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Liu M, Liang L, Yu C, Guo B, Zhang H, Yao F, Zhang H, Li J. Enhancing cell cryopreservation with acidic polyamino acids integrated liquid marbles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114055. [PMID: 38936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is highly desired for long-term maintenance of the viability of living biosamples, while effective cell cryopreservation still relies heavily on the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, the intrinsic toxicity of DMSO is still a bottleneck, which could not only cause the clinical side effect but also induce cell genetic variants. In the meantime, the addition of FBS may bring potentially the risk of pathogenic microorganism contamination. The liquid marbles (LMs), a novel biotechnology tool for cell cryopreservation, which not only have a small volume system that facilitated recovery, but the hydrophobic shell also resisted the harm to cells caused by adverse environments. Previous LM-based cell cryopreservation relied heavily on the addition of FBS. In this work, we introduced acidic polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid as cryoprotectants to construct LM systems. LMs could burst in an instant to facilitate and achieve ultrarapid recovery process, and the hydrophilic carboxyl groups of the cryoprotectants could form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and further inhibit ice growth/formation to protect cells from cryoinjuries. The L929 cells could be well cryopreserved by acidic polyamino acid-based LMs. This new biotechnology platform is expected to be widely used for cell cryopreservation, which has the potential to propel LMs for the preservation of various functional cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bingyan Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fanglian Yao
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Asimi Neisiani A, Chehreh Chelgani S. Biodegradable acids for pyrite depression and green flotation separation - an overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1226-1240. [PMID: 37599429 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2238885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Exponential increasing demands for base metals have made meaningful processing of their quite low-grade (>1%) resources. Froth flotation is the most important physicochemical pretreatment technique for processing low-grade sulfide ores. In other words, flotation separation can effectively upgrade finely liberated base metal sulfides based on their surface properties. Various sulfide surface characters can be modified by flotation surfactants (collectors, activators, depressants, pH regulators, frothers, etc.). However, these reagents are mostly toxic. Therefore, using biodegradable flotation reagents would be essential for a green transition of ore treatment plants, while flotation circuits deal with massive volumes of water and materials. Pyrite, the most abundant sulfide mineral, is frequently associated with valuable minerals as a troublesome gangue. It causes severe technical and environmental difficulties. Thus, pyrite should be removed early in the beneficiation process to minimize its problematic issues. Recently, conventional inorganic pyrite depressants (such as cyanide, lime, and sulfur-oxy compounds) have been successfully assisted or even replaced with eco-friendly and green reagents (including polysaccharide-based substances and biodegradable acids). Yet, no comprehensive review is specified on the biodegradable acid depression reagents (such as tannic, lactic, humic acids, etc.) for pyrite removal through flotation separation. This study has comprehensively reviewed the previously conducted investigations in this area and provides suggestions for future assessments and developments. This robust review has systematically explored depression performance, various adsorption mechanisms, and aspects of these reagents on pyrite surfaces. Furthermore, factors affecting their efficiency were analyzed, and gaps within each area were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asimi Neisiani
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeed Chehreh Chelgani
- Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering, Swedish School of Mines, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Zhu J, Liu M, Kang J, Wang S, Zha Z, Zhan Y, Wang Z, Li J, Cai D, Chen S. Engineering Bacillus licheniformis as industrial chassis for efficient bioproduction from starch. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131061. [PMID: 38960005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Starch is an attractive feedstock in biorefinery processes, while the low natural conversion rate of most microorganisms limits its applications. Herein, starch metabolic pathway was systematically investigated using Bacillus licheniformis DW2 as the host organism. Initially, the effects of overexpressing amylolytic enzymes on starch hydrolysis were evaluated. Subsequently, the transmembrane transport system and intracellular degradation module were modified to accelerate the uptake of hydrolysates and their further conversion to glucose-6-phosphate. The DW2-derived strains exhibited robust growth in starch medium, and productivity of bacitracin and subtilisin were improved by 38.5% and 32.6%, with an 32.3% and 22.9% increase of starch conversion rate, respectively. Lastly, the employment of engineering strategies enabled another B. licheniformis WX-02 to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid from starch with a 2.1-fold increase of starch conversion rate. This study not only provided excellent B. licheniformis chassis for sustainable bioproduction from starch, but shed light on researches of substrate utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jianling Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Ziyan Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Lifecome Biochemistry Co. Ltd, Nanping, 353400, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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Prakash Tamang J, Kharnaior P, Pariyar P. Whole genome sequencing of the poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing novel Bacillus subtilis Tamang strain, isolated from spontaneously fermented kinema. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114655. [PMID: 38945588 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Kinema, a traditional fermented soybean food from the Himalayas, is well-liked for its sticky texture and flavourful umami taste. Among 175 bacterial strains from spontaneously fermented kinema samples, Bacillus subtilis Tamang strain stood out for its high stickiness and viscosity. The strain's Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) contains various groups of glutamic acid and has a molecular weight of 660 kDa. It demonstrates the ability to solubilize iron, preserve ferritin in Caco-2 cells, and exhibit antibacterial properties. The genome of B. subtilis Tamang is devoid of plasmid elements but does feature nine insert elements. Noteworthy is the presence of unique secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial effects, such as amyloliquecidin GF610, bogorol A, and thermoactinoamide A. A total of 132 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) were identified, hinting at possible prebiotic characteristics. The genome analysis revealed genes responsible for γ-PGA production via the capBCA complex. Furthermore, genes associated with fibrinolytic activity, taste enhancement, biopeptides, immunomodulators, and vitamins like B12 and K2 were found, along with probiotics and various health benefits. The genetic material for L-asparaginase production, known for its anti-cancer properties, was also detected, as well as CRISPR-Cas systems. The absence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes confirms the safety of consuming B. subtilis Tamang as a food-grade bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Science Building, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India.
| | - Pynhunlang Kharnaior
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Science Building, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Priyambada Pariyar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Science Building, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
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Parati M, Philip C, Allinson SL, Mendrek B, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G, Radecka I. Brown Algae as a Valuable Substrate for the Cost-Effective Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid for Applications in Cream Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2091. [PMID: 39065408 PMCID: PMC11281067 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a carboxylic-acid-rich, bio-derived, water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer produced naturally by several microorganisms. Here, we re-emphasise the ability of Bacillus subtilis natto to naturally produce γ-PGA on whole seaweed, as well as for the yields and chemical properties of the material to be affected by the presence of Mn(2+). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an extracellular glycosaminoglycan which presents a high concentration of carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups, being key in fulfilling numerous applications. Currently, there are strong environmental (solvent use), social (non-vegan extraction), and economic factors pushing for the biosynthesis of this material through prokaryotic microorganisms, which is not yet scalable or sustainable. Our study aimed to investigate an innovative raw material which can combine both superior hygroscopicity and UV protection to the cosmetic industry. Comparable hydration effect of commercially available γ-PGA to conventional moisturising agents (HA and glycerol) was observed; however, greater hydration capacity was observed from seaweed-derived γ-PGA. Herewith, successful incorporation of seaweed-derived γ-PGA (0.2-2 w/v%) was achieved for several model cream systems with absorbances reported at 300 and 400 nm. All γ-PGA-based creams displayed shear thinning behaviour as the viscosity decreased, following increasing shear rates. Although the use of commercial γ-PGA within creams did not suggest a significant effect in rheological behaviour, this was confirmed to be a result of the similar molecular weight. Seaweed-derived γ-PGA cream systems did not display any negative effect on model HaCaT keratinocytes by means of in vitro MTT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Parati
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Catherine Philip
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
| | - Sarah L. Allinson
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK;
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
| | - Fideline Tchuenbou-Magaia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Hejazi S, Carpentieri A, Marotta A, Restaino OF, AntonellaGiarra, Solimeno I, Zannini D, Mariniello L, Giosafatto CVL, Porta R. Chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid crosslinked hydrogels: Characterization and application as bio-glues. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133653. [PMID: 38992534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ecofriendly hydrogels were prepared using chitosan (CH, 285 kDa) and two fractions of low molecular weight microbial poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) (R1 and R2 of 59 kDa and 20 kDa, respectively). The hydrogels were synthesized through sustainable physical blending, employing three CH/γ-PGA mass ratios (1/9, 2/8, and 3/7), resulting in the formation of physically crosslinked materials. The six resulting CH/R1 and CH/R2 hydrogels were physico-chemically characterized and the ones with the highest yields (CH/R1 and CH/R2 ratio of 3/7), analyzed for rheological and morphological properties, showed to act as bio-glues on wood and aluminum compared to commercial vinyl- (V1) and acetovinyl (V2) glues. Lap shear analyses of CH/R1 and CH/R2 blends exhibited adhesive strength on wood, as well as adhesive/cohesive failure like that of V1 and V2. Conversely, CH/R2 had higher adhesive strength and adhesive/cohesive failure on aluminum, while CH/R1 showed an adhesion strength with adhesive failure on the metal similar to that of V1 and V2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of strong physical bonds between the hydrogels and both substrates. Beyond their use as bio-adhesives, the unique properties of the resulting crosslinked materials make them potentially suitable for various applications in paint, coatings, heritage preservation, and medical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpentieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - AntonellaGiarra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Solimeno
- University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Department of Humanities, Via Santa Caterina da Siena, 32, Naples 80132, Italy
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy; Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta" (SCITEC), National Council of Research, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova (GE), Italy
| | - Loredana Mariniello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - C Valeria L Giosafatto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
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Bai Y, Tan R, Yan Y, Chen T, Feng Y, Sun Q, Li J, Wang Y, Liu F, Wang J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Wu G. Effect of addition of γ-poly glutamic acid on bacterial nanocellulose production under agitated culture conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:68. [PMID: 38802837 PMCID: PMC11129402 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a natural polymer material, gained significant popularity among researchers and industry. It has great potential in areas, such as textile manufacturing, fiber-based paper, and packaging products, food industry, biomedical materials, and advanced functional bionanocomposites. The main current fermentation methods for BNC involved static culture, as the agitated culture methods had lower raw material conversion rates and resulted in non-uniform product formation. Currently, studies have shown that the production of BNC can be enhanced by incorporating specific additives into the culture medium. These additives included organic acids or polysaccharides. γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), known for its high polymerization, excellent biodegradability, and environmental friendliness, has found extensive application in various industries including daily chemicals, medicine, food, and agriculture. RESULTS In this particular study, 0.15 g/L of γ-PGA was incorporated as a medium additive to cultivate BNC under agitated culture conditions of 120 rpm and 30 ℃. The BNC production increased remarkably by 209% in the medium with 0.15 g/L γ-PGA and initial pH of 5.0 compared to that in the standard medium, and BNC production increased by 7.3% in the medium with 0.06 g/L γ-PGA. The addition of γ-PGA as a medium additive resulted in significant improvements in BNC production. Similarly, at initial pH levels of 4.0 and 6.0, the BNC production also increased by 39.3% and 102.3%, respectively. To assess the characteristics of the BNC products, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used. The average diameter of BNC fibers, which was prepared from the medium adding 0.15 g/L γ-PGA, was twice thicker than that of BNC fibers prepared from the control culture medium. That might be because that polyglutamic acid relieved the BNC synthesis from the shear stress from the agitation. CONCLUSIONS This experiment held great significance as it explored the use of a novel medium additive, γ-PGA, to improve the production and the glucose conversion rate in BNC fermentation. And the BNC fibers became thicker, with better thermal stability, higher crystallinity, and higher degree of polymerization (DPv). These findings lay a solid foundation for future large-scale fermentation production of BNC using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Ran Tan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yiran Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yetong Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Qiwei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Futao Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guochao Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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8
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Wei X, Yang L, Chen Z, Xia W, Chen Y, Cao M, He N. Molecular weight control of poly-γ-glutamic acid reveals novel insights into extracellular polymeric substance synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:60. [PMID: 38711141 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural diversity of extracellular polymeric substances produced by microorganisms is attracting particular attention. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a widely studied extracellular polymeric substance from Bacillus species. The function of γ-PGA varies with its molecular weight (Mw). RESULTS Herein, different endogenous promoters in Bacillus licheniformis were selected to regulate the expression levels of pgdS, resulting in the formation of γ-PGA with Mw values ranging from 1.61 × 103 to 2.03 × 104 kDa. The yields of γ-PGA and exopolysaccharides (EPS) both increased in the pgdS engineered strain with the lowest Mw and viscosity, in which the EPS content was almost tenfold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Subsequently, the compositions of EPS from the pgdS engineered strain also changed. Metabolomics and RT-qPCR further revealed that improving the transportation efficiency of EPS and the regulation of carbon flow of monosaccharide synthesis could affect the EPS yield. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present a novel insight that increased pgdS expression led to the degradation of γ-PGA Mw and changes in EPS composition, thereby stimulating EPS and γ-PGA production. The results indicated a close relationship between γ-PGA and EPS in B. licheniformis and provided an effective strategy for the controlled synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Wenhao Xia
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Yang J, Wang Z, Liang X, Wang W, Wang S. Multifunctional polypeptide-based hydrogel bio-adhesives with pro-healing activities and their working principles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103155. [PMID: 38631096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Therefore, there is an urgent need for suitable wound dressings for effective and systematical wound management. Polypeptide-based hydrogel bio-adhesives offer unique advantages and are ideal candidates. However, comprehensive reviews on polypeptide-based hydrogel bio-adhesives for wound healing are still lacking. In this review, the physiological mechanisms and evaluation parameters of wound healing were first described in detail. Then, the working principles of hydrogel bio-adhesives were summarized. Recent advances made in multifunctional polypeptide-based hydrogel bio-adhesives involving gelatin, silk fibroin, fibrin, keratin, poly-γ-glutamic acid, ɛ-poly-lysine, serum albumin, and elastin with pro-healing activities in wound healing and tissue repair were reviewed. Finally, the current status, challenges, developments, and future trends of polypeptide-based hydrogel bio-adhesives were discussed, hoping that further developments would be stimulated to meet the growing needs of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyue Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoben Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China.
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10
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Li Z, Li S, Chen L, Sun T, Zhang W. Fast-growing cyanobacterial chassis for synthetic biology application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:414-428. [PMID: 36842999 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2166455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon neutrality by 2050 has become one of the most urgent challenges the world faces today. To address the issue, it is necessary to develop and promote new technologies related with CO2 recycling. Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis, capable of fixing CO2 into biomass under sunlight and serving as one of the most important primary producers on earth. Notably, recent progress on synthetic biology has led to utilizing model cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 as chassis for "light-driven autotrophic cell factories" to produce several dozens of biofuels and various fine chemicals directly from CO2. However, due to the slow growth rate and low biomass accumulation in the current chassis, the productivity for most products is still lower than the threshold necessary for large-scale commercial application, raising the importance of developing high-efficiency cyanobacterial chassis with fast growth and/or higher biomass accumulation capabilities. In this article, we critically reviewed recent progresses on identification, systems biology analysis, and engineering of fast-growing cyanobacterial chassis. Specifically, fast-growing cyanobacteria identified in recent years, such as S. elongatus UTEX 2973, S. elongatus PCC 11801, S. elongatus PCC 11802 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 11901 was comparatively analyzed. In addition, the progresses on their recent application in converting CO2 into chemicals, and genetic toolboxes developed for these new cyanobacterial chassis were discussed. Finally, the article provides insights into future challenges and perspectives on the synthetic biology application of cyanobacterial chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shubin Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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11
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He F, Gao B, Cheng X, Zhai J, Zhang X, Yang C, Jiewei T. High-level production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. YJY-8 and potential use in increasing the production of tomato. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:637-646. [PMID: 37768129 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2261058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Strain YJY-8, a new γ-polyglutamic acid producer, was separated from fermented soybean paste samples. The strain was identified as a genus of Bacillus by morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis and was named Bacillus sp. YJY-8. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions were studied using a single-factor experiment and a response surface experiment. The optimized medium consisted of monosodium glutamate 70 g/L, glucose 54.3 g/L, glycerol 31.8 g/L, ammonium sulfate 11.1 g/L, yeast extract 3.2 g/L, tryptone 1.5 g/L, L-glutamic acid 6.8 g/L, MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g/L, FeCl3 6H2O 0.02 g/L, KH2PO4 0.9 g/L, CaCl2 0.03 g/L, MnSO4 H2O 0.3 g/L, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g/L, pH 7.0. The optimal cultivation conditions were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Under the optimized conditions, after 48 hr of cultivation, the highest shaking flask fermentation level of γ-PGA reached 65.2 ± 0.36 g/L. In addition, through fed-batch fermentation in 30 L fermenters, the fermentation level of γ-PGA reached its highest level at 88.42 g/L and productivity was 1.23 g/(L hr) after 72 hr. Then, the effect of γ-PGA on tomato yield was investigated. At the seedling stage, the plant height and stem diameter of γ-PGA treated plants increased by 5.69 and 15.735% after spraying γ-PGA for 19 days. During the flowering and fruiting period, the stem diameter of the γ-PGA treatment group increased by 6.74%, with a maximum increase of 11.65%. The number of fruit branches increased by 0.56-16.29% and the number of fruit sets increased by 1.01-28.47%. At the fruit maturation stage, the yield of tomatoes increased by 10.51, 14.27, and 5.83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming He
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Gao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhai
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinqing Zhang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlun Yang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tian Jiewei
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Shan Dong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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12
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Hong L, Wei L, Fanglan G, Jiao L, Shiheng T, Hong Y, Yao R, Xinyue G, Can Y. Unveiling the regulatory mechanism of poly-γ-glutamic acid on soil characteristics under drought stress through integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387223. [PMID: 38751715 PMCID: PMC11094619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
It is of utmost importance to understand the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of soil in order to optimize soil management and enhance crop yield. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a stress-resistant amino acid polymer, plays a crucial role in plant drought stress resistance. However, little is known about the effects of γ-PGA on soil characteristics during drought treatments. In this study, the effects of different forms of γ-PGA on soil texture and basic physical and chemical properties under short-term drought conditions were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of γ-PGA on the microbial community and metabolic function of maize was analyzed. Under drought conditions, the introduction of γ-PGA into the soil resulted in notable improvements in the mechanical composition ratio and infiltration capacity of the soil. Concurrently, this led to a reduction in soil bulk density and improved soil organic matter content and fertility. Additionally, metagenomic analysis revealed that under drought conditions, the incorporation of γ-PGA into the soil enhanced the soil microbiota structure. This shift led to the predominance of bacteria that are crucial for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in the soil. Metabolomics analysis revealed that under drought treatment, γ-PGA affected soil metabolic patterns, with a particular focus on alterations in amino acid and vitamin metabolism pathways. Correlation analysis between the soil metagenome and metabolites showed that microorganisms played a significant role in metabolite accumulation. These results demonstrated that γ-PGA could improve soil characteristics under drought conditions and play an important role in soil microorganisms and microbial metabolism, providing further insights into the changes in soil characteristics under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ge Fanglan
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tu Shiheng
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gong Xinyue
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Can
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Zhu J, Wang X, Zhao J, Ji F, Zeng J, Wei Y, Xu L, Dong G, Ma X, Wang C. Genomic characterization and related functional genes of γ- poly glutamic acid producing Bacillus subtilis. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:125. [PMID: 38622505 PMCID: PMC11017564 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
γ- poly glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a high molecular weight polymer, is synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the extracellular space. Due to its excellent performance, γ-PGA has been widely used in various fields, including food, biomedical and environmental fields. In this study, we screened natto samples for two strains of Bacillus subtilis N3378-2at and N3378-3At that produce γ-PGA. We then identified the γ-PGA synthetase gene cluster (PgsB, PgsC, PgsA, YwtC and PgdS), glutamate racemase RacE, phage-derived γ-PGA hydrolase (PghB and PghC) and exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT) from the genome of these strains. Based on these γ-PGA-related protein sequences from isolated Bacillus subtilis and 181 B. subtilis obtained from GenBank, we carried out genotyping analysis and classified them into types 1-5. Since we found B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 can produce γ-PGA, we obtained the B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains from GenBank and classified them into types 6 and 7 based on LL3. Finally, we constructed evolutionary trees for these protein sequences. This study analyzed the distribution of γ-PGA-related protein sequences in the genomes of B. subtilis, B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains, then the evolutionary diversity of these protein sequences was analyzed, which provided novel information for the development and utilization of γ-PGA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yanwen Wei
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - LiLi Xu
- Union Biology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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14
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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Qiao M, Zhang T, Miao M. Minced Beef Meat Paste Characteristics: Gel Properties, Water Distribution, and Microstructures Regulated by Medium Molecular Mass of γ-Poly-Glutamic Acid. Foods 2024; 13:510. [PMID: 38397487 PMCID: PMC10887638 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The influences of various m-γ-PGA (0.08-0.20%, w/w) concentrations on the properties of minced beef meat paste in terms of rheological properties, texture, moisture distribution, and microstructures were evaluated. The results indicated that m-γ-PGA enhanced the water-holding capacity, gel strength, texture, and whiteness of the minced beef meat paste. Based on the microstructural results, m-γ-PGA helped form a more organized and compact gel, thereby limiting the migration of water through the gel matrix. In contrast to the control group, the water-holding property, gel strength, and whiteness of minced meat paste gels with m-γ-PGA content of 0.12% increased from 75.89%, 584.51 g·cm, and 61.83 to 79.91%, 780.87 g·cm, and 62.54, respectively (p < 0.05), exhibiting the highest water-holding property and gel strength. Thus, m-γ-PGA exhibits great potential for minced meat paste products as a healthy gel water retainer and enhancer in low-fat meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.Q.); (M.M.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.Q.); (M.M.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.Q.); (M.M.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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16
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Yan D, Huang L, Mei Z, Bao H, Xie Y, Yang C, Gao X. Untargeted metabolomics revealed the effect of soybean metabolites on poly(γ-glutamic acid) production in fermented natto and its metabolic pathway. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1298-1307. [PMID: 37782527 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natto mucus is mainly composed of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), which affects the sensory quality of natto and has some effective functional activities. The soybean metabolites that cause different γ-PGA contents in different fermented natto are unclear. RESULTS In this study, we use untargeted metabolomics to analyze the metabolites of high-production γ-PGA natto and low-production γ-PGA natto and their fermented substrate soybean. A total of 257 main significantly different metabolites with the same trend among the three comparison groups were screened, of which 114 were downregulated and 143 were upregulated. Through the enrichment of metabolic pathways, the metabolic pathways with significant differences were purine metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, anthocyanin biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. CONCLUSION For 114 downregulated main significantly different metabolites with the same trend among the three comparison groups, Bacillus subtilis (natto) may directly decompose them to synthesize γ-PGA. Adding downregulated substances before fermentation or cultivating soybean varieties with the goal of high production of such substances has a great effect on the production of γ-PGA by natto fermentation. The enrichment analysis results showed the main pathways affecting the production of γ-PGA by Bacillus subtilis (natto) using soybean metabolites, which provides a theoretical basis for the production of γ-PGA by soybean and promotes the diversification of natto products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Bao
- College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Yaman Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Kato H, Sakuta M, Tsunoda T, Nakashima Y, Morita H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Peptide Epimerase Responsible for d-Amino Acid Introduction in Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:349-354. [PMID: 38095677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a natural polymer of d- and/or l-glutamic acid (Glu) linked by isopeptide bonds. We recently showed that PGA synthetase, an enzyme complex composed of PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA, uses only l-Glu for polymerization, and d-Glu residues are introduced by peptide epimerization. However, it remains unclear which of the three enzymes is responsible for epimerization because in vitro functional characterization of the membrane-associated PgsBCA complex has never been successful. Here, we performed gene exchange experiments and showed that PgsA is responsible for the epimerization. Additionally, we identified a region in PgsA that modulates epimerization activity based on homology modeling from the recently solved structure of MslH, which showed 53% identity to PgsA. Our results suggested that d/l-ratios of the PGA product can be altered by introducing amino acid substitutions in this region, which will be useful for the production of PGA with controlled d/l-ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Kato
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Moeka Sakuta
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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18
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Li Y, Xu Y, Song W. Poly(Glutamic Acid)-Engineered Nanoplatforms for Enhanced Cancer Phototherapy. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:326-338. [PMID: 36650626 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230116164511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapies, including photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, have gained booming development over the past several decades for their attractive non-invasiveness nature, negligible adverse effects, minimal systemic toxicity, and high spatial selectivity. Phototherapy usually requires three components: light irradiation, photosensitizers, and molecular oxygen. Photosensitizers can convert light energy into heat or reactive oxygen species, which can be used in the tumor-killing process. The direct application of photosensitizers in tumor therapy is restricted by their poor water solubility, fast clearance, severe toxicity, and low cellular uptake. The encapsulation of photosensitizers into nanostructures is an attractive strategy to overcome these critical limitations. Poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) is a kind of poly(amino acid)s containing the repeating units of glutamic acid. PGA has superiority for cancer treatment because of its good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and modulated pH responsiveness. The hydrophilicity nature of PGA allows the physical entrapment of photosensitizers and anticancer drugs via the construction of amphiphilic polymers. Moreover, the pendent carboxyl groups of PGA enable chemical conjugation with therapeutic agents. In this mini-review, we highlight the stateof- the-art design and fabrication of PGA-based nanoplatforms for phototherapy. We also discuss the potential challenges and future perspectives of phototherapy, and clinical translation of PGA-based nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai-201318, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai-201318, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai-200093, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai-201318, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Song
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai-200093, P. R. China
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19
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Xu G, Wang J, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Zha J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum by reconstituting PgsBCA complex and fermentation optimization. Metab Eng 2024; 81:238-248. [PMID: 38160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previously, a novel Corynebacterium glutamicum strain for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) has been constructed by our group. The strain was based on the γ-PGA synthetase complex, PgsBCA, which is the only polyprotein complex responsible for γ-PGA synthesis in Bacillus spp. In the present study, PgsBCA was reconstituted and overexpressed in C. glutamicum to further enhance γ-PGA synthesis. First, we confirmed that all the components (PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA) of γ-PGA synthetase derived from B. licheniformis are necessary for γ-PGA synthesis, and γ-PGA was detected only when PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA were expressed in combination in C. glutamicum. Next, the expression level of each pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA was tuned in order to explore the effect of expression of each of the γ-PGA synthetase subunits on γ-PGA production. Results showed that increasing the transcription levels of pgsB or pgsC and maintaining a medium-level transcription level of pgsA led to 35.44% and 76.53% increase in γ-PGA yield (γ-PGA yield-to-biomass), respectively. Notably, the expression level of pgsC had the greatest influence (accounting for 68.24%) on γ-PGA synthesis, followed by pgsB. Next, genes encoding for PgsC from four different sources (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were tested in order to identify the influence of PgsC-encoding orthologues on γ-PGA production, but results showed that in all cases the synthesis of γ-PGA was significantly inhibited. Similarly, we also explored the influence of gene orthologues encoding for PgsB on γ-PGA production, and found that the titer increased to 17.14 ± 0.62 g/L from 8.24 ± 0.10 g/L when PgsB derived from B. methylotrophicus replaced PgsB alone in PgsBCA from B. licheniformis. The resulting strain was chosen for further optimization, and we achieved a γ-PGA titer of 38.26 g/L in a 5 L fermentor by optimizing dissolved oxygen level. Subsequently, by supplementing glucose, γ-PGA titer increased to 50.2 g/L at 48 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest titer for de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose, without addition of L-glutamic acid, resulting in a novel strategy for enhancing γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiancheng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Mohammadzadeh V, Rahiman N, Cabral H, Quader S, Zirak MR, Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME, Jaafari MR, Alavizadeh SH. Poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles as adjuvant and antigen carrier system for cancer vaccination. J Control Release 2023; 362:278-296. [PMID: 37640110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an innovative strategy for cancer treatment by leveraging various components of the patients' immunity to boost an anti-tumor immune response. Rationally designed nanoparticles are well suited to maximize cancer vaccination by the inclusion of immune stimulatory adjuvants. Also, nanoparticles might control the pharmacokinetics and destination of the immune potentiating compounds. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) based nanoparticles (NPs), which have a natural origin, can be easily taken up by dendritic cells (DCs), which leads to the secretion of cytokines which ameliorates the stimulation capacity of T cells. The intrinsic adjuvant properties and antigen carrier properties of γ-PGA NPs have been the focus of recent investigations as they can modulate the tumor microenvironment, can contribute to systemic anti-tumor immunity and subsequently inhibit tumor growth. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the potential of γ-PGA NPs as antigen carriers and/or adjuvants for anti-cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Mohammadzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sharon I, Hilvert D, Schmeing TM. Cyanophycin and its biosynthesis: not hot but very cool. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1479-1497. [PMID: 37231979 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1878 to early 2023Cyanophycin is a biopolymer consisting of a poly-aspartate backbone with arginines linked to each Asp sidechain through isopeptide bonds. Cyanophycin is made by cyanophycin synthetase 1 or 2 through ATP-dependent polymerization of Asp and Arg, or β-Asp-Arg, respectively. It is degraded into dipeptides by exo-cyanophycinases, and these dipeptides are hydrolyzed into free amino acids by general or dedicated isodipeptidase enzymes. When synthesized, chains of cyanophycin coalesce into large, inert, membrane-less granules. Although discovered in cyanobacteria, cyanophycin is made by species throughout the bacterial kingdom, and cyanophycin metabolism provides advantages for toxic bloom forming algae and some human pathogens. Some bacteria have developed dedicated schemes for cyanophycin accumulation and use, which include fine temporal and spatial regulation. Cyanophycin has also been heterologously produced in a variety of host organisms to a remarkable level, over 50% of the host's dry mass, and has potential for a variety of green industrial applications. In this review, we summarize the progression of cyanophycin research, with an emphasis on recent structural studies of enzymes in the cyanophycin biosynthetic pathway. These include several unexpected revelations that show cyanophycin synthetase to be a very cool, multi-functional macromolecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Sharon
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3G 0B1.
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Martin Schmeing
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3G 0B1.
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22
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Guo J, Zhang J, Zhang K, Li S, Zhang Y. Effect of γ-PGA and γ-PGA SAP on soil microenvironment and the yield of winter wheat. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288299. [PMID: 37450428 PMCID: PMC10348521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and γ-PGA super absorbent polymer (SAP) are two forms of γ-PGA applied in agriculture. Different quantities of γ-PGA and γ-PGA SAP (40 kg/hm2, 80 kg/hm2, 120 kg/hm2 and 160 kg/hm2) were applied to the soil in order to investigate their effects on the microenvironment of soil root zone and the yield of winter wheat. The soil water content increased with increasing amounts of γ-PGA SAP. The content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen increased with the increasing amounts of γ-PGA, while γ-PGA SAP significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen. The number of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities in the root zone increased with the addition of γ-PGA and γ-PGA SAP. The yield of winter wheat increased with the addition of γ-PGA or γ-PGA SAP, but the increasing rate decreased when the amount of γ-PGA and γ-PGA SAP exceeded 80 kg/hm2, with increases of 5.95% and 6.77% compared to the control group, respectively. The addition of γ-PGA significantly increased the protein content of wheat grains, and the WUE increased with increasing amounts of γ-PGA and γ-PGA SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Guo
- Department of Art and Design, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Art and Design, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Kangping Zhang
- Department of Art and Design, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sen Li
- Taiyuan River and Lake Management Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- Taiyuan River and Lake Management Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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23
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Morales-Jiménez M, Palacio DA, Palencia M, Meléndrez MF, Rivas BL. Bio-Based Polymeric Membranes: Development and Environmental Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:625. [PMID: 37504991 PMCID: PMC10383737 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, membrane technology is an efficient process for separating compounds with minimal structural abrasion; however, the manufacture of membranes still has several drawbacks to being profitable and competitive commercially under an environmentally friendly approach. In this sense, this review focuses on bio-based polymeric membranes as an alternative to solve the environmental concern caused by the use of polymeric materials of fossil origin. The fabrication of bio-based polymeric membranes is explained through a general description of elements such as the selection of bio-based polymers, the preparation methods, the usefulness of additives, the search for green solvents, and the characterization of the membranes. The advantages and disadvantages of bio-based polymeric membranes are discussed, and the application of bio-based membranes to recover organic and inorganic contaminants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales-Jiménez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR-Unidad Oaxaca), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Colonia Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán 71230, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Palacio
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070371, Chile
| | - Manuel Palencia
- GI-CAT, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad del Valle, Cali 25360, Colombia
| | - Manuel F Meléndrez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales (DIMAT), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 270, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070371, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, 2634 Av. Cordillera, Parque Industrial Coronel, P.O. Box 4051, Concepción 4191996, Chile
| | - Bernabé L Rivas
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070371, Chile
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24
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Chen S, Fu J, Yu B, Wang L. Development of a Conjugation-Based Genome Editing System in an Undomesticated Bacillus subtilis Strain for Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Production with Diverse Molecular Masses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7734-7743. [PMID: 37186794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable polymer produced by microorganisms. Biosynthesizing γ-PGA with diverse molecular masses (Mw) is an urgent industrial technical problem to be solved. Bacillus subtilis KH2, a high-Mw γ-PGA producer, is an ideal candidate for de novo production of γ-PGA with diverse Mw values. However, the inability to transfer DNA to this strain has limited its industrial use. In this study, a conjugation-based genetic operating system was developed in strain KH2. This system enabled us to modify the promoter of γ-PGA hydrolase PgdS in strain KH2 chromosome to de novo biosynthesize γ-PGA with diverse Mws. The conjugation efficiency was improved to 1.23 × 10-4 by establishing a plasmid replicon sharing strategy. A further increase to 3.15 × 10-3 was achieved after knocking out two restriction endonucleases. To demonstrate the potential of our newly established system, the pgdS promoter was replaced by different phase-dependent promoters. A series of strains producing γ-PGA with specific Mws of 411.73, 1356.80, 2233.30, and 2411.87 kDa, respectively, were obtained. The maximum yield of γ-PGA was 23.28 g/L. Therefore, we have successfully constructed ideal candidate strains for efficient γ-PGA production with a specific Mw value, which provides an important research basis for sustainable production of desirable γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaming Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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25
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Dorost P, García-Alvarez M, Martínez de Ilarduya A. Hydrophobic Modification of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) by Grafting 4-Phenyl-butyl Side Groups for the Encapsulation and Release of Doxorubicin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051377. [PMID: 37242619 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of drugs is a great challenge, since most of active pharmaceutical ingredients developed today are hydrophobic and poorly water soluble. From this perspective, drug encapsulation on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers can surpass this problem. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGGA), a bioedible and biocompatible polymer has been chosen for this purpose. Carboxylic side groups of PGGA have been partially esterified with 4-phenyl-butyl bromide, producing a series of aliphatic-aromatic ester derivatives with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances. Using nanoprecipitation or emulsion/evaporation methods, these copolymers were self-assembled in a water solution, forming nanoparticles with average diameters between 89 and 374 nm and zeta potential values between -13.1 and -49.5 mV. The hydrophobic core containing 4-phenyl-butyl side groups was used for the encapsulation of an anticancer drug, such as Doxorubicin (DOX). The highest encapsulation efficiency was reached for a copolymer derived from PGGA, with a 46 mol% degree of esterification. Drug release studies carried out for 5 days at different pHs (4.2 and 7.4) indicated that DOX was released faster at pH 4.2, revealing the potential of these nanoparticles as chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porochista Dorost
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat García-Alvarez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Zhang W, Shen H, Li Y, Yang K, Lei P, Gu Y, Sun L, Xu H, Wang R. Preparation of Type-A Gelatin/Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Stability and Bioavailability of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091748. [PMID: 37174287 PMCID: PMC10178256 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has gained considerable attention owing to its beneficial properties. However, its application as a functional food is restricted due to its instability and low bioavailability. In the present study, a food-derived nanoparticle system based on type A gelatin/γ-PGA was developed to preserve and deliver EGCG. The EGCG/gelatin/γ-PGA nanoparticles had a particle size of 155.1 ± 7.3 nm with a zeta potential of -23.9 ± 0.9 mV. Moreover, the EGCG/gelatin/γ-PGA nanoparticles enhanced the long-term storage stability and sustained antioxidant activity of EGCG compared to EGCG/gelatin nanoparticles. The nanoparticles protected EGCG in simulated gastric fluid containing pepsin while releasing it in simulated intestinal fluid. Additionally, the amount of EGCG transported in the Caco-2 monolayers treated with EGCG/gelatin/γ-PGA nanoparticles was three times higher than that of free EGCG, which might be related to the paracellular pathway and endocytosis. These results suggest that EGCG/gelatin/γ-PGA nanoparticles might be an effective delivery vehicle for EGCG, enhancing its potential applications in the functional food field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huangchen Shen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yian Gu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liang Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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27
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Fenouil R, Pradel N, Belahbib H, Roumagnac M, Bartoli M, Ben Hania W, Denis Y, Garel M, Tamburini C, Ollivier B, Summers Z, Armougom F, Dolla A. Adaptation Strategies to High Hydrostatic Pressures in Pseudothermotoga species Revealed by Transcriptional Analyses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030773. [PMID: 36985346 PMCID: PMC10057702 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudothermotoga elfii strain DSM9442 and P. elfii subsp. lettingae strain DSM14385 are hyperthermophilic bacteria. P. elfii DSM9442 is a piezophile and was isolated from a depth of over 1600 m in an oil-producing well in Africa. P. elfii subsp. lettingae is piezotolerant and was isolated from a thermophilic bioreactor fed with methanol as the sole carbon and energy source. In this study, we analyzed both strains at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, paying particular attention to changes in response to pressure increases. Transcriptomic analyses revealed common traits of adaptation to increasing hydrostatic pressure in both strains, namely, variations in transport membrane or carbohydrate metabolism, as well as species-specific adaptations such as variations in amino acid metabolism and transport for the deep P. elfii DSM9442 strain. Notably, this work highlights the central role played by the amino acid aspartate as a key intermediate of the pressure adaptation mechanisms in the deep strain P. elfii DSM9442. Our comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed a gene cluster involved in lipid metabolism that is specific to the deep strain and that was differentially expressed at high hydrostatic pressures and might, thus, be a good candidate for a piezophilic gene marker in Pseudothermotogales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fenouil
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Hassiba Belahbib
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Roumagnac
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Wajdi Ben Hania
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Denis
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS—Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Garel
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Tamburini
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Ollivier
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Zarath Summers
- LanzaTech, Illinois Science and Technology Park, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
| | - Fabrice Armougom
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Dolla
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (A.D.)
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Xie X, Zhang B, Zhang B, Zhu H, Qi L, Xu C, Cheng L, Ai Z, Shi Q. Effect of γ-polyglutamic acid on the physicochemical properties of soybean protein isolate-stabilized O/W emulsion. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231158278. [PMID: 36862597 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231158278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
An increased interest has been observed in the application of soybean protein isolate (SPI) into O/W emulsion because of the amphipathic characteristics of SPI. However, at pH around 4.5, SPI was almost lost its hydrophilic characteristic, thus greatly limiting its application in emulsion under an acidic environment. Therefore, this drawback of SPI needs to be urgently solved. This study aims to investigate the effect of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on physicochemical properties of SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion. The results suggested that the interaction between γ-PGA and SPI improved the SPI solubility in solution, and increased emulsifying properties of SPI in the pH range of 4.0-5.0 via electrostatic interaction. Meanwhile, the charge neutralisation between SPI emulsions with γ-PGA was confirmed via ζ-potentiometry. With the presence of γ-PGA in emulsion at pH 4.0 and 5.0, the electrostatic complexation between SPI and anionic γ-PGA exhibited decreased the viscosity of SPI emulsion, which might be related to the phenomenon as indicated by the confocal laser scanning microscope measurements. Therefore, the electrostatic complexation between SPI and γ-PGA suggested that the promising potential of γ-PGA to be used in SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion under an acidic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bobo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongshuai Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Qi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lilin Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhilu Ai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingshan Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Effects of Fe 2+ addition to sugarcane molasses on poly-γ-glutamic acid production in Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC NO. 23967. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:37. [PMID: 36829191 PMCID: PMC9960700 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is biodegradable, water-soluble, environment-friendly, and edible. Consequently, it has a variety of industrial applications. It is crucial to control production cost and increase output for industrial production γ-PGA. RESULTS Here γ-PGA production from sugarcane molasses by Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC NO. 23967 was studied in shake-flasks and bioreactors, the results indicate that the yield of γ-PGA could reach 40.668 g/L in a 5L stirred tank fermenter. Further study found that γ-PGA production reached 70.436 g/L, γ-PGA production and cell growth increased by 73.20% and 55.44%, respectively, after FeSO4·7H2O was added. Therefore, we investigated the metabolomic and transcriptomic changes following FeSO4·7H2O addition. This addition resulted in increased abundance of intracellular metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and key TCA cycle intermediates, as well as upregulation of the glycolysis pathway and TCA cycle. CONCLUSIONS These results compare favorably with those obtained from glucose and other forms of biomass feedstock, confirming that sugarcane molasses can be used as an economical substrate without any pretreatment. The addition of FeSO4·7H2O to sugarcane molasses may increase the efficiency of γ-PGA production in intracellular.
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Hasannia M, Lamei K, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Nekooei S, Nekooei N, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Targeted poly(L-glutamic acid)-based hybrid peptosomes co-loaded with doxorubicin and USPIONs as a theranostic platform for metastatic breast cancer. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102645. [PMID: 36549556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptosomes, as a vesicular polypeptide-based system and a versatile carrier for co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials, provide great delivery opportunities due to the intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability of the polypeptides backbone. In the current study, a novel poly(L-glutamic acid)-block-polylactic acid di-block copolymer (PGA-PLA) was synthesized in two steps. Firstly, γ-benzyl L-glutamate-N-carboxy anhydride (BLG-NCA) and 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione were polymerized using N-hexylamine and benzyl alcohol as initiators to produce poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate (PBLG) and polylactic acid. Then, PBLG was deprotected to produce PGA. Secondly, PGA was conjugated to the benzyl-PLGA to fabricate PGA-PLA diblock copolymer. The synthesized diblock copolymer was used for the encapsulation of doxorubicin, as hydrophilic anticancer and ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) as hydrophobic contrast agent within aqueous core and bilayer of vesicular peptosome, respectively via double emulsion method. The prepared peptosomes (Pep@USPIONs-DOX) controlled the release of DOX (<15 % of the encapsulated DOX release up to 240 h of incubation at the physiological conditions) while increasing the stability and solubility of the hydrophobic USPIONs. Then, AS1411 DNA aptamer was decorated on the surface of the PGA-PLA peptosomes (Apt-Pep@USPIONs-DOX). The prepared targeted and non-targeted platforms showed spherical morphology with hydrodynamic sizes of 265 ± 52 and 229 ± 44 nm respectively. In vitro cellular cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were studied in nucleolin positive (4T1) and nucleolin negative (CHO) cell lines. Cellular uptake of the targeted formulation was greater than that of non-targeted peptosome, while cellular internalization of these peptosomes was identical in CHO cells. Moreover, targeted peptosomes showed greater toxicity than non-targeted peptosome in 4T1 cell line. The prepared theranostic targeted peptosomes demonstrated improved capability in terms of survival rate, biodistribution, tumor suppression efficiency, and MR imaging in the 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Hasannia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamran Lamei
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sirous Nekooei
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Nekooei
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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Parati M, Philip C, Mendrek B, Townrow D, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Stanley M, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G, Radecka I. A circular bioprocess application of algal-based substrate for Bacillus subtilis natto production of γ-PGA. Front Chem 2023; 11:1158147. [PMID: 37153520 PMCID: PMC10158937 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer. Bacillus subtilis natto is a wild-type γ-PGA producer originally isolated from Japanese fermented natto beans whose activity has been shown to be enhanced through ion-specific activation of Extrachromosomal DNA maintenance mechanisms. Being a GRAS γ-PGA producer, this microorganism has attracted great interest in its use within an industrial context. Here we successfully synthesised amorphous, crystalline and semi-crystalline γ-PGA between 11-27 g/L. In line with circular economy principles, scalable macroalgal biomass has been evaluated as substrate for γ-PGA, displaying great potential in both yields and material composition. In this study whole cell, freeze dried seaweed -namely Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta-were pre-treated by means of mechanical methods, sterilised and subsequently inoculated with B. subtilis natto. High shear mixing was found to be the most suitable pre-treatment technique. Supplemented L. digitata (9.1 g/L), S. latissima (10.2 g/L), A. esculenta (13 g/L) displayed γ-PGA yields comparable to those of standard GS media (14.4 g/L). Greatest yields of pure γ-PGA were obtained during the month of June for L. digitata (Avg. 4.76 g/L) comparable to those obtained with GS media (7.0 g/L). Further, pre-treated S. latissima and L. digitata complex media enabled for high molar mass (4,500 kDa) γ-PGA biosynthesis at 8.6 and 8.7 g/L respectively. Compared to standard GS media, algal derived γ-PGA displayed significantly higher molar masses. Further studies will be necessary to further evaluate the impact of varying ash contents upon the stereochemical properties and modify the properties of algal media based γ-PGA with the aid of key nutrients; however, the material synthesised to date can directly displace a number of fossil fuel derived chemicals in drug delivery applications, cosmetics, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, flocculation and as cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Parati
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
| | - Catherine Philip
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - David Townrow
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michele Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
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Wang D, Fu X, Zhou D, Gao J, Bai W. Engineering of a newly isolated Bacillus tequilensis BL01 for poly-γ-glutamic acid production from citric acid. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:276. [PMID: 36581997 PMCID: PMC9798646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer for various applications. For glutamic acid-independent strains, the titer of γ-PGA is too low to meet the industrial demand. In this study, we isolated a novel γ-PGA-producing strain, Bacillus tequilensis BL01, and multiple genetic engineering strategies were implemented to improve γ-PGA production. RESULTS First, the one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and temperature on γ-PGA production. The optimal sources of carbon and nitrogen were sucrose and (NH4)2SO4 at 37 °C, respectively. Second, the sucA, gudB, pgdS, and ggt genes were knocked out simultaneously, which increased the titer of γ-PGA by 1.75 times. Then, the titer of γ-PGA increased to 18.0 ± 0.3 g/L by co-overexpression of the citZ and pyk genes in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the γ-PGA titer reached 25.3 ± 0.8 g/L with a productivity of 0.84 g/L/h and a yield of 1.50 g of γ-PGA/g of citric acid in fed-batch fermentation. It should be noted that this study enables the synthesis of low (1.84 × 105 Da) and high (2.06 × 106 Da) molecular weight of γ-PGA by BL01 and the engineering strain. CONCLUSION The application of recently published strategies to successfully improve γ-PGA production for the new strain B. tequilensis BL01 is reported. The titer of γ-PGA increased 2.17-fold and 1.32-fold compared with that of the wild type strain in the flask and 5 L fermenter. The strain shows excellent promise as a γ-PGA producer compared with previous studies. Meanwhile, different molecular weights of γ-PGA were obtained, enhancing the scope of application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaoping Fu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Dasen Zhou
- grid.413109.e0000 0000 9735 6249College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Morris RJ, Stevenson D, Sukhodub T, Stanley-Wall NR, MacPhee CE. Density and temperature controlled fluid extraction in a bacterial biofilm is determined by poly-γ-glutamic acid production. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:98. [PMID: 36528619 PMCID: PMC9759580 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of microbial biofilms is the self-production of an extracellular molecular matrix that encases the resident cells. The matrix provides protection from the environment, while spatial heterogeneity of gene expression influences the structural morphology and colony spreading dynamics. Bacillus subtilis is a model bacterial system used to uncover the regulatory pathways and key building blocks required for biofilm growth and development. In this work, we report on the emergence of a highly active population of bacteria during the early stages of biofilm formation, facilitated by the extraction of fluid from the underlying agar substrate. We trace the origin of this fluid extraction to the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA). The flagella-dependent activity develops behind a moving front of fluid that propagates from the boundary of the biofilm towards the interior. The extent of fluid proliferation is controlled by the presence of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We also find that PGA production is positively correlated with higher temperatures, resulting in high-temperature mature biofilm morphologies that are distinct from the rugose colony biofilm architecture typically associated with B. subtilis. Although previous reports have suggested that PGA production does not play a major role in biofilm morphology in the undomesticated isolate NCIB 3610, our results suggest that this strain produces distinct biofilm matrices in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Morris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
| | - David Stevenson
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Tetyana Sukhodub
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Nicola R. Stanley-Wall
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Cait E. MacPhee
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
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Hu LX, Zhao M, Hu WS, Zhou MJ, Huang JB, Huang XL, Gao XL, Luo YN, Li C, Liu K, Xue ZL, Liu Y. Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production by Engineering a DegU Quorum-Sensing Circuit in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4156-4170. [PMID: 36416371 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a natural biological macromolecule, γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) plays a significant role in medicine, food, and cosmetic industries owing to its unique properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and viscosity. Although many strategies have been adopted to increase the yield of γ-PGA in Bacillus subtilis, the effectiveness of these common approaches is not high because the strong viscosity affects cell growth. However, dynamic regulation based on quorum sensing (QS) has been extensively applied as a fundamental tool for fine-tuning gene expression in reaction to changes in cell density without adding expensive inducers. A modular PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system is developed based on promoter PD4, which is upregulated by phosphorylated DegU (DegU-P). In this study, first, we analyzed the DegU-based gene expression regulation system in B. subtilis 168. We constructed a promoter library of different abilities, selected suitable promoters from the library, and performed mutation screening on the selected promoters and degU region. Furthermore, we constructed a PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system to dynamically control the synthesis of γ-PGA in BS168. Cell growth and efficient synthesis of the target product can be dynamically balanced by the QS system. Our dynamic adjustment approach increased the yield of γ-PGA to 6.53-fold of that by static regulation in a 3 L bioreactor, which verified the effectiveness of this strategy. In summary, the PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system has been successfully integrated with biocatalytic functions to achieve dynamic metabolic pathway control in BS168, which can be stretched to a large number of microorganisms to fine-tune gene expression and enhance the production of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Zhang Hengchun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wen-Song Hu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhou
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jun-Bao Huang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xi-Lin Huang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xu-Li Gao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ya-Ni Luo
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
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Liu X, Wang X, Xu T, Ma H, Xia T. The combined application of γ-PGA-producing bacteria and biochar reduced the content of heavy metals and improved the quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88938-88950. [PMID: 35840836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria and biochar have been widely used as immobilizers to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil. However, few studies have unraveled the effect and synergistic mechanism of combined application of plant growth-promoting bacteria and biochar on in situ heavy metal contaminated soil remediation and plant yield and quality improvement under heavy metal pollution stress. In this study, the effects of biochar, γ-PGA-producing bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain W25) and their combined application on Cd and Pb immobilization, γ-PGA production in soil filtrate, the bacterial community in rhizosphere soil, physicochemical properties of soil, heavy metal uptake, and quality and yield of tomato in heavy metal-contaminated soil were investigated. The application of W25, biochar, and their combinations significantly reduced Cd content in mature tomato fruits by 22-60%, increased the single fruit weight and lycopene content by 7-21% and 23-48%, respectively, and the combination of biochar and W25 had the best effect. All the treatments significantly reduced DTPA-Cd and DTPA-Pb contents in rhizosphere soil (42-53% and 6.5-35%), increased the pH value and the activities of urease-alkaline phosphatase of soil, but did not affect the expression of heavy metal transporter gene LeNRAMP1 in tomato roots. Biochar + W25 increased the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Bacillus and Streptomyces. Biochar-enhanced plant growth-promoting bacteria to settle and colonize in soil significantly improved the ability of strain W25 to produce γ-PGA, and immobilized Cd in soil filtrate. The combination of biochar and plant growth-promoting bacteria ensures safe crop production in heavy metal-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cytokine Therapy Combined with Nanomaterials Participates in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122606. [PMID: 36559100 PMCID: PMC9788370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has gradually become an emerging treatment modality for tumors after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Cytokine therapy is a promising treatment for cancer immunotherapy. Currently, there are many preclinical theoretical bases to support this treatment strategy and a variety of cytokines in clinical trials. When cytokines were applied to tumor immunotherapy, it was found that the efficacy was not satisfactory. As research on tumor immunity has deepened, the role of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment has been further explored. Meanwhile, the study of nanomaterials in drug delivery has been fully developed in the past 20 years. Researchers have begun to think about the possibility of combining cytokine therapy with nanomaterials. Herein, we briefly review various nano-delivery systems that can directly deliver cytokines or regulate the expression of cytokines in tumor cells for cancer immunotherapy. We further discussed the feasibility of the combination of various therapies. We looked forward to the main challenges, opportunities, and prospects of tumor immunotherapy with multiple cytokines and a nano-delivery system.
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Zając E, Fabiańska MJ, Jędrszczyk E, Skalski T. Hydrocarbon Degradation and Microbial Survival Improvement in Response to γ-Polyglutamic Acid Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15066. [PMID: 36429785 PMCID: PMC9690351 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To improve the environmental sustainability of cleanup activities of contaminated sites there is a need to develop technologies that minimize soil and habitat disturbances. Cleanup technologies, such as bioremediation, are based on biological products and processes, and they are important for the future of our planet. We studied the potential of γ-poly glutamic acid (PGA) as a natural component of biofilm produced by Bacillus sp. to be used for the decomposition of petroleum products, such as heavy naphtha (N), lubricating oil (O), and grease (G). The study aimed to assess the impact of the use of different concentrations of PGA on the degradation process of various fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) and its effect on bacterial population growth in harsh conditions of PH contamination. In laboratory conditions, four treatments of PGA with each of the petroleum products (N, O, and G) were tested: PGA0 (reference), PGA1 (1% PGA), PGA1B (1% PGA with Bacillus licheniformis), and PGA10 (10% PGA). After 7, 28, 56, and 112 days of the experiment, the percentage yield extraction, hydrocarbon mass loss, geochemical ratios, pH, electrical conductivity, and microorganisms survival were determined. We observed an increase in PH removal, reflected as a higher amount of extraction yield (growing with time and reaching about 11% in G) and loss of hydrocarbon mass (about 4% in O and G) in all treatments of the PGA compared to the reference. The positive degradation impact was intensive until around day 60. The PH removal stimulation by PGA was also reflected by changes in the values of geochemical ratios, which indicated that the highest rate of degradation was at the initial stage of the process. In general, for the stimulation of PH removal, using a lower (1%) concentration of PGA resulted in better performance than a higher concentration (10%). The PH removal facilitated by PGA is related to the anionic homopoliamid structure of the molecule and its action as a surfactant, which leads to the formation of micelles and the gradual release of PH absorbed in the zeolite carrier. Moreover, the protective properties of PGA against the extinction of bacteria under high concentrations of PH were identified. Generally, the γ-PGA biopolymer helps to degrade the hydrocarbon pollutants and stabilize the environment suitable for microbial degraders development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zając
- Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika J. Fabiańska
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jędrszczyk
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 45, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skalski
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Ma H, Li P, Xiao N, Xia T. Poly-γ-glutamic acid promoted maize root development by affecting auxin signaling pathway and the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere microbial community. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:521. [PMID: 36352394 PMCID: PMC9647955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root systems of higher plants play an important role in plant growth and development. In our present study, it was found that poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), an environmentally friendly biomacromolecule, significantly improved root development in maize. RESULTS After treatment with γ-PGA for 7 days, the fresh weight of maize roots was significantly increased and the differences between γ-PGA treated group and control group were mainly caused by the number (higher by 71.87% compared to the control) and length of lateral roots. RNAseq and RT-PCR analyses showed that γ-PGA treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to the synthesis of auxins and auxin signal in maize roots. In addition, γ-PGA promoted the accumulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Azospirillum, Azohydromonas, Ramlibacter, and Sphingobium (Proteobacteria), Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), Parasegetibacter (Bacteroidetes), and Gemmatimonas (Gemmatimonadetes) in rhizosphere soil and the secretion of auxins. The results of this study deepened our understanding of the effects and mechanism of γ-PGA on maize root development, and as well as highlighted the possibility of using γ-PGA to improve crop growth and soil environment. CONCLUSIONS γ-PGA promotes early growth and development of maize roots by inducing the secretion and accumulation of auxin in roots and in rhizosphere soil, and increasing the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China.
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Zhang Z, He P, Cai D, Chen S. Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dabiré Y, Somda NS, Somda MK, Compaoré CB, Mogmenga I, Ezeogu LI, Traoré AS, Ugwuanyi JO, Dicko MH. Assessment of probiotic and technological properties of Bacillus spp. isolated from Burkinabe Soumbala. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:228. [PMID: 36175837 PMCID: PMC9523936 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soumbala is a highly loved alkaline traditional fermented food condiment in Burkina Faso. It harbors various microbiota dominated by fermentative Bacillus spp. as functional microorganism with little confirmed health-promoting properties. METHODS The present study aimed to evaluate six Bacillus strains previously isolated and identified from soumbala. These strains were selected as presumptively safe bacteria for probiotic and technological characteristics. These strains were assessed for in vitro probiotic criteria (tolerance to acidic pH, gastric juice, 0.3% (m/v) bile salts, intestinal juice and 0.4% (w/v) phenol, cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation capacity, antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production) and technological properties, including protease, amylase, lipase, and tannase activity, as well as poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) production and thermo-tolerance. RESULTS All tested Bacillus strains (B54, F20, F24, F21, F26 and F44) presented variable relevant probiotic properties (good tolerance to pH 2 and pH 4, gastric juice, bile salts, intestinal juice and phenol), with marked differences in hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capacity ranging from 73.62-94.71% and 49.35-92.30%, respectively. They exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against foodborne pathogens depending on target pathogen, with the highest activity exhibited by strain F20 (29.52 mm) against B. cereus 39 (p < 0.001). They also showed good biofilm production as well as variable hydrolytic enzyme activities, including protease (43.00-60.67 mm), amylase (22.59-49.55 mm), lipase (20.02-24.57 mm), and tannase (0-10.67 mm). All tested Bacillus strains tolerated temperature up to 50 °C, while only strains F26 and F44 showed the best PGA production. CONCLUSION Overall, the tested cultures exhibiting potential probiotic and technological characteristics; particularly B. cereus F20, B. benzoevorans F21, B. cabrialessi F26, and B. tequilensis F44 could be a source of probiotic-starters of commercial interest in the production of high-quality soumbala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yérobessor Dabiré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biotechnologie, Technologie Alimentaire et Nutrition (LABIOTAN), Département de Biochimie Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso ,grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Enugu state, 410001 Nigeria
| | - Namwin Siourimè Somda
- grid.433132.40000 0001 2165 6445Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) / Direction Régional de L’Ouest, 03 B.P.2393 Bobo - Dioulasso 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Marius K. Somda
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biotechnologie, Technologie Alimentaire et Nutrition (LABIOTAN), Département de Biochimie Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie Microbienne (LAMBM), Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Clarisse B. Compaoré
- grid.433132.40000 0001 2165 6445Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), 03 B.P. 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Iliassou Mogmenga
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie Microbienne (LAMBM), Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Lewis I. Ezeogu
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Enugu state, 410001 Nigeria
| | - Alfred S. Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biotechnologie, Technologie Alimentaire et Nutrition (LABIOTAN), Département de Biochimie Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie Microbienne (LAMBM), Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso ,grid.508517.eLaboratoire des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies (UFR-ST), Université Aube Nouvelle, 01 P.B. 234 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Jerry O. Ugwuanyi
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Enugu state, 410001 Nigeria
| | - Mamoudou H. Dicko
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biotechnologie, Technologie Alimentaire et Nutrition (LABIOTAN), Département de Biochimie Microbiologie, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.B. 7031 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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Abid AA, Zhang G, He D, Wang H, Batool I, Di H, Zhang Q. Combined effects of Bacillus sp. M6 strain and Sedum alfredii on rhizosphere community and bioremediation of cadmium polluted soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913787. [PMID: 36212314 PMCID: PMC9533712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding inevitable soil translocation and bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants have been escalating in concomitance with the posed phytotoxicity and threat to human health. Exhibiting a Cd tolerance, Bacillus sp. M6 strain has been reported as a soil amendment owing to its capability of reducing metal bioavailability in soils. The present study investigated the rhizospheric bacterial community of the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, the Cd removal efficiency of strain Bacillus sp. M6 was enhanced by supplementing with biochar (C), glutamic acid (G), and rhamnolipid (R) to promote the phytoremediation effect of hyperaccumulator S. alfredii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the amendments such as C, G, and R together with the plant-microbe system S. alfredii-Bacillus sp. M6 has been used for Cd bioremediation. The results showed that soil CaCl2 and DTPA (Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid) extractable Cd increased by 52.77 and 95.08%, respectively, in all M6 treatments compared to unamended control (CK). Sedum alfredii with Bacillus sp. M6 supplemented with biochar and rhamnolipid displayed a higher phytoremediation effect, and the removal capability of soil Cd (II) reached up to 16.47%. Moreover, remediation of Cd polluted soil by Bacillus sp. M6 also had an impact on the soil microbiome, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and cadmium transporting ATPase (cadA) genes. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the Bacillus sp. M6 strain increased the abundance of AOB and cadA in both low Cd (LC) and high Cd (HC) soils compared to AOA gene abundance. Besides, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was found to be highest in both soils representing high tolerance capacity against Cd. While Firmicutes ranked third, indicating that the additionof strain could not make it the most dominant species. The results suggested the presence of the hyperaccumulator S. alfredii and Cd tolerant strain Bacillus sp. M6 supplemented with biochar, and rhamnolipid, play a unique and essential role in the remediation process and reducing the bioavailability of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Abid
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gengmiao Zhang
- Zhuji Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Zhuji, China
| | - Dan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanhe Wang
- Zhuji Economic Speciality Station, Zhuji, China
| | - Itrat Batool
- Institute of Food Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Di
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiang H, Huang H, Sun-Waterhouse D, Hu X, Li L, Waterhouse GI, Tang R, Xiong J, Cui C. Enzymatically synthesized γ-[Glu](n≥1)-Gln as novel calcium-binding peptides to deliver calcium with enhanced bioavailability. Food Chem 2022; 387:132918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quach NT, Vu THN, Nguyen TTA, Ha H, Ho PH, Chu-Ky S, Nguyen LH, Van Nguyen H, Thanh TTT, Nguyen NA, Chu HH, Phi QT. Structural and genetic insights into a poly-γ-glutamic acid with in vitro antioxidant activity of Bacillus velezensis VCN56. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:173. [PMID: 35920928 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ‑glutamic acid (γ‑PGA) produced by Bacillus species is a natural biopolymer, which is widely used in various fields including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In this study, the screening of 19 Bacillus isolates derived from traditionally fermented foods revealed that Bacillus velezensis VCN56 was the most potent γ‑PGA producer. The maximum concentration of crude γ‑PGA was 32.9 ± 1.5 g/L in the PGA-3 medium containing glycerol, citric acid, sodium glutamate, NH4Cl, and starch. The resulting γ-PGA was purified and then characterized by HPLC, FTIR, and 1H-NMR analyses. Molecular weight of purified γ‑PGA was estimated to be 98 kDa with a polydisperse index of 2.04. Notably, the pure γ‑PGA showed significant in vitro antioxidant scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (72.0 ± 1.5%), hydroxyl (81.0 ± 0.6%), and superoxide (43.9 ± 0.8%) radicals at the concentration of 4 mg/mL. Using whole-genome sequencing, the genetic organization of pgs operon responsible for γ‑PGA biosynthesis in B. velezensis VCN56 differs from those in other Bacillus genomes. Further genome analysis revealed metabolic pathways for γ-PGA production and degradation. For the first time, the present study provides a better understanding of γ-PGA with a promising antioxidant activity produced by B. velezensis at the phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic levels, which hold potential applications in the foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tung Quach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hanh Nguyen Vu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu An Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phu-Ha Ho
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Son Chu-Ky
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lan-Huong Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hai Van Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Thuy Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ha Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Quyet-Tien Phi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
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Zhao M, Hu Y, Yao H, Huang J, Li S, Xu H. Sustainable production and characterization of medium-molecular weight welan gum produced by a Sphingomonas sp. RW. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Biopolymer production in microbiology by application of metabolic engineering. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of Amendments and Indigenous Microorganisms on the Growth and Cd and Pb Uptake of Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080408. [PMID: 35893841 PMCID: PMC9332394 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination of soils is a worldwide problem with adverse consequences to the environment and human health. For the safe production of vegetables in contaminated soil, efficient soil amendments need to be applied such as nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) and poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which can mitigate heavy metal uptake and enhance crop yield. However, the combined effects of soil amendments and indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) on HMs immobilisation and accumulation by crops have received little attention. We established a pot experiment to investigate the effects of IMOs combined with n-HAP and γ-PGA on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) growth and its Cd and Pb uptake in two acidic soils contaminated with HMs. The study demonstrated that applying n-HAP, with and without IMOs, significantly increased shoot dry biomass and reduced plant Cd and Pb uptake and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Cd and Pb concentrations in most cases. However, γ-PGA, with and without IMOs, only reduced soil DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations in slightly contaminated soil with 0.29 mg/kg Cd and 50.9 mg/kg Pb. Regardless of amendments, IMOs independently increased shoot dry biomass and soil DTPA-extractable Cd concentrations in moderately contaminated soil with 1.08 mg/kg Cd and 100.0 mg/kg Pb. A synergistic effect was observed with a combined IMOs and n-HAP treatment, where DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb concentrations decreased in slightly contaminated soil compared with the independent IMOs and n-HAP treatments. The combined treatment of γ-PGA and IMOs substantially increased shoot dry biomass in moderately contaminated soil. These results indicate that solo n-HAP enhanced plant growth and soil Cd and Pb immobilisation, and mitigated Cd and Pb accumulation in shoots. However, the combination of n-HAP and IMOs was optimal for stabilising and reducing HMs' uptake and promoting plant growth in contaminated soil, suggesting its potential for safe crop production.
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Microbial Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) as an Effective Tooth Enamel Protectant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142937. [PMID: 35890712 PMCID: PMC9317725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, non-immunogenic nylon-like polymer with the biochemical characteristics of a polypeptide. This Bacillus-derived material has great potential for a wide range of applications, from bioremediation to tunable drug delivery systems. In the context of oral care, γ-PGA holds great promise in enamel demineralisation prevention. The salivary protein statherin has previously been shown to protect tooth enamel from acid dissolution and act as a reservoir for free calcium ions within oral cavities. Its superb enamel-binding capacity is attributed to the L-glutamic acid residues of this 5380 Da protein. In this study, γ-PGA was successfully synthesised from Bacillus subtilis natto cultivated on supplemented algae media and standard commercial media. The polymers obtained were tested for their potential to inhibit demineralisation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) when exposed to caries simulating acidic conditions. Formulations presenting 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) γ-PGA concentration were assessed to determine the optimal conditions. Our data suggests that both the concentration and the molar mass of the γ-PGA were significant in enamel protection (p = 0.028 and p < 0.01 respectively). Ion Selective Electrode, combined with Fourier Transform Infra-Red studies, were employed to quantify enamel protection capacity of γ-PGA. All concentrations tested showed an inhibitory effect on the dissolution rate of calcium ions from hydroxyapatite, with 1% (wt) and 2% (wt) concentrations being the most effective. The impact of the average molar mass (M) on enamel dissolution was also investigated by employing commercial 66 kDa, 166 kDa, 440 kDa and 520 kDa γ-PGA fractions. All γ-PGA solutions adhered to the surface of HAp with evidence that this remained after 60 min of continuous acidic challenge. Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis showed a significant abundance of calcium ions associated with γ-PGA, which suggests that this material could also act as a responsive calcium delivery system. We have concluded that all γ-PGA samples tested (commercial and algae derived) display enamel protection capacity regardless of their concentration or average molar mass. However, we believe that γ-PGA D/L ratios might affect the binding more than its molar mass.
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Li J, Chen S, Fu J, Xie J, Ju J, Yu B, Wang L. Efficient molasses utilization for low-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid production using a novel Bacillus subtilis stain. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:140. [PMID: 35842664 PMCID: PMC9287850 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer and has various applications based on its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and edibility. Low-molecular-weight (Mw)-γ-PGA has promising applications in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. It is traditionally produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. Cost-effective bioproduction of low-Mw-γ-PGA is essential for commercial application of γ-PGA. Results Bacillus subtilis 242 is a newly isolated low-Mw-γ-PGA-producing strain. To develop cost-effective production of γ-PGA using this newly isolated strain, cane molasses and corn steep liquor were used to produce γ-PGA. The concentration of cane molasses was optimized and 100 g/L cane molasses resulted in high γ-PGA production. The effects of yeast extract and corn steep liquor on γ-PGA yield were investigated. High concentration of γ-PGA was obtained in the medium with corn steep liquor. A concentration of 32.14 g/L γ-PGA was achieved in fed-batch fermentation, with a productivity of 0.67 g/L/h and a percentage yield (gγ-PGA/gglutamate) of 106.39%. The Mw of γ-PGA was 27.99 kDa. Conclusion This study demonstrated the potential application of B. subtilis 242 for cost-effective production of low-Mw-γ-PGA from cane molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengbao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiaming Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Ju
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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