1
|
Pradhan N, Kumar S, Selvasembian R, Rawat S, Gangwar A, Senthamizh R, Yuen YK, Luo L, Ayothiraman S, Saratale GD, Mal J. Emerging trends in the pretreatment of microalgal biomass and recovery of value-added products: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128395. [PMID: 36442602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising source of raw material (i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pigments, and micronutrients) for various value-added products and act as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2. The rigidity of the microalgal cell wall makes it difficult to extract different cellular components for its applications, including biofuel production, food and feed supplements, and pharmaceuticals. To improve the recovery of products from microalgae, pretreatment strategies such as biological, physical, chemical, and combined methods have been explored to improve whole-cell disruption and product recovery efficiency. However, the diversity and uniqueness of the microalgal cell wall make the pretreatment process more species-specific and limit its large-scale application. Therefore, advancing the currently available technologies is required from an economic, technological, and environmental perspective. Thus, this paper provides a state-of-art review of the current trends, challenges, and prospects of sustainable microalgal pretreatment technologies from a microalgae-based biorefinery concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirakar Pradhan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - Agendra Gangwar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - R Senthamizh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yuk Kit Yuen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Seenivasan Ayothiraman
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem - 534101, West Godavari Dist, Andhra Prdesh, India
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, Bhatia RK, Rajendran K, Pugazhendhi A, Rao CV, Atabani AE, Kumar G, Yang YH. Renewable biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass using fermentation and integration of systems with other energy generation technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144429. [PMID: 33385808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biohydrogen is a clean and renewable source of energy. It can be produced by using technologies such as thermochemical, electrolysis, photoelectrochemical and biological, etc. Among these technologies, the biological method (dark fermentation) is considered more sustainable and ecofriendly. Dark fermentation involves anaerobic microbes which degrade carbohydrate rich substrate and produce hydrogen. Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundantly available raw material and can be utilized as an economic and renewable substrate for biohydrogen production. Although there are many hurdles, continuous advancements in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technology, microbial fermentation (mixed substrate and co-culture fermentation), the involvement of molecular biology techniques, and understanding of various factors (pH, T, addition of nanomaterials) effect on biohydrogen productivity and yield render this technology efficient and capable to meet future energy demands. Further integration of biohydrogen production technology with other products such as bio-alcohol, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and methane have the potential to improve the efficiency and economics of the overall process. In this article, various methods used for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, technologies in trends to produce and improve biohydrogen production, a coproduction of other energy resources, and techno-economic analysis of biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujit Sadashiv Jagtap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashwini Ashok Bedekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ravi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill 171005, H.P, India
| | - Karthik Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Christopher V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A E Atabani
- Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sivaramakrishnan R, Ramprakash B, Ramadoss G, Suresh S, Pugazhendhi A, Incharoensakdi A. High potential of Rhizopus treated rice bran waste for the nutrient-free anaerobic fermentative biohydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124193. [PMID: 33035864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Rhizopus oligosporus MTCC 556 (Rhizopus) treated rice bran was utilized for the anaerobic bacterial fermentative hydrogen production. The Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 2822 with nutrients addition fermented the treated rice bran to give hydrogen yield of 5.4 mmol H2/g of biomass. A closely similar hydrogen yield of 4.6 mmol H2/g of biomass was obtained from the treated rice bran under the condition without nutrients addition, suggesting the potential of the fungus treatment to produce hydrogen from nutrient-free fermentation. The pretreated rice bran showed efficient hydrogen production upon anaerobic fermentation without nutrients addition. The Rhizopus pretreated biomass can provide required nutrients for the enhancement of hydrogen yield by anaerobic fermentation. The Rhizopus pretreatment of rice bran enhanced the hydrogen production under nutrient-free conditions which reduced the overall production cost. The findings provide a promising solution to efficiently utilize the rice bran waste for low cost hydrogen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Balasubramani Ramprakash
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Govindarajan Ramadoss
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Subramaniyam Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, Ramapuram Campus, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao L, Wang Z, Ren HY, Chen C, Nan J, Cao GL, Yang SS, Ren NQ. Residue cornstalk derived biochar promotes direct bio-hydrogen production from anaerobic fermentation of cornstalk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124338. [PMID: 33157449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an innovative approach was proposed based on the implement of biochar derived from residue cornstalk left after anaerobic bio-hydrogen production (RCA-biochar) to improve direct bio-hydrogen production from anaerobic fermentation of cornstalk. The bio-hydrogen production potential and maximum bio-hydrogen production rate increased from 156.2 to 286.1 mL H2/g substrate and 3.5 to 5.7 mL H2/g substrate/h, respectively, following the added RCA-biochar increased from 2.5 to 15.0 g/L. Cornstalk chemical component analysis showed the cellulose and hemicellulose content decreased by 17.9-33.7% and 14.4-25.2%, and lignin content increased by 20.3-42.8%, respectively, after 96 h anaerobic fermentation with RCA-biochar 2.5-15.0 g/L. Further analyses revealed that RCA-biochar not only provided more specific surface area for hydrogen-producing bacteria attachment, but also promoted the cellulolytic enzyme activity, thereby resulted in increased substrate conversion to bio-hydrogen.The findings obtained in this study may provide supports for effective and sustainable lignocellulosic bio-hydrogen production in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong L, Wu X, Wang Q, Cao G, Wu J, Zhou C, Ren N. Evaluation of a novel pretreatment of NaOH/Urea at outdoor cold-winter conditions for enhanced enzymatic conversion and hythane production from rice straw. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140900. [PMID: 32702543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel pretreatment using NaOH/Urea (NU) solution at outdoor cold-winter conditions was developed to enhance the enzymatic saccharification and hythane production from rice straw (RS). Results revealed that the reducing sugar conversion of RS reached 90.02% after NU pretreatment at outdoor freezing temperature. Chemical composition analysis showed that the lignin removal was up to 62.74% with cellulose and hemicellulose loss of 0.56% and 18.87% after 3%-6% NU pretreatment at 100% solid loading for 3 months. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that the surface of pretreated RS exposed more cellulose and hemicellulose due to the disruption of resistant structure of lignocellulose. Subsequently, the enzymatic hydrolysate of pretreated RS was used as substrate to produce hythane by two-stage fermentation with the yield of 225.1 mL H2/g sugar and 112.8 mL CH4/g sugar. The energy conversion efficiency of hythane fermentation attained 10.4%, which was 22.8% and 190.5% higher than that for single H2 and CH4 fermentation. These results demonstrated that NU pretreatment at outdoor cold-winter conditions was practically and feasible way for improved hythane recovery from lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiukun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chunshuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu J, Dong L, Liu B, Xing D, Zhou C, Wang Q, Wu X, Feng L, Cao G. A novel integrated process to convert cellulose and hemicellulose in rice straw to biobutanol. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109580. [PMID: 32668543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated process was established in this study to produce butanol from rice straw. In the first pretreatment, an alternative NaOH/Urea preatment operated at -12 oC efficiently removed 10.9 g lignin and preserved 91.54% cellulose and hemicellulose in 100 g rice straw. Subsequently, crude cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride was used to convert pretreated rice straw to mono-sugars for fermentation. The yields of glucose, xylose and arabiose obtained from 100 g rice straw were 31 g, 13.4 g and 0.48 g, respectively, resulting in a 69.45% saccharification efficiency of crude enzyme. Finally, to alleviate the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and enhance butanol production, the coculture system of Clostridium beijerinckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was applied. Compared to monoculture of C. beijerinckii F-6, more sugars were consumed, especially the reduction rate of xylose reached to 81.87%, 32.99% higher than that in monoculture system. With more substrate facilitied into metabolism, the butanol concentration reached to 10.62 g/L corresponding to 0.28 g/g substrate, 115.38% higher than that in monoculture system. Overall, this integrated process was a low-energy consumption and efficient method for butanol production from rice straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lili Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chunshuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiukun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Liping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong L, Cao G, Wu J, Liu B, Xing D, Zhao L, Zhou C, Feng L, Ren N. High-solid pretreatment of rice straw at cold temperature using NaOH/Urea for enhanced enzymatic conversion and hydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121399. [PMID: 31096103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-solid loading pretreatment using NaOH/Urea solution at -12 °C was proposed to pretreat rice straw (RS) for enhanced saccharify and hydrogen production. Results shown NaOH/Urea pretreatment exhibited excellent pretreatment performance at solid loading ranged from 10% to 100% (w/v) with an average reducing sugar conversion of 80.22% was obtained which was 31.89% higher than that untreated RS. Upon fermentation of 100% solid loading pretreated hydrolysate, the H2 yield of 72.5 mL/g-pretreated RS was calculated based on substrate consumption, which enabled 49.5% higher reducing sugar transfer to H2 through material balance. FTIR and XRD analysis further demonstrated that the cold NaOH/Urea pretreatment at 100% (w/v) could effectively disrupt the lignin structure and decrease the cellulose crystallinity. The present study suggested a high solid loading pretreatment with NaOH/Urea at cold temperature could be a valuable alternative for better techno-economic of the lignocelluloses - to - sugars - to H2 routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chunshuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bashir Z, Sheng L, Anil A, Lali A, Minton NP, Zhang Y. Engineering Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for direct utilisation of holocellulose from wheat straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:199. [PMID: 31452680 PMCID: PMC6701081 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), where lignocellulose is converted into the desired product(s) in a single fermentative step without the addition of expensive degradative enzymes, represents the ideal solution of renewable routes to chemicals and fuels. Members of the genus Geobacillus are able to grow at elevated temperatures and are able to utilise a wide range of oligosaccharides derived from lignocellulose. This makes them ideally suited to the development of CBP. RESULTS In this study, we engineered Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 to utilise lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of nitric acid/ammonia treated wheat straw to which expensive hydrolytic enzymes had not been added. Two different strains, BZ9 and BZ10, were generated by integrating the cglT (β-1,4-glucosidase) gene from Thermoanaerobacter brockii into the genome, and localising genes encoding different cellulolytic enzymes on autonomous plasmids. The plasmid of strain BZ10 carried a synthetic cellulosomal operon comprising the celA (Endoglucanase A) gene from Clostridium thermocellum and cel6B (Exoglucanase) from Thermobifida fusca; whereas, strain BZ9 contained a plasmid encoding the celA (multidomain cellulase) gene from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. All of the genes were successfully expressed, and their encoded products secreted in a functionally active form, as evidenced by their detection in culture supernatants by Western blotting and enzymatic assay. In the case of the C. bescii CelA enzyme, this is one of the first times that the heterologous production of this multi-functional enzyme has been achieved in a heterologous host. Both strains (BZ9 and BZ10) exhibited improved growth on pre-treated wheat straw, achieving a higher final OD600 and producing greater numbers of viable cells. To demonstrate that cellulosic ethanol can be produced directly from lignocellulosic biomass by a single organism, we established our consortium of hydrolytic enzymes in a previously engineered ethanologenic G. thermoglucosidasius strain, LS242. We observed approximately twofold and 1.6-fold increase in ethanol production in the recombinant G. thermoglucosidasius equivalent to BZ9 and BZ10, respectively, compared to G. thermoglucosidasius LS242 strain at 24 h of growth. CONCLUSION We engineered G. thermoglucosidasius to utilise a real-world lignocellulosic biomass substrate and demonstrated that cellulosic ethanol can be produced directly from lignocellulosic biomass in one step. Direct conversion of biomass into desired products represents a new paradigm for CBP, offering the potential for carbon neutral, cost-effective production of sustainable chemicals and fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Bashir
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Lili Sheng
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Annamma Anil
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parikh Marg, Mumbai, 400019 India
| | - Arvind Lali
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parikh Marg, Mumbai, 400019 India
| | - Nigel P. Minton
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ying Zhang
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu J, Dong L, Zhou C, Liu B, Feng L, Wu C, Qi Z, Cao G. Developing a coculture for enhanced butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
10
|
Dong L, Cao G, Zhao L, Liu B, Ren N. Alkali/urea pretreatment of rice straw at low temperature for enhanced biological hydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:71-76. [PMID: 30015000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A pretreatment process using alkali/urea solution at low temperature was proposed for enhanced cellulosic biohydrogen production. Different alkaline solutions with both presence and absence of urea were studied. It can be found NaOH/Urea pretreatment exhibited excellent pretreatment performance at temperature from -8 °C to -20 °C. Microscopic structure observation combined FTIR analysis further demonstrated that NaOH/Urea pretreatment at low temperature could effectively disrupt the structure of rice straw and made more cellulose and hemicellulose available. The pretreated materials were then subjected for biohydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum M18. The maximum hydrogen production and energy conversion efficiency of 22.08 mmol/L and 9.76% were obtained from NaOH/Urea pretreated rice straw at low temperature. The results were 161.92% and 56.91% higher than the counterpart without pretreatment, respectively. This study provides a new direction to pretreat lignocellulose efficiently for enhanced biohydrogen production at cold climate region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Advanced Water Management Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bibra M, Kumar S, Wang J, Bhalla A, Salem DR, Sani RK. Single pot bioconversion of prairie cordgrass into biohydrogen by thermophiles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:232-241. [PMID: 29982043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to use a thermophilic consortium for H2 production using lignocellulosic biomass in a single pot. The thermophilic consortium, growing at 60 °C utilized both glucose and xylose, making it an ideal source of microbes capable of utilizing and fermenting both hexose and pentose sugars. The optimization of pH, temperature, and substrate concentration increased the H2 production from 1.07 mmol H2/g of prairie cordgrass (PCG) to 2.2 mmol H2/g PCG by using the thermophilic consortium. A sequential cultivation of a thermostable lignocellulolytic enzyme producing strain Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 (aerobic) with the thermophilic consortium (anaerobic) further increased H2 production with PCG 3-fold (3.74 mmol H2/g PCG). A single pot sequential culturing of aerobic and anaerobic microbes can be sustainable and advantageous for industrial scale production of biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Bibra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - David R Salem
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sheng T, Zhao L, Gao L, Liu W, Wu G, Wu J, Wang A. Enhanced biohydrogen production from nutrient-free anaerobic fermentation medium with edible fungal pretreated rice straw. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22924-22930. [PMID: 35540149 PMCID: PMC9081587 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An edible fungal pretreatment of rice straw was proposed for enhanced hydrogen production while reducing the chemical cost for traditional biological hydrogen production from lignocellulose. In this research, rice straw was pretreated by edible fungus Gymnopus contrarius J2 at room temperature under static conditions for 15 d at first. The highest hydrogen yield of 5.71 mmol g-1-pretreated rice straw was obtained, 74% higher than the counterpart without pretreatment. Chemical composition analysis demonstrated that lignin removal was up to 22.4% with a little cellulose and hemicellulose loss of 13.3% and 17.1%, respectively, which is in favor of hydrogen production. Additionally, microscopic structure observation combined with FT-IR and XRD analysis illustrated the structural disruption of pretreated rice straw, and the crystalline index of rice straw can be decreased by 46.2% after pretreatment, which might account for the hydrogen production enhancement. The results also indicated that the hydrogen yield from pretreated rice straw was not affected without the addition of yeast extract and vitamins to the culture medium, which is substantial evidence that edible fungal pretreated rice straw could provide prerequisite nutrients for hydrogen-producing bacteria. Overall, edible fungal pretreatment has great potential under the mild conditions for high hydrogen yields and thus leads to a new direction to realize a highly efficient and economically competitive biological hydrogen production process from lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lingfang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University Harbin China
| | - Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao L, Guo WQ, Guo XC, Ren HY, Wu JT, Cao GL, Wang AJ, Ren NQ. Continuous hydrogen production from glucose/xylose by an anaerobic sequential batch reactor to maximize the energy recovery efficiency. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20712-20718. [PMID: 35542329 PMCID: PMC9080795 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of both glucose and xylose is essential to realize efficient bioconversion of renewable and abundant lignocellulosic biomass to hydrogen. In this study, a mixture of glucose and xylose at different ratios was used as a substrate for biological hydrogen production by an anaerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR). An average glucose and xylose consumption of 80% and 50% with a high hydrogen production rate of 7.1 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 h-1 was obtained, respectively. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) played a critical role in hydrogen production at high glucose to xylose ratios. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 8.9 mmol L-1 h-1 was achieved at an optimized HRT of 12 h with a high glucose and xylose consumption of 92.2% and 82.2%, respectively. Upon further energy conversion analysis, continuous hydrogen production by ASBR provided the maximum energy conversion efficiency of 21.5%. These results indicate that ASBR can effectively accelerate the hydrogen production rate, improve substrate consumption regardless of the glucose to xylose ratio, and thus provides a new direction for efficient hydrogen production from lignocellulosic feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Wan-Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
| | - Xu-Chao Guo
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bioengineering CO., LTD China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
| | - Jie-Ting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China +86 451 86282110
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biomass based hydrogen production by dark fermentation — recent trends and opportunities for greener processes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 50:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
Co-Digestion of Napier Grass and Its Silage with Cow Dung for Bio-Hydrogen and Methane Production by Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Zhao L, Cao GL, Sheng T, Ren HY, Wang AJ, Zhang J, Zhong YJ, Ren NQ. Bio-immobilization of dark fermentative bacteria for enhancing continuous hydrogen production from cornstalk hydrolysate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:548-555. [PMID: 28697457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycelia pellets were employed as biological carrier in a continuous stirred tank reactor to reduce biomass washout and enhance hydrogen production from cornstalk hydrolysate. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent substrate concentration played critical roles on hydrogen production of the bioreactor. The maximum hydrogen production rate of 14.2mmol H2L-1h-1 was obtained at optimized HRT of 6h and influent concentration of 20g/L, 2.6 times higher than the counterpart without mycelia pellets. With excellent immobilization ability, biomass accumulated in the reactor and reached 1.6g/L under the optimum conditions. Upon further energy conversion analysis, continuous hydrogen production with mycelia pellets gave the maximum energy conversion efficiency of 17.8%. These results indicate mycelia pellet is an ideal biological carrier to improve biomass retention capacity of the reactor and enhance hydrogen recovery efficiency from lignocellulosic biomass, and meanwhile provides a new direction for economic and efficient hydrogen production process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Advanced Water Management Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco‑Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shenzhen Greenster Environmental Technology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Juan Zhong
- Shenzhen Greenster Environmental Technology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Co-Digestion of Napier Grass and Its Silage with Cow Dung for Methane Production. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
18
|
Hu BB, Zhu MJ. Direct hydrogen production from dilute-acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using the newly isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum MJ1. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:77. [PMID: 28468624 PMCID: PMC5415828 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy shortage and environmental pollution are two severe global problems, and biological hydrogen production from lignocellulose shows great potential as a promising alternative biofuel to replace the fossil fuels. Currently, most studies on hydrogen production from lignocellulose concentrate on cellulolytic microbe, pretreatment method, process optimization and development of new raw materials. Due to no effective approaches to relieve the inhibiting effect of inhibitors, the acid pretreated lignocellulose hydrolysate was directly discarded and caused environmental problems, suggesting that isolation of inhibitor-tolerant strains may facilitate the utilization of acid pretreated lignocellulose hydrolysate. Results Thermophilic bacteria for producing hydrogen from various kinds of sugars were screened, and the new strain named MJ1 was isolated from paper sludge, with 99% identity to Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The hydrogen yields of 11.18, 4.25 and 2.15 mol-H2/mol sugar can be reached at an initial concentration of 5 g/L cellobiose, glucose and xylose, respectively. The main metabolites were acetate and butyrate. More important, MJ1 had an excellent tolerance to inhibitors of dilute-acid (1%, g/v) pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (DAPSBH) and could efficiently utilize DAPSBH for hydrogen production without detoxication, with a production higher than that of pure sugars. The hydrogen could be quickly produced with the maximum hydrogen production reached at 24 h. The hydrogen production reached 39.64, 105.42, 111.75 and 110.44 mM at 20, 40, 60 and 80% of DAPSBH, respectively. Supplementation of CaCO3 enhanced the hydrogen production by 21.32% versus the control. Conclusions These results demonstrate that MJ1 could directly utilize DAPSBH for biohydrogen production without detoxication and can serve as an excellent candidate for industrialization of hydrogen production from DAPSBH. The results also suggest that isolating unique strains from a particular environment offers an ideal way to conquer the related problems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0692-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Hu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jun Zhu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life and Geographical Sciences, Kashi University, 29 Xueyuan Road, Kashi, 844006, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang M, Zhao Q, Li L, Niu K, Li Y, Wang F, Jiang B, Liu K, Jiang Y, Fang X. Contributing factors in the improvement of cellulosic H2 production in Clostridium thermocellum/Thermoanaerobacterium co-cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8607-20. [PMID: 27538932 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biohydrogen is a promising renewable energy source that could be a potential alternative to the unsustainable fossil fuel-based energy. Biohydrogen production could be performed by Clostridium thermocellum that is the fastest known cellulose-degrading bacterium. Previous investigations have shown that the co-culture of C. thermocellum JN4 and a non-cellulolytic bacterium Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum GD17 produces more hydrogen than the C. thermocellum JN4 mono-culture, but the mechanism of this improvement is unknown. In this work, we carried out genomic and evolutionary analysis of hydrogenase-coding genes in C. thermocellum and T. thermosaccharolyticum, identifying one Ech-type [NiFe] hydrogenase complex in each species, and, respectively, five and four monomeric or multimeric [FeFe] hydrogenases in the two species. Further transcriptional analysis showed hydrogenase-coding genes in C. thermocellum are regulated by carbon sources, while hydrogenase-coding genes in T. thermosaccharolyticum are not. However, comparison between transcriptional abundance of hydrogenase-coding genes in mono- and co-cultures showed the co-culturing condition leads to transcriptional changes of hydrogenase-coding genes in T. thermosaccharolyticum but not C. thermocellum. Further metabolic analysis showed T. thermosaccharolyticum produces H2 at a rate 4-12-fold higher than C. thermocellum. These findings lead to the suggestion that the improvement of H2 production in the co-culture over mono-culture should be attributed to changes in T. thermosaccharolyticum but not C. thermocellum. Further suggestions can be made that C. thermocellum and T. thermosaccharolyticum perform highly specialized tasks in the co-culture, and optimization of the co-culture for more lignocellulosic biohydrogen production should be focused on the improvement of the non-cellulolytic bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.,Taishan College, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Baojie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kuimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|