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Sun Z, Liu Y, Ji F, Li S, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Yu Z. Dynamic changes in carbohydrate components and the bacterial community during the ensiling of wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1452798. [PMID: 39224214 PMCID: PMC11366713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1452798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum can be used to produce a substantial quantity of biofuel due to its high biological yield and high carbohydrate content. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes in fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate components, and the bacterial community during the ensiling of wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum. The results revealed a rapid fermentation pattern and high-quality fermentation quality in wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum, wherein lactic acid, and acetic acid accumulated and stabilized during the initial 9 days of ensiling, with the pH values less than 4.2, until 60 days of ensiling. We found that the ensiling of sweet sorghum involved the degradation (5% ~ 10%) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose and that the degradation of NDF fit a first-order exponential decay model. A shift in dominance from Lactococcus to Lactobacillus occurred before the first 9 days of ensiling, and the abundance of Lactobacillus (r = -0.68, p < 0.001) was negatively correlated with the NDF content. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus in wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum after ensiling for 60 days were 76.30 and 93.49%, respectively, and relatively high fermentation quality was obtained. In summary, ensiling is proposed as a biological pretreatment for sweet sorghum for subsequent biofuel production, and unlike other materials, sweet sorghum quickly achieves good fermentation quality and has great potential for bioresource production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sun
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangcai Ji
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangye Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kasegn MM, Simachew A, Redda YT, Gebremedhn HM. Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L.] juice using yeast isolated from fermented sweet sorghum juice. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:491-504. [PMID: 37498435 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As a sugar-rich plant with no impact on global warming and food security, sweet sorghum can be exploited as an alternative source of renewable bioenergy. This study aimed to examine the potential of sweet sorghum juice for the generation of bioethanol using yeast isolated from the juice. The °Brix of sweet sorghum juice was measured using a digital refractometer. Additionally, 18 wild yeasts isolated from fermented sweet sorghum juice were subjected to various biochemical tests to describe them to identify potential yeast for ethanol production. The morphological and biochemical analyses of the yeasts revealed that all of the yeast isolates were most likely members of the genus Saccharomyces. The most ethanol-tolerant yeast isolate SJU14 was employed for sweet sorghum juice fermentation. A completely randomized factorial design was used with various fermentation parameters, primarily pH, temperature, and incubation period. Then ethanol content was determined using a potassium dichromate solution. According to the ANOVA, the highest ethanol content (18.765%) was produced at 30/26 °C, pH 4.5, and incubated for 96 h. Sweet sorghum juice was found to be an excellent source of potent yeasts, which have important industrial properties like the capacity to grow at high ethanol and glucose concentrations. Moreover, it can be utilized as a substitute substrate for the manufacturing of bioethanol production to lessen the environmental threat posed by fossil fuels. Further research is, therefore, recommended to develop strategically valuable applications of sweet sorghum for enhancing the food system and mitigating climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaku Mekonen Kasegn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Addis Simachew
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hailay Mehari Gebremedhn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Chai YN, Qi Y, Goren E, Chiniquy D, Sheflin AM, Tringe SG, Prenni JE, Liu P, Schachtman DP. Root-associated bacterial communities and root metabolite composition are linked to nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum. mSystems 2024; 9:e0119023. [PMID: 38132569 PMCID: PMC10804983 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01190-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cereal crops with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a priority for worldwide agriculture. In addition to conventional plant breeding and genetic engineering, the use of the plant microbiome offers another approach to improving crop NUE. To gain insight into the bacterial communities associated with sorghum lines that differ in NUE, a field experiment was designed comparing 24 diverse Sorghum bicolor lines under sufficient and deficient nitrogen (N). Amplicon sequencing and untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to characterize the bacterial communities and the root metabolome associated with sorghum genotypes varying in sensitivity to low N. We demonstrated that N stress and sorghum type (energy, sweet, and grain sorghum) significantly impacted the root-associated bacterial communities and root metabolite composition of sorghum. We found a positive correlation between sorghum NUE and bacterial richness and diversity in the rhizosphere. The greater alpha diversity in high NUE lines was associated with the decreased abundance of a dominant bacterial taxon, Pseudomonas. Multiple strong correlations were detected between root metabolites and rhizosphere bacterial communities in response to low N stress. This indicates that the shift in the sorghum microbiome due to low N is associated with the root metabolites of the host plant. Taken together, our findings suggest that host genetic regulation of root metabolites plays a role in defining the root-associated microbiome of sorghum genotypes differing in NUE and tolerance to low N stress.IMPORTANCEThe development of crops that are more nitrogen use-efficient (NUE) is critical for the future of the enhanced sustainability of agriculture worldwide. This objective has been pursued mainly through plant breeding and plant molecular engineering, but these approaches have had only limited success. Therefore, a different strategy that leverages soil microbes needs to be fully explored because it is known that soil microbes improve plant growth through multiple mechanisms. To design approaches that use the soil microbiome to increase NUE, it will first be essential to understand the relationship among soil microbes, root metabolites, and crop productivity. Using this approach, we demonstrated that certain key metabolites and specific microbes are associated with high and low sorghum NUE in a field study. This important information provides a new path forward for developing crop genotypes that have increased NUE through the positive contribution of soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ning Chai
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yunhui Qi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Emily Goren
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dawn Chiniquy
- Environmental Genomics and System Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy M. Sheflin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susannah G. Tringe
- Environmental Genomics and System Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jessica E. Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel P. Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Bibik JD, Hamberger B. Plant Engineering to Enable Platforms for Sustainable Bioproduction of Terpenoids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2760:3-20. [PMID: 38468079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3658-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent the most diverse class of natural products, with a broad spectrum of industrial relevance including applications in green solvents, flavors and fragrances, nutraceuticals, colorants, and therapeutics. They are typically challenging to extract from their natural sources, where they occur in small amounts and mixtures of related but unwanted byproducts. Formal chemical synthesis, where established, is reliant on petrochemistry. Hence, there is great interest in developing sustainable solutions to assemble biosynthetic pathways in engineered host organisms. Metabolic engineering for chemical production has largely focused on microbial hosts, yet plants offer a sustainable production platform. In addition to containing the precursor pathways that generate the terpenoid building blocks as well as the cell structures and compartments required, or tractable localization for the enzymes involved, plants may provide a low input system to produce these chemicals using carbon dioxide and sunlight only. There have been significant recent advancements in the discovery of pathways to terpenoids of interest as well as strategies to boost yields in host plants. While part of the phytochemical field is focusing on the discovery of biosynthetic pathways, this review will focus on advancements using the pathway toolbox and toward engineering plants for the production of terpenoids. We will highlight strategies currently used to produce target products, optimization of known pathways to improve yields, compartmentalization of pathways within cells, and genetic tools developed to facilitate complex engineering of biosynthetic pathways. These advancements in Synthetic Biology are bringing engineered plant systems closer to commercially relevant hosts for the bioproduction of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bibik
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- MelaTech, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Zheng H, Dang Y, Sui N. Sorghum: A Multipurpose Crop. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17570-17583. [PMID: 37933850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is one of the top five cereal crops in the world in terms of production and planting area and is widely grown in areas with severe abiotic stresses such as drought and saline-alkali land due to its excellent stress resistance. Moreover, sorghum is a rare multipurpose crop that can be classified into grain sorghum, energy sorghum, and silage sorghum according to its domestication direction and utilization traits, endowing it with broad breeding and economic value. In this review, we mainly discuss the latest research progress and regulatory genes of agronomic traits of sorghum as a grain, energy, and silage crop, as well as the future improvement direction of multipurpose sorghum. We also emphasize the feasibility of cultivating multipurpose sorghum through genetic engineering methods by exploring potential targets using wild sorghum germplasm and genetic resources, as well as genomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yingying Dang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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Machineni L, Anupoju GR. Optimization of biomethane production from sweet sorghum bagasse using artificial neural networks combined with particle swarm algorithm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:114095-114110. [PMID: 37855961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the face of international movement away from fossil fuels caused pollution menace, many research labs are rushing towards next big breakthrough via effective biorefinery development employing non-edible agro-residues as feedstock. This work aims to evaluate and optimize the methane potential of underutilized full strength sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) via anaerobic digestion (AD). Biochemical methane potential assays are set up for SSB AD under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions at four substrate-o-inoculum ratios (SIR) 3, 5, 7, and 9 with pH 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 and with 80, 90, and 100 rpm mixing speed over 50 days. SIR 5 produced the highest cumulative biomethane yield of 4.25 L methane g-1 VS with a shorter lag time of 7.5 days and technical digestion time of 24 days. The influence of physio-chemical parameters on AD process dynamics is supported with 16s rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Based on complete experimental data sets, two artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed to identify the relevant significance of process parameters and to predict bagasse methane potential. Further, the developed ANN model is integrated with particle swarm optimization algorithm to create ideal AD process operating conditions which maximize the target variable, biomethane. The trained and cross-validated ANN-PSO model showed good-fit-accuracy with R2 > 0.995 and demonstrated satisfactory performance in the biomethane yield prediction from AD of non-edible agri-residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Machineni
- Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Gangagni Rao Anupoju
- Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Yang L, Zhou Q, Sheng X, Chen X, Hua Y, Lin S, Luo Q, Yu B, Shao T, Wu Y, Chang J, Li Y, Tu M. Harnessing the Genetic Basis of Sorghum Biomass-Related Traits to Facilitate Bioenergy Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14549. [PMID: 37833996 PMCID: PMC10573072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of fossil fuels and global climate change have raised ever-increasing attention to sustainable development, global food security and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy. Several C4 monocot grasses have excellent photosynthetic ability, stress tolerance and may rapidly produce biomass in marginal lands with low agronomic inputs, thus representing an important source of bioenergy. Among these grasses, Sorghum bicolor has been recognized as not only a promising bioenergy crop but also a research model due to its diploidy, simple genome, genetic diversity and clear orthologous relationship with other grass genomes, allowing sorghum research to be easily translated to other grasses. Although sorghum molecular genetic studies have lagged far behind those of major crops (e.g., rice and maize), recent advances have been made in a number of biomass-related traits to dissect the genetic loci and candidate genes, and to discover the functions of key genes. However, molecular and/or targeted breeding toward biomass-related traits in sorghum have not fully benefited from these pieces of genetic knowledge. Thus, to facilitate the breeding and bioenergy applications of sorghum, this perspective summarizes the bioenergy applications of different types of sorghum and outlines the genetic control of the biomass-related traits, ranging from flowering/maturity, plant height, internode morphological traits and metabolic compositions. In particular, we describe the dynamic changes of carbohydrate metabolism in sorghum internodes and highlight the molecular regulators involved in the different stages of internode carbohydrate metabolism, which affects the bioenergy utilization of sorghum biomass. We argue the way forward is to further enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of these biomass-related traits with new technologies, which will lead to future directions toward tailored designing sorghum biomass traits suitable for different bioenergy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Qin Zhou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Xuan Sheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiangqian Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Yuqing Hua
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Shuang Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Qiyun Luo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Boju Yu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Ti Shao
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Yixiao Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Yin Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Min Tu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China (Y.W.)
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Assem SK, Basry MA, Taha TA, El-Aziz MHA, Alwa T, Fouad WM. Development of an in vitro regeneration system from immature inflorescences and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in sudangrass. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:58. [PMID: 37184575 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) is a major biomass producer for livestock feed and biofuel in many countries. It has a wide range of adaptations for growing on marginal lands under biotic and abiotic stresses. The immature inflorescence is an explant with high embryogenic competence and is frequently used to regenerate different sorghum cultivars. Caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, which limits ruminant digestion of forage cell walls and is a crucial barrier in the conversion of plant biomass to bioethanol. Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis without a transgenic footprint will accelerate the improvement and facilitate regulatory approval and commercialization of biotech crops. METHODS AND RESULTS We report the overcome of the recalcitrance in sudangrass transformation and regeneration in order to use genome editing technique. Hence, an efficient regeneration system has been established to induce somatic embryogenesis from the immature inflorescence of two sudangrass cultivars on four MS-based media supplemented with different components. Our results indicate an interaction between genotype and medium composition. The combination of Giza-1 cultivar and M4 medium produces the maximum frequency of embryogenic calli of 80% and subsequent regeneration efficiency of 22.6%. Precise mutagenesis of the COMT gene is executed using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with the potential to reduce lignin content and enhance forage and biomass quality in sudangrass. CONCLUSION A reliable regeneration and transformation system has been established for sudangrass using immature inflorescence, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system has demonstrated a promising technology for genome editing. The outcomes of this research will pave the road for further improvement of various sorghum genotypes to meet the global demand for food, feed, and biofuels, achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen K Assem
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A Basry
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Taha A Taha
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - M H Abd El-Aziz
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Taher Alwa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid M Fouad
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
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Tu M, Du C, Yu B, Wang G, Deng Y, Wang Y, Chen M, Chang J, Yang G, He G, Xiong Z, Li Y. Current advances in the molecular regulation of abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum via transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1147328. [PMID: 37235010 PMCID: PMC10206308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), a monocot C4 crop, is an important staple crop for many countries in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. Because sorghum has outstanding tolerance and adaptability to a variety of abiotic stresses, including drought, salt, and alkaline, and heavy metal stressors, it is valuable research material for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in crops and for mining new genes for their genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we compile recent progress achieved using physiological, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome approaches; discuss the similarities and differences in how sorghum responds to differing stresses; and summarize the candidate genes involved in the process of responding to and regulating abiotic stresses. More importantly, we exemplify the differences between combined stresses and a single stress, emphasizing the necessity to strengthen future studies regarding the molecular responses and mechanisms of combined abiotic stresses, which has greater practical significance for food security. Our review lays a foundation for future functional studies of stress-tolerance-related genes and provides new insights into the molecular breeding of stress-tolerant sorghum genotypes, as well as listing a catalog of candidate genes for improving the stress tolerance for other key monocot crops, such as maize, rice, and sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Canghao Du
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boju Yu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoli Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanbin Deng
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology (Inner Mongolia University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yin Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Fermentation of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Using Immobilized Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Entrapped in Calcium Alginate Beads. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
As the population grows, there is a need to address the continuous depletion of non-renewable energy sources and their negative effects on the environment. This led to a substantial assessment of possible innovations and raw materials to increase the volumetric productivity of alternative fuels to supply the energy needed worldwide. In addition to its environment-friendly properties, a biofuel derived from plant-based sources is also a sustainable material. For high ethanol production from plant-based biofuel, several techniques have been developed, including cell or enzyme immobilization. The key purposes of utilizing immobilized cells or enzymes are to improve bioreactor yield with upgraded enzyme establishment and to increase enzyme utilization. The fermentation of sweet sorghum extract to produce ethanol was conducted in this study, and it was found that the optimum sodium alginate concentration for immobilizing yeast is 3% w/v. It was also found that the free yeast has a shorter optimum fermentation period which is four days (96 h), in comparison with the immobilized yeast, which is five days (120 h). The immobilized yeast has a higher ethanol concentration produced and percent conversion compared to the free yeast. The immobilized yeast entrapped in calcium alginate beads permitted ten five-day (120 h) reuse cycles which are still in stable final ethanol concentration and percent conversion. Due to a lack of experimental support in the necessary condition (optimum level of the number of fermentation days and the concentration of sodium alginate) for the optimal ethanol yield from the extract of sweet sorghum, this study was conducted. This study also tried to address the global demand for ethanol by specifying the optimum conditions necessary for efficient fermentation, specifically for ethanol production using an extract from sweet sorghum. Furthermore, this experimental work serves as a basis for further investigations concerning ethanol production from Agri-based materials, such as sweet sorghum.
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Meena K, Visarada KBRS, Meena D. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench a multifarious crop -fodder to therapeutic potential and biotechnological applications: A future food for the millennium. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Yang Y, Chaffin TA, Ahkami AH, Blumwald E, Stewart CN. Plant synthetic biology innovations for biofuels and bioproducts. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1454-1468. [PMID: 36241578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based biosynthesis of fuels, chemicals, and materials promotes environmental sustainability, which includes decreases in greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Advances in plant synthetic biology (synbio) should improve precision and efficacy of genetic engineering for sustainability. Applicable synbio innovations include genome editing, gene circuit design, synthetic promoter development, gene stacking technologies, and the design of environmental sensors. Moreover, recent advancements in developing spatially resolved and single-cell omics contribute to the discovery and characterization of cell-type-specific mechanisms and spatiotemporal gene regulations in distinct plant tissues for the expression of cell- and tissue-specific genes, resulting in improved bioproduction. This review highlights recent plant synbio progress and new single-cell molecular profiling towards sustainable biofuel and biomaterial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy Alexander Chaffin
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Amir H Ahkami
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Felts AM, Pokharel B, Yahya D, Aziz AN. Whole-genomic DNA amplifications from individually isolated sweet sorghum microspores. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11501. [PMID: 36518943 PMCID: PMC9742829 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Sorghum is a multi-use crop, the efficient breeding of which requires the development of new genetic tools. One such tool could be the genetic assessment of free microspores, which are released just after the tetrad stage of pollen development. Microspores are ideal for DNA isolation as they have underdeveloped cell walls and can be readily lysed as natural protoplasts. METHODS Four cultivars of Sorghum bicolor ('Achi Turi', 'Dale', 'Local', and 'Topper 76-6') were grown in a greenhouse until flowering (7.7-11.5 cm flag leaf internode length), after which 30 immature microspores were isolated from each line. Plant height, time to flowering, boot radius, and spikelet maturation were recorded for each cultivar. The exine development of the microspores was observed under an inverted Nikon microscope, and those with underdeveloped exine were subjected to whole-genome amplification and sequencing. RESULTS Microspores in the early uninucleate to early binucleate stages had underdeveloped exine, and were therefore ideal for DNA extraction. High-quality DNA was obtained from these single-cell gametophytes. The average DNA concentration was 2902 ng/µL, with fragment sizes comparable to those obtained from leaf tissue extractions. DISCUSSION Harvesting panicles with immature microspores means the entire gametic population is accessible for DNA analyses. This is the first amplification of whole-genome DNA fragments from sorghum single-cell microspores isolated during gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron M. Felts
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State University3500 John Merritt Blvd.NashvilleTennessee37209USA
| | - Bharat Pokharel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State University3500 John Merritt Blvd.NashvilleTennessee37209USA
| | - Dilovan Yahya
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State University3500 John Merritt Blvd.NashvilleTennessee37209USA
| | - Ahmad N. Aziz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State University3500 John Merritt Blvd.NashvilleTennessee37209USA
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Islam MS, Mohtasim M, Islam T, Ghosh A. Aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily in sorghum: genome-wide identification, evolution, and transcript profiling during development stages and stress conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:316. [PMID: 35786175 PMCID: PMC9252066 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a family of NAD(P)+ dependent enzymes that detoxify aldehydes by promoting their oxidation to respective carboxylic acids. The role of ALDH enzymes in various plant species has been extensively studied, revealing their critical role in salinity, drought, heat, and heavy metal stress tolerance. Despite their physiological significance, ALDH genes in Sorghum bicolor have yet to be studied thoroughly. RESULTS In this study, a total of 19 ALDH genes have been identified that have been grouped into ten families based on the criteria of the ALDH gene nomenclature committee. Segmental duplication assisted more in the enhancement of SbALDH gene family members than tandem duplication. All the identified SbALDH members made a cluster with monocot rice and maize in the phylogenetic tree rather than dicot species, suggesting the pre-eudicot-monocot separation of the ALDH superfamily members. The gene structure and protein domain were found to be mostly conserved in separate phylogenetic classes, indicating that each family played an important role in evolution. Expression analysis revealed that several SbALDHs were expressed in various tissues, developmental stages, and in response to abiotic stresses, indicating that they can play roles in plant growth, development, or stress adaptation. Interestingly, the majority of the SbALDH genes were found to be highly responsive to drought stress, and the SbALDH18B1 transcript showed maximum enhancement in all the stress conditions. The presence of cis-acting elements (mainly ABRE and MBS) in the promoter region of these genes might have a significant role in drought tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to the current understanding, evolutionary history, and contribution of SbALDHs in stress tolerance, and smooth the path of further functional validation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sifatul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Munira Mohtasim
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Islam
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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Hu W, Zhou L, Chen JH. Conversion sweet sorghum biomass to produce value-added products. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35765054 PMCID: PMC9241265 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Currently, most biotechnological products are produced from sugar- or starch-containing crops via microbial conversion, but accelerating the conflict with food supply. Thus, it has become increasingly interesting for industrial biotechnology to seek alternative non-food feedstock, such as sweet sorghum. Value-added chemical production from sweet sorghum not only alleviates dependency and conflict for traditional starch feedstocks (especially corn), but also improves efficient utilization of semi-arid agricultural land resources, especially for China. Sweet sorghum is rich in components, such as fermentable carbohydrates, insoluble lignocellulosic parts and bioactive compounds, making it more likely to produce value-added chemicals. Thus, this review highlights detailed bioconversion methods and its applications for the production of value-added products from sweet sorghum biomass. Moreover, strategies and new perspectives on improving the production economics of sweet sorghum biomass utilization are also discussed, aiming to develop a competitive sweet sorghum-based economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Low Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) Energy Crops to Bioenergy and Biofuels—A Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy crops are dedicated cultures directed for biofuels, electricity, and heat production. Due to their tolerance to contaminated lands, they can alleviate and remediate land pollution by the disposal of toxic elements and polymetallic agents. Moreover, these crops are suitable to be exploited in marginal soils (e.g., saline), and, therefore, the risk of land-use conflicts due to competition for food, feed, and fuel is reduced, contributing positively to economic growth, and bringing additional revenue to landowners. Therefore, further study and investment in R&D is required to link energy crops to the implementation of biorefineries. The main objective of this study is to present a review of the potential of selected energy crops for bioenergy and biofuels production, when cultivated in marginal/degraded/contaminated (MDC) soils (not competing with agriculture), contributing to avoiding Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) burdens. The selected energy crops are Cynara cardunculus, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus tuberosus, Linum usitatissimum, Miscanthus × giganteus, Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum, Acacia dealbata, Pinus pinaster, Paulownia tomentosa, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, and microalgae cultures. This article is useful for researchers or entrepreneurs who want to know what kind of crops can produce which biofuels in MDC soils.
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Butanol Production by a Novel Efficient Method Using Mixed Cultures of Clostridium beijerinckii and Arthrobacter sp. in Stirred-Tank and Gas-Lift Bioreactors. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arthrobacter sp. BCC 72131, an obligate aerobic bacterium, was used to create anaerobic conditions, and Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 was used as a butanol producer in an acetone-butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) medium containing 60 g/L of total sugar supplemented with 1.27 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 was used as a butanol production (BP) medium. Arthrobacter sp. was inoculated into the BP medium in 1-L screw-capped bottles. After 2, 4, 6 and 12 h of Arthrobacter sp. cultivation at 30 °C, C. beijerinckii was transferred into the BP medium to start butanol production at 37 °C. The results showed that C. beijerinckii inoculation after 6 h of Arthrobacter sp. cultivation gave the highest butanol titer (PB) at 12.56 g/L, with a butanol yield (YB/S) and volumetric butanol productivity (QB) of 0.34 g/g and 0.23 g/L·h, respectively. These values are approximately 10–27% higher than those of the control experiment using a single culture of C. beijerinckii TISTR 1461 and oxygen-free nitrogen (OFN) gas flushing to create anaerobic conditions. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) images of Clostridium cells, as well as protein and free amino nitrogen concentrations in the broth during butanol fermentation were also studied to confirm the results. The butanol fermentation was then carried out in a 5.6-L stirred-tank and a 1.2-L low-cost gas-lift bioreactor by the mixed cultures using the optimal time of Clostridium inoculation. The PB, YB/S and QB values obtained were not significantly different from those in the 1-L screw-capped bottles. Hence, Arthrobacter sp. can be used as a novel method to create anaerobic conditions instead of a traditional method employing OFN gas flushing. Using mixed cultures of Arthrobacter sp. BCC 72131 and C. beijerinckii TISTR 1461 is a practical method to produce butanol on a large-scale, both in complex and low-cost bioreactors.
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I. Mohamed H, M. Fawzi E, Basit A, Kaleemullah, Lone R, R. Sofy M. Sorghum: Nutritional Factors, Bioactive Compounds, Pharmaceutical and Application in Food Systems: A Review. PHYTON 2022; 91:1303-1325. [DOI: 10.32604/phyton.2022.020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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High-Grade Chemicals and Biofuels Produced from Marginal Lands Using an Integrated Approach of Alcoholic Fermentation and Pyrolysis of Sweet Sorghum Biomass Residues. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New global directions align agricultural land resources towards food production; therefore, marginal lands could provide opportunities for second-generation energy crops, assuming that in the difficult conditions of plant development, productivity can be maintained at relatively high levels. Sustainable bioenergy production on marginal lands represents an ambitious objective, offering high-quality biofuels without competing with the agri-food industry, since it allows successful feedstock production to be performed on unmanaged areas. However, marginal land feedstock production generally shows several agronomic, techno-economic, and methodological challenges, leading to decreases in the obtained quantities of biomass and profitability. Sweet Sorghum is a technical plant that has the needed qualities to produce large amounts of biofuels on marginal lands. It is a high biomass- and sugar-yielding crop, characterized by a high photosynthetic efficiency and low fertilizer requirement, is resistant to drought, and adapts well to different climate areas. Marginal lands and contaminated soils provide a favorable development environment for plants such as sweet sorghum; however, in-depth research studies on biomass productivity must be carried out, as well as advanced quality evaluation of the products, in order to develop combined technologies that use resources efficiently. The present study starts with a comparative evaluation of two sweet sorghum crops established on both marginal and regular lands, assessing plant development characteristics and juice production, and an evaluation of bioethanol generation potential. The vegetal wastes resulting from the processing were treated by pyrolysis, with the aim of maximizing the productivity of high-quality liquid biofuels and chemicals. The charcoal obtained in the thermal processes was considered as an amendment of the soil so that marginal land quality could be improved over time.
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Xiao MZ, Sun Q, Hong S, Chen WJ, Pang B, Du ZY, Yang WB, Sun Z, Yuan TQ. Sweet sorghum for phytoremediation and bioethanol production. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-021-00074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs an energy crop, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) receives increasing attention for phytoremediation and biofuels production due to its good stress tolerance and high biomass with low input requirements. Sweet sorghum possesses wide adaptability, which also has high tolerances to poor soil conditions and drought. Its rapid growth with the large storage of fermentable saccharides in the stalks offers considerable scope for bioethanol production. Additionally, sweet sorghum has heavy metal tolerance and the ability to remove cadmium (Cd) in particular. Therefore, sweet sorghum has great potential to build a sustainable phytoremediation system for Cd-polluted soil remediation and simultaneous ethanol production. To implement this strategy, further efforts are in demand for sweet sorghum in terms of screening superior varieties, improving phytoremediation capacity, and efficient bioethanol production. In this review, current research advances of sweet sorghum including agronomic requirements, phytoremediation of Cd pollution, bioethanol production, and breeding are discussed. Furthermore, crucial problems for future utilization of sweet sorghum stalks after phytoremediation are combed.
Graphical Abstract
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21
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Abreha KB, Enyew M, Carlsson AS, Vetukuri RR, Feyissa T, Motlhaodi T, Ng'uni D, Geleta M. Sorghum in dryland: morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of sorghum under drought stress. PLANTA 2021; 255:20. [PMID: 34894286 PMCID: PMC8665920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Droughts negatively affect sorghum's productivity and nutritional quality. Across its diversity centers, however, there exist resilient genotypes that function differently under drought stress at various levels, including molecular and physiological. Sorghum is an economically important and a staple food crop for over half a billion people in developing countries, mostly in arid and semi-arid regions where drought stress is a major limiting factor. Although sorghum is generally considered tolerant, drought stress still significantly hampers its productivity and nutritional quality across its major cultivation areas. Hence, understanding both the effects of the stress and plant response is indispensable for improving drought tolerance of the crop. This review aimed at enhancing our understanding and provide more insights on drought tolerance in sorghum as a contribution to the development of climate resilient sorghum cultivars. We summarized findings on the effects of drought on the growth and development of sorghum including osmotic potential that impedes germination process and embryonic structures, photosynthetic rates, and imbalance in source-sink relations that in turn affect seed filling often manifested in the form of substantial reduction in grain yield and quality. Mechanisms of sorghum response to drought-stress involving morphological, physiological, and molecular alterations are presented. We highlighted the current understanding about the genetic basis of drought tolerance in sorghum, which is important for maximizing utilization of its germplasm for development of improved cultivars. Furthermore, we discussed interactions of drought with other abiotic stresses and biotic factors, which may increase the vulnerability of the crop or enhance its tolerance to drought stress. Based on the research reviewed in this article, it appears possible to develop locally adapted cultivars of sorghum that are drought tolerant and nutrient rich using modern plant breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibrom B Abreha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Muluken Enyew
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Tileye Feyissa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tiny Motlhaodi
- Department of Agricultural Research, Private Bag, 0033, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dickson Ng'uni
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Research Station, P/B 7, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Mulatu Geleta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
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Singh R, Liu H, Shanklin J, Singh V. Hydrothermal pretreatment for valorization of genetically engineered bioenergy crop for lipid and cellulosic sugar recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125817. [PMID: 34454236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids accumulated in the vegetative tissues of cellulosic feedstocks can be a potential raw material for biodiesel and bioethanol production. In this work, bagasse of genetically engineered sorghum was subjected to liquid hot-water pretreatment at 170, 180, and 190 °C for different reaction time. Under the optimal pretreatment condition (170 °C, 20 min), the residue was enriched in glucan (57.39 ± 2.63 % w/w) and xylan (13.38 ± 0.49 % w/w). The total lipid content of the pretreated residue was 6.81% w/w, similar to that observed in untreated bagasse (6.30% w/w). Pretreatment improved the enzymatic digestibility of bagasse, allowing a recovery of 79% w/w and 86% w/w of glucose and xylose, respectively. The pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification resulted in a 2-fold increase in total lipid in enzymatic residue compared to the original bagasse. Thus, pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis enabled high sugar recovery while concentrating triglycerides and free fatty acids in the residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Singh
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA; Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA; Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Vijay Singh
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Kumar A, Dubey A, Malla MA, Dames J. Pyrosequencing and phenotypic microarray to decipher bacterial community variation in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench rhizosphere. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100025. [PMID: 34841316 PMCID: PMC8610313 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cultivation practices and climatic conditions play an important role in governing and modulating soil microbial communities. This work, investigated the changes in bacterial community composition at taxonomic and functional level in rhizosphere soil of sweet sorghum under extensive cultivation practices at three different field sites of South Africa. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data revealed that at the phylum level, the dominant group was Cyanobacteria with a relative abundance of 63.3%, 71.8% and 81.6% from ASHSOIL1, ASHSOIL2, and ASHSOIL3, respectively. Community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) analysis revealed that the metabolic activity of the bacterial community in ASHSOIL3 was the highest, followed by ASHSOIL1 and ASHSOIL2. Overall, this study showed that soil pH, nutrient availability and cultivation practices played significant roles in governing the bacterial community composition in sorghum rhizosphere.
Different cultivation practices and climatic conditions play an important role in governing and modulating soil microbial communities as well as soil health. This study investigated, for the first time, keystone microbial taxa inhabiting the rhizosphere of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under extensive cultivation practices at three different field sites of South Africa (North West-South (ASHSOIL1); Mpumalanga-West – (ASHSOIL2); and Free State-North West – (ASHSOIL3)). Soil analysis of these sites revealed differences in P, K, Mg, and pH. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial microbiome differed significantly both in the structure and composition across the samples. The sequencing data revealed that at the phylum level, the dominant group was Cyanobacteria with a relative abundance of 63.3%, 71.8%, and 81.6% from ASHSOIL1, ASHSOIL2, and ASHSOIL3, respectively. Putative metabolic requirements analyzed by METAGENassist software revealed the ASHSOIL1 sample as the prominent ammonia degrader (21.1%), followed by ASHSOIL3 (17.3%) and ASHSOIL2 (11.1%). The majority of core-microbiome taxa were found to be from Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Functionally, community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) analysis revealed that the metabolic activity of the bacterial community in ASHSOIL3 was the highest, followed by ASHSOIL1 and ASHSOIL2. This study showed that soil pH and nutrient availability and cultivation practices played significant roles in governing the bacterial community composition in the sorghum rhizosphere across the different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Mycorrhizal Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
- Corresponding author at: Metagenomics and Secretomics Research laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India.
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Muneer Ahmad Malla
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Joanna Dames
- Mycorrhizal Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Kaewchana A, Techaparin A, Boonchot N, Thanonkeo P, Klanrit P. Improved high-temperature ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice using Zymomonas mobilis overexpressing groESL genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9419-9431. [PMID: 34787692 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis may encounter various types of stress during ethanol fermentation, which reduces ethanol production efficiency. This situation may be mitigated by molecular chaperones, including the chaperonin GroESL, which confers enhanced protection against various stresses. In this study, we successfully developed a Z. mobilis strain R301 that harbors groESL genes and can be used for high-temperature ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice. Sequence analyses of GroES and GroEL from Z. mobilis TISTR548 demonstrated conserved residues at specific positions within GroES and conserved glycine-glycine-methionine (GGM) repeats at the C-terminus of GroEL. The Z. mobilis wild-type and R301 strains were then evaluated for their tolerance to stresses, including high temperatures, high sugar concentrations, and high ethanol concentrations up to 40°C, 300 g/L, and 13% (v/v), respectively. Z. mobilis R301 exhibited better growth performance than the wild-type strain under all stress conditions. This is the first report on ethanol production at 40°C by recombinant Z. mobilis using sweet sorghum juice; this strain produced an ethanol concentration of 41.66 g/L, with a productivity of 0.87 g/L/h and a theoretical ethanol yield of 88.9%. Overexpression of groESL resulted in increased ethanol production, with values approximately 11% higher than those of the wild type at 40°C. Additionally, at 37°C, Z. mobilis R301 gave a higher theoretical ethanol yield (92.6%) than that shown in previous research. This work illustrates the potential for future enhancement of industrial-scale ethanol production at high temperatures utilizing Z. mobilis R301 in the bioconversion of sweet sorghum juice, a promising energy crop. KEY POINTS: • The groESL-overexpressing Z. mobilis strain was successfully constructed. • The recombinant Z. mobilis exhibited higher stress tolerance than the wild-type strain. • Overexpression of groESL genes improved ethanol production efficiency at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchittha Kaewchana
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Atiya Techaparin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nongluck Boonchot
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornthap Thanonkeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Preekamol Klanrit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Ajani O, Owoeye TF, Akinlabu KD, Bolade O, Aribisala O, Durodola B. Sorghum extract: Phytochemical, proximate, and GC-MS analyses. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2021-2-371-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sorghum is available cereal seeds of African origin belonging to the Poaceae family. However, its metabolites and proximate composition have not studied well, which led to the under-utilization of this cereal. This research aimed to investigate the classes of phytochemical and proximate compositions of sorghum extract in order to assess its nutraceutical potential for food chemistry and dietary formulations.
Study objects and methods. We studied the sorghum seed oil extract obtained with the help of a Soxhlet extractor. Sorghum was purchased in Ota, Nigeria. The bioactive compounds were identified by standard methods of phytochemical screening, the nutritional content was investigated with proximate analysis, and the secondary metabolites in the sorghum extract were determined using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Result and discussion. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and quinones in the sorghum extract. The oil yield obtained was 11.00 ± 0.18%. The proximate analysis revealed 5.94% moisture content, 3.05% ash, 0.20% crude fiber, 11.00% fat, 5.54% protein, and 74.27% carbohydrates. The selected physicochemical parameters measured in the sorghum extract included cloud point (0.40°C), specific gravity at 25°C (0.81), and refractive index (1.46). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, stigmasterol, 8-dodecen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-, vitamin E, linoleic acid ethyl ester, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, which accounted for about 85% in the sorghum composition. Other constituents, presented at lower amounts, included 12-heptadecyn-1-ol, 1H-Imidazole-5-ethanamine, 1-methyl-, and cyclononene.
Conclusion. The findings of this study revealed high nutritive potential of sorghum, which make it a rich source of energy for humans and animals.
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Ferguson JN, Fernandes SB, Monier B, Miller ND, Allen D, Dmitrieva A, Schmuker P, Lozano R, Valluru R, Buckler ES, Gore MA, Brown PJ, Spalding EP, Leakey ADB. Machine learning-enabled phenotyping for GWAS and TWAS of WUE traits in 869 field-grown sorghum accessions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1481-1500. [PMID: 34618065 PMCID: PMC9040483 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a model C4 crop made experimentally tractable by extensive genomic and genetic resources. Biomass sorghum is studied as a feedstock for biofuel and forage. Mechanistic modeling suggests that reducing stomatal conductance (gs) could improve sorghum intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and biomass production. Phenotyping to discover genotype-to-phenotype associations remains a bottleneck in understanding the mechanistic basis for natural variation in gs and iWUE. This study addressed multiple methodological limitations. Optical tomography and a machine learning tool were combined to measure stomatal density (SD). This was combined with rapid measurements of leaf photosynthetic gas exchange and specific leaf area (SLA). These traits were the subject of genome-wide association study and transcriptome-wide association study across 869 field-grown biomass sorghum accessions. The ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 was genetically correlated with SD, SLA, gs, and biomass production. Plasticity in SD and SLA was interrelated with each other and with productivity across wet and dry growing seasons. Moderate-to-high heritability of traits studied across the large mapping population validated associations between DNA sequence variation or RNA transcript abundance and trait variation. A total of 394 unique genes underpinning variation in WUE-related traits are described with higher confidence because they were identified in multiple independent tests. This list was enriched in genes whose Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) putative orthologs have functions related to stomatal or leaf development and leaf gas exchange, as well as genes with nonsynonymous/missense variants. These advances in methodology and knowledge will facilitate improving C4 crop WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Samuel B Fernandes
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Brandon Monier
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
| | - Nathan D Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, USA
| | - Dylan Allen
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Anna Dmitrieva
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Peter Schmuker
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Roberto Lozano
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Valluru
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
- Present address: Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology,
University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN2 2LG, UK
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Present address: Section of Agricultural Plant Biology,
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, California 95616,
USA
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Author for communication: ,
Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA,
UK
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27
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Ferguson JN, Fernandes SB, Monier B, Miller ND, Allen D, Dmitrieva A, Schmuker P, Lozano R, Valluru R, Buckler ES, Gore MA, Brown PJ, Spalding EP, Leakey ADB. Machine learning-enabled phenotyping for GWAS and TWAS of WUE traits in 869 field-grown sorghum accessions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1481-1500. [PMID: 34618065 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a model C4 crop made experimentally tractable by extensive genomic and genetic resources. Biomass sorghum is studied as a feedstock for biofuel and forage. Mechanistic modeling suggests that reducing stomatal conductance (gs) could improve sorghum intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and biomass production. Phenotyping to discover genotype-to-phenotype associations remains a bottleneck in understanding the mechanistic basis for natural variation in gs and iWUE. This study addressed multiple methodological limitations. Optical tomography and a machine learning tool were combined to measure stomatal density (SD). This was combined with rapid measurements of leaf photosynthetic gas exchange and specific leaf area (SLA). These traits were the subject of genome-wide association study and transcriptome-wide association study across 869 field-grown biomass sorghum accessions. The ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 was genetically correlated with SD, SLA, gs, and biomass production. Plasticity in SD and SLA was interrelated with each other and with productivity across wet and dry growing seasons. Moderate-to-high heritability of traits studied across the large mapping population validated associations between DNA sequence variation or RNA transcript abundance and trait variation. A total of 394 unique genes underpinning variation in WUE-related traits are described with higher confidence because they were identified in multiple independent tests. This list was enriched in genes whose Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) putative orthologs have functions related to stomatal or leaf development and leaf gas exchange, as well as genes with nonsynonymous/missense variants. These advances in methodology and knowledge will facilitate improving C4 crop WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Samuel B Fernandes
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Brandon Monier
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nathan D Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dylan Allen
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Anna Dmitrieva
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Peter Schmuker
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Roberto Lozano
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Valluru
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61901, USA
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Maharajan T, Krishna TPA, Kiriyanthan RM, Ignacimuthu S, Ceasar SA. Improving abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum: focus on the nutrient transporters and marker-assisted breeding. PLANTA 2021; 254:90. [PMID: 34609619 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Identification of molecular markers and characterization of nutrient transporters could help to improve the tolerance under abiotic and low nutrient stresses in sorghum ensuring higher yield to conserve food security Sorghum is an important cereal crop delivering food and energy security in the semi-arid tropics of the world. Adverse climatic conditions induced by global warming and low input agriculture system in developing countries demand for the improvement of sorghum to tolerate various abiotic stresses. In this review, we discuss the application of marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter characterization studies targeted towards improving the tolerance of sorghum under drought, salinity, cold, low phosphate and nitrogen stresses. Family members of some nutrient transporters such as nitrate transporter (NRT), phosphate transporter (PHT) and sulphate transporter (SULTR) were identified and characterized for improving the low nutrient stress tolerance in sorghum. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for drought, salinity and cold stresses with an intention to enhance the tolerance of sorghum under these stresses. A very few QTL and nutrient transporters have been identified and validated under low nitrogen and phosphorus stresses compared to those under drought, salinity and cold stresses. Marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter characterization have not yet been attempted in sorghum under other macro- and micro-nutrient stresses. We hope this review will raise awareness among plant breeders, scientists and biotechnologists about the importance of sorghum and need to conduct the studies on marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter under low nutrient stresses to improve the sorghum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maharajan
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rose Mary Kiriyanthan
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Mansour MMF, Emam MM, Salama KHA, Morsy AA. Sorghum under saline conditions: responses, tolerance mechanisms, and management strategies. PLANTA 2021; 254:24. [PMID: 34224010 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An overview is presented of recent advances in our knowledge of responses and mechanisms rendering adaptation to saline conditions in sorghum. Different strategies deployed to enhance salinity stress tolerance in sorghum are also pointed out. Salinity stress is a growing problem worldwide. Sorghum is the fifth key crop among cereals. Understanding responses and tolerance strategies in sorghum would be therefore helpful effort for providing biomarkers for designing greatest salinity-tolerant sorghum genotypes. When sorghum exposed to salinity, salinity-tolerant genotypes most probably reprogram their gene expression to activate adaptive biochemical and physiological responses for survival. The review thus discusses the possible physiological and biochemical responses that confer salinity tolerance to sorghum under saline conditions. Although it is not characterized in sorghum, salinity perceiving and transmitting signals to downstream responses via signaling transduction pathways most likely are essential strategy for sorghum adaptation to salinity stress. Sorghum has also shown to withstand moderate saline environments and retain the germination, growth, and photosynthetic activities. Salinity-tolerant sorghum genotypes show the ability to exclude excessive Na+ from reaching shoots and induce ion homeostasis. Osmotic homeostasis and ROS detoxification are also evident as salinity tolerance strategies in sorghum. These above mechanisms lead to re-establishment of cellular ionic, osmotic, and redox homeostasis as well as photosynthesis efficiency. It is noteworthy that these mechanisms act individually or co-operatively to minimize the salinity hazards and enhance acclimation in sorghum. We conclude, however, that although these responses contribute to sorghum tolerance to salinity stress, they seem to be not adequate at higher concentrations of salinity, which agrees with sorghum ranking as moderately salinity-tolerant crop. Also, some of these tolerance strategies reported in other crops are not well studied and documented in sorghum, but most probably have roles in sorghum. Further improvement in sorghum salinity tolerance using different approaches is definitely necessary to meet the requirements of its harsh production environments, and therefore, these approaches are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manal Mohamed Emam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Ahmed Morsy
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Sweet Sorghum Genotypes Tolerant and Sensitive to Nitrogen Stress Select Distinct Root Endosphere and Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061329. [PMID: 34207412 PMCID: PMC8234256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The belowground microbiomes have many beneficial functions that assist plant growth, including nutrient cycling, acquisition and transport, as well as alleviation of stresses caused by nutrient limitations such as nitrogen (N). Here we analyzed the root endosphere, rhizosphere and soil bacterial communities of seven sweet sorghum genotypes differing in sensitivity to N-stress. Sorghum genotypes were grown in fields with no (low-N) or sufficient (high-N) N. The dry shoot weight ratio (low-N/high-N) was used to determine N-stress sensitivity. Our hypothesis was that genotypes tolerant and sensitive to N-stress select distinct bacterial communities. The endosphere and rhizosphere bacterial community structure were significantly different between the N-stress sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the high-N field, but not in the low-N field. However, significant changes in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa were observed in both fields. Streptomyces, a bacterial genus known to alleviate plant abiotic stresses, was enriched in the endosphere and rhizosphere of the tolerant genotypes in the low-N field. Our study indicates that sweet sorghum genotypes tolerant to N-stress select taxa that can potentially mitigate the N-stress, suggesting that the interactions between N-stress tolerant lines and the root-associated microbiome might be vital for coping with N-stress.
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Impacts of Long- and Short-Term of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater and Synthetic Fertilizers on the Growth, Biomass, Heavy Metal Content, and Energy Traits of Three Potential Bioenergy Crops in Arid Regions. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The availability of suitable water is an important factor for increasing the cultivated areas and sustainability in arid (i.e., less than 200 mm precipitation per year) and semiarid regions (i.e., 200–700 mm precipitation per year). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of treated wastewater (TWW) and groundwater (GW) as well as synthetic fertilizers (50% and 100% of the recommended NPK dose; 150–150–60 kg N–P2O5–K2O ha−1) on the growth, biomass, energy traits, and macro and trace elements of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L) grown in old cultivated (first location; L1) and virgin soil (L2 and L3) as potential bioenergy crops. The soil in L1 has been irrigated with treated wastewater for the last 15 years and continued to be irrigated with treated wastewater in this investigation. The virgin soil was divided into two parts: the first part was irrigated with TWW, and the second part was irrigated with GW. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot with a randomized complete block design with water treatments (TWW in old and virgin soil, and GW in virgin soil) in main plots, and the two treatments of fertilization (50% and 100% of the recommended NPK dose) were distributed randomly in subplots. Compared with the crops irrigated with GW, the crops irrigated with TWW, whether grown on old or virgin soil, showed higher plant height, total chlorophyll content, leaf area per plant, total biomass, energy content, and gross energy with low ash. They also contained higher (but lower than permissible limits) concentrations of macro-elements (NPK) and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co). In addition, the application of a 50% recommended dose of NPK with TWW showed equivalent results to a 100% recommended dose of NPK on all measured parameters with few exceptions. In conclusion, the TWW can be used to irrigate field crops allocated for bioenergy production in arid regions because it does not harm the plants and environment. In addition, the 50% recommended dose of NPK fertilizer exerted no negative effects on the growth and energy production of field crops, thereby protecting the environment and reducing the leaching of excessive fertilizers into GW.
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Heijo G, Taulé C, Mareque C, Stefanello A, Souza EM, Battistoni F. Interaction among endophytic bacteria, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars and chemical nitrogen fertilization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6007735. [PMID: 33245748 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of new agricultural technologies to attain sustainable production systems is necessary. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria to improve plant growth and health has been studied for decades. This work aimed to isolate diazotrophic endophytic bacteria associated with sweet sorghum plants and study the interaction of their inoculation in combination with chemical N-fertilization on different sorghum cultivars. A bacterial collection of 181 isolates was constructed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. From that, the strains Enterobacter sp. UYSB89 and Kosakonia sp. UYSB139 were nifH+, produce IAA, defined as true endophytes and able to promote growth of two sweet sorghum under greenhouse conditions. The evaluated cultivars responded differentially to bacterial inoculation, the nitrogen fertilization doses and their interaction. Thus, plant growth is a multifactorial consequence of the interrelation between crop practices and the plant genotypes. This knowledge is a valuable factor in terms of understanding plant-bacteria endophyte interactions to preserve environmental sustainability during the implementation of agronomic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Heijo
- Microbial Biochemistry and Genomics Department, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Taulé
- Microbial Biochemistry and Genomics Department, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Cintia Mareque
- Microbial Biochemistry and Genomics Department, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Adriano Stefanello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Street, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Emanuel M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Street, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Federico Battistoni
- Microbial Biochemistry and Genomics Department, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
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Lin CY, Donohoe BS, Bomble YJ, Yang H, Yunes M, Sarai NS, Shollenberger T, Decker SR, Chen X, McCann MC, Tucker MP, Wei H, Himmel ME. Iron incorporation both intra- and extra-cellularly improves the yield and saccharification of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:55. [PMID: 33663584 PMCID: PMC7931346 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatments are commonly used to facilitate the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass to its component sugars and aromatics. Previously, we showed that iron ions can be used as co-catalysts to reduce the severity of dilute acid pretreatment of biomass. Transgenic iron-accumulating Arabidopsis and rice plants exhibited higher iron content in grains, increased biomass yield, and importantly, enhanced sugar release from the biomass. RESULTS In this study, we used intracellular ferritin (FerIN) alone and in combination with an improved version of cell wall-bound carbohydrate-binding module fused iron-binding peptide (IBPex) specifically targeting switchgrass, a bioenergy crop species. The FerIN switchgrass improved by 15% in height and 65% in yield, whereas the FerIN/IBPex transgenics showed enhancement up to 30% in height and 115% in yield. The FerIN and FerIN/IBPex switchgrass had 27% and 51% higher in planta iron accumulation than the empty vector (EV) control, respectively, under normal growth conditions. Improved pretreatability was observed in FerIN switchgrass (~ 14% more glucose release than the EV), and the FerIN/IBPex plants showed further enhancement in glucose release up to 24%. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this iron-accumulating strategy can be transferred from model plants and applied to bioenergy crops, such as switchgrass. The intra- and extra-cellular iron incorporation approach improves biomass pretreatability and digestibility, providing upgraded feedstocks for the production of biofuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Present Address: Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Haibing Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Present Address: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Manal Yunes
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas S. Sarai
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Todd Shollenberger
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Stephen R. Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Maureen C. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Melvin P. Tucker
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Hui Wei
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
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Liu G, Zhang Y, Gong H, Li S, Pan Y, Davis C, Jing HC, Wu L, Godwin ID. Stem vacuole-targetted sucrose isomerase enhances sugar content in sorghum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:53. [PMID: 33648580 PMCID: PMC7923521 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar content is critically important in determining sugar crop productivity. However, improvement in sugar content has been stagnant among sugar crops for decades. Sorghum, especially sweet sorghum with high biomass, shown great potential for biofuel, has lower sugar content than sugarcane. To enhance sugar content, the sucrose isomerase (SI) gene, driven by stem-specific promoters (A2 or LSG) with a vacuole-targetted signal peptide, was transformed into the sorghum inbred line (T×430). RESULTS The study demonstrated that transgenic lines of grain sorghum, containing 50-60% isomaltulose, accumulated up to eightfold (1000 mM) more total sugar than the control T×430 did (118 mM) in stalks of T0 generation. Subsequently, the elite engineered lines (A5, and LSG9) were crossed with sweet sorghum (Rio, and R9188). Total sugar contents (over 750 mM), were notably higher in F1, and F2 progenies than the control Rio (480 mM). The sugar contents of the engineered lines (over 750 mM), including T0, T1, F1, and F2, are surprisingly higher than that of the field-grown sugarcane (normal range 600-700 mmol/L). Additionally, analysis of physiological characterization demonstrated that the superior progenies had notably higher rates of photosynthesis, sucrose transportation, and sink strength than the controls. CONCLUSIONS The genetic engineering approach has dramatically enhanced total sugar content in grain sorghum (T0, and T1) and hybrid sorghum (F1, and F2), demonstrating that sorghum can accumulate as high or higher sugar content than sugarcane. This research illustrates that the SI gene has enormous potential on improvement of sugar content in sorghum, particularly in hybirds and sweet sorghum. The substantial increase on sugar content would lead to significant financial benefits for industrial utilization. This study could have a substantial impact on renewable bioenergy. More importantly, our results demonstrated that the phenotype of high sugar content is inheritable and shed light on improvement for other sugar crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Liu
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hao Gong
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shan Li
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunrong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Davis
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Luguang Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Novel Effective Yeast Strains and Their Performance in High Gravity and Very High Gravity Ethanol Fermentations from Sweet Sorghum Juice. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts were isolated from four potential sources, sweet sorghum juice, sugar cane juice, grapes and rambutan. The 27 yeast isolates were tested for their ethanol tolerance (15% v/v of ethanol) and ethanol fermentation performance in a synthetic ethanol production medium (200 g/L of total sugar). Only five isolates, SCJ04KKU, SCJ07KKU, SCJ09KKU, SCJ14KKU and SSJ01KKU could tolerate 15% ethanol and produce ethanol at levels higher than 55 g/L. The ethanol production efficiency from sweet sorghum juice under high gravity (HG, 200 and 240 g/L of total sugar) and very high gravity (VHG, 280 g/L of total sugar) conditions of the five isolates was tested. Saccharomyces cerevisiae NP01 and S. cerevisiae ATCC4132 were used as reference strains. The results showed that the SSJ01KKU isolate gave the highest ethanol production efficiency under all conditions. Ethanol concentration (PE), yield (YP/S) and productivity (QP) values were 98.89 g/L, 0.50 and 1.18 g/L·h, respectively, with sugar consumption (SC) of 98.96% under the HG condition at 200 g/L of total sugar. Under the HG condition at 240 g/L of total sugar, the PE, YP/S and QP values were 118.12 g/L, 0.51 and 1.41 g/L·h, respectively, with the SC of 95.79%. These values were 82.29 g/L, 0.34 and 0.98 g/L·h, respectively, with the SC of 85.59% under the VHG condition. Addition of urea into the sweet sorghum juice under all conditions significantly shortened the fermentation time, resulting in increased QP values. Based on molecular taxonomic analysis of the five isolates using sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain and the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, SSJ01KKU is S. cerevisiae, whereas SCJ04KKU, SCJ07KKU, SCJ09KKU and SCJ14KKU are Pichia caribbica.
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Novel Methods Using an Arthrobacter sp. to Create Anaerobic Conditions for Biobutanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Juice by Clostridium beijerinckii. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobutanol can be produced by Clostridia via an acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation under strictly anaerobic conditions. Oxygen-free nitrogen (OFN) gas is typically used to create anaerobic conditions for ABE fermentations. However, this method is not appropriate for large-scale fermentations as it is quite costly. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of butanol production from sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) by Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 using various methods to create anaerobic conditions, i.e., growth of a strictly aerobic bacterium, an Arthrobacter sp., under different conditions and a chemical method using sodium dithionite (SDTN) to consume residual oxygen. SSJ containing 60 g/L of total sugar supplemented with 1.27 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 was used as a substrate for butanol production. The results showed that 0.25 mM SDTN could create anaerobic conditions, but in this case, C.beijerinckii TISTR 1461 could produce butanol at a concentration (PB) of only 8.51 g/L with a butanol productivity (QB) of 0.10 g/L·h. Arthrobacter sp. BCC 72131 could also be used to create anaerobic conditions. Mixed cultures of C.beijerinckii TISTR 1461 and Arthrobacter sp. BCC 72131 created anaerobic conditions by inoculating the C.beijerinckii 4 h after Arthrobacter. This gave a PB of 10.39 g/L with a QB of 0.20 g/L·h. Comparing butanol production with the control treatment (using OFN gas to create anaerobic conditions, yielding a PB of 9.88 g/L and QB of 0.21 g/L·h) indicated that using Arthrobacter sp. BCC 72131 was an appropriate procedure for creating anaerobic conditions for high levels of butanol production by C. beijerinckii TISTR 1461 from a SSJ medium.
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Bai Z, Li D, Zhu L, Tang X, Wang Y, Mao R, Wu J. Nitrate Increases Cadmium Accumulation in Sweet Sorghum for Improving Phytoextraction Efficiency Rather Than Ammonium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643116. [PMID: 34093607 PMCID: PMC8172601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum has potential for phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) owning to its large biomass and relatively high Cd tolerance. Nitrogen affects both growth and Cd concentrations in plants. However, different forms of nitrogen effects on Cd accumulation in sweet sorghum to improve efficiency of Cd phytoremediation is still elusive. In this study, nitrate substantially promoted both dry weight and Cd concentrations in leaves, stems + sheaths and roots of sweet sorghum when compared with ammonium. As a result, Cd accumulation in nitrate-supplied sweet sorghum was around 3.7-fold of that in ammonium-supplied plants under unbuffered pH condition, while the fold was about 2.2 under buffered pH condition. We speculated pH values and Cd species in the growth medium to some extent contributed to increased Cd accumulation as affected by nitrate. Net photosynthesis rate and Fv/Fm of nitrate-treated plants under Cd stress were higher than that of ammonium-treated plants when the pH was unbuffered. Responses of antioxidant capacity in roots to Cd stress with nitrate application were stronger than that with ammonium supplementation. Taken together, nitrate is more suitable than ammonium for Cd phytoextraction by using sweet sorghum, which is able to enhance at least double efficiency of phytoextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Renjun Mao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jiawen Wu, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8646-126X
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Ishimori M, Hattori T, Yamazaki K, Takanashi H, Fujimoto M, Kajiya-Kanegae H, Yoneda J, Tokunaga T, Fujiwara T, Tsutsumi N, Iwata H. Impacts of dominance effects on genomic prediction of sorghum hybrid performance. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:605-616. [PMID: 33603557 PMCID: PMC7878944 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-additive (dominance and epistasis) effects have remarkable influences on hybrid performance, e.g., via heterosis. Nevertheless, only additive effects are often considered in genomic predictions (GP). In this study, we demonstrated the importance of dominance effects in the prediction of hybrid performance in bioenergy sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The dataset contained more than 400 hybrids between 200 inbred lines and two testers. The hybrids exhibited considerable heterosis in culm length and fresh weight, and the degree of heterosis was consistent with the genetic distance from the corresponding tester. The degree of heterosis was further different among subpopulations. Conversely, Brix exhibited limited heterosis. Regarding GP, we examined three statistical models and four training dataset types. In most of the dataset types, genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with additive effects had lower prediction accuracy than GBLUP with additive and dominance effects (GBLUP-AD) and Gaussian kernel regression (GK). The superiority of GBLUP-AD and GK depended on the level of dominance variance, which was high for culm length and fresh weight, and low for Brix. Considering subpopulations, the influence of dominance was more complex. Our findings highlight the importance of considering dominance effects in GP models for sorghum hybrid breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Ishimori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hattori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Takanashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kajiya-Kanegae
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoneda
- EARTHNOTE Co., Ltd., 1388 Sokei, Ginoza, Okinawa 904-1303, Japan
| | | | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Possibilities and Prospects Regarding Ethanol Production from Saccharin Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Insights on Monosaccharides and Bioethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Stalks Using Dilute Acid Pretreatment. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is a unique bioenergy crop that produces stalks with fermentable free sugars. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the production of hemicellulosic saccharides and bioethanol from sweet sorghum stalks (SSS) can be influenced by a dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) pretreatment under different isothermal conditions. The bioethanol production from untreated SSS and pretreated solid phases was achieved through the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process. A good SSS fractionation and an extensive hemicellulose hydrolysis into soluble saccharides were obtained, the most abundant hemicellulose-derived compounds present in the pretreated liquid phase being monosaccharides, with up to 17.22 g/L of glucose and 16.64 g/L of xylose in the pretreatments performed with 3% and 1% H2SO4 for 30 min at 134 °C, respectively. The SSF process of untreated SSS allowed a maximum bioethanol concentration of 9.78 g/L, corresponding to a maximum glucan conversion into ethanol of 49.8%. Bioethanol production from untreated SSS led to a higher bioethanol concentration and conversion than in the case of using acid pretreated solid phases obtained under the most severe conditions (with 3% H2SO4 for 30, 60 and 120 min at 134 °C), suggesting that, in the case of this biomass naturally rich in soluble sugars, the acidic pretreatment could negatively influence the fermentative process.
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41
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Bioconversion of Sweet Sorghum Residues by Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 Enzymes Cocktail for Effective Bioethanol Production. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved cost-effective bioethanol production using inexpensive enzymes preparation was investigated. Three types of waste lignocellulosic materials were converted—for the production of enzyme preparation, a mixture of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran, while the source of sugars in hydrolysates was sweet sorghum biomass. A novel enzyme cocktail of Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 is presented. The one-step ultrafiltration process of crude enzyme extract resulted in a threefold increase of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The effectiveness of enzyme preparation, compared to Cellic® CTec2, was tested in an optimized enzymatic hydrolysis process. Depending on the test conditions, hydrolysates with different glucose concentrations were obtained—from 6.3 g L−1 to 14.6 g L−1 (representing from 90% to 79% of the CTec2 enzyme yield, respectively). Furthermore, ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIHA Active Yeast 6 strain DF 639 in optimal conditions reached about 120 mL kg d.m.−1 (75% compared with the CTec2 process). The achieved yields suggested that the produced enzyme cocktail C1 could be potentially used to reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum biomass.
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Tu M, Li Y. Profiling Alternative 3' Untranslated Regions in Sorghum using RNA-seq Data. Front Genet 2020; 11:556749. [PMID: 33193635 PMCID: PMC7649775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.556749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is an important crop widely used for food, feed, and fuel. Transcriptome-wide studies of 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTR) using regular RNA-seq remain scarce in sorghum, while transcriptomes have been characterized extensively using Illumina short-read sequencing platforms for many sorghum varieties under various conditions or developmental contexts. 3′UTR is a critical regulatory component of genes, controlling the translation, transport, and stability of messenger RNAs. In the present study, we profiled the alternative 3′UTRs at the transcriptome level in three genetically related but phenotypically contrasting lines of sorghum: Rio, BTx406, and R9188. A total of 1,197 transcripts with alternative 3′UTRs were detected using RNA-seq data. Their categorization identified 612 high-confidence alternative 3′UTRs. Importantly, the high-confidence alternative 3′UTR genes significantly overlapped with the genesets that are associated with RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, suggesting a clear indication between alternative 3′UTR and m6A methylation in sorghum. Moreover, taking advantage of sorghum genetics, we provided evidence of genotype specificity of alternative 3′UTR usage. In summary, our work exemplifies a transcriptome-wide profiling of alternative 3′UTRs using regular RNA-seq data in non-model crops and gains insights into alternative 3′UTRs and their genotype specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Yin Li
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Khidr YA, Mekuriaw SA, Hegazy AE, Amer E. Suitability of target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) markers to discern genetic variability in sweet sorghum. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:59. [PMID: 33025316 PMCID: PMC7538518 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Sweet sorghum is an emerging biofuel candidate crop with multiple benefits as a source of biomass energy. Increase of biomass and sugar productivity and quality is a central goal in its improvement. Target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based functional marker system that can detect genetic diversity in the functional region of target genes. Thirty sweet sorghum genotypes were used to study the potential of 24 pairs of TRAP marker system in assessing genetic diversity with regard to three lignin and three sucrose biosynthesis genes. Results A total of 1638 bands were produced out of which 1161 (70.88%) were polymorphic at least at one locus. The average polymorphic information content (PIC), resolving power (RP), marker index (MI), Shannon’s diversity index (H), and gene diversity values were 0.32, 8.86, 1.74, 3.25, and 0.329, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a highly significant genetic variation both within and among accessions studied (P = 0.01). However, the variation within the population was higher than among the populations (accessions). Bootstrap analysis showed that the number of loci amplified using this marker system is sufficient to estimate the available genetic diversity. The thirty genotypes were categorized into five clusters using a similarity matrix at 0.72 coefficient of similarity. The genotypes were also grouped mostly according to their geographic origin where the Ethiopian and Egyptian genotypes tend to fall in specific clusters. Moreover, the genotypes reflected the same pattern of distribution when ordinated using principal coordinate analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, TRAP marker can be used as a powerful tool to study genetic diversity in sweet sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia A Khidr
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Sileshi A Mekuriaw
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Adel E Hegazy
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Enass Amer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Elango D, Xue W, Chopra S. Genome wide association mapping of epi-cuticular wax genes in Sorghum bicolor. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1727-1737. [PMID: 32801499 PMCID: PMC7415066 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum accumulates epi-cuticular wax (EW) in leaves, sheaths, and culms. EW reduces the transpirational and nontranspirational (nonstomatal) water loss and protects the plant from severe drought stress in addition to imparting resistance against insect pests. Results presented here are from the analysis of EW content of 387 diverse sorghum accessions and its genome-wide association study (GWAS). EW content in sorghum leaves ranged from 0.1 to 29.7 mg cm-2 with a mean value of 5.1 mg cm-2. GWAS using 265,487 single nucleotide polymorphisms identified thirty-seven putative genes associated (P < 9.89E-06) with EW biosynthesis and transport in sorghum. Major EW biosynthetic genes identified included 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)] synthase III, an Ankyrin repeat protein, a bHLH-MYC, and an R2R3-MYB transcription factor. Genes involved in EW regulation or transport included an ABC transporter, a Lipid exporter ABCA1, a Multidrug resistance protein, Inositol 1, 3, 4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase, and a Cytochrome P450. This GWA study thus demonstrates the potential for genetic manipulation of EW content in sorghum for better adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Elango
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Weiya Xue
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA USA
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Singh V, Kumar N, Dwivedi AK, Sharma R, Sharma MK. Phylogenomic Analysis of R2R3 MYB Transcription Factors in Sorghum and their Role in Conditioning Biofuel Syndrome. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:138-154. [PMID: 32655308 PMCID: PMC7324873 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921666200326152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large scale cultivation of sorghum for food, feed, and biofuel requires concerted efforts for engineering multipurpose cultivars with optimised agronomic traits. Due to their vital role in regulating the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, biomass composition, biotic, and abiotic stress response, R2R3-MYB family transcription factors are ideal targets for improving environmental resilience and economic value of sorghum. Methods We used diverse computational biology tools to survey the sorghum genome to identify R2R3-MYB transcription factors followed by their structural and phylogenomic analysis. We used in-house generated as well as publicly available high throughput expression data to analyse the R2R3 expression patterns in various sorghum tissue types. Results We have identified a total of 134 R2R3-MYB genes from sorghum and developed a framework to predict gene functions. Collating information from the physical location, duplication, structural analysis, orthologous sequences, phylogeny, and expression patterns revealed the role of duplications in clade-wise expansion of the R2R3-MYB family as well as intra-clade functional diversification. Using publicly available and in-house generated RNA sequencing data, we provide MYB candidates for conditioning biofuel syndrome by engineering phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and sugar signalling pathways in sorghum. Conclusion The results presented here are pivotal to prioritize MYB genes for functional validation and optimize agronomic traits in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Singh
- 1Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India; 2Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- 1Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India; 2Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Anuj K Dwivedi
- 1Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India; 2Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- 1Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India; 2Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- 1Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India; 2Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
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Zhang P, Su X, Yi C, Chen H, Xu H, Geng L. Spray, atomization and combustion characteristics of oxygenated fuels in a constant volume bomb: A review. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of ERF genes in sorghum provides clues to the evolution of gene functions and redundancy among gene family members. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:139. [PMID: 32158635 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive transcription factors (AP2/ERF), with their multifunctional roles in plant development, hormone signaling and stress tolerance, are important candidates for engineering crop plants. Here, we report identification and analysis of gene structure, phylogenetic distribution, expression, chromosomal localization and cis-acting promoter analysis of AP2/ERF genes in the C4 crop plant sorghum. We identified 158 ERF genes in sorghum with 52 of them encoding dehydration-responsive binding elements (DREB) while 106 code for ERF subfamily proteins. Phylogenetic analysis organized sorghum ERF proteins into 11 distinct groups exhibiting clade-specific expansion. About 68% ERF genes have paralogs indicating gene duplications as major cause of expansion of ERF family in sorghum. Analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns using publicly available data revealed their tissue/genotype-preferential accumulation. In addition, 40 ERF genes exhibited differential accumulation in response to heat and/or drought stress. About 25% of the segmental gene pairs and eleven tandem duplicated genes exhibited high correlation (> 0.7) in their expression patterns indicating genetic redundancy. Comparative phylogenomic analysis of sorghum ERFs with 74 genetically characterized ERF genes from other plant species provided significant clues to sorghum ERF functions. Overall data generated here provides an overview of evolutionary relationship among ERF gene family members in sorghum and with respect to previously characterized ERF genes from other plant species. This information will be instrumental in initiating functional genomic studies of ERF candidates in sorghum.
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Sharma R, Liang Y, Lee MY, Pidatala VR, Mortimer JC, Scheller HV. Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of sorghum leaves for accelerating functional genomics and genome editing studies. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:116. [PMID: 32103777 PMCID: PMC7045639 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sorghum is one of the most recalcitrant species for transformation. Considering the time and effort required for stable transformation in sorghum, establishing a transient system to screen the efficiency and full functionality of vector constructs is highly desirable. RESULTS Here, we report an Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation assay with intact sorghum leaves using green fluorescent protein as marker. It also provides a good monocot alternative to tobacco and protoplast assays with a direct, native and more reliable system for testing single guide RNA (sgRNA) expression construct efficiency. Given the simplicity and ease of transformation, high reproducibility, and ability to test large constructs, this method can be widely adopted to speed up functional genomic and genome editing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sharma
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Crop Genetics and Informatics Group, School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Mi Yeon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Venkataramana R. Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Tuleski TR, Kimball J, do Amaral FP, Pereira TP, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Maltempi de Souza E, Balint-Kurti P, Monteiro RA, Stacey G. Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans as a Phytopathogenic Model to Study the Immune System of Sorghum bicolor. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:235-246. [PMID: 31721651 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-19-0154-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans is the causal agent of red stripe disease (RSD) and mottle stripe disease of sorghum and sugarcane, respectively. In all, 63 genotypes of Sorghum bicolor were inoculated with H. rubrisubalbicans, with 59 showing RSD symptoms. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population identified several QTL associated with variation in resistance to RSD. RNA sequencing analysis identified a number of genes whose transcript levels were differentially regulated during H. rubrisubalbicans infection. Among those genes that responded to H. rubrisubalbicans inoculation were many involved in plant-pathogen interactions such as leucine-rich repeat receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, calcium-binding proteins, transcriptional factors (ethylene-responsive element binding factor), and callose synthase. Pretreatment of sorghum leaves with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules flg22 and chitooctaose provided protection against subsequent challenge with the pathogen, suggesting that PAMP-triggered immunity plays an important role in the sorghum immunity response. These data present baseline information for the use of the genetically tractable H. rubrisubalbicans-sorghum pathosystem for the study of innate immunity and disease resistance in this important grain and bioenergy crop. Information gained from the use of this system is likely to be informative for other monocots, including those more intractable for experimental study (e.g., sugarcane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Regina Tuleski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 19046, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
| | - Fernanda P do Amaral
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Tomas P Pereira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 19046, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 19046, Brazil
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
| | - Rose Adele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 19046, Brazil
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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Dhaka N, Krishnan K, Kandpal M, Vashisht I, Pal M, Sharma MK, Sharma R. Transcriptional trajectories of anther development provide candidates for engineering male fertility in sorghum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:897. [PMID: 31964983 PMCID: PMC6972786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is a self-pollinated crop with multiple economic uses as cereal, forage, and biofuel feedstock. Hybrid breeding is a cornerstone for sorghum improvement strategies that currently relies on cytoplasmic male sterile lines. To engineer genic male sterility, it is imperative to examine the genetic components regulating anther/pollen development in sorghum. To this end, we have performed transcriptomic analysis from three temporal stages of developing anthers that correspond to meiotic, microspore and mature pollen stages. A total of 5286 genes were differentially regulated among the three anther stages with 890 of them exhibiting anther-preferential expression. Differentially expressed genes could be clubbed into seven distinct developmental trajectories using K-means clustering. Pathway mapping revealed that genes involved in cell cycle, DNA repair, regulation of transcription, brassinosteroid and auxin biosynthesis/signalling exhibit peak expression in meiotic anthers, while those regulating abiotic stress, carbohydrate metabolism, and transport were enriched in microspore stage. Conversely, genes associated with protein degradation, post-translational modifications, cell wall biosynthesis/modifications, abscisic acid, ethylene, cytokinin and jasmonic acid biosynthesis/signalling were highly expressed in mature pollen stage. High concurrence in transcriptional dynamics and cis-regulatory elements of differentially expressed genes in rice and sorghum confirmed conserved developmental pathways regulating anther development across species. Comprehensive literature survey in conjunction with orthology analysis and anther-preferential accumulation enabled shortlisting of 21 prospective candidates for in-depth characterization and engineering male fertility in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Dhaka
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kushagra Krishnan
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manu Kandpal
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ira Vashisht
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Madan Pal
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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