1
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Tonato D, Brun T, Luft L, Dos Santos MSN, Drumm FC, Grassi P, Georgin J, Kuhn RC, Zabot GL, Mazutti MA. Submerged cultivation of Nigrospora sp. in batch and fed-batch modes for microbial oil production. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1662-1669. [PMID: 37211779 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2214946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipids are a valuable source of potential biofuels and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The optimization of the fermentation conditions is a strategy that affects the total lipid concentration. The genus Nigrospora sp. has been the target of investigations based on its potential bioherbicidal action. Therefore, this study developed a strategy to maximize the biomass concentration and lipid accumulation by Nigrospora sp. in submerged fermentation. Different media compositions and process variables were investigated in shaken flasks and bioreactor in batch and fed-batch modes. Maximum biomass concentration and lipid accumulations were 40.17 g/L and 21.32 wt% in the bioreactor, which was 2.1 and 5.4 times higher than the same condition in shaken flasks, respectively. This study presents relevant information to the production of fungal lipids since few investigations are exploring the fed-batch strategy to increase the yield of fungi lipids, as well as few studies investigating Nigrospora sp. to produce lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Tonato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thiarles Brun
- Department of Rural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luft
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Grassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Giovani L Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcio A Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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2
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Mohamed H, Naz T, Liu Q, Li S, Wang X, Song Y. Fed-batch fermentation of Mucor circinelloides reveals significant improvement in biomass and lipid accumulation through performance evaluation, chemical analysis, and expression profiling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130540. [PMID: 38452954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the lipid and biomass yields of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 by implementing four different fed-batch fermentation strategies, varied in time and glucose concentration (S1-S4). The S1 fermentation strategy yielded the highest biomass, lipid, and fatty acid content (22 ± 0.7 g/L, 53 ± 1.2 %, and 28 ± 1.6 %) after 120 and 144 h, respectively. The γ-linolenic acid titer of 0.75 ± 0.0 g/L was greatest in S3 after 48 h. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the transcription of key genes involved in lipid accumulation. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and ATP-citrate lyase genes showed increased expression levels. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the biochemical profile during fermentation strategies. Optimal abiotic factors for production efficiency included pH 6.5, 25-26 °C, 15 % (v/v) inoculum, 500 rpm, 20 %-30 % dissolved oxygen, and 120 h fermentation. Glucose co-feeding offers valuable insights to develop effective fermentation strategies for lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
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3
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Odoh CK, Madrigal-Perez LA, Kamal R. Glucosylglycerol and proline reverse the effects of glucose on Rhodosporidium toruloides lifespan. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:195. [PMID: 38546876 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides is a novel cell factory used to synthesis carotenoids, biosurfactants, and biofuel feedstocks. However, research on R. toruloides has generally centred on the manufacture of biochemicals, while analyses of its longevity have received scant attention. Understanding of R. toruloides longevity under different nutrient conditions could help to improve its biotechnological significance and metabolite production. Glucosylglycerol (GG) and proline are osmoprotectants that could revert the harmful effects of environmental stress. This study examined how GG and proline affect R. toruloides strain longevity under glucose nutrimental stress. Herein, we provide evidence that GG and proline enhance cell performance and viability. These compatible solutes neutralises the pro-ageing effects of high glucose (10% glucose) on the yeast cell and reverse its cellular stress. GG exhibits the greatest impact on lifespan extension at 100 mM, whereas proline exerts effect at 2 mM. Our data reveal that these compounds significantly affect the culture medium osmolarity. Moreso, GG and proline decreased ROS production and mitohormetic lifespan regulation, respectively. The data indicates that these solutes (proline and GG) support the longevity of R. toruloides at a pro-ageing high glucose culture condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuks Kenneth Odoh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | | | - Rasool Kamal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
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4
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Yan CX, Zhang Y, Yang WQ, Ma W, Sun XM, Huang H. Universal and unique strategies for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in industrial oleaginous microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108298. [PMID: 38048920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), are beneficial for reducing blood cholesterol and enhancing memory. Traditional PUFA production relies on extraction from plants and animals, which is unsustainable. Thus, using microorganisms as lipid-producing factories holds promise as an alternative way for PUFA production. Several oleaginous microorganisms have been successfully industrialized to date. These can be divided into universal and specialized hosts according to the products range of biosynthesis. The Yarrowia lipolytica is universal oleaginous host that has been engineered to produce a variety of fatty acids, such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA), EPA, ARA and so on. By contrast, the specialized host are used to produce only certain fatty acids, such as ARA in Mortierella alpina, EPA in Nannochloropsis, and DHA in Thraustochytrids. The metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies for improving PUFA production in universal and specialized hosts are different, which is the subject of this review. In addition, the widely applicable strategies for microbial lipid production that are not specific to individual hosts were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Yan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Fu H, Zhou W, Gong Z. Highly-efficient lipid production from hydrolysate of Radix paeoniae alba residue by oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129990. [PMID: 37931762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Valorization of herbal extraction residues (HERs) into value-added products is pivotal for the sustainability of Chinese medicine industry. Here, seven different enzymatic hydrolysates of dilute acid pretreated HERs were evaluated for lipid production by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. Among them, the highest sugar yield via hydrolysis and the maximum lipid production were obtained from Radix paeoniae alba residue (RPAR). More interestingly, high proportion of sugar polymers was disintegrated into fermentable sugars during the pretreatment step, allowing a cheap non-enzymatic route for producing sugars from RPAR. A repeated dilute acid pretreatment gained a high sugar concentration of 241.6 g/L through reusing the pretreatment liquor (PL) for four times. Biomass, lipid concentration, and lipid content achieved 49.5 g/L, 35.7 g/L and 72.2 %, respectively, using fed-batch culture of PL. The biodiesel parameters indicated lipids produced from HERs were suitable for biodiesel production. This study offers a cost-effective way to upgrade the HERs waste into micro-biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Junheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqi Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Castañeda MT, Nuñez S, Jamilis M, De Battista H. Computational assessment of lipid production in Rhodosporidium toruloides in two-stage and one-stage batch bioprocesses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:238-249. [PMID: 37902687 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeasts are promising platforms for microbial lipids production as a renewable and sustainable alternative to vegetable oils in biodiesel production. In this paper, a thorough in silico assessment of lipid production in batch cultivation by Rhodosporidium toruloides was developed. By means of dynamic flux balance analysis, the traditional two-stage bioprocess (TSB) performed by the native strain was contrasted with one-stage bioprocess (OSB) using four designed strains obtained by gene knockout strategies. Lipid titer, yield, content, and productivity were analyzed at different initial C/N ratios as relevant performance indicators used in bioprocesses. By weighting these indicators, a global lipid efficiency metric (GLEM) was defined to consider different scenarios. Under simulated conditions, designed strains for lipid overproduction in OSB outperformed the TSB in terms of lipid title (up to threefold), lipid yield (up to 2.4-fold), lipid content (up to 2.8-fold, with a maximum of 76%), and productivity (up to 1.3-fold), depending on C/N ratios. Using these efficiency parameters and the proposed GLEM, the process of selecting the most suitable candidates for lipid production could be carried out before experimental assays. This methodology holds the potential to be extended to other oleaginous microorganisms and diverse strain design techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresita Castañeda
- Grupo de Control Aplicado (GCA), Instituto LEICI, UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Nuñez
- Grupo de Control Aplicado (GCA), Instituto LEICI, UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martín Jamilis
- Grupo de Control Aplicado (GCA), Instituto LEICI, UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Hernán De Battista
- Grupo de Control Aplicado (GCA), Instituto LEICI, UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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7
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Zhao ZM, Liu ZH, Zhang T, Meng R, Gong Z, Li Y, Hu J, Ragauskas AJ, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus for converting lignin into lipids. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108274. [PMID: 37913947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of bioresources/wastes (e.g., lignin, chemical pulping byproducts) represents a promising approach for developing a bioeconomy to help address growing energy and materials demands. Rhodococcus, a promising microbial strain, utilizes numerous carbon sources to produce lipids, which are precursors for synthesizing biodiesel and aviation fuels. However, compared to chemical conversion, bioconversion involves living cells, which is a more complex system that needs further understanding and upgrading. Various wastes amenable to bioconversion are reviewed herein to highlight the potential of Rhodococci for producing lipid-derived bioproducts. In light of the abundant availability of these substrates, Rhodococcus' metabolic pathways converting them to lipids are analyzed from a "beginning-to-end" view. Based on an in-depth understanding of microbial metabolic routes, genetic modifications of Rhodococcus by employing emerging tools (e.g., multiplex genome editing, biosensors, and genome-scale metabolic models) are presented for promoting the bioconversion. Co-solvent enhanced lignocellulose fractionation (CELF) strategy facilitates the generation of a lignin-derived aromatic stream suitable for the Rhodococcus' utilization. Novel alkali sterilization (AS) and elimination of thermal sterilization (ETS) approaches can significantly enhance the bioaccessibility of lignin and its derived aromatics in aqueous fermentation media, which promotes lipid titer significantly. In order to achieve value-added utilization of lignin, biodiesel and aviation fuel synthesis from lignin and lipids are further discussed. The possible directions for unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus through synergistically modifying microbial strains, substrates, and fermentation processes are proposed toward a sustainable biological lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Rongqian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhiqun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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8
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Gallego-García M, Susmozas A, Negro MJ, Moreno AD. Challenges and prospects of yeast-based microbial oil production within a biorefinery concept. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:246. [PMID: 38053171 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel, unlike to its fossil-based homologue (diesel), is renewable. Its use contributes to greater sustainability in the energy sector, mainly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Current biodiesel production relies on plant- and animal-related feedstocks, resulting in high final costs to the prices of those raw materials. In addition, the production of those materials competes for arable land and has provoked a heated debate involving their use food vs. fuel. As an alternative, single-cell oils (SCOs) obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are attractive sources as a biofuel precursor due to their high lipid content, and composition similar to vegetable oils and animal fats. To make SCOs competitive from an economic point of view, the use of readily available low-cost substrates becomes essential. This work reviews the most recent advances in microbial oil production from non-synthetic sugar-rich media, particularly sugars from lignocellulosic wastes, highlighting the main challenges and prospects for deploying this technology fully in the framework of a Biorefinery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gallego-García
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana Susmozas
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María José Negro
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Antonio D Moreno
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Sun H, Gao Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Gao M, Wang Q. A comprehensive review on microbial lipid production from wastes: research updates and tendencies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:79654-79675. [PMID: 37328718 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipids have recently attracted attention as an intriguing alternative for the biodiesel and oleochemical industries to achieve sustainable energy generation. However, large-scale lipid production remains limited due to the high processing costs. As multiple variables affect lipid synthesis, an up-to-date overview that will benefit researchers studying microbial lipids is necessary. In this review, the most studied keywords from bibliometric studies are first reviewed. Based on the results, the hot topics in the field were identified to be associated with microbiology studies that aim to enhance lipid synthesis and reduce production costs, focusing on the biological and metabolic engineering involved. The research updates and tendencies of microbial lipids were then analyzed in depth. In particular, feedstock and associated microbes, as well as feedstock and corresponding products, were analyzed in detail. Strategies for lipid biomass enhancement were also discussed, including feedstock adoption, value-added product synthesis, selection of oleaginous microbes, cultivation mode optimization, and metabolic engineering strategies. Finally, the environmental implications of microbial lipid production and possible research directions were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishu Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528399, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Tianjin College, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, Tianjin, 301811, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528399, China.
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qunhui Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Tianjin College, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, Tianjin, 301811, China
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10
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The Preparation Processes and Influencing Factors of Biofuel Production from Kitchen Waste. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Kitchen waste is an important component of domestic waste, and it is both harmful and rich in resources. Approximately 1.3 billion tons of kitchen waste are produced every year worldwide. Kitchen waste is high in moisture, is readily decayed, and has an unpleasant smell. Environmental pollution can be caused if this waste is treated improperly. Conventional treatments of kitchen waste (e.g., landfilling, incineration and pulverization discharge) cause environmental, economic, and social problems. Therefore, the development of a harmless and resource-based treatment technology is urgently needed. Profits can be generated from kitchen waste by converting it into biofuels. This review intends to highlight the latest technological progress in the preparation of gaseous fuels, such as biogas, biohythane and biohydrogen, and liquid fuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol and bio-oil, from kitchen waste. Additionally, the pretreatment methods, preparation processes, influencing factors and improvement strategies of biofuel production from kitchen waste are summarized. Problems that are encountered in the preparation of biofuels from kitchen waste are discussed to provide a reference for its use in energy utilization. Optimizing the preparation process of biofuels, increasing the efficiency and service life of catalysts for reaction, reasonably treating and utilizing the by-products and reaction residues to eliminate secondary pollution, improving the yield of biofuels, and reducing the cost of biofuels, are the future directions in the biofuel conversion of kitchen waste.
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11
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Kim J, Lee EJ, Lee KE, Nho YH, Ryu J, Kim SY, Yoo JK, Kang S, Seo SW. Docsubty: FLALipid extract derived from newly isolated Rhodotorula toruloides LAB-07 for cosmetic applications. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2009-2017. [PMID: 36968014 PMCID: PMC10036517 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula toruloides is a non-conventional yeast with a natural carotenoid pathway. In particular, R. toruloides is an oleaginous yeast that can accumulate lipids in high content, thereby gaining interest as a promising industrial host. In this study, we isolated and taxonomically identified a new R. toruloides LAB-07 strain. De novo genome assembly using PacBio and Illumina hybrid platforms yielded 27 contigs with a 20.78 Mb genome size. Subsequent genome annotation analysis based on RNA-seq predicted 5296 protein-coding genes, including the fatty acid production pathway. We compared lipid production under different media; it was highest in the yeast extract salt medium with glycerol as a carbon source. Polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid was detected among the fatty acids, and docking phosphatidylcholine as a substrate to modeled Fad2, which annotated as Δ12-fatty acid desaturase showed bifunctional Δ12, 15-desaturation is structurally possible in that the distances between the diiron center and the carbon-carbon bond in which desaturation occurs were similar to those of structurally identified mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Finally, the applicability of the extracted total lipid fraction of R. toruloides was investigated, demonstrating an increase in filaggrin expression and suppression of heat-induced MMP-1 expression when applied to keratinocytes, along with the additional antioxidant activity. This work presents a new R. toruloides LAB-07 strain with genomic and lipidomic data, which would help understand the physiology of R. toruloides. Also, the various skin-related effect of R. toruloides lipid extract indicates its potential usage as a promising cosmetic ingredient.
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12
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Lopes DD, Dien BS, Hector RE, Singh V, Thompson SR, Slininger PJ, Boundy-Mills K, Jagtap SS, Rao CV. Determining mating type and ploidy in Rhodotorula toruloides and its effect on growth on sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad040. [PMID: 37989723 PMCID: PMC10690854 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhodotorula toruloides is being developed for the use in industrial biotechnology processes because of its favorable physiology. This includes its ability to produce and store large amounts of lipids in the form of intracellular lipid bodies. Nineteen strains were characterized for mating type, ploidy, robustness for growth, and accumulation of lipids on inhibitory switchgrass hydrolysate (SGH). Mating type was determined using a novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay, which was validated using the classical microscopic test. Three of the strains were heterozygous for mating type (A1/A2). Ploidy analysis revealed a complex pattern. Two strains were triploid, eight haploid, and eight either diploid or aneuploid. Two of the A1/A2 strains were compared to their parents for growth on 75%v/v concentrated SGH. The A1/A2 strains were much more robust than the parental strains, which either did not grow or had extended lag times. The entire set was evaluated in 60%v/v SGH batch cultures for growth kinetics and biomass and lipid production. Lipid titers were 2.33-9.40 g/L with a median of 6.12 g/L, excluding the two strains that did not grow. Lipid yields were 0.032-0.131 (g/g) and lipid contents were 13.5-53.7% (g/g). Four strains had significantly higher lipid yields and contents. One of these strains, which had among the highest lipid yield in this study (0.131 ± 0.007 g/g), has not been previously described in the literature. SUMMARY The yeast Rhodotorula toruloides was used to produce oil using sugars extracted from a bioenergy grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Dias Lopes
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, (Bioenergy Research), 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bruce S Dien
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, (Bioenergy Research), 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ronald E Hector
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, (Bioenergy Research), 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Vijay Singh
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephanie R Thompson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, (Bioenergy Research), 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Patricia J Slininger
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, (Bioenergy Research), 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Kyria Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sujit S Jagtap
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher V Rao
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Yeast Carotenoids: Cost-Effective Fermentation Strategies for Health Care Applications. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid production from oleaginous red yeast has been considered as a safe alternative to chemically synthesized carotenoids commonly used in the food industry, since plant-based carotenoids are expensive and an irregular source for obtaining pigments. This is a summative review on the factors affecting carotenoid production, cost-effective production strategies using various inexpensive feedstock, metabolic engineering, and strain improvisation. The review specially highlights the various potential applications of carotenoids as anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-malarial agents, etc. The importance of such natural and easily available resources for prevention, evasion, or cure of emerging diseases and their plausible nutraceutical effect demands exhaustive research in this area.
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14
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Yu Y, Shi S. Development and Perspective of Rhodotorula toruloides as an Efficient Cell Factory. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1802-1819. [PMID: 36688927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhodotorula toruloides is receiving significant attention as a novel cell factory because of its high production of lipids and carotenoids, fast growth and high cell density, as well as the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates. These attractive traits of R. toruloides make it possible to become a low-cost producer that can be engineered for the production of various fuels and chemicals. However, the lack of understanding and genetic engineering tools impedes its metabolic engineering applications. A number of research efforts have been devoted to filling these gaps. This review focuses on recent developments in genetic engineering tools, advances in systems biology for improved understandings, and emerging engineered strains for metabolic engineering applications. Finally, future trends and barriers in developing R. toruloides as a cell factory are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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15
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Raza S, Miller M, Hamberger B, Vermaas JV. Plant Terpenoid Permeability through Biological Membranes Explored via Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1144-1157. [PMID: 36717085 PMCID: PMC9923751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize small molecule diterpenes composed of 20 carbons from precursor isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl disphosphate, manufacturing diverse compounds used for defense, signaling, and other functions. Industrially, diterpenes are used as natural aromas and flavoring, as pharmaceuticals, and as natural insecticides or repellents. Despite diterpene ubiquity in plant systems, it remains unknown how plants control diterpene localization and transport. For many other small molecules, plant cells maintain transport proteins that control compound compartmentalization. However, for most diterpene compounds, specific transport proteins have not been identified, and so it has been hypothesized that diterpenes may cross biological membranes passively. Through molecular simulation, we study membrane transport for three complex diterpenes from among the many made by members of the Lamiaceae family to determine their permeability coefficient across plasma membrane models. To facilitate accurate simulation, the intermolecular interactions for leubethanol, abietic acid, and sclareol were parametrized through the standard CHARMM methodology for incorporation into molecular simulations. To evaluate the effect of membrane composition on permeability, we simulate the three diterpenes in two membrane models derived from sorghum and yeast lipidomics data. We track permeation events within our unbiased simulations, and compare implied permeation coefficients with those calculated from Replica Exchange Umbrella Sampling calculations using the inhomogeneous solubility diffusion model. The diterpenes are observed to permeate freely through these membranes, indicating that a transport protein may not be needed to export these small molecules from plant cells. Moreover, the permeability is observed to be greater for plant-like membrane compositions when compared against animal-like membrane models. Increased permeability for diterpene molecules in plant membranes suggest that plants have tailored their membranes to facilitate low-energy transport processes for signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Raza
- Plant
Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States
| | - Mykayla Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California92831, United States
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department
Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States
| | - Josh V. Vermaas
- Plant
Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States,Department
Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States,E-mail: . Phone: +1 (517) 884-6937
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16
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Crabtree Effect on Rhodosporidium toruloides Using Wood Hydrolysate as a Culture Media. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interest in microorganisms to produce microbial lipids at large-scale processes has increased during the last decades. Rhodosporidium toruloides-1588 could be an efficient option for its ability to simultaneously utilize five- and six-carbon sugars. Nevertheless, one of the most important characteristics that any strain needs to be considered or used at an industrial scale is its capacity to grow in substrates with high sugar concentrations. In this study, the effect of high sugar concentrations and the effect of ammonium sulfate were tested on R. toruloides-1588 and its capacity to grow and accumulate lipids using undetoxified wood hydrolysates. Batch fermentations showed a catabolic repression effect on R. toruloides-1588 growth at sugar concentrations of 120 g/L. The maximum lipid accumulation was 8.2 g/L with palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and lignoceric acids as predominant fatty acids in the produced lipids. Furthermore, R. toruloides-1588 was able to utilize up to 80% of the total xylose content. Additionally, this study is the first to report the effect of using high xylose concentrations on the growth, sugar utilization, and lipid accumulation by R. toruloides-1588.
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17
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A Chemical-Free Pretreatment for Biosynthesis of Bioethanol and Lipids from Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Industrially Relevant 2G Biorefinery Approach. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of inorganic and organic chemicals are used during the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce biofuels. Developing an industrially relevant 2G biorefinery process using such chemicals is challenging and requires more unit operations for downstream processing. A sustainable process has been developed to achieve industrially relevant titers of bioethanol with significant ethanol yield. The pretreatment of sorghum biomass was performed by a continuous pilot-scale hydrothermal reactor followed by disk milling. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed without washing the pretreated biomass. Moreover, citrate buffer strength was reduced to 100-fold (50 mM to 0.5 mM) during the enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis at 0.5 mM citrate buffer strength showed that significant sugar concentrations of 222 ± 2.3 to 241 ± 2.3 g/L (glucose + xylose) were attained at higher solids loadings of 50 to 60% (w/v). Furthermore, hydrolysates were fermented to produce bioethanol using two different xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and a co-culture of xylose-fermenting and non-GMO yeast cultures. Bioethanol titer of 81.7 g/L was achieved with an ethanol yield of 0.48 gp/gs. Additionally, lipids were produced using the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides, yielding 13.2 g/L lipids with cellular lipid accumulation of 38.5% w/w from 100 g/L of sugar concentration. In summary, reducing the strength of the citrate buffer during enzymatic hydrolysis and omitting inorganic chemicals from the pretreatment process enhances the fermentability of hydrolysates and can also reduce operating costs.
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18
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Drzymała-Kapinos K, Mirończuk AM, Dobrowolski A. Lipid production from lignocellulosic biomass using an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:226. [PMID: 36307797 PMCID: PMC9617373 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of industrial wastes as feedstock in microbial-based processes is a one of the high-potential approach for the development of sustainable, environmentally beneficial and valuable bioproduction, inter alia, lipids. Rye straw hydrolysate, a possible renewable carbon source for bioconversion, contains a large amount of xylose, inaccessible to the wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica strains. Although these oleaginous yeasts possesses all crucial genes for xylose utilization, it is necessary to induce their metabolic pathway for efficient growth on xylose and mixed sugars from agricultural wastes. Either way, biotechnological production of single cell oils (SCO) from lignocellulosic hydrolysate requires yeast genome modification or adaptation to a suboptimal environment. RESULTS The presented Y. lipolytica strain was developed using minimal genome modification-overexpression of endogenous xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) and xylulose kinase (XK) genes was sufficient to allow yeast to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGA1) expression remained stable and provided lipid overproduction. Obtained an engineered Y. lipolytica strain produced 5.51 g/L biomass and 2.19 g/L lipids from nitrogen-supplemented rye straw hydrolysate, which represents an increase of 64% and an almost 10 times higher level, respectively, compared to the wild type (WT) strain. Glucose and xylose were depleted after 120 h of fermentation. No increase in byproducts such as xylitol was observed. CONCLUSIONS Xylose-rich rye straw hydrolysate was exploited efficiently for the benefit of production of lipids. This study indicates that it is possible to fine-tune a newly strain with as minimally genetic changes as possible by adjusting to an unfavorable environment, thus limiting multi-level genome modification. It is documented here the use of Y. lipolytica as a microbial cell factory for lipid synthesis from rye straw hydrolysate as a low-cost feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Drzymała-Kapinos
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Mirończuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.,Laboratory for Biosustainability, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Dobrowolski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland. .,Laboratory for Biosustainability, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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19
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An Approach for Incorporating Glycerol as a Co-Substrate into Unconcentrated Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate for Improved Lipid Production in Rhodotorula glutinis. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is a potential raw material for microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. Due to the limited sugar concentrations in bagasse hydrolysate, increasing carbon the concentration is necessary in order to improve lipid production. We aimed to increase carbon concentration by incorporating glycerol as a co-substrate into unconcentrated bagasse hydrolysate in the cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR 5159. Cultivation in hydrolysate without nitrogen supplementation (C/N = 42) resulted in 60.31% lipid accumulation with 11.45 ± 0.75 g/L biomass. Nitrogen source supplementation increased biomass to 26.29 ± 2.05 g/L without losing lipid accumulation at a C/N of 25. Yeast extract improved lipid production in the hydrolysate due to high growth without altering the lipid content of the cells. Mixing glycerol up to 10% v/v into the unconcentrated hydrolysate improved biomass and lipid production. A further increase in glycerol concentrations drastically decreased growth and lipid accumulation by the yeast. By maintaining C/N at 27 using yeast extract as the sole nitrogen source, hydrolysate mixed with 10% v/v glycerol resulted in the highest lipid yield, at 19.57 ± 0.53 g/L with 50.55% lipid content, which was a 2.8-fold increase compared to using the hydrolysate alone. In addition, yeast extracts were superior for promoting growth and lipid production compared to inorganic nitrogen sources.
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20
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Mota MN, Múgica P, Sá-Correia I. Exploring Yeast Diversity to Produce Lipid-Based Biofuels from Agro-Forestry and Industrial Organic Residues. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070687. [PMID: 35887443 PMCID: PMC9315891 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of yeast diversity for the sustainable production of biofuels, in particular biodiesel, is gaining momentum in recent years. However, sustainable, and economically viable bioprocesses require yeast strains exhibiting: (i) high tolerance to multiple bioprocess-related stresses, including the various chemical inhibitors present in hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass and residues; (ii) the ability to efficiently consume all the major carbon sources present; (iii) the capacity to produce lipids with adequate composition in high yields. More than 160 non-conventional (non-Saccharomyces) yeast species are described as oleaginous, but only a smaller group are relatively well characterised, including Lipomyces starkeyi, Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Cutaneotrichosporonoleaginosus and Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum. This article provides an overview of lipid production by oleaginous yeasts focusing on yeast diversity, metabolism, and other microbiological issues related to the toxicity and tolerance to multiple challenging stresses limiting bioprocess performance. This is essential knowledge to better understand and guide the rational improvement of yeast performance either by genetic manipulation or by exploring yeast physiology and optimal process conditions. Examples gathered from the literature showing the potential of different oleaginous yeasts/process conditions to produce oils for biodiesel from agro-forestry and industrial organic residues are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N. Mota
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Múgica
- BIOREF—Collaborative Laboratory for Biorefineries, Rua da Amieira, Apartado 1089, São Mamede de Infesta, 4465-901 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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21
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Deeba F, Kiran Kumar K, Ali Wani S, Kumar Singh A, Sharma J, Gaur NA. Enhanced biodiesel and β-carotene production in Rhodotorula pacifica INDKK using sugarcane bagasse and molasses by an integrated biorefinery framework. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127067. [PMID: 35351564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dependency on fossil fuels raises an economic and ecological concern that has urged to look for alternative sources of energy. Bio-refinery concept is one of the alternate frameworks for the biomass conversion into biofuel and other value-added by-products. The present work illustrates importance of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula pacifica INDKK in an integrated bio-refinery field by utilizing renewable sugars generated from lignocellulosic biomass. The maximum 11.8 g/L lipid titer, 210.4 mg/L β-carotene and 7.1 g animal feed were produced by R. pacifica INDKK in bioreactor containing 5% (v/v) molasses supplemented with enzymatically hydrolyzed and alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (35% v/v). Furthermore, xylooligosaccharides (20.6 g/L), a beneficial prebiotics were also produced from the hemicellulosic fraction separated after alkali pretreatment of bagasse. This novel concept of integrated yeast bio-refinery for concomitant production of biodiesel and multiple value-added products with minimum waste generation is proposed as a sustainable and profitable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Deeba
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kukkala Kiran Kumar
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shahid Ali Wani
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Juhi Sharma
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Zainuddin MF, Kar Fai C, Mohamed MS, Abdul Rahman N’A, Halim M. Production of single cell oil by Yarrowia lipolytica JCM 2320 using detoxified desiccated coconut residue hydrolysate. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12833. [PMID: 35251776 PMCID: PMC8896024 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the replacement of petro-diesel with biodiesel has raised the concern among the community for the utilization of improper feedstocks and the cost involved. However, these issues can be solved by producing single cell oil (SCO) from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates by oleaginous microorganisms. This study introduced Yarrowia lipolytica JCM 2320 with a desiccated coconut residue (DCR) hydrolysate (obtained from the 2% dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment) as a carbon source in generating SCO. However, common inhibitors formed during acid pretreatment of biomass such as five-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, acetic acid and levulinic acid resulting from the sugar degradations may have detrimental effects towards the fermentation process. To visualize the effect of inhibitors on Y. lipolytica, an inhibitory study was conducted by adding 0.5-5.0 g/L of potential inhibitors to the YPD (yeast, peptone and D-glucose) medium. It was found that the presence of furfural at 0.5 g/L would increase the lag phase, which beyond that was detrimental to Y. lipolytica. Furthermore, increasing the five-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentration would increase the lag phase of Y. lipolytica, whereas, for acetic acid and levulinic acid, it showed a negligible effect. Detoxification was hence conducted to remove the potential inhibitors from the DCR hydrolysate prior its utilization in the fermentation. To examine the possibility of using adsorption resins for the detoxification of DCR hydrolysate, five different resins were tested (Amberlite® XAD-4, Amberlite® XAD-7, Amberlite® IR 120, Amberlite® IRA 96 and Amberlite® IRA 402) with five different concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/v), respectively. At resin concentration of 10%, Amberlite® XAD-4 recorded the highest SCO yield, 2.90 ± 0.02 g/L, whereas the control and the conventional overliming detoxification method, recorded only 1.29 ± 0.01 g/L and 1.27 ± 0.02 g/L SCO accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the fatty acid profile of the oil produced was rich in oleic acid (33.60%), linoleic acid (9.90%), and palmitic acid (14.90%), which indicates the potential as a good biodiesel raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhri Zainuddin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chong Kar Fai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shamzi Mohamed
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Complex, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor ’Aini Abdul Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Complex, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murni Halim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Complex, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Chatterjee S, Venkata Mohan S. Fungal biorefinery for sustainable resource recovery from waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126443. [PMID: 34852279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and negative impact of fossil fuels on environment are becoming a global concern. The concept of biorefinery is one of the alternative platforms for the production of biofuels and chemicals. Valorisation of biological resources through complete utilization of waste, reusing secondary products and generating energy to power the process are the key principles of biorefinery. Agricultural residues and biogenic municipal solid wastes are getting importance as a potential feedstock for the generation of bioproducts. This communication reviews and highlights the scope of yeast and fungi as a potent candidate for the synthesis of gamut of bioproducts in an integrated approach addressing sustainability and circular bioeconomy. It also provides a close view on importance of microbes in biorefinery, feedstock pretreatment strategies for renewable sugar production, cultivation systems and yeast and fungi based products. Integrated closed loop approach towards multiple product generation with zero waste discharge is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulogna Chatterjee
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Soccol CR, Colonia BSO, de Melo Pereira GV, Mamani LDG, Karp SG, Thomaz Soccol V, Penha RDO, Dalmas Neto CJ, César de Carvalho J. Bioprospecting lipid-producing microorganisms: From metagenomic-assisted isolation techniques to industrial application and innovations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126455. [PMID: 34863851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, lipid-producing microorganisms have been obtained via conventional bioprospecting based on isolation and screening techniques, demanding time and effort. Thus, high-throughput sequencing combined with conventional microbiological approaches has emerged as an advanced and rapid strategy for recovering novel oleaginous microorganisms from target environments. This review highlights recent developments in lipid-producing microorganism bioprospecting, following (i) from traditional cultivation techniques to state-of-the-art metagenomics approaches; (ii) related topics on workflow, next-generation sequencing platforms, and knowledge bioinformatics; and (iii) biotechnological potential of the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Aurantiochytrium limacinum, arachidonic acid (ARA) by Mortierella alpina and biodiesel by Rhodosporidium toruloides. These three species have been shown to be highly promising and studied in research articles, patents and commercialized products. Trends, innovations and future perspectives of these microorganisms are also addressed. Thus, these microbial lipids allow the development of food, feed and biofuels as alternative solutions to animal and vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Luis Daniel Goyzueta Mamani
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Susan Grace Karp
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Oliveira Penha
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Dalmas Neto
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Júlio César de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Ye Z, Sun T, Hao H, He Y, Liu X, Guo M, Chen G. Optimising nutrients in the culture medium of Rhodosporidium toruloides enhances lipids production. AMB Express 2021; 11:149. [PMID: 34778908 PMCID: PMC8590987 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides is a useful oleaginous yeast, but lipids production is affected by various factors including nutrients in the culture medium. Herein, the R-ZL2 high-yield mutant strain was used to investigate the effects of different carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, xylose), nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate), and C/N ratio on lipids production capacity, get the following conclusion (1) Compared with glucose and xylose, sucrose was a superior carbon source for lipids production; (2) When using ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source, a C/N ratio of 200:1 achieved the highest biomass, lipids production and lipids content (10.7 g/L, 6.32 g/L and 59%, respectively), and lipids produced under different C/N conditions have potential for biodiesel production (except for C/N = 40 and C/N = 80); (3) When using ammonium nitrate as the nitrogen source, a C/N ratio of 200:1 achieved the highest biomass, lipids production and lipids content (12.1 g/L, 8.25 g/L and 65%, respectively), and lipids produced under different C/N ratio conditions have potential for biodiesel production. Thus, a combination of sucrose and ammonium nitrate was optimal for the lipid accumulation in R-ZL2. The findings will lay a foundation for further improving lipids yields.
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Strategies for Improvement of Lipid Production by Yeast Trichosporon oleaginosus from Lignocellulosic Biomass. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110934. [PMID: 34829221 PMCID: PMC8617694 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids have similar fatty acid composition to plant oils, and therefore, are considered as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. Oleaginous yeasts accumulate considerable amounts of lipids intracellularly during growth on low-cost renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we cultivated yeast Trichosporon oleaginosus on hydrolysate of alkaline pretreated corn cobs. Different process configurations were evaluated and compared, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) with cellulase recycle and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in batch and fed-batch mode. At low enzyme loading, the highest lipid concentration of 26.74 g L−1 was reached in fed-batch SSF fed with 2.5% (g g−1) substrate. Batch SHF was conducted for four rounds with recycling the cellulase adsorbed on unhydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass. Thirty percent of cellulase saving was achieved for rounds 2–4 without compromising productivity and lipid yield. The addition of Tween 80 to lignocellulosic slurry improved the hydrolysis rate of structural carbohydrates in pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, supplementing the growth medium with Tween 80 improved lipid yield and productivity without affecting yeast growth. Oleaginous yeast T. oleaginosus is a promising strain for the sustainable and efficient production of lipids from renewable lignocellulosic feedstock.
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Ivančić Šantek M, Grubišić M, Galić Perečinec M, Beluhan S, Šantek B. Lipid production by Mortierella isabellina from pretreated corn cobs and effect of lignocellulose derived inhibitors on growth and lipid synthesis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aliyu H, Gorte O, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K. Global Transcriptome Profile of the Oleaginous Yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 Cultivated in Glucose and Xylose. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:758. [PMID: 34575796 PMCID: PMC8466774 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional yeasts, several oleaginous yeasts, including Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192, possess the innate ability to grow and produce biochemicals from plant-derived lignocellulosic components such as hexose and pentose sugars. To elucidate the genetic basis of S. podzolica growth and lipid production on glucose and xylose, we performed comparative temporal transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq method. Approximately 3.4 and 22.2% of the 10,670 expressed genes were differentially (FDR < 0.05, and log2FC > 1.5) expressed under batch and fed batch modes, respectively. Our analysis revealed that a higher number of sugar transporter genes were significantly overrepresented in xylose relative to glucose-grown cultures. Given the low homology between proteins encoded by most of these genes and those of the well-characterised transporters, it is plausible to conclude that S. podzolica possesses a cache of putatively novel sugar transporters. The analysis also suggests that S. podzolica potentially channels carbon flux from xylose via both the non-oxidative pentose phosphate and potentially via the first steps of the Weimberg pathways to yield xylonic acid. However, only the ATP citrate lyase (ACL) gene showed significant upregulation among the essential oleaginous pathway genes under nitrogen limitation in xylose compared to glucose cultivation. Combined, these findings pave the way toward the design of strategies or the engineering of efficient biomass hydrolysate utilization in S. podzolica for the production of various biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Aliyu
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (O.G.); (A.N.)
| | | | | | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (O.G.); (A.N.)
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29
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Jagtap SS, Deewan A, Liu JJ, Walukiewicz HE, Yun EJ, Jin YS, Rao CV. Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880 during growth under different carbon sources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7411-7425. [PMID: 34491401 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides is an oleaginous yeast capable of producing a variety of biofuels and bioproducts from diverse carbon sources. Despite numerous studies showing its promise as a platform microorganism, little is known about its metabolism and physiology. In this work, we investigated the central carbon metabolism in R. toruloides IFO0880 using transcriptomics and metabolomics during growth on glucose, xylose, acetate, or soybean oil. These substrates were chosen because they can be derived from plants. Significant changes in gene expression and metabolite concentrations were observed during growth on these four substrates. We mapped these changes onto the governing metabolic pathways to better understand how R. toruloides reprograms its metabolism to enable growth on these substrates. One notable finding concerns xylose metabolism, where poor expression of xylulokinase induces a bypass leading to arabitol production. Collectively, these results further our understanding of central carbon metabolism in R. toruloides during growth on different substrates. They may also help guide the metabolic engineering and development of better models of metabolism for R. toruloides.Key points• Gene expression and metabolite concentrations were significantly changed.• Reduced expression of xylulokinase induces a bypass leading to arabitol production.• R. toruloides reprograms its metabolism to allow growth on different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Sadashiv Jagtap
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anshu Deewan
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hanna E Walukiewicz
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher V Rao
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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30
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Volatile Fatty Acids from Lipid-Extracted Yeast Provide Additional Feedstock for Microbial Lipid Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipid production from oleaginous yeasts is a promising process for the sustainable development of the microbial biodiesel industry. However, the feedstock cost poses an economic problem for the production of microbial biodiesel. After lipid extraction, yeast biomass can be used as an organic source for microbial biodiesel production. In this study, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), produced via anaerobic digestion of a lipid-extracted yeast (LEY) residue, were utilized as a carbon source for the yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. The response surface methodology was used to determine the initial pH and inoculum volume for the optimal VFA production. The experimental result for VFA concentration was 4.51 g/L at an initial pH of 9 and an inoculation 25%. The optimization results from the response surface methodology showed that the maximal VFA concentration was 4.58 g/L at an initial pH of 8.40 and an inoculation of 39.49%. This study indicates that VFAs from LEY can be used as a carbon source for microbial biodiesel production, with the potential to significantly reduce feedstock costs.
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31
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Bertacchi S, Jayaprakash P, Morrissey JP, Branduardi P. Interdependence between lignocellulosic biomasses, enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast cell factories in biorefineries. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:985-995. [PMID: 34289233 PMCID: PMC8913906 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biorefineries have a pivotal role in the bioeconomy scenario for the transition from fossil‐based processes towards more sustainable ones relying on renewable resources. Lignocellulose is a prominent feedstock since its abundance and relatively low cost. Microorganisms are often protagonists of biorefineries, as they contribute both to the enzymatic degradation of lignocellulose complex polymers and to the fermentative conversion of the hydrolyzed biomasses into fine and bulk chemicals. Enzymes have therefore become crucial for the development of sustainable biorefineries, being able to provide nutrients to cells from lignocellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis can be performed by a portfolio of natural enzymes that degrade lignocellulose, often combined into cocktails. As enzymes can be deployed in different operative settings, such as separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), their characteristics need to be combined with microbial ones to maximize the process. We therefore reviewed how the optimization of lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis can ameliorate bioethanol production when Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as cell factory. Expanding beyond biofuels, enzymatic cocktail optimization can also be pivotal to unlock the potential of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts, which, thanks to broader substrate utilization, inhibitor resistance and peculiar metabolism, can widen the array of feedstocks and products of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bertacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Pooja Jayaprakash
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy.,School of Microbiology, Environmental Research Institute, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - John P Morrissey
- School of Microbiology, Environmental Research Institute, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
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32
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Chattopadhyay A, Maiti MK. Lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 116:1-98. [PMID: 34353502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipid production has been studied extensively for years; however, lipid metabolic engineering in many of the extraordinarily high lipid-accumulating yeasts was impeded by inadequate understanding of the metabolic pathways including regulatory mechanisms defining their oleaginicity and the limited genetic tools available. The aim of this review is to highlight the prominent oleaginous yeast genera, emphasizing their oleaginous characteristics, in conjunction with diverse other features such as cheap carbon source utilization, withstanding the effect of inhibitory compounds, commercially favorable fatty acid composition-all supporting their future development as economically viable lipid feedstock. The unique aspects of metabolism attributing to their oleaginicity are accentuated in the pretext of outlining the various strategies successfully implemented to improve the production of lipid and lipid-derived metabolites. A large number of in silico data generated on the lipid accumulation in certain oleaginous yeasts have been carefully curated, as suggestive evidences in line with the exceptional oleaginicity of these organisms. The different genetic elements developed in these yeasts to execute such strategies have been scrupulously inspected, underlining the major types of newly-found and synthetically constructed promoters, transcription terminators, and selection markers. Additionally, there is a plethora of advanced genetic toolboxes and techniques described, which have been successfully used in oleaginous yeasts in the recent years, promoting homologous recombination, genome editing, DNA assembly, and transformation at remarkable efficiencies. They can accelerate and effectively guide the rational designing of system-wide metabolic engineering approaches pinpointing the key targets for developing industrially suitable yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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Oleaginous Yeasts as Cell Factories for the Sustainable Production of Microbial Lipids by the Valorization of Agri-Food Wastes. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The agri-food industry annually produces huge amounts of crops residues and wastes, the suitable management of these products is important to increase the sustainability of agro-industrial production by optimizing the entire value chain. This is also in line with the driving principles of the circular economy, according to which residues can become feedstocks for novel processes. Oleaginous yeasts represent a versatile tool to produce biobased chemicals and intermediates. They are flexible microbial factories able to grow on different side-stream carbon sources such as those deriving from agri-food wastes, and this characteristic makes them excellent candidates for integrated biorefinery processes through the production of microbial lipids, known as single cell oils (SCOs), for different applications. This review aims to present an extensive overview of research progress on the production and use of oleaginous yeasts and present discussions on the current bottlenecks and perspectives of their exploitation in different sectors, such as foods, biofuels and fine chemicals.
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Chattopadhyay A, Mitra M, Maiti MK. Recent advances in lipid metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeasts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107722. [PMID: 33631187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand to develop a renewable and sustainable biolipid feedstock, several species of non-conventional oleaginous yeasts are being explored. Apart from the platform oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, the understanding of metabolic pathway and, therefore, exploiting the engineering prospects of most of the oleaginous species are still in infancy. However, in the past few years, enormous efforts have been invested in Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Lipomyces, Trichosporon, and Candida genera of yeasts among others, with the rapid advancement of engineering strategies, significant improvement in genetic tools and techniques, generation of extensive bioinformatics and omics data. In this review, we have collated these recent progresses to make a detailed and insightful summary of the major developments in metabolic engineering of the prominent oleaginous yeast species. Such a comprehensive overview would be a useful resource for future strain improvement and metabolic engineering studies for enhanced production of lipid and lipid-derived chemicals in oleaginous yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mohor Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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35
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Kim J, Coradetti ST, Kim YM, Gao Y, Yaegashi J, Zucker JD, Munoz N, Zink EM, Burnum-Johnson KE, Baker SE, Simmons BA, Skerker JM, Gladden JM, Magnuson JK. Multi-Omics Driven Metabolic Network Reconstruction and Analysis of Lignocellulosic Carbon Utilization in Rhodosporidium toruloides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:612832. [PMID: 33585414 PMCID: PMC7873862 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.612832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising host for converting lignocellulosic biomass to bioproducts and biofuels. In this work, we performed multi-omics analysis of lignocellulosic carbon utilization in R. toruloides and reconstructed the genome-scale metabolic network of R. toruloides. High-quality metabolic network models for model organisms and orthologous protein mapping were used to build a draft metabolic network reconstruction. The reconstruction was manually curated to build a metabolic model using functional annotation and multi-omics data including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and RB-TDNA sequencing. The multi-omics data and metabolic model were used to investigate R. toruloides metabolism including lipid accumulation and lignocellulosic carbon utilization. The developed metabolic model was validated against high-throughput growth phenotyping and gene fitness data, and further refined to resolve the inconsistencies between prediction and data. We believe that this is the most complete and accurate metabolic network model available for R. toruloides to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Samuel T Coradetti
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Junko Yaegashi
- Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jeremy D Zucker
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Nathalie Munoz
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Erika M Zink
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Scott E Baker
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Skerker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John M Gladden
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Jon K Magnuson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Department of Energy, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
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36
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Pham N, Reijnders M, Suarez-Diez M, Nijsse B, Springer J, Eggink G, Schaap PJ. Genome-scale metabolic modeling underscores the potential of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 as a cell factory for biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:2. [PMID: 33407779 PMCID: PMC7788717 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 is a fast-growing oleaginous basidiomycete yeast that is able to grow in a wide range of low-cost carbon sources including crude glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production. When glycerol is used as a carbon source, this yeast can accumulate more than 50% lipids (w/w) with high concentrations of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. RESULTS To increase our understanding of this yeast and to provide a knowledge base for further industrial use, a FAIR re-annotated genome was used to build a genome-scale, constraint-based metabolic model containing 1553 reactions involving 1373 metabolites in 11 compartments. A new description of the biomass synthesis reaction was introduced to account for massive lipid accumulation in conditions with high carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the media. This condition-specific biomass objective function is shown to better predict conditions with high lipid accumulation using glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, and glycerol as sole carbon source. CONCLUSION Contributing to the economic viability of biodiesel as renewable fuel, C. oleaginosus ATCC 20509 can effectively convert crude glycerol waste streams in lipids as a potential bioenergy source. Performance simulations are essential to identify optimal production conditions and to develop and fine tune a cost-effective production process. Our model suggests ATP-citrate lyase as a possible target to further improve lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Pham
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Reijnders
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijsse
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Springer
- Food and Biobased Research and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Food and Biobased Research and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Evaluating the Potential of Rhodosporidium toruloides-1588 for High Lipid Production Using Undetoxified Wood Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13225960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to explore microbial lipid production using an abundant and low-cost lignocellulosic biomass derived from forestry residues. Sugar-rich undetoxified hydrolysate was prepared using hardwood and softwood sawdust and used for lipid production as a carbon source from an oleaginous yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides-1588. The maximum biomass obtained was 17.09 and 19.56 g/L in hardwood and softwood hydrolysate, respectively. Sugar consumption in both hydrolysates was >95%, with a maximum lipid accumulation of 36.68% at 104 h and 35.24% at 96 h. Moreover, R. toruloides-1588 exhibited tolerance to several toxic compounds such as phenols, organic acids and furans present in hydrolysates. The lipid characterization showed several monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, making it a potential feedstock for biofuels and oleochemicals production. This study confirms the credibility of R. toruloides-1588 as a suitable lipid producer using hydrolysates from forestry residues as a substrate. Additionally, lipids obtained from R. toruloides-1588 could be a potential feedstock for advanced biofuel production as well as for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Gorte O, Kugel M, Ochsenreither K. Optimization of carbon source efficiency for lipid production with the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 applying automated continuous feeding. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:181. [PMID: 33292512 PMCID: PMC7607716 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotechnologically produced microbial lipids are of interest as potential alternatives for crude and plant oils. Their lipid profile is similar to plant oils and can therefore be a substitute for the production of biofuels, additives for food and cosmetics industry as well as building blocks for oleochemicals. Commercial microbial lipids production, however, is still not profitable and research on process optimization and cost reduction is required. This study reports on the process optimization using glucose or xylose with the unconventional oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 aiming to reduce the applied carbon source amount without sacrificing lipid productivity. RESULTS By optimizing the process parameters temperature and pH, lipid productivity was enhanced by 40%. Thereupon, by establishing a two-phase strategy with an initial batch phase and a subsequent fed-batch phase for lipid production in which a constant sugar concentration of about 10 g/L was maintained, resulted in saving of ~ 41% of total glucose and ~ 26% of total xylose. By performing the automated continuous sugar feed the total sugar uptake was improved to ~ 91% for glucose and ~ 92% for xylose and thus, prevented waste of unused carbon source in the cultivation medium. In addition, reduced glucose cultivation resulted in to 28% higher cell growth and 19% increase of lipid titer. By using xylose, the by-product xylonic acid was identified for the first time as by-product of S. podzolica. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a broad view of different cultivation process strategies with subsequent comparison and evaluation for lipid production with S. podzolica. Additionally, new biotechnological characteristics of this yeast were highlighted regarding the ability to produce valuable organic acids from sustainable and renewable sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorte
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fitz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michaela Kugel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fitz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fitz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Substrate for Oleaginous Microorganisms: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms capable of accumulating lipids in high percentages, known as oleaginous microorganisms, have been widely studied as an alternative for producing oleochemicals and biofuels. Microbial lipid, so-called Single Cell Oil (SCO), production depends on several growth parameters, including the nature of the carbon substrate, which must be efficiently taken up and converted into storage lipid. On the other hand, substrates considered for large scale applications must be abundant and of low acquisition cost. Among others, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable substrate containing high percentages of assimilable sugars (hexoses and pentoses). However, it is also highly recalcitrant, and therefore it requires specific pretreatments in order to release its assimilable components. The main drawback of lignocellulose pretreatment is the generation of several by-products that can inhibit the microbial metabolism. In this review, we discuss the main aspects related to the cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, hoping to contribute to the development of a sustainable process for SCO production in the near future.
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Characterization of two sugar transporters responsible for efficient xylose uptake in an oleaginous yeast Candida tropicalis SY005. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108645. [PMID: 33122161 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock to the target bioproduct requires efficient assimilation of its constituent sugars, a large part of which comprises of glucose and xylose. This study aims to identify and characterize sugar transporters capable of xylose uptake in an oleaginous strain of the industrially relevant yeast Candida tropicalis. In silico database mining resulted in two sugar transporter proteins- CtStp1 and CtStp2, containing conserved amino acid residues and motifs that have been previously reported to be involved in xylose transport in other organisms. Several softwares predicted the likelihood of 10-12 transmembrane (TM) helices to be present in both the Stps, while molecular modelling showed 12 TM helices that were organized into a typical structure found in the major facilitator superfamily of transporters. Docking with different sugars also predicted favorable interactions. Heterologous expression in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain harboring functional xylose metabolic genes validated the broad substrate specificity of the two Stps. Each transporter supported prominent growth of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains on six sugars including xylose at various concentrations. Expression of CtSTP1 and CtSTP2 along with the xylose metabolic genes in yeast transformants grown in presence of xylose was confirmed by transcript detection. Growth curve and sugar consumption profiles revealed uptake of both glucose and xylose simultaneously by the recombinant yeast strains, though CtStp1 showed relatively less effect of glucose repression in mixed sugars and was a better transporter of xylose than CtStp2. Such glucose-xylose utilizing efficient transporters can be effective tools for developing co-fermenting yeasts through genetic engineering in future, with noteworthy applications in renewable biomass utilization.
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41
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Gorte O, Nazarova N, Papachristou I, Wüstner R, Leber K, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K, Frey W, Silve A. Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Promotes Lipid Extraction on Fresh Oleaginous Yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:575379. [PMID: 33015025 PMCID: PMC7516276 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.575379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the use of pulsed electric field (PEF) as a pre-treatment step to enhance lipid extraction yield using extraction with ethanol-hexane blend on fresh oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica. The yeasts were cultivated on nitrogen-depleted condition and had a lipid content of 26.4 ± 4.6% of dry weight. PEF-treatment was applied on the yeast suspension either directly after harvesting (unwashed route) or after a washing step (washed route) which induced a reduction of conductivity by a factor eight. In both cases, cell concentration was 20 g of biomass per liter of suspension. In the unwashed route, the lipid extraction efficiency increased from 7% (untreated) to 54% thanks to PEF-treatment. In case an additional washing step was added after PEF-treatment, up to 81% of the lipid content could be recovered. The washed route was even more efficient since lipid extraction yields increased from 26% (untreated) to 99% of total lipid. The energy input for the PEF-treatment never exceeded 150 kJ per liter of initial suspension. The best lipid recovery scenario was obtained using pulses of 1 μs, an electric field of 40 kV/cm and it required slightly less than 11 MJ/kgLIPID. This amount of energy can be further reduced by at least a factor five by optimizing the treatment and especially by increasing the concentration of the treated biomass. The process can be easily up-scaled and does not require any expensive handling of the biomass such as freezing or freeze-drying. These findings demonstrate the potential benefit of PEF-treatment in the downstream processing of oleaginous yeast. From a basic research point of view, the influence of conductivity on PEF energy requirements and extraction yields was examined, and results suggest a higher efficiency of PEF-treatment in terms of energy when treatment is performed at lower conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorte
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natalja Nazarova
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wüstner
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Leber
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aude Silve
- Institute for Pulse Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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42
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Hassanpour M, Abbasabadi M, Strong J, Gebbie L, Te'o VSJ, O'Hara IM, Zhang Z. Scale-up of two-step acid-catalysed glycerol pretreatment for production of oleaginous yeast biomass from sugarcane bagasse by Rhodosporidium toruloides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123666. [PMID: 32562969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-step dilute acid and acid-catalysed glycerol pretreatment was developed to maximise sugar yield from sugarcane bagasse. At the laboratory scale, dilute acid pretreatment at 130 °C followed by acid-catalysed glycerol pretreatment at 170 °C led to a total sugar (C5 + C6) yield of 82%, 31% higher than that from one-step acid-catalysed glycerol pretreatment. At the pilot scale, the two-step dilute acid and acid-catalysed glycerol pretreatment led to a maximum sugar yield of 74%, 13% higher than that from one-step pretreatment with 52% reduction in glycerol usage. The enzymatic hydrolysate containing glucose and residual glycerol were used to produce microbial oils by a Rhodosporidium toruloides strain. A fed-batch cultivation strategy led to the production of 44.8 g/L cell mass, including 26.6 g/L oil, 8.6 g/L protein and 12.7 mg/L carotenoid. The cell mass and oil yields were 19% higher than those from batch cultivation as feedstock inhibition and catabolite repression were alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hassanpour
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Mahsa Abbasabadi
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Biology & Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - James Strong
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Biology & Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Leigh Gebbie
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Biology & Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Valentino Setoa Junior Te'o
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Biology & Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Ian M O'Hara
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
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43
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Rye and Oat Agricultural Wastes as Substrate Candidates for Biomass Production of the Non-Conventional Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test rye straw, rye bran and oat bran hydrolysates as substrates for growth of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, a microorganism known to have large biotechnological potential. First, after the combined process of acid-enzymatic hydrolysis, the concentration and composition of fermentable monosaccharides in the obtained hydrolysates were analyzed. Glucose was the main sugar, followed by xylose and arabinose. Rye bran hydrolysate had the highest sugar content—80.8 g/L. The results showed that this yeast was able to grow on low-cost medium and produce biomass that could be used as a feed in the form of single cell protein. The biomass of yeast grown in oat bran hydrolysate was over 9 g/L after 120 h, with the biomass total yield and total productivity values of 0.141 g/g and 0.078 g/h, respectively. The protein contents in yeast biomass were in the range of 30.5–44.5% of dry weight. Results obtained from Y. lipolytica cultivated in rye bran showed high content of exogenous amino acid (leucine 3.38 g, lysine 2.93 g, threonine 2.31 g/100 g of dry mass) and spectrum of unsaturated fatty acid with predominantly oleic acid—59.28%. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that lignocellulosic agricultural waste, after hydrolysis, could be efficiently converted to feed-related yeast biomass.
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44
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Carota E, Petruccioli M, D'Annibale A, Crognale S. Mixed glycerol and orange peel-based substrate for fed-batch microbial biodiesel production. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04801. [PMID: 32984573 PMCID: PMC7494470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aqueous extraction of orange peel waste (OPW), the byproduct of the juice extraction process generated annually in massive amounts (21 Mton), yields a carbohydrate-rich liquid fraction, termed orange peel extract (OPE). Several studies highlight that the combination of glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct, with carbohydrate mixtures might boost microbial lipid production. This study performed first a shaken flask screening of 15 oleaginous yeast strains based on their growth and lipid-producing abilities on OPE- and glycerol-based media. This screening enabled the selection of R. toruloides NRRL 1091 for the assessment of the process transfer in a stirred tank reactor (STR). This assessment relied, in particular, on either single- and double-stage feeding fed-batch (SSF-FB and DSF-FB, respectively) processes where OPE served as the primary medium and nitrogen-containing glycerol-OPE mixtures as the feeding one. The continuous supply mode at low dilution rates (0.02 and 0.01 h-1 for SSF-FB and DSF-FB, respectively) starting from the end of the exponential growth of the initial batch phase enabled the temporal extension of biomass and lipid production. The SSF-FB and DSF-FB processes attained high biomass and lipid volumetric productions (LVP) and ensured significant lipid accumulation on a dry cell basis (YL/X). The SSF-FB process led to LVP of 20.6 g L-1 after 104 h with volumetric productivity (r L) of 0.20 g L-1 h-1 and YL/X of 0.80; the DSF-FB process yielded LVP, r L and YL/X values equal to 15.92 g L-1, 0.11 g L-1 h-1 and 0.65, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of lipids from both fed-batch processes were not significantly different and resembled that of Jatropha oil, a vastly used feedstock for biodiesel production. These results suggest that OPE constitutes an excellent basis for the fed-batch production of R. toruloides lipids, and this process might afford a further option in OPW-based biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Carota
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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45
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Lignocellulosic Biomass-Based Biorefinery: an Insight into Commercialization and Economic Standout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40518-020-00157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Wen Z, Zhang S, Odoh CK, Jin M, Zhao ZK. Rhodosporidium toruloides - A potential red yeast chassis for lipids and beyond. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:foaa038. [PMID: 32614407 PMCID: PMC7334043 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides naturally produces microbial lipids and carotenoids. In the past decade or so, many studies demonstrated R. toruloides as a promising platform for lipid production owing to its diverse substrate appetites, robust stress resistance and other favorable features. Also, significant progresses have been made in genome sequencing, multi-omic analysis and genome-scale modeling, thus illuminating the molecular basis behind its physiology, metabolism and response to environmental stresses. At the same time, genetic parts and tools are continuously being developed to manipulate this distinctive organism. Engineered R. toruloides strains are emerging for enhanced production of conventional lipids, functional lipids as well as other interesting metabolites. This review updates those progresses and highlights future directions for advanced biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei St, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuks Kenneth Odoh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei St, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, China
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Troiano D, Orsat V, Dumont MJ. Status of Biocatalysis in the Production of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Troiano
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Shen H, Li Q, Yu X. Lipid Production by Rhodotorula glutinis in Continuous Cultivation with a Gravity Sedimentation System. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:246-250. [PMID: 32255857 PMCID: PMC7105584 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation is generally believed to be a partially growth-coupled biochemical process that results in differences in lipid content between different cells. To separate lipid-rich cells and increase the cellular biomass in bioreactors during the cultivation of the oleaginous yeasts, a gravity sedimentation system (GSS) is coupled to a bioreactor. The dilution rate (D) and the ratio of the outflow rate from the outlet of the GSS to the inflow rate into the bioreactor (B) were evaluated. The biomass in the bioreactor with GSS increased by 16.3% and 30.6% at D values of 0.05 h-1 (B = 0.25) and 0.02 h-1 (B = 0.5), respectively. Interestingly, cells containing 39.3% lipids were obtained from the outlet of the GSS (D = 0.02 h-1, B = 0.5), and the lipid content increased by 7.8% compared to that of the bioreactor. The results indicated that use of a GSS is a very effective method for increasing the cell concentration and separation of lipid-rich cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shen
- Dalian Xinyulong Marine Biological Seed Industry Technology Company Limited, 4 Luxun Rd., Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
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Gorte O, Hollenbach R, Papachristou I, Steinweg C, Silve A, Frey W, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Evaluation of Downstream Processing, Extraction, and Quantification Strategies for Single Cell Oil Produced by the Oleaginous Yeasts Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:355. [PMID: 32391350 PMCID: PMC7193083 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeasts is considered as a sustainable source for biodiesel and oleochemicals since its production does not compete with food or feed and high yields can be obtained from a wide variety of carbon sources, e.g., acetate or lignocellulose. Downstream processing is still costly preventing the broader application of SCO. Direct transesterification of freeze-dried biomass is widely used for analytical purposes and for biodiesel production but it is energy intensive and, therefore, expensive. Additionally, only fatty acid esters are produced limiting the subsequent applications. The harsh conditions applied during direct esterification might also damage high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids. Unfortunately, universal downstream strategies effective for all yeast species do not exist and methods have to be developed for each yeast species due to differences in cell wall composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate three industrially relevant cell disruption methods combined with three extraction systems for the SCO extraction of two novel, unconventional oleaginous yeasts, Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194, based on cell disruption efficiency, lipid yield, and oil quality. Bead milling (BM) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) were effective cell disruption methods in contrast to sonification. By combining HPH (95% cell disruption efficiency) with ethanol-hexane-extraction 46.9 ± 4.4% lipid/CDW of S. podzolica were obtained which was 2.7 times higher than with the least suitable combination (ultrasound + Folch). A. porosum was less affected by cell disruption attempts. Here, the highest disruption efficiency was 74% after BM and the most efficient lipid recovery method was direct acidic transesterification (27.2 ± 0.5% fatty acid methyl esters/CDW) after freeze drying. The study clearly indicates cell disruption is the decisive step for SCO extraction. At disruption efficiencies of >90%, lipids can be extracted at high yields, whereas at lower cell disruption efficiencies, considerable amounts of lipids will not be accessible for extraction regardless of the solvents used. Furthermore, it was shown that hexane-ethanol which is commonly used for extraction of algal lipids is also highly efficient for yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorte
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Steinweg
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 3: Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aude Silve
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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50
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Qi F, Shen P, Hu R, Xue T, Jiang X, Qin L, Chen Y, Huang J. Carotenoids and lipid production from Rhodosporidium toruloides cultured in tea waste hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:74. [PMID: 32322304 PMCID: PMC7161300 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, renewable tea waste hydrolysate was used as a sole carbon source for carotenoids and lipid production. A novel Rhodosporidium toruloides mutant strain, RM18, was isolated through atmospheric and room-temperature plasma mutagenesis and continuous domestication in tea waste hydrolysate from R. toruloides ACCC20341. RESULTS RM18 produced a larger biomass and more carotenoids and α-linolenic acid compared with the control strain cultured in tea waste hydrolysate. The highest yields of torularhodin (481.92 μg/g DCW) and torulene (501 μg/g DCW) from RM18 cultured in tea waste hydrolysate were 12.86- and 1.5-fold higher, respectively, than that of the control strain. In addition, α-linolenic acid production from RM18 in TWH accounted for 5.5% of total lipids, which was 1.58 times more than that of the control strain. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that enhanced central metabolism and terpene biosynthesis led to improved carotenoids production, whereas aromatic amino acid synthesis and DNA damage checkpoint and sensing were probably relevant to tea waste hydrolysate tolerance. CONCLUSION Tea waste is suitable for the hydrolysis of microbial cell culture mediums. The R. toruloides mutant RM18 showed considerable carotenoids and lipid production cultured in tea waste hydrolysate, which makes it viable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Peijie Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Rongfei Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Ting Xue
- Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianzhang Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Lina Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
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