20
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Jenssen BP, Walley SC, McGrath-Morrow SA. Heat-not-Burn Tobacco Products: Tobacco Industry Claims No Substitute for Science. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-2383. [PMID: 29233936 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Jenssen
- Department of Pediatrics and PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Susan C Walley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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21
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Assessment of novel tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 3: Comprehensive chemical characterisation of harmful and potentially harmful aerosol emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:14-33. [PMID: 29080848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For a tobacco heating product (THP), which heats rather than burns tobacco, the emissions of toxicants in the aerosol were compared with those in cigarette smoke under a machine-puffing regimen of puff volume 55 ml, puff duration 2 s and puff interval 30 s. The list of toxicants included those proposed by Health Canada, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg), the US Food and Drug Administration and possible thermal breakdown products. In comparison to the University of Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarette the toxicant levels in the THP1.0 emissions were significantly reduced across all chemical classes. For the nine toxicants proposed by TobReg for mandated reduction in cigarette emissions, the mean reductions in THP1.0 aerosol were 90.6-99.9% per consumable with an overall average reduction of 97.1%. For the abbreviated list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents of smoke specified by the US Food and Drug Administration Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee for reporting in cigarette smoke (excluding nicotine), reductions in the aerosol of THP1.0 were 84.6-99.9% per consumable with an overall average reduction of 97.5%.
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22
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Eaton D, Jakaj B, Forster M, Nicol J, Mavropoulou E, Scott K, Liu C, McAdam K, Murphy J, Proctor CJ. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 2: Product design, operation and thermophysical characterisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:4-13. [PMID: 29080851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel tobacco heating product, THP1.0, that heats tobacco below 245 °C is described. It was designed to eliminate tobacco combustion, while heating tobacco to release nicotine, tobacco volatiles and glycerol to form its aerosol. The stewardship assessment approach behind the THP 1.0 design was based on established toxicological principles. Thermophysical studies were conducted to examine the extent of tobacco thermal conversion during operation. Thermogravimetric analysis of the tobacco material revealed the major thermal behaviour in air and nitrogen up to 900 °C. This, combined with the heating temperature profiling of the heater and tobacco rod, verified that the tobacco was not subject to combustion. The levels of tobacco combustion markers (CO, CO2, NO and NOx) in the aerosol of THP1.0 were significantly lower than the levels if there were any significant pyrolysis or combustion. Quantification of other tobacco thermal decomposition and evaporative transfer markers showed that these levels were, on average, reduced by more than 90% in THP1.0 aerosol as compared with cigarette smoke. The physical integrity of the tobacco consumable rod showed no ashing. Taken together, these data establish that the aerosol generated by THP1.0 is produced mainly by evaporation and distillation, and not by combustion or pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Eaton
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Blerta Jakaj
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Nicol
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kenneth Scott
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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23
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Forster M, McAughey J, Prasad K, Mavropoulou E, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:34-51. [PMID: 28989082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco heating product THP1.0, which heats but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco product assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 heats the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO2, NO, NO2, nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test products. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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24
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Brossard P, Weitkunat R, Poux V, Lama N, Haziza C, Picavet P, Baker G, Lüdicke F. Nicotine pharmacokinetic profiles of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, cigarettes and nicotine gum in Japanese smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:193-199. [PMID: 28760390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two open-label randomized cross-over studies in Japanese smokers investigated the single-use nicotine pharmacokinetic profile of the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, cigarettes (CC) and nicotine replacement therapy (Gum). In each study, one on the regular and one on the menthol variants of the THS and CC, both using Gum as reference, 62 subjects were randomized to four sequences: Sequence 1: THS - CC (n = 22); Sequence 2: CC - THS (n = 22); Sequence 3: THS - Gum (n = 9); Sequence 4: Gum - THS (n = 9). Plasma nicotine concentrations were measured in 16 blood samples collected over 24 h after single use. Maximal nicotine concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from start of product use to time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last) were similar between THS and CC in both studies, with ratios varying from 88 to 104% for Cmax and from 96 to 98% for AUC0-last. Urge-to-smoke total scores were comparable between THS and CC. The THS nicotine pharmacokinetic profile was close to CC, with similar levels of urge-to-smoke. This suggests that THS can satisfy smokers and be a viable alternative to cigarettes for adult smokers who want to continue using tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brossard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Valerie Poux
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Lama
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Haziza
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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25
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Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 8: Study to determine puffing topography, mouth level exposure and consumption among Japanese users. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:84-91. [PMID: 28822877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A four-arm study was undertaken in Japan to determine the puffing topography, mouth level exposure and average daily consumption by consumers of the tobacco heating products (THPs): the non-mentholated THP1.0(T), the mentholated THP1.0(M) and a tobacco heating system (THS). The extent of lip blocking of air inlet holes while using THP1.0(T) was also assessed. Groups 1, 2, and 4 included smokers, and group 3 included regular THP users. Smokers of 7-8 mg ISO nicotine free dry particulate matter (NFDPM) non-mentholated cigarettes took on average larger mean puff volumes from THPs than from conventional cigarettes, but puff numbers and durations were similar. Mouth level exposure to NFDPM and nicotine levels were significantly lower when using THPs than conventional cigarettes. Similar trends were observed among smokers of 7-8 mg ISO NFDPM mentholated cigarettes who used mentholated cigarettes and THP1.0(M). Regular users of commercial THS had similar puffing behaviours irrespective of whether they were using THS or THP1.0(T), except for mean puff volume which was lower with THP1.0(T). No smokers blocked the air inlet holes when using THP1.0(T). The puffing topography results support the machine puffing regime used to generate toxicant emissions data and in vitro toxicology testing.
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26
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Surface bound radicals, char yield and particulate size from the burning of tobacco cigarette. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:79. [PMID: 29086875 PMCID: PMC5548703 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoke is a toxic gas-phase cocktail consisting of a broad range of organics, and free radical intermediates. The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes. Methods The current study simulates the deposition of particulate matter on the human lung surface by trapping the tobacco smoke particulates in situ on silica gel. To mimic this phenomenon, the cigarette was smoked directly on siliga gel. The surface morphology of smoke condensate trapped on silica gel, and pure silica gel (control) was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the particulate matter trapped on silica. Standard procedures for cigarette smoking (ISO 3402:1999) were adopted. The char yields of tobacco cigarette in the temperature range 200–700 °C was also investigated in an inert atmosphere using a quartz reactor. Results SEM images showed the surface morphology of pure silica gel was smooth while silica gel on which cigarette smoke was smoked on contained particulates of various sizes. Generally, the particulate size of cigarette smoke adsorbed on silica was found to be 2.47 ± 0.0043 µm (~PM2.5). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed a g-value of 2.0037 typically that of a carbon-centred radical. Conclusions It is therefore evident from this investigation that cigarette smoke contains surface bound radicals considered harmful to the health of cigarette smokers. The particulate size of tobacco smoke (PM2.5) can impact severely on the lives of the cigarette smoking community because of its near ultrafine nature. This significantly small particulate size in cigarette smoke can be inhaled deeper into the lungs thus causing serious cell injury and possible tumour growth in addition to other grave diseases.Cigarette smoking and analytical techniques employed in this study ![]()
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27
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Breheny D, Adamson J, Azzopardi D, Baxter A, Bishop E, Carr T, Crooks I, Hewitt K, Jaunky T, Larard S, Lowe F, Oke O, Taylor M, Santopietro S, Thorne D, Zainuddin B, Gaça M, Liu C, Murphy J, Proctor C. A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 2): In vitro biological assessment and comparison with different tobacco-heating products. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:533-546. [PMID: 28595930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the toxicological and biological responses of aerosols from a novel hybrid tobacco product. Toxicological responses from the hybrid tobacco product were compared to those from a commercially available Tobacco Heating Product (c-THP), a prototype THP (p-THP) and a 3R4F reference cigarette, using in vitro test methods which were outlined as part of a framework to substantiate the risk reduction potential of novel tobacco and nicotine products. Exposure matrices used included total particulate matter (TPM), whole aerosol (WA), and aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) obtained after machine-puffing the test products under the Health Canada Intense smoking regime. Levels of carbonyls and nicotine in these matrices were measured to understand the aerosol dosimetry of the products. The hybrid tobacco product tested negative across the in vitro assays including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, tumour promotion, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. All the THPs tested demonstrated significantly reduced responses in these in vitro assays when compared to 3R4F. The findings suggest these products have the potential for reduced health risks. Further pre-clinical and clinical assessments are required to substantiate the risk reduction of these novel products at individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Breheny
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Jason Adamson
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Azzopardi
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Andrew Baxter
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma Bishop
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tony Carr
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian Crooks
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Katherine Hewitt
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sophie Larard
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Frazer Lowe
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oluwatobiloba Oke
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Taylor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Simone Santopietro
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Benjamin Zainuddin
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Poynton S, Sutton J, Goodall S, Margham J, Forster M, Scott K, Liu C, McAdam K, Murphy J, Proctor C. A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 1): Product operation and preliminary aerosol chemistry assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:522-532. [PMID: 28576286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapour products have demonstrated potential to be a lower-risk alternative to cigarettes. The present study describes a novel hybrid tobacco product that combines a warm aerosol stream generated by an electronic vaporisation mechanism with tobacco top flavour from cut tobacco. During operation, the aerosol stream released from the vapour cartomiser is passed through a bed of blended cut tobacco by the puffing flow, elevating the tobacco temperature and eluting volatile tobacco flavour components. A preliminary but comprehensive analysis of the aerosol composition of the hybrid tobacco product found that emissions were dominated by the control vapour formulation. In non-targeted chemical screening, no detectable difference in GC scans was observed between the hybrid tobacco product and the control vapour product. However, a sensorially elevated tobacco flavour was confirmed by a consumer sensory panel (P < 0.05). In a targeted analysis of 113 compounds, either identified by regulatory bodies as potential toxicants in cigarette smoke or formed from electronic vapour products, only 26 were quantified. The novel action of tobacco heating and liquid aerosolisation produced classes and levels of toxicants that were similar to those of the control vapour product, but much lower than those of a Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarette. For nine toxicants mandated by the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation for reduction in cigarette emissions, the levels were 91%-99% lower per puff in the hybrid tobacco product aerosol than in 3R4F smoke. Overall, the novel hybrid tobacco product provides a sensorially enhanced tobacco flavour, but maintains a toxicant profile similar to its parent vapour product with relatively low levels of known cigarette smoke toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poynton
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Joseph Sutton
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sharon Goodall
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jennifer Margham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ken Scott
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Lüdicke F, Baker G, Magnette J, Picavet P, Weitkunat R. Reduced Exposure to Harmful and Potentially Harmful Smoke Constituents With the Tobacco Heating System 2.1. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:168-175. [PMID: 27613951 PMCID: PMC5234364 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heating rather than burning tobacco reduces levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and consumer products using this approach aim to reduce exposure to tobacco toxicants. The Tobacco Heating System (THS) version 2.1 has been enhanced from earlier prototypes with an improved heat control and sensorial experience and thereby user acceptance. Exposure measurements are required to determine whether it may be possible to reduce the individual health risk compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CCs). METHODS This controlled clinical study randomly assigned 40 smokers to either a group continuing to use of their own CC brand (n = 20) or a group switching to THS 2.1 (n = 20) for 5 days. Biomarkers of exposure were measured at baseline and on day 1 through day 5. Product consumption, Human Puffing Topography, the occurrence of adverse events, and an assessment of subjective effects, such as smoking satisfaction and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, were also determined. RESULTS The group of smokers who switched to THS 2.1 adapted their puffing behavior initially through longer puff duration and more puffs. During the duration of the study, total puff volume returned to baseline levels and the mean daily product consumption increased but with similar nicotine exposure compared to baseline CC use. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants which inform product risk assessment were significantly reduced with THS use compared to the CC group. THS 2.1 users experienced less reinforcing effects with THS 2.1 than with their own cigarette brand. CONCLUSIONS THS 2.1 is a promising alternative to smoking CCs. Notwithstanding possible use adaption through consumption or puffing behavior, the exposure to harmful smoke constituents was markedly reduced with the new heated tobacco platform. IMPLICATIONS Exposure markers to harmful and potentially harmful smoke constituents were lowered with the THS 2.1. Heating tobacco instead of burning can offer a potentially lower risk of delivering nicotine compared to CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lüdicke
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - John Magnette
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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30
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Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Skiada D, Ancerewicz J, Baker G, Picavet P, Lüdicke F. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 8: 5-Day randomized reduced exposure clinical study in Poland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S139-S150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Martin F, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Haziza C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 9: Application of systems pharmacology to identify exposure response markers in peripheral blood of smokers switching to THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S151-S157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Kibet J, Kurgat C, Limo S, Rono N, Bosire J. Kinetic modeling of nicotine in mainstream cigarette smoking. Chem Cent J 2016. [PMID: 27790285 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0206-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attempt to understand the kinetic behavior of nicotine in tobacco will provide a basis for unraveling its energetics in tobacco burning and the formation of free radicals considered harmful to the cigarette smoking community. To the best of our knowledge, the high temperature destruction kinetic characteristics of nicotine have not been investigated before; hence this study is necessary especially at a time addiction science and tobacco research in general is gaining intense attention. METHODS The pyrolysis of tobacco under conditions simulating cigarette smoking in the temperature region 200-700 °C has been investigated for the evolution of nicotine and pyridine from two commercial cigarettes coded ES1 and SM1 using gas chromatography hyphenated to a mass selective detector (MSD). Moreover, a kinetic model on the thermal destruction of nicotine within a temperature window of 673 and 973 K is proposed using pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. A reaction time of 2.0 s was employed in line with the average puff time in cigarette smoking. Nonetheless, various reaction times were considered for the formation kinetics of nicotine. RESULTS GC-MS results showed the amount of nicotine evolved decreased with increase in the puff time. This observation was remarkably consistent with UV-Vis data reported in this investigation. Generally, the temperature dependent rate constants for the destruction of nicotine were found to be [Formula: see text] s-1 and [Formula: see text] s-1 for ES1 and SM1 cigarettes respectively. In addition, the amount of nicotine evolved by ES1 cigarette was ~10 times more than the amount of nicotine released by SM1 cigarette. CONCLUSION The suggested mechanistic model for the formation of pyridine from the thermal degradation of nicotine in tobacco has been found to be agreement with the kinetic model proposed in this investigation. Consequently, the concentration of radical intermediates of tobacco smoke such as pyridinyl radical can be determined indirectly from a set of integrated rate laws. This study has also shown that different cigarettes can yield varying amounts of nicotine and pyridine depending on the type of cigarette primarily because of potential different growing conditions and additives introduced during tobacco processing. The activation energy of nicotine articulated in this work is consistent with that reported in literature.Graphical abstractThe anatomy of tobacco cigarette and the major chemistry involved during combustion (pyrolysis, GC-MS analysis, and kinetic modeling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Caren Kurgat
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Samuel Limo
- Department of Physics, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, 30100 Kenya
| | - Nicholas Rono
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Josephate Bosire
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
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33
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Kibet J, Kurgat C, Limo S, Rono N, Bosire J. Kinetic modeling of nicotine in mainstream cigarette smoking. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:60. [PMID: 27790285 PMCID: PMC5062895 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attempt to understand the kinetic behavior of nicotine in tobacco will provide a basis for unraveling its energetics in tobacco burning and the formation of free radicals considered harmful to the cigarette smoking community. To the best of our knowledge, the high temperature destruction kinetic characteristics of nicotine have not been investigated before; hence this study is necessary especially at a time addiction science and tobacco research in general is gaining intense attention. METHODS The pyrolysis of tobacco under conditions simulating cigarette smoking in the temperature region 200-700 °C has been investigated for the evolution of nicotine and pyridine from two commercial cigarettes coded ES1 and SM1 using gas chromatography hyphenated to a mass selective detector (MSD). Moreover, a kinetic model on the thermal destruction of nicotine within a temperature window of 673 and 973 K is proposed using pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. A reaction time of 2.0 s was employed in line with the average puff time in cigarette smoking. Nonetheless, various reaction times were considered for the formation kinetics of nicotine. RESULTS GC-MS results showed the amount of nicotine evolved decreased with increase in the puff time. This observation was remarkably consistent with UV-Vis data reported in this investigation. Generally, the temperature dependent rate constants for the destruction of nicotine were found to be [Formula: see text] s-1 and [Formula: see text] s-1 for ES1 and SM1 cigarettes respectively. In addition, the amount of nicotine evolved by ES1 cigarette was ~10 times more than the amount of nicotine released by SM1 cigarette. CONCLUSION The suggested mechanistic model for the formation of pyridine from the thermal degradation of nicotine in tobacco has been found to be agreement with the kinetic model proposed in this investigation. Consequently, the concentration of radical intermediates of tobacco smoke such as pyridinyl radical can be determined indirectly from a set of integrated rate laws. This study has also shown that different cigarettes can yield varying amounts of nicotine and pyridine depending on the type of cigarette primarily because of potential different growing conditions and additives introduced during tobacco processing. The activation energy of nicotine articulated in this work is consistent with that reported in literature.Graphical abstractThe anatomy of tobacco cigarette and the major chemistry involved during combustion (pyrolysis, GC-MS analysis, and kinetic modeling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Caren Kurgat
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Samuel Limo
- Department of Physics, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, 30100 Kenya
| | - Nicholas Rono
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Josephate Bosire
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
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Mottier N, Tharin M, Cluse C, Crudo JR, Lueso MG, Goujon-Ginglinger CG, Jaquier A, Mitova MI, Rouget EGR, Schaller M, Solioz J. Validation of selected analytical methods using accuracy profiles to assess the impact of a Tobacco Heating System on indoor air quality. Talanta 2016; 158:165-178. [PMID: 27343591 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies in environmentally controlled rooms have been used over the years to assess the impact of environmental tobacco smoke on indoor air quality. As new tobacco products are developed, it is important to determine their impact on air quality when used indoors. Before such an assessment can take place it is essential that the analytical methods used to assess indoor air quality are validated and shown to be fit for their intended purpose. Consequently, for this assessment, an environmentally controlled room was built and seven analytical methods, representing eighteen analytes, were validated. The validations were carried out with smoking machines using a matrix-based approach applying the accuracy profile procedure. The performances of the methods were compared for all three matrices under investigation: background air samples, the environmental aerosol of Tobacco Heating System THS 2.2, a heat-not-burn tobacco product developed by Philip Morris International, and the environmental tobacco smoke of a cigarette. The environmental aerosol generated by the THS 2.2 device did not have any appreciable impact on the performances of the methods. The comparison between the background and THS 2.2 environmental aerosol samples generated by smoking machines showed that only five compounds were higher when THS 2.2 was used in the environmentally controlled room. Regarding environmental tobacco smoke from cigarettes, the yields of all analytes were clearly above those obtained with the other two air sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mottier
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Tharin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Cluse
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-René Crudo
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - María Gómez Lueso
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine G Goujon-Ginglinger
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Jaquier
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maya I Mitova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel G R Rouget
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Schaller
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Solioz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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35
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Caputi TL. Industry watch: heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point. Tob Control 2016; 26:609-610. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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Azzopardi D, Patel K, Jaunky T, Santopietro S, Camacho OM, McAughey J, Gaça M. Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:477-491. [PMID: 27690199 PMCID: PMC5309870 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are a potential means of addressing the harm to public health caused by tobacco smoking by offering smokers a less harmful means of receiving nicotine. As e-cigarettes are a relatively new phenomenon, there are limited scientific data on the longer-term health effects of their use. This study describes a robust in vitro method for assessing the cytotoxic response of e-cigarette aerosols that can be effectively compared with conventional cigarette smoke. This was measured using the regulatory accepted Neutral Red Uptake assay modified for air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. An exposure system, comprising a smoking machine, traditionally used for in vitro tobacco smoke exposure assessments, was adapted for use with e-cigarettes to expose human lung epithelial cells at the ALI. Dosimetric analysis methods using real-time quartz crystal microbalances for mass, and post-exposure chemical analysis for nicotine, were employed to detect/distinguish aerosol dilutions from a reference Kentucky 3R4F cigarette and two commercially available e-cigarettes (Vype eStick and ePen). ePen aerosol induced 97%, 94% and 70% less cytotoxicity than 3R4F cigarette smoke based on matched EC50 values at different dilutions (1:5 vs. 1:153 vol:vol), mass (52.1 vs. 3.1 μg/cm2) and nicotine (0.89 vs. 0.27 μg/cm2), respectively. Test doses where cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol cytotoxicity were observed are comparable with calculated daily doses in consumers. Such experiments could form the basis of a larger package of work including chemical analyses, in vitro toxicology tests and clinical studies, to help assess the safety of current and next generation nicotine and tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Kharishma Patel
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | | | - Oscar M. Camacho
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
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37
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Elamin A, Titz B, Dijon S, Merg C, Geertz M, Schneider T, Martin F, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Talamo F, Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Quantitative proteomics analysis using 2D-PAGE to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke and aerosol of a prototypic modified risk tobacco product on the lung proteome in C57BL/6 mice. J Proteomics 2016; 145:237-245. [PMID: 27268958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smoking is associated with several serious diseases, such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Within our systems toxicology framework, we are assessing whether potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) can reduce smoking-related health risks compared to conventional cigarettes. In this article, we evaluated to what extent 2D-PAGE/MALDI MS/MS (2D-PAGE) can complement the iTRAQ LC-MS/MS results from a previously reported mouse inhalation study, in which we assessed a prototypic MRTP (pMRTP). Selected differentially expressed proteins identified by both LC-MS/MS and 2D-PAGE approaches were further verified using reverse-phase protein microarrays. LC-MS/MS captured the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the lung proteome more comprehensively than 2D-PAGE. However, an integrated analysis of both proteomics data sets showed that 2D-PAGE data complement the LC-MS/MS results by supporting the overall trend of lower effects of pMRTP aerosol than CS on the lung proteome. Biological effects of CS exposure supported by both methods included increases in immune-related, surfactant metabolism, proteasome, and actin cytoskeleton protein clusters. Overall, while 2D-PAGE has its value, especially as a complementary method for the analysis of effects on intact proteins, LC-MS/MS approaches will likely be the method of choice for proteome analysis in systems toxicology investigations. SIGNIFICANCE Quantitative proteomics is anticipated to play a growing role within systems toxicology assessment frameworks in the future. To further understand how different proteomics technologies can contribute to toxicity assessment, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis using 2D-PAGE and isobaric tag-based LC-MS/MS approaches and compared the results produced from the 2 approaches. Using a prototypic modified risk tobacco product (pMRTP) as our test item, we show compared with cigarette smoke, how 2D-PAGE results can complement and support LC-MS/MS data, demonstrating the much lower effects of pMRTP aerosol than cigarette smoke on the mouse lung proteome. The combined analysis of 2D-PAGE and LC-MS/MS data identified an effect of cigarette smoke on the proteasome and actin cytoskeleton in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dijon
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Bayer Technology Services GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Talamo
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), 50 Science Park Road, 117406, Singapore
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), 50 Science Park Road, 117406, Singapore
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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